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Surveying, Mapping,Remote Sensing and GIS
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Surveying, Mapping, Remote Sensing and GIS Maps – Communicate spatial data/information through “graphic symbols” – a language of location
Cartography – the art and science of mapmaking – increasingly an automated, computerized process
Mapmaking process involves a number of interlinked steps: Data Gathering: Location Data, Attribute Data Data Compilation and Processing Cartographic Visualization and Design Map Drafting and Production
The tasks involved depend on Types of Maps
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Types of Maps • General Purpose Maps:
General Reference Maps, Topographic Maps
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Dot Density Map – shows discrete locations/data
Earthquakes in Southern California 2000
• Special Purpose/ Thematic Maps:
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Choropleth Maps – area-based nominal, ordinal and continuous data
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Ethnicity Map – Former Soviet UnionChoropleth Map with nominal data
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Isopleth Map – point-based continuous data isohyets (also isotherms, isobars, isobaths)
and contours
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• Complex Special Purpose/ Thematic Maps: Composite Map – shows discrete + continuous data
(+ proportionate circles)
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3-D Topographic Map
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World Ocean Floor Map
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Map Basics Basic Elements of Maps:
• Title (plus any explanatory text)
• Legend or Key (See Appendix B)
• Direction / Compass:
True North, Magnetic North, Magnetic Declination, Isogonic Map (with isogonic lines)
Compass directions: Azimuth System (0˚ - 360˚) and Bearing System, with four 90-degree
quadrants (NW, NE, SW, SE), e.g., North, 20˚ East (20˚ east of due north)
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• Map Coordinates: a. Latitudes & Longitudes (Geographic Grid)
b. Rectangular/alpha-numeric coordinates
Simple Alpha-numeric Location System
c. USPLS or Township & Range System
Map Basics – Continued
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Map Basics – Continued• Map Scale: Map scale is the ratio of the distance between two points on the Earth’s surface and the distance between corresponding points on a map Verbal/Written/Stated Scale: 1 inch = 1
mile
Bar/Graphic Scale: a graph depicting distances
Representative Fraction:
One unit of measured distance on a map equal
some units of measured distance in the real world – 1:
63360
Also: • Map Projection Used
• Date, Author, Publisher, etc.
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Large-Scale Maps show very small portions of the real world, but with great detail
◦ Large-Scale maps have small denominators i.e.,
1:12,000 or 1:24,000◦ Topographic maps are examples of large-scale maps
Small-Scale maps show very large portions of the real world, but with minimal detail
◦ Small-scale maps have large denominators, i.e., 1:100,000 or 1:1,000,000
◦ Wall maps are examples of small-scale maps
LARGE-SCALE vs. SMALL-SCALE
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LARGE -SCALE TO SMALL -SCALELARGE SCALE
SMALL SCALE
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Modern Technology inData Gathering, Mapping and GIS• Data Gathering: Surveying – Field Survey using compass, chains,
plane table, and theodolite – to GPS
The Global Positioning System or GPS consists of 3 parts:
Originally developed for military use, GPS is being employed in a variety of ways:
• GPS is widely used for ground, air, and sea navigation.
• And to produce accurate maps and study land deformation caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. GPS is also showing up in more and more commercial products.
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A set of 24 satellites constantly orbiting the Earth and broadcasting their position and time…..Signals from 3 or 4 of them are used to pinpoint a location on earth, using a procedure called trilateration.
1) Earth orbiting satellites
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Trilateration
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2) Control and monitoring stations across the Earth
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3) GPS receivers owned by individuals and other entities
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Remote Sensing Aerial photography to satellite imaging
Multiple Platforms ↓
a) Camera – Traditional and Digital
b) Radar (SLAR, Doppler, Sonar)
c) Near Infra-red (NIR) and Thermal Infra-red (TIR) Scanners
d) Multispectral Remote Sensing – Color Composite Image
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Typical Remote Sensing Platforms
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Polar vs. Geostationary Orbits
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Remote Sensing to Digital MappingAll objects (natural or synthetic) reflect and emit electromagnetic radiation over a range of wavelengths characteristic of the object. The Distinctive reflectance and emitance properties are the spectral signatures of the objects.
Remote sensing operates in the wavelength regions of the electromagnetic spectrum where these spectral signatures occur, to identify, map and analyze image features
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Remote Sensing and Maps
Landsat NIR image of San Francisco Bay
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“Natural-color” Photograph
“False-color” Near infra-redSatellite Image
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Thermal Infrared (TIR) Image of a Storm System from GOES Satellite
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Landscape Visualization: The Physical Environments of Cape Town
Satellite imagery and elevation data were combined and computer enhanced to produce the 3-D perspective
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Digital Mapping and Computer Cartography
Digital Mapmaking , involves:
Converting locational/spatial data into digital data → Cartesian Coordinates (x,y)
Automated Contouring
Digital Elevation Models: 3-D Representation
Dynamic Maps
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Earthquake Map + Faults (Dynamic Maps)
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3-D Perspective : Earthquake Hazard
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Geographic Information Systems: GIS• Interface between Computer Cartography and Data
Base Management
• A geographic information system, GIS, is a
computer-based technology that enters, analyzes, manipulates, and displays geographic information
Watch this “GIS Day” video clip from ESRI for a more detail intro to GIS: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IL1SKqtWB9Q&feature=related
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• In a GIS framework both spatial and non-spatial databases are combined into a “geodatabase”
• A GIS essentially creates Map Layers of specific thematic maps
• By layering the information one on top of the other, a geographer can show, for example, the relationship and degree of connectivity between various land uses and transportation routes in a region.
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To summarize:
• A GIS involves Geocoding, Registration, Mapping, Display, Analysis and other operations
• Also, Visualization Models
• A Great Planning Tool
Watch this for a City’s GIS: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BG6XsFi4gfo&feature=related
For interactive GIS mapping, go to:GIS City of Santa Clarita
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Example 1: Cities use GIS to locate vulnerable pipelines
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Example 2: Identify City Parcels in 100-year Flood Zone