Major Themes: Race Morality Internationalism

Organization: Part I: A Question of Citizenship: The Birth of the Women’s

“Suffrage” Movement, 1866-1872 Part II: Becoming a Mainstream Movement: Morality,

Religion, and Reunification, 1873-1900 Part III An International Movement: Winning the Vote, 1900-

1920 Part IV: Race and the Nineteenth Amendment

THE AMERICAN WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT, 1869-1920

14 t h Amendment (1868) Section. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject

to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Section. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial offi cers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

A QUESTION OF CITIZENSHIP

“When women, because they are women, are hunted down through the cities of New York and New Orleans; when they are dragged from their houses and hung upon lamp-posts…when their children are not allowed to enter schools; then they will have urgency to obtain the ballot equal to our own.”

THE DEBATE IN THE AMERICAN EQUAL RIGHTS ASSOCIATION 1869

“The question of precedence has no place on an equal rights platform. The only reason why it ever found a place here was that there were some who insisted that a woman must stand back & wait until another class should be enfranchised…. If you wil l not give the whole loaf of justice to the entire people, if you are determined to give it, piece by piece, then give it fi rst to women, to the most intell igent & capable portion of the women at least, because in the present state of government it is intell igence, it is morality which is needed.”

SUSAN B. ANTHONY’S RESPONSE

National Woman Suff rage Association

American Woman Suff rage Association

THE DIVIDED WOMEN’S “SUFFRAGE” MOVEMENT

Victoria Woodhull Virginia Minor

THE NEW DEPARTURE

SUSAN B. ANTHONY’S ARREST

BEECHER-TILTON SCANDAL

A MAINSTREAM MOVEMENT: MORALITY, RELIGION, AND REUNIFICATION

FRANCES WILLARD: “DO EVERYTHING”

AFRICAN AMERICAN BRANCHES

No more “easy divorce”

Or “persons of notorious immorality”

ALICE STONE BLACKWELL ON MERGER

“The Bible teaches that woman brought sin and death into the world, that she precipitated the fal l of the race…. Marriage for her was to be a condit ion of bondage, maternity a period of suff ering and anguish… Here is the Bible posit ion of woman briefl y summed up.”

“I do not bel ieve that any man ever saw or talked with God, I do not bel ieve that God inspired the Mosaic code, or told the historians what they say he did about woman, for al l the rel igions on the face of the earth degrade her, and so long as woman accepts the posit ion that they assign her, her emancipation is impossible.”

NAWSA AND THE WOMAN’S BIBLE

LYNCHING

“The zea l fo r her race o f M iss Ida B . Wel l s , a b r igh t young co lo red woman, has , i t seems to me, c louded her percept ion as to who were her f r iends and we l l -w ishers in a l l h igh -minded and leg i t imate eff orts to ban ish the abominat ion o f lynch ing and to r tu re f rom the land o f the f ree and the home o f the b rave . I t i s my fi rm be l ie f that in the s ta tements made by M iss Wel l s concern ing wh i te women hav ing taken the in i t ia t ive in nameless ac ts between the races she has put an imputat ion upon ha l f the wh i te race in th is count ry that i s un just , and , save in the ra rest except iona l ins tances , who l ly w i thout foundat ion . Th is i s the unan imous op in ion o f the most d is in terested and observant leaders o f op in ion whom I have consu l ted on the sub ject , and I do not fear to say that the laudab le eff orts she i s mak ing are great ly hand icapped by s ta tements o f th is k ind , nor to u rge her as a f r iend and we l l -w isher to ban ish f rom her vocabu lary a l l such a l lus ions as a source o f weakness to the cause she has a t hear t . ”

  Resolved, That the National W. C. T. U. which has for years counted among its departments that of peace and arbitration, is utterly opposed to al l lawless acts in any and al l parts of our common lands and it urges these principles upon the public, praying that the time may speedily come when no human being shall be condemned without due process of law; and when the unspeakable outrages which have so often provoked such lawlessness shall be banished from the world, and chi ldhood, maidenhood and womanhood shall no more be the victims of atrocit ies worse than death

FRANCES WILLARD AND WCTU ON LYNCHING 1894

U.S. Wyoming 1869 Utah-1870 (later

disenfranchised, get it back in 1895)

Colorado-1893 Idaho-1896 Washington-1910 California-1911 Oregon, Arizona, Kansas,

Michigan -1912Pacific:

Pitcairn Islands-1838 New Zealand-1893 Australia-1908

AN INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT

WOMEN’S SOCIAL AND POLITICAL UNIONGREAT BRITAIN

Harriot Stanton Blatch NYC Suff rage Parade, 1912

WOMEN’S POLITICAL UNION

Alice Paul Lucy Burns

FOUNDING THE CU/NWP

1913 SUFFRAGE PARADE

NWP PICKETS THE WHITE HOUSE

Doris Stevens, Alison Turnbull Hopkins, Eunice Dana Brannan Lucy Burns

NWP PICKETERS IN PRISON

CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT AND NAWSA

Netherlands-1919Sweden-1919United States-1920Belgium-1920Mongolia-1924 United Kingdom-1928Turkey-1930South Africa-1930 (white women only)France-1944

SUFFRAGE SUCCESSES

Emma Wold, NWPMary White Ovington,

NAACP

RACE AND THE NINETEENTH AMENDMENT

Southport N.C. Oct 10th 1920 The National Woman's Party- Washington D.C. To The Sect. of above Party,            I am an american colored woman property owner in Brunswick

County State of North Carolina and am seeking way to vote by mail if there is a way, because a colored person in my county is unable to vote, because they are colored. Please send me information how to send votes or register to general Headquarters by mail before it is too late to register.

am oblige. (Miss) Anna A. Clemons

Letter from Anna A. Clemons to the National Woman's Party, 10 October 1920, National Woman's Party Papers, Library of Congress.

ANNA CLEMONS

ADELAIDE JOHNSON, MEMORIAL TO THE PIONEERS OF THE WOMAN’S SUFFRAGE

MOVEMENT