M-ilitarism A-lliance System I-mperialism N-ationalism.
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World War I-Ch. 11
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Transcript of M-ilitarism A-lliance System I-mperialism N-ationalism.
World War I-Ch. 11
MAIN Causes of WWI
M-ilitarismA-lliance System
I-mperialismN-ationalism
Militarism:
Followed a policy of militarism Development of armed forces to
use against others to achieve our goals
1890- Strongest nation in Europe was Germany
British had always been a strong naval force
1897- Kaiser Wilhelm II (Germany) competed with Britain in building up its navy
Other countries, including the U.S., soon followed.
Alliance System:Two major defense alliances in
EuropeTriple Entente (later called, Allies): France, Britain, and Russia
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy▪Central Powers (formed later): Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire
U.S. avoided forming official alliances
Imperialism:
Countries had been slowly extending economic and political control over various peoples of the world.
Competition for these “new” markets caused tension
Nationalism:Nationalism is a devotion to the
interests and culture of one’s nation.
Led to competition and fierce rivalries
Many began to fear Germany’s growing power
Ethnic groups in certain areas (ie: Austria-Hungary) longed for independence
Russia supported the Slavic people Most lived in independent Serbia,
others lived in Austria-Hungary
Woodrow Wilson Quotes
QUOTE 1: “The effect of war upon the United
States will depend upon what American citizens say and do. Every man who really loves America will act and speak in the true spirituality of neutrality, which is the spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendliness to all concerned…The United States must be neutral in fact, as well as in name, during these days that are to try men’s souls.”
-President Woodrow Wilson, August 19, 1914
QUOTE 2:
“We are glad…to fight for the ultimate peace of the world and for the liberation of its peoples…The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty.”
-President Woodrow Wilson, April 2, 1917
Americans Question NeutralityFOR WAR:
Naturalized citizens who came from Germany and Ireland were against the British.
Many Americans felt a common bond of language, customs, and government with Britain
Propaganda and attacks on Belgium fueled American hatred for Germany
Economic ties were strong with the Allied Powers US shipped millions worth of
war supplies to Allies
AGAINST WAR: Saw the struggle as far
distant and not a threat to the U.S.
Socialists- saw it as a capitalist and imperialist struggle to control markets.
Pacifists- War is evil and the U.S. should set an example of peace.
Others- did not want their sons to experience horrors of war
Background, President Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson became President of the United States in 1912.
He won with less than 50% of the popular vote because the Republican Party split into the Progressive Party (Roosevelt) and the Republican Party (Taft).
Wilson was a Democrat from New Jersey, but he won the support of many Progressives because he opposed political machines.
As President, he signed some progressive reforms, like the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, and the creation of the Federal Trade Commission.
However, he invited controversy because of his views on race.
128 Americans killed
Zimmerman Note:• From Germans,
stated that if the Mexicans attacked the U.S. the Germans would help them regain lost territory in the U.S.
• Germany wanted to weaken and distract the U.S. from World War I
U.S. and World War I
U.S. Offensive in World War I
Fighting in Europe 1917Russians had pulled out of the war
Germans were 50 miles outside of Paris▪The U.S. arrived in time to support the Allies▪The German lines were pushed back
Fighting in Europe 1918 November 3, 1918- Austria-Hungary
surrenders to the Allies German forces mutiny and socialist
leaders in the capital, Berlin create a German republic. ▪ November 11, 1918- Germany agrees to an armistice, cease-fire or truce, to end the war
Final Toll 22 million deaths, half of them civilians $338 billion in war costs U.S. lost over 100,000 men
The War at Home
The powers of the government were expanded in order to shift production from consumer goods to war goods
War Industries Board (WIB)
Encourage companies to use mass production techniques to increase efficiency
Promoted standardization of products
Railroad Administration and Fuel Administration
Controlled and monitored coal supplies and rationed gasoline and heating
“gasless Sundays” and “lightless nights” to conserve fuel
Daylight savings time was introduced to take advantage of longer days of summer
National War Labor Board
Created to deal with disputes between management and labor
If workers refused to obey, they could lose draft exemption
“Work or fight”Improved factory conditionsPushed for an 8 hour work day and
promoted safety inspectionsEnforced a child labor ban
Food Administration
Goal was to produce and conserve food
Declared one day a week “meatless” another “sweetless” etc.
Restaurants altered menus Homeowners planted victory gardens in their yards
Food supplies to the Allies tripled
War Financing
U.S. taxed citizens in order to raise money for the war effort
Higher taxes were put on tobacco, liquor, and luxury goods
Sold “Liberty Loan” and “Victory Loan” bonds
Committee on Public Information
Nation’s first propaganda agency Biased communication designed to
influence people’ thoughts and actionsCreated thousands of paintings,
posters, cartoons, an sculptures promoting the war
Recruited men to serve as Four-Minute Men who spoke about everything relating to the war Ex: draft, victory gardens, the “meaning
of America” and “why are we fighting?”
WW I Effects on Society
