-LTAStorage - University of Guelph€¦ · · 2009-03-04Evaluation of Foliar Clipping Treatments...

Research and Cultivar Trial Report for 2001

University of Guelph, Department of Plant Agricultural Muck Crops Research Station

1125 Woodchoppers Lane RR # 1 Kettleby, Ontario LOG 1 JO

Phone (905) 775-3783 Fax: (905) 775-4546

INDEX Page

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Co-operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 SeedSources-200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Legendofseedsources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 IntroductionandAcknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Weather Data: GrowingDegreeDays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11 MeanTemperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13 Extreme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-15

RESEARCH PROJECTS

Artichoke

1. Evaluation of Artichoke Production on Muck and Mineral Soils, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-17

Asian

2. Management of Clubroot of Asian Crucifer Crops: Application TimingTrial,2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-20

3. Management of Clubroot of Asian Crucifer Crops: Seeding Time Trial, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-23 4. Management of Clubroot of Asian Crops: Main Trial, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-28 5. Management of Clubroot of Asian Crucifer Crops:Three Year Summary, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-3 1

Cabbage

6. Relative Efficacy of Three Application Methods fo Lorsban 4E or Lorsban 50 W to Control Cabbage Maggot on Cabbage, 2001 .

7. Relative Efficacy of Four Application Methods for Guthion to Control Cabbage Maggot on Cabbage, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8. Effect of Nitrogen Application Rate on Yield, Nutrient Status, and Onion Thrips Damage in Cabbage Grown on Mineral Soil in 2000 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

... 1 continued

Carrot Page

9. Evaluation of Foliar Clipping Treatments for Cultural Control of Sclerotinia Rot ............. of Carrot in the Field and Storage Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, 2001 42-44

10. Identification of Relationships among Environmental, Pathogen and Crop Factors that Influence Sclerotinia Rot of Carrot in the Field Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45-48

11. Effect of Nitrogen Application Rate on Yield, Nutrient Status, and Leaf Blight Severity in Carrots Grown on Muck and Mineral Soil in 2000 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49-5 1

12. Prevalence and Disease-Causing Potential of Plant Pathogens on Wooden Pallets Used for Carrot Storage, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-55

13. Evaluation of Chemical Sanitation for the Management of Potential Post-Harvest Diseases of Carrots Originating from Storage Wooden Pallets, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56-57

14. Reduced Tillage Systems for Carrot Product, (1999 to 2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58-59

Cauliflower

15. Management of Clubroot in Cauliflower, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60-61

Celery

16. Evaluation of Celery Cultivars for Resistance to Pea Leafminer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62-63 17. Efficacy of Success 480 SC for Control of Pea L e a h e r on Celery, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64-65

Leek

18. Comparison of Morphology and Growth Characteristics of Field Grown and Controlled Environment System (CES) Grown Leek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66-67

Onion

19. Efficacy of Calcium Sprays for the Suppression of Onion Thrips, 200 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68-69 20. Effect of Nitrogen Application Rate and Timing on Yield, Onion Thrips

Development, and Nutrient Status of Onions Grown on Muck and Mineral Soil in 2000 and 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70-72

2 1. Efficacy of Fungicides for the Control of Botrytis Leaf Blight and Purple Blotch on Onions, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73-74

22. Evaluation of seed Treatment and Furrow Fungicide Treatments for Control of Omon Smut, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75-76

23. Evaluation of New Chemistry Fungicides for Control of Allium Whte Rot, 200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77-78 24. Evaluation of New Chemistry Fungicides for Control of Omon Smut

and Damping-Off in Greenhouse Trials, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79-8 1 25. Field Evaluation of Commercial Yellow Cooking Onion Cultivars and Breeding

Lines for Resistance to the White Rot Pathogen, Sclerotium cepivorum Berk, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82-83

26. Reduced Tillage Systems for Onion Production, (1999 to 2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84-85

Pumpkin

27. Evaluation of Fungicide Applications for the Control of Powdery MildewofPumpkins,2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86-87

... 1 continued

CULTIVAR TRIALS Page

Carrot . Seasonal Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Carrot Packaging Types . Management Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89-91 -Main . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92-97 . Main Packaging Evaluation Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 . Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99-100 . Adaptation Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 -LTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102-103 . Storage Trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104- 106 -LTAStorage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Onions . Yellow -SeasonalSummary 108-109 . Management Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 10- 1 12 . blank . . . . . . . . . 113 -Main . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114-119 . Main Evaluation Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120- 12 1 -Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122-123 . Adaptation Evaluation Notes 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 -LTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125-126 -Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127-128 -LTAStorage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129-130

Shawn Janse

STAFF - 2000-2001

UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH

Department of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby

MUCK CROPS RESEARCH STATION

Gail Duncan Patricia Flinn Derk Hovius Mary Ruth McDonald, Ph. D. Ag. Kevin Vander Kooi

Seasonal Contracts

Shannon Campbell Marc Casas Michael Gratz David Jansma Bozena Kornatowska Nicole Reid Elizabeth Reichert Pamela Rhebergen Megan Seymour

Graduate Students:

Jaime Doran Christy Hoepting Maria De Los Angles Jaime Cezarina Kora Andrea Martin Sean Westerveld

Research Station Manager

Office Assistant (Part-time) Office Administration Agricultural Worker Research Scientist Agricultural Technician

Research Assistant Research Assistant Summer Assistant Summer Assistant Research Associate Research Assistant Summer Assistant Summer Experience Summer Experience

Department of Plant Agriculture Department of Environmental Biology Department of Plant Agriculture Department of Environmental Biology Department of Environmental Biology Department of Plant Agriculture

CO-OPERATING SEED COMPANIES

Special thanks for supplying seed used in many of the Research projects at the Muck Crops Research Station.

Stokes Seed Ltd Jim Robinson BejoISeedway Mark Upton and Matt Valk Fred Fuller Seeds Fred Fuller

CO-OPERATING RESEARCH STAFF - EDUCATIONIRESEARCWGOVERNMENT

Alan Taylor Dept. Horticultural Science, Cornell University, New York, USA Rebecca Hallett Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada Andrea Martin Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada Irwin Goldrnan University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Marilyn Hovius University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Clarence Swanton Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada Kevin Chandler Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada

CO-OPERATING RESEARCH STAFF - INDUSTRYPRIVATE SECTOR

Scott Hendricks Seminis, Deforest, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Wayne Barton BASF, London, Ontario, Canada Hans Corver Perform Trading Inc., St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada Jeff Huether Cerexagri Inc, Genera, New York, U.S.A. Patrick Langille Dupont Canada Inc., Guelph, Ontario, Canada

SEED SOURCES - 2001 - CULTIVAR TRIALS

BEJO

Cro

HM

Nor

Pal

Pol

RZ

Sak

Sem

Bejo Seeds Inc., 1088 Healey Road, Geneva, New York, 14456 U.S.A. Tel: (308) 789-4155 Crookham Company, Box 520, Caldwell, Idaho, 83606 U.S.A. Tel: (208) 459-745 1 Harris Moran - Fred Fuller Seeds Canada, 250 South Canal Bank Rd., Kettleby, Ontario, LOG 1 JO Canada Tel: (905) 775-9696 Norseco Inc., 2914 Labelle Blvd., Chomedey, Laval, Quebec, H7P 5R9 Canada Tel: (514) 332-2275 D. Palmer Seed Co. Inc., 8269 S. Highway 95 Yurna, Arizona, 85365 U.S.A. Tel: (520) 341-8494 Polonica International, P.O. Box 3037, Salinas California, 93912-3037 U.S.A. Tel: (83 1) 75 1-3624 Rijk Zwaan Export B.V., P.O. Box 40,2678,2G Delier, Holland Tel: 0174-532300 Sakata Seed Amercia Inc., Box 188, 18095 Serene Dr., Morgan Hill, California, 95038 U.S.A. Tel: (408) 778-7758 Seminis Vegetable Seeds., 2700 Carnino Del Sol, Oxnard, California, 93030 U.S.A.

Sieg Siegers Seed Co., 1303 1 Reflections Drive, Holland, MI, 49424 U.S.A. Tel: (800) 962 4999

Sto Stokes Seed Ltd., 39 James St., Box 10, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2R 6R6 Canada Tel: (905) 688-4300

Sun Sunseeds, 8850 59' Avenue N.E., Brooks, Oregon, 97305 U.S.A. Tel: (503) 393-3243

SW Seed Works, 17 Fern Street, Stratford, Ontario, N5A 5K2 Tel: (5 19) 272 1200

Tak American Takii Inc., 301 Natividad Rd., Salinas, California, 93906 U.S.A. Tel: (408) 443-4901

Vil Vilmorin Inc., P.O. Box 707, Empire, California, 95319 U.S.A. Tel: (209) 529-6000

We would like to thank our seed suppliers for the various cultivar trials submissions in 2001.

LEGEND OF SEED SOURCES

A&C Abbott & Cobb Inc.

Aris Axistogenes Inc.

Asg Asgrow Seed Co.

BBI Bakker Brothers of Idaho, Inc.

BEJO BEJO ZADEN

BO Brinker-Orsetti Seed Co.

Car Cardinal Seed Co. Inc.

Chr Chriseed

Cro Crookham Company

CS Campbell Soup Co.

CU Cornell University

E.J. Erie James Ltd.

FAIR Fairbanks Selected Seed Co.

FM FerryMorse Seed Co.

HM Harris Moran Seeds

JHK 'J.H. Klitgord

Nor Norseco Inc.

NUN Nunheim Seed Corporation

PET0 Petoseed Co.

Pol Polonica International

Rio Rio Colorado Seeds Inc.

Rog Rogers Seed

RS Royal Sluis Inc.

RZ Rijk Zwaan Export B.V.

Sak Sakata Seed America Inc.

Sham Shamrock Seed Co.

Sern Seminis Vegetable Seeds

Sieg Siegers Seed Co.

Sol Solar Seed Co.

Sto Stokes Seeds Ltd.

Sun Sun Seeds

Swy Seedway Inc.

Tak American Takii Inc.

Toz A. L. Tozer Ltd.

Wis University of Wisconsin

VDH Vanderhave

NZ Nickerson-Zwaan B.V. Vil Vilmorin Inc.

Pal D. Palmer Seed Co. Inc. ZW Zwaan Seeds, Inc.

Note Well: Asgrow and Petoseed have merged to form Seminis Vegetable Seeds

INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Muck Crops Research Station, as part of the Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph is responsible for conducting and co-ordinating research projects to solve problems in the production of vegetables grown in organic soils. The Ontario Root, Bulb & Leafy Vegetable Reseach and Services Subcommittee representing researchers, industry, growers and crop advisors, make recommendations for research on an annual basis.

In 2001, Muck Crops Research Station staff conducted, andlor co-operated on research projects with Researcher's from the Departments of Environmental Biology and Plant Agriculture at the University of Guelph; Researchers from University of Wisconsin and Cornell University; research departments of the Crop Production Chemical Industry, numerous Seed Companies and Growers.

This report consists of two sections, the first contains highlights of research projects whlch were conducted in 200 1 under the supervision of Research Scientist Dr. Mary Ruth McDonald. The second section contains highlights of various Muck Crops cultivar evaluations in 2001 on both field and storage trials, under the supervision of Research Station Manager, Shawn Janse. The results published in this report should be treated as a progress report. Some of the chemicals used in the trials are not registered for use on the crops they were applied to. Additional trials may be necessary before firm conclusions and recommendations can be made.

The Muck.Crops Research Station is an active participant in the training of new researchers on Muck Vegetables through the Graduate Student Program of the University of Guelph. Presently the Muck Crops Research Station has three Master's Graduate Students and one Ph. D. student workmg on various research projects involving Muck Vegetables.

The Muck Crops Research Station recieved certifiation in the Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) program which will allow us to continue in the participation of future registration of chemicals for muck vegetables. Our minor use project in 2001 was Cyromazine for the control of Pea Leaf Minor.

Past participation has helped in the registration of such products as Dithane DG in furrow treatment for the control of onion smut; Select for annual bluegrass control in onions, Admire for Aphid control on lettuce.

We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere appreciation to the staff for their efforts in conducting these research projects; cultivar evaluation trials and producing thls report. Many thanks also to all the co-operating researchers, technicians, industry personal, and growers for their continued support and interest in muck crops.

Mary-Ruth McDonald, Ph.D Research Scientist Department of Plant Agriculture

Shawn Janse Research Station Manager Department of Plant Agriculture

GROWING DEGREE DAYS (5OC Base)

Month 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 LTA

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Annual 2344 1758 1945 2142 2167 1972 1845 2348 1859 * 1999 1993 2040

LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Cookstown, ON 1125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, LOG 1JO. 27 Years (1975-2001) I

ID

PRECIPITATION

Month 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Annual 546 77 798 96 618 95 515 8 1 872 84 669 92 Total Precip. LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby

1 125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #I, Kettleby, ON, LOG 1 JO. 27 Years (1975-2001)

PRECIPITATION

Month 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 LTA Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow Rain Snow mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm mm cm

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Annual Precip 546 119 539 80 657 * 97 * 789 121 599 76 654 109

LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Cookstown,ON 1 125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, LOG 1 JO. 27 Years (1 975-2001) I

w w

I

MEAN TEMPERATURE (OC)

Month 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

~ e ~ t e m b e r

October

November

December

Mean 13.1 3.0 11.0 1.5 11.7 1.4 11.9 1.5 11.5 2.4 10.7 2.4

LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby 1125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, LOG 1 JO. 27 Years (1975-2001)

MEAN TEMPERATURE (OC)

Month 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 LTA Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Mean 11.0 2.1 13.6 4.3 10.5 * 3.9 * 12.4 1.3 13.6 2.6 11.9 2.0

LTA = Long Term Average for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Cookstown, ON 1 125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, LOG 1 JO. 27 Years (1 975-2001) I

- c.l W

I

EXTREME TEMPERATURE (OC)

Month 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 H L H L H L H L H L H L

January 7.0 -26.0 11.0 -20.0 2.0 -29.0 13.0 -20.0 15.0 -28.5 9.0 -26.0

February 4.0 -23.5 4.0 -30.0 12.0 30.0 6.0 -24.5 7.0 -23.5 9.0 -25.0

March 11.5 -17.5 15.5 -22.0 14.0 16.0 21.0 -18.0 12.5 -18.5 12.5 -21.0

April 18.5 -7.0 20.5 -3.0 24.0 -7.0 14.0 -9.5 19.5 -5.0 21.5 -10.0

June 29.5 0.5 28.5 3.0 35.0 -2.0 35.0 5.0 29.5 4.0 29.5 4.0

July 27.0 5 .O 33.5 7.0 32.0 7.0 35.5 6.0 28.5 6.0 32.0 6.0

August 3 1 .O 5.0 33.0 5.0 28.0 5 .O 32.0 5.5 3 1 .O 8.5 29.5 5.0

September 27.5 -2.0 29.0 -2.0 28.5 0.5 28.0 0.0 28.0 1.5 27.0 0.0

October 24.5 -5.0 26.0 -5.5 24.5 -5.0 27.0 -0.5 23.0 -3.5 25.5 -3.5

November 12.5 -1 1.0 16.0 -13.0 , 18.0 -12.0 17.0 -15.0 18.0 -10.5 13.0 -9.0

December 8.0 -18.0 9.5 -23.5 10.5 -25.0 4.0 -19.5 11.5 -13.5 9.5 -19.0

Annual 31.0 -26.0 33.5 -30.0 35.0 -30.0 35.5 -24.5 29.5 -28.5 32.0 -26.0 High & Low Extreme Tempuatures for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby

1 125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, LOG 1 JO. 27 Years (1975-2001)

EXTREME TEMPERATURE (OC)

Month 1998 1999 2000 2001 EXTREME TEMPERATURES H L H L H L H L H Year L Year

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Annual 33.5 -21.5 34.0 * -28.0 * 31.7 -28.1 36.3 -27.3 36.3 -36.0 High & Low Extreme Tempuatures for U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture - Kettleby * Data collected from Cookstown, ON

1125 Woodchoppers Lane, R.R. #1, Kettleby, ON, LOG 1 JO. 27 Years (1975-2001) I

CROP: Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.), cv. Imperial Star

AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR' , VANDER KO01 K' & COLUMBUS M~ 'U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station 2 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , New Crop Development Specialist, Simcoe Research Station

TITLE: EVALUATION OF ARTICHOKE PRODUCTION ON MUCK AND MINERAL SOILS, 2001

METHODS: Artichoke seedlings cv. Imperial Star were grown in plug trays (126 cells/tray) on 10 Apr. Plants sprouted within 7 days of seeding. Five different seed treatments were attempted in 2001 and results are shown in Table 2. Artichokes were transplanted into 10 cm pots on 10 May at the 3-5 leaf stage. On 1 1 May artichoke plants received 10 hourslday of light for a total of 252 hours of vernalization. Transplanting occurred on 5 Jun into organic muck soil (pH 6.4, organic matter 60%) at the Muck Crops Research Station. At Simcoe transplanting occurred on 6 Jun. At the Muck Crops Research Station artichoke were planted on raised beds (85 cm apart) and 81 cm between plants. Harvest occurred on 3 1 Aug, 19 Sep and 5 Oct . Weight and diameter readings were taken on each harvest date. At Simcoe 18 plants were planted 60 cm apart on bare sand soil and 18 on plastic mulch. The air temperatures in 2001 at the Muck Crops Research Station were above the long- term (10 years) averages for May (13.g°C) and August (20.6"C), below average for July(18.9"C), and average for June (18.3OC) and September (14.7"C). Monthly rainfall was above the long-term (10 years) averages for May (85 mm), and below average for June (63 mm), July (60 rnrn), August (32 mm) and September (53 mm).

FERTILIZER. Muck Pre-plant - Calcium Ammonium Nitrate 90 kgha, Phosphorus 20 kgha, Potassium 160 kgha, Copper 5 kgha,

RESULTS: As presented in Table 1.

CONCLUSIONS: Results of the trial at the Muck Crops Research Station indicate the possibility of artichoke production on muck soil in Ontario. At Simcoe all plants on the plastic mulch died in early August with no fruit set. All remaining plants at Simcoe survived, however no plants set fruit. The surviving plants at Simcoe will be covered with straw to determine over wintering possibilities. Artichoke production on muck soil was successful, however more work needs to be done to determine the optimum plant spacing, crop density and overall marketability. Summer temperatures at Simcoe may have been too high and reversed the effect of vernalization.

Table 1. Muck Crops Research Station - Harvest data, 2001.

18s 24s 36s 48s Culls

Number 23 2 1 45 77 95

Average 350.0 256.6 192.5 136.8 87.0 Weight (g)

Average 5.0 4.3 3.8 3.2 2.6 Diameter(in) .............................................................................................

Table 2. Seed Treatments, 2001.

Seed Treatments Total # of seed Total # Sprouted % Survival

No Treatment - 1 60 25 42

No Treatment - 2 24 14 5 8

Seeds soaked in tap water - 48 58 13 22 hrs

Seed soaked in tap water + 24 0 0 Gibberellic acid - 48 hrs

Seed soaked 120~~120 min 24 9 38

CROP: Shanghai pak choy (Shanghai choy sum, Brassica campestris Chinensis var. utilis), Flowering leaf cabbage (Nai Yow choy Brassica campestris Chinensis group var. utilis),

PEST: Clubroot, Plasmodiophora brassicae (Woronin)

AUTHORS: MCDONALD MR, KORNATOWSKA B, CASAS M, VANDER KO01 K, AND Mc KEOWN A. U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

TITLE: MANAGEMENT OF CLUBROOT OF ASIAN CRUCIFER CROPS: APPLICATION TIMING TRIAL, 2001

OBJECTIVES: (1) Evaluation of PERLKA application timing on clubroot incidence and severity Asian cultivars with different susceptibilities to the clubroot pathogen. (2) Comparison of the effects of PERLKA on clubroot control with the effects of the fungicide Fluazinam.

MATERIALS: CHECK: CALCIUM AMMONIUM NITRATE (CAN) (27.5% nitrogen), PERLKA (50% calcium oxide, 20% nitrogen, 1.5% magnesium oxide), OMEGA 500F (40% fluazinam).

METHODS: The application timing trial was conducted on site in organic muck soil in the Holland Marsh, Ontario (44" 5' N, 79" 35' W). The site was naturally infected with the clubroot pathogen. The trial consisted of 6 treatments, using a randomized complete block arrangement (4 blocks per treatment). Each replicate consisted of eight rows (42 cm apart), 5 m in length. The trial was direct seeded (1" Jun) with 2 cultivars of Asian crucifers, using a StanHay precision seeder. PERLKA (calcium cyanamide) at a rate of 1000 kg/ha (200 kg Nha) was applied 7 days, 3 days and on the day of seeding. The CHECK (CAN) was applied at the recommended rate of 100 kg/ha and also at twice the recommended rate, 200 kg/ha. The check's were both applied 7 days prior to seeding. A fungicide treatment was also included. OMEGA 500F (40% fluazinam) was applie,d at 2 kgha a.i., 12 days after seeding. All treatments were broadcast by hand onto measured areas to ensure uniformity of application and incorporated to a depth of 5-10 cm. Soil samples were taken for pH analysis prior to fertilizer applications and bi-weekly during the crop growth.

The air temperatures in 2001 were above the long-term (1 0 years) averages for May (13.9 OC) and August (20.6'C), below average for July (1 8.g0c), and average for June (1 8.3'~) and September (14.7'~). Monthly rainfall was above the long-term (10 years) averages for May (85 mm), and below average for June (63 mm), July (60 mm), August (32 mm) and September (53 mm).

The roots were throughly washed and graded for clubroot incidence and severity. Disease severity was assessed using a scale from zero to three: zero - no clubbing, one - < 25 % of root system clubbed, two - 25 to 50 % of root system clubbed and three - > 50 % root system clubbed (Humpherson-Jones, 1989. Tests. Agro. Cult. 10: 36-37) and disease index was calculated using the following equation from Wallenhammar et. al. (2000):

X [(class no.)x(no. of plants in each class) DSI = (class no.)

(total no. plants)x(no. classes-1)

The data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.4.1.

RESULTS: Please see Table 1.

CONCLUSIONS: No differences in disease incidence was detected among treatments or with different times of PERLKA application. Yield of flowering cabbage was higher than all other treatments when PERLKA was applied 3 days before seeding. OMEGA 500F was not effective in reducing the incidence of clubroot. Flowering cabbage was less susceptible to clubroot than Shanghai pak choy.

Table 1. Clubroot incidence (%) in 2 Asian Brassica cultivars treated with PERLKA applied at various timings (organic soil, the Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2001)

Product Treatment '

kg x hd1

CHECK low 362.5

CHECK high 725

PERLKA (0) 1000

PERLKA (3) 1000

PERLKA 1000

OMEGA 500F 2.8 L/ha ----------- Meanlcultivar -----------

- - - - - - - - - - - - - Flowering cabbage

Disease Disease Yield Incidence Index (kg)

. - - - - - - - - - - -

Shanghai pak choy

Disease Disease Yield Incidence Index (kg)

I the numbers in brackets indicate application timing (days prior to seeding). If not specified assume treatment was applied 10 days prior to seeding. ns the numbers in the columns followed by the same letter or nothing are not significantly

different at P=0.05 (Fisher's Protected LSD test) the numbers in the column that are followed by the same letter are not significantly different at

Pc0.05 4the numbers in the last row are significantly different at P<0.001 (Fisher's Protected LSD test)

Figure 1. Application timing trial: Effects of the different treatments on pH from application to harvest (Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2001).

2 Time

Treatments

+Check Low N

+Check high N

Fluazinam -v-- . . PERLKA(0)

-m- PERLKA (1 0)

+ PERLKA (3)

REFERENCES:

Humpherson-Jones F. M. 1989. Glasshouse evaluation of funeicides. biocides and surfactants for control of clubroot. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars. 10: 36-37. (Ann. appl. Biol. 1 14. Supplement).

Wallenhammar, A.C, Johnsson, l., and Gerhardson, B. 2000. Agronomic ~erformance of ~ar t lv clubroot-resistant spring oilseed turnip raDe lines. J. Phytopathology 148.495-499.

* Partial funding of this project was made available by Perform Trading Inc. and The Agricultural Adaption Council with the support of the Ontario Fruit & Vegetable Growers' Association.

CROP:

PEST:

AUTHORS:

TITLE:

Shanghai pak choy (Shanghai choy sum, Brassica campestris Chinensis var. utilis), Flowering leaf cabbage (Nai Yow choy Brassica campestris Chinensis group var. utilis), Clubroot, Plasmodiophora brassicae (Woronin)

MCDONALD, M.R., KORNATOWSKA, B., CASAS, M., VANDER KOOI, K. & Mc KEOWN A. U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

MANAGEMENT OF CLUBROOT OF ASIAN CRUCIFER CROPS: SEEDING TIME TRIAL, 2001.

OBJECTIVES: (1). Evaluation of seeding timing (May, June, July and August) on clubroot incidence and severity in 2 Asian cultivars with different susceptibilities to the clubroot pathogen. (2) Evaluation of the effect of increased rate of nitrogen on clubroot incidence and severity in tested cultivars.

MATERIALS: CHECK: CALCIUM AMMONIUM NITRATE (CAN) (27.5% nitrogen), PERLKA (50% calcium oxide, 20% nitrogen, 1.5% magnesium oxide).

METHODS: The seeding time trial was conducted on site in organic muck soil in the Holland Marsh, Ontario (44' 5' N, 79' 35' W). The site was naturally infected with the clubroot pathogen. The trial consisted of 2 treatments, using a randomized complete block arrangement (4 blocks per treatment). Each replicate consisted of eight rows (42 cm apart), 5 m in length. The trial was direct seeded for all 4 seeding dates, with 2 cultivars of Asian crucifers, using a StanHay precision seeder. The treatments were CHECK (CAN) at a rate of 200 kg N/ha and PERLKA at a rate of 1000 kgha. The trial was run 4 times throughout the growing season. The seeding dates were the 24 May, 25 Jun, 25 Jul and 23 Aug. Trials were harvested approximately 6 weeks after seeding. All treatments were broadcast by hand onto measured areas to ensure uniformity of application and incorporated to a depth of 5-10 cm. Soil samples were taken for pH analysis prior to fertilizer applications and bi-weekly during the crop growth.

The air temperatures in 2001 were above the long-term (1 0 years) averages for May (1 3.9'~) and August (20.6'~), below average for July (1 8.g0c), and average for June (1 8.3'~) and September (14.7'~). Monthly rainfall was above the long-term (10 years)averages for May (85 mm), and below average for June (63 mm), July (60 mm), August (32 mm) and September (53 mm). Yield samples of 30 plants from each replication and each variety were taken at harvest. The roots were throughly washed and graded for clubroot incidence and severity. Disease severity was assessed using a scale from zero to three: zero - no clubbing, one - < 25 % of root system clubbed, two - 25 to 50 % of root system clubbed and three - > 50 % root system clubbed (Humpherson-Jones, 1989. Tests. Agro. Cult. 10: 36-37) and disease index was calculated using the following equation from Wallenhammar et. al. (2000):

2 [(class no.)x(no. of plants in each class) DSI = (class no.)


The data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance h c t i o n of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.4.1.

RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1-5 and Figure 1.

CONCLUSION:. The treatment for the third seeding of Shanghai pak choy had a significantly lower Qsease index than the control. The control for the second seeding of Shanghai pak choy had a significantly higher yield than the treatment. Disease incidence was lower for the treatment throughout the entire trial although not significantly.

The seeding dates showed significant differences for disease incidence, disease index and yield. The only exception being the disease incidence for the second and third seedings of Shanghai pak choy were not significantly different (table 2).

It should be dually noted that the first seeding, 24 May, was planted in an area with very low levels of the clubroot inoculant due to high salt concentrations and therefore was not included in the analysis of data.

Table 1. Clubroot incidence (%), Disease index and yield in 2 Asian Brasszca cultivars treated with different disease control measures (organic soil, the Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2001).

Treatment ' Product (kg x ha-')

CHECK 1 (7) 725 1 0 0 ( ) I O 0 0

1" Seeding: May 24'"

Flowering cabbage

Disease Disease Yield

w I

2nd Seeding: June 2 5 ~ I I

Shanghai pak choy

Disease Disease Yield incidence Index (kg.)

PERLKA full 1000 AVE

CHECK 1 (7) 725 Ip31.7ns2 15.6ns 3.3ns 1 68.3ns 38.9ns 5.6a3

incidence Index (kg)

0 0 0 0 0 0

CHECK 1 (7) 725 1 5 9 . 2 ~ 35.611s 4.911s I 92.511s 8 1.4a 8.011s

0 0 0 0 0 0

PERLKA (7) 1000

Avg

3rd Seeding: July 25'"

14.2 6.7 3.6

22.95 11.15 3.45

PERLKA (7) 1000

Avg

4'" Seeding: August 23rd

75 45.6 4.8b

71.65 42.25 5.2

CHECK 1 (7) 725

52.5 28.6 5.4

55.85 32.1 5.15

1.711s 0.6ns 2.lns I 13.3ns 4.4ns 2.4ns

PERLKA (7) 1000

Avg

75 47.8b 7.9

83.75 64.6 7.95

' the numbers in brackets indicate application timing (days prior to seeding) the numbers in the columns and the last row followed by *ns are not sigmficantly different at PC0.05 the numbers in the columns followed by a different letter are significantly different at PC 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test

1.7 0.6 1.9

1.7 0.6 2

10.8 11.9 2.7

12.05 8.15 2.55

Table 2: Average disease incidence, disease index and yield for each seeding time (organic soil, the Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2001).

------------

Seeding date

1" Seeding: May 24"' Avg

2nd Seeding: June 25" Avg

3rd Seeding: July 25th Avg 4th Seeding: August 23'* &"' - - - -, - , , ,

----------- ------------ Flowering Cabbage 1 Shanghai Pak Choy

'the numbers in brackets indicate application timing (days prior to seeding)

Disease Disease Yield incidence Index (kg)

REFERENCES:

Disease Diseas Yield

incidence e Index (kg)

Humpherson-Jones F. M. 1989. Glasshouse evaluation of funrricides, biocides and surfactants for control of clubroot. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars. 10: 36-37. (Ann. appl. Biol. 1 14. Supplement).

Wallenhammar, A.C, Johnsson, I., and Gerhardson, B. 2000. Agronomic performance of partly clubroot-resistant svrinrr oilseed turniv rave lines. J. Phytopathology 148.495-499.


CROP:

PEST:

AUTHORS:

TITLE:

Shanghai pak choy (Shanghai choy sum, Brassica campestris Chinensis var. utilis), Flowering leaf cabbage (Nai Yow choy Brassica campestris Chinensis group var. utilis), Clubroot, Plasmodiophora brassicae (Woronin)

MCDONALD, M.R., KORNATOWSKA, B., CASAS, M., VANDER KOOI, K. & Mc KEOWN A. U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

MANAGEMENT OF CLUBROOT OF ASIAN CRUCIFER CROPS: Main Trial, 2001.

OBJECTIVES: 1. Evaluation of PERLKA alone (3 different rates and 2 application timings) and applied with the surfactant (Agral90) on clubroot incidence and severity

of 2 Asian cultivars with different susceptibilities to the clubroot pathogen. 2. Evaluation of the effects of PERLKA on clubroot control when compared to

the recommended treatment of calcitic lime.

MATERIALS: CHECK: Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (27.5% nitrogen), PERLKA (50% calcium oxide, 20% nitrogen, 1.5% magnesium oxide), AGRAL 90 (90% nonylphenoxypolyethoxy ethanol), LIME (calcitic, 22% calcium, 3% magnesium).

METHODS: The main trial was conducted on site in organic muck soil ( pH ?) in the Holland Marsh, Ontario (44" 5' N, 79' 35' W). The site was naturally infected with the clubroot pathogen. The trial consisted of 8 treatments, using a randomized complete block arrangement (4 blocks per treatment). Each replicate consisted of eight rows (42 cm apart), 5 m in length. The trial was direct seeded (3 1 May) with 2 cultivars of Asian crucifers, using a StanHay precision seeder. PERLKA (calcium cyanamide) at 1000 kgha (200 kgha N) was applied at 14 days prior to seeding. All other treatments (except drench) were applied 7 days prior to seeding. The treatments were: CHECK (CAN) at a rate of 200 kg Nha, CHECK (CAN + Agral) 100 kg Nha + 0.5%, PERLKA at a rate of 1000 kgha, 500 kgha and 1000 kgha (in 20 cm bands), PERLKA 500 kg Nha + AGRAL 90 at 0.5% ( 50 ml/plant), CALCITIC LIME at 8 tonsha. All treatments were performed on one susceptible Asian vegetable, Shanghai Pak Choi (B. rapa L. ssp. chinensis (Rupr.) Olsson var.communis Tsen Lee), and one that has shown resistance in the past, Flowering cabage (B. rapa L. ssp. chinensis (Rupr.) Olsson var. utilis Tsen Lee). All treatments were broadcast by hand onto measured areas to ensure uniformity of application and incorporated to a depth of 5-10 cm. Soil samples were taken for pH analysis prior to fertilizer applications and bi-weekly during the crop growth.

The air temperatures in 2001 were above the long-term (10 years) averages for May (13.9 OC) and August (20.6'~), below average for July (18.g°C), and average for June (1 8.3OC) and September (14.7'~). Monthly rainfall was above the long-term (10 years) averages for May (85 mm), and below average for June (63 mm), July (60 mm), August (32 mm) and September (53 mm). Weed germination counts of 1 m2 were taken on 20 June fkom experiment 1. Yield samples of 30 plants from each replication and each variety were taken at harvest. The roots were throughly washed and graded for clubroot incidence and severity. Disease severity was assessed

using a scale fiom zero to three: zero - no clubbing, one - < 25 % of root system clubbed, two - 25 to 50 % of root system clubbed and three - > 50 % root system clubbed (Humpherson-Jones, 1989. Tests. Ago. Cult. 10: 36-37) and disease index was calculated using the following equation fiom Wallenhammar et. al. (2000):

Z [(class no.)x(no. of plants in each class) DSI = (class no.)


The data was analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.4.1.


CONCLUSIONS: In most cases, the incidence of clubroot in both cultivars treated with PERLKA was considerably lower than in plants treated with other control measures (Tables 1). The rate of application did not appear to have a significant effect on the percentage of plants infected (Table 1). Clubroot was present in replication one and two of the trial, but absent in replications three and four. Another possible explanation for the lack of statistically significant difference is that the soil moisture was less than the optimum for PERLKA activity.

PERLKA treatments did not significantly reduce the total number of weeds when compared to other treatments applied (Table 2). The total average number of weeds was the highest in plots treated with PEFUKA applied 14 days before seeding.

The pH was initially increased, but by the second week began to decline. At harvest the PERLKA and lime treatments showed only a minimal increase in pH (figure 1). This may also be attributed to the low soil moisture limiting PER1LKA activity.

Table 1: Clubroot incidence (%) in 2 Asian Brassica cultivars treated with different disease control measures (organic soil, the Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2001)

Treatment ' Product (kg x ha-')

Control 1 (7)

Control 2 +Agral90 (7) PERLKA (14)

PERLKA (7)

PERLKA (7)

PERLKA ?4 rate+Agra 90

PERLKA

Calcitic lime

725

362.5 + 1 .O%

1000

1000

500

500 + 1 .O% 1000

banded

8 t/ha --

Mean/ cultivar

'the numbers in brackets indi

Flowering cabbage Disease Disease Yield

Incidence Index (kg;)

1 3 . 3 ~ s ~ 8.3NS 6.ONS

application timing

Shanghai pak choy Disease Disease Yield

Incidence Index (kg;)

46.7NS 31.1NS 5.7ab3

seeding) ' the numbers in the columns and the last row followed by *NS are not significantly different at Pc0.05 ' the numbers in the columns that are followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P<0.05

Table 2. Mean total number of weeds in organic soils treated with PERLKA (Holland Marsh,

Application timing Treatment . . . - . . . kn x ha -' Total number of weeds x m-'

(days before seeding)

CAN 7 725 126 a'

CAN + Agral90 7 362.5 159 a

PERLKA 14 1000 319 c

PERLKA 7 1000 178 ab

PERLKA 7 500 167 a

PERLKA +Agral 1%

PERLKA band 7 333 131 a

Calcitic lime N/A 3000 142 a

the numbers in columns followed by the same letter or nothing are not significantly different at P~0.00 1, Fisher's Protected LSD test.

Figure 1 : Effects of the treatments on pH, from application to harvest (Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2001).

I

Treatments

+check bw N

-+check high N

-A- lime

- .- PEFZLKA half

- 4 6 - PBXKA half + Ag

-0- PERLKA full (14)

+ PBXKA band - PBILKA full (7)

Time

REFERENCES:

Humpherson-Jones F. M. 1989. Glasshouse evaluation of hnicides. biocides and surfactants for control of clubroot. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars. 10: 36-37. (Ann. appl. Biol. 1 14. Supplement).

Wallenhammar, A.C, Johnsson, I., and Gerhardson, B. 2000. Agronomic ~erformance of ~art lv clubroot-resistant wrinp oilseed turnip rape lines. J. Phytopathology 148.495-499.

*Partial funding of this project was made available by Perform Trading Inc. and The Agricultural Adaptation Council with the support of the Ontario Fruit & Vegetable Growers' Association.

CROP: Shanghai pak choy (Shanghai choy sum, Brassica campestris Chinensis var. utilis), Flowering leaf cabbage (Nai Yow choy Brassica campestris Chinensis group var. utilis),

PEST: Clubroot, Plasmodiophora brassicae (Woronin)

AUTHORS: MCDONALD, M.R., KORNATOWSKA, B., CASAS, M., VANDER KOOI, K., ROBERTS, L. & Mc KEOWN A. U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

TITLE: MANAGEMENT OF CLUBROOT OF ASIAN CRUCIFER CROPS: THREE YEAR SUMMARY, 1999-2001.

OBJECTIVES: Determine long-term trends in the data that have occurred throughout the three year trial period.

MATERIALS: CHECK: CALCIUM AMMONIUM NITRATE (CAN) (27.5% nitrogen), PERLKA (50% calcium oxide, 20% nitrogen, 1.5% magnesium oxide), and CALCITIC LIME (calcitic, 22% calcium, 3% magnesium).

METHODS: The trials for 1999,2000,2001 were conducted on site in organic muck soil (pH 6.6, 6.4,6.7, respectively) in the Holland Marsh, Ontario (44" 5' N, 79" 35' W). The site was naturally infected with the clubroot pathogen. The trials consisted of 5 treatments, and used a randomized complete block arrangement (4 blocks per treatment). Each replicate consisted of eight rows (42 cm apart), 5 m in length. The trial was direct seeded, each year with 2 cultivars of Asian crucifers, using a StanHay precision seeder. In 1999, the treatments were applied 19 days prior to seeding. In 2000 and 200 1, PERLKA (calcium cyanamide) at 1000 kglha, was applied 14 days prior to seeding. For 2001 only, a CHECK (CAN) at 200 kg Nha was also treated 14 prior to seeding. All other treatments were applied 7 days prior to seeding. The remaining treatments were: PERLKA at a rate of 500 kglha and 1000 kgha (in 20 cm bands), CALCITIC LIME at 8 tonsha. All treatments were performed on one susceptible Asianvegetable, Shanghai Pak Choi (B. rapa L. ssp. chinensis (Rupr.) Olsson var.communis Tsen Lee), and one that has shown resistance in the past, Flowering cabbage (B. rapa L. ssp. chinensis (Rupr.) Olsson var. utilis Tsen Lee). All treatments were broadcast by hand onto measured areas to ensure uniformity of application and incorporated to a depth of 5-1 0 cm. Yield samples of 30 plants from each replication and each variety were taken at harvest. The roots were throughly washed and graded for clubroot incidence and severity.

The mean daily air, soil temperatures and soil moistures from June to September for 1999, 2000 and 2001 are summarized in Table 1.

RESULTS: As presented in Figure 1.

CONCLUSION: All PERLKA treatments consistently had lower disease incidence each year, compared to the untreated check and the recommended rate of lime. PERLKA reduced the incidence of clubroot for both Shanghai pak choy and Flowering cabbage over the three years of the trial (Figure 1).

Figure 1. The combined disease incidence (%) of Clubroot by treatment for 1999,2000 and 2001 (Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2001).

Treatment

*Columns with the same letter are not significantly different at P<0.05

Table 1. Daily mean air soil temperatures and soil moistures for June to September, 1999-2001 (Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2001).

Soil Moisture I (volumetric %)

Month

July 1 21.9 18.7 18.9 1 28.2 22.9 19.9 1 31.5 36.6 31.3

Air Temperature OC

June

August 1 18.1 18.7 20.6 1 26.3 23.4 21.1 1 33.3 28.7 29.8

Soil Temperature OC

September ( 15.9 14.5 14.7 1 21.4 17.8 14.6 1 29.1 25.8

1999 2000 2001

19.1 17.5 18.3

1999 2000 2001

24.4

1999 2000 2001

40.7

REFERENCES:

Humpherson-Jones F. M. 1989. Glasshouse evaluation of fungicides. biocides and surfactants for control of clubroot. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars. 10: 36-37. (Ann. appl. Biol. 1 14. Supplement).

Wallenhammar, A.C, Johnsson, l., and Gerhardson, B. 2000. &ronomic ~erfomance of partly clubroot-resistant wring: oilseed turni~ rape lines. J. Phytopathology 148.495-499.


CROP: Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) cv. Bronco PEST: Cabbage maggot (CM), Delia radicum (Linnaeus)

AUTHORS: HALLETT RH, HEAL JD AND SOPHER CR U of Guelph, Dept. of Environmental Biology

TITLE: RELATIVE EFFICACY OF THREE APPLICATION METHODS FOR LORSBAN 4 E OR LORSBAN 50 W TO CONTROL CABBAGE MAGGOT ON CABBAGE, 2001

MATERIALS: LORSBAN 4 E (chlorpyrifos; 480 g/L), LORSBAN 50 W (chlorpyrifos; 50% wlw)

METHODS: Cabbage seedlings cv. Bronco were grown in plug trays and then hand-transplanted near the Muck Research Station (Site 1; muck soil), near Kettleby, ON, on 22 May, 2001 in 4 row plots, 5 m in length, with a row spacing of 90 cm and in-row plant spacing of 45 cm. Plots were separated by a 3 m spray lane (N-S) and a 1.5 m alley (E-W). Four treatments were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. The same experiment was repeated at a nearby f m (Site 2; muck soil) where cabbage was hand-transplanted on 22 May. The same experiment, but with a 3 m alley (E-W) and 10 replications, was repeated at the Cambridge Research Station (Site 3; mineral soil), near Cambridge, ON, where cabbage was machine-planted (Holland transplanter) on 16 May. Treatment 1 consisted of LORSBAN 4E applied to plug trays three days prior to transplanting at a rate of 2.7 mL in 475 mL water applied with a watering can (128 plants; = 10.1 mg a.i. per plant). Treatment 2 consisted of LORSBAN 50W applied within an hour after transplanting at a rate of 4.9 g in 15L of water with 200 mL poured around the base of each plant (= 32.7 mg a.i. per plant). Treatment 3 consisted of LORSBAN 4E applied 3 days after transplanting with a watering can at a rate of 8.4 mL in 5.2 L water (= 20.2 g a.i.1100 m row) in an approximately 10 cm band, applied to 20 m of row. Treatment 4 was the control and consisted of the application to each plant of 200 mL of water within an hour after transplanting. At Site 1, destructive sampling of 4 plants per plot took place on 26 Jun and 24 Jul and harvest took place on 13 Aug. A post-harvest destructive sampling of 4 plants per plot took place at Site 1 on 14 Aug. At Site 2, destructive sampling of 4 plants per plot took place on 27 Jun and 24 Jul and harvest took place on 14 Aug. A post-harvest destructive sampling of 4 plants per plot took place at Site 2 on 15 Aug. At Site 3, destructive sampling of 4 plants per plot took place on 25 Jun, 27 Jul and 22 Aug and harvest took place on 22 Aug. CM-damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 4 (0 represents < 10% of root damaged; 1 represents 10-25% of root damaged; 2 represents 26-50% of root damaged; 3 represents 5 1-75% of root damaged; 4 represents > 76% of root damaged). Differences in ratings between treatments were determined using analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test.

RESULTSIOBSERVATIONS: The results are summarized in Tables 1,2 and 3. At all three sites it was noted on 5 Jun that plants in all plots treated with LORSBAN applied to plug trays (Treatment 1) were stunted and pale coloured to varying degrees. This apparent phytotoxicity was especially pronounced at Site 3 where approximately 1 1% of plants from this treatment group subsequently died. Plants which survived grew more slowly than plants receiving other treatments but eventually recovered and produced smaller, but otherwise normal, heads. Mortality and smaller head size resulted in reduced yields from the LORSBAN plug-tray treatment. In previous years the identical treatment did not produce phytotoxic effects.

CONCLUSIONS: At Site 1 (muck soil) none of the LORSBAN treatments differed significantly from controls (PB0.05) on the first and third sampling dates. On the second sampling date LORSBAN applied to plug trays significantly reduced CM-damage. At Site 2 (muck soil) there were no significant

differences among treatments on the first and second sampling dates. On the third sampling date plants where LORSBAN was applied 3 days after transplanting had significantly less CM-damage than control plots. At Site 3 (mineral soil) all three LORSBAN treatments significantly (PC0.05) reduced CM- damage relative to controls on the fist two sampling dates. On the last sampling date LORSBAN applied to plug trays and at transplanting resulted in the greatest reduction; damage was significantly lower than in controls. At all three sites LORSBAN applied at transplanting or three days later resulted in yields not significantly different (P>0.05) from control plot yields. At Sites 1 and 3 the yields from plots with LORSBAN applied to plug trays were significantly lower than yields from control plots. At Site 2, yield was lowest from plots with LORSBAN applied to plug trays but the difference was not significant.

Table I. Mean damage rating of cabbage planted on organic soil (muck) and treated with LORSBAN 4 E or LORSBAN 50 W using different application methods, near Kettleby (Sites 1 and 2), ON, 2001.

Mean damage rating1 for indicated date ............................................. Treatment Treatment Rate Site 1 .............................................

No. 26 Jun 24 Jul 14 Aug

1 LORSBAN 4 10 mg Plug tray 0.25 i 0.08a3 0.40 i 0.09a 0.50 * 0.14a E a.i. per

plant

2 LORSBAN 32 mg Transplanting 0.38 i 0.09ab 0.78 i 0.11b 0.75 k 0.12ab 50 W a.i. per

plant

3 LORSBAN4 20.2g Threedays 0.58i0.13b 0.85*0.12b 1.15i0.18b E a.i. per after

100 m transplanting row

27 Jun 24 Jul 15 Aug

1 LORSBAN 4 10 mg Plug tray Oa 0.30 * 0.13a 0.55 i 0.19ab E a.i. per

plant

2 LORSBAN 32 mg Transplanting Oa 0.30 i 0.15a 0.75 i 0.22ab 50 W a.i. per

plant

3 LORSBAN 4 20.2 g Three days Oa 0.20 i 0.12a 0.25 * 0.12a E a.i. per after

100 m transplanting row

'0= least, 4 = greatest degree of damage (* standard error). 2 Plug tray =application to plug tray 3 days prior to transplanting; Transplanting = application to soil immediately after transplanting; Three days after transplanting = application to soil 3 days after transplanting. 3 Values followed by the same letter, within the same column for each site, are not significantly different (P>0.05); Duncan's multiple range test.

Table 2. Mean damage rating of cabbage planted on mineral soil (sandy loam) and treated with LORSBAN 4 E or LORSBAN 50 W using different application methods, near Cambridge (Site 3), ON, 200 1. .-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mean damage rating' for indicated date ..............................................

2 LORSBAN 32 mg Transplanting Oa 0.28 * 0.08a 0.43 k 0.10a 50 W a.i. per

plant

3 LORSBAN 20.2 g Three days 0.03 * 0.03a 0.30 0.08a 0.68 * 0.12ab 4 E a.i. per after

100 rn transplahting row

4 Control -- -- 0.15 * 0.06b 0.75 0.08b 0.98 * 0.12b ............................................................................................. 1 0= least, 4 = greatest degree of damage (* standard error). 'plug tray =application to plug tray 3 days prior to transplanting; Transplanting = application to soil immediately after transplanting; Three days after transplanting = application to soil 3 days after transplanting. 3~alues followed by the same letter, within the same column, are not significantly different (PB0.05); Duncan's multiple range test.

Table 3. Mean yield of cabbage treated with LORSBAN 4 E or LORSBAN 50 W using different application methods, near Kettleby (Sites 1 and 2) and Cambridge (Site 3), Ontario, 2001. .-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LORSBAN 4 E Plug tray 44.6 * 3.la 54.8 * 1.5a 5.8 * 0.9a2

LORSBAN 50 W Transplanting 63.3 * 2.51b 63.6 * 3.5a 12.6 * 1 . 4 ~

LORSBAN 4 E Three days after 65.9 It 1 .Ob 63.0.3.3a 8.6 * 1.7ab transplanting

Control -- 66.2 * 1.9b 61.5 3.7a 1 1.9 * 0.8bc .............................................................................................. 1 Plug tray =application to plug tray 3 days prior to transplanting; Transplanting = application to soil immediately after transplanting; Three days after transplanting = application to soil 3 days after transplanting. 2 Values followed by the same letter, within the same column, are not significantly different (P>0.05); Duncan's multiple range test.

CROP: Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), cv. Bronco PEST: Cabbage maggot (CM), Delia radicum (Linnaeus)

AUTHORS: HALLETT RH, HEAL JD AND SOPHER CR U of Guelph, Dept. of Environmental Biology

TITLE: RELATIVE EFFICACY OF FOUR APPLICATION METHODS FOR GUTHION TO CONTROL CABBAGE MAGGOT ON CABBAGE, 2001

MATERIALS: GUTHION 50 WP (azinphos-methyl; 50% wlw a.i.)

METHODS: Cabbage seedlings cv. Bronco were grown in plug trays and then hand-transplanted at the Muck Research Station (Site 1; muck soil), near Kettleby, ON, on 22 May, in 4 row plots, 5 m in length, with a row spacing of 90 cm and in-row plant spacing of 45 cm. Plots were separated by a 3 m spray lane (N-S) and a 1.5 m alley (E-W). Five treatments were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. The same experiment was repeated at a nearby farm (Site 2; muck soil) where cabbage was hand-transplanted on 22 May. The same experiment, but with a 3 m alley (E-W) and10 replications, was repeated at the Cambridge Research Station (Site 3; mineral soil), near Cambridge, ON, where cabbage was machine-planted (Holland transplanter) on 16 May. Methods and timing of GUTHION 50 WP application are outlined in Table 1. For plug tray treatments the rate used was 6.41 g product per 475 mL water per 128-plant plug tray (= 25 mg a.i. per plant). For transplanting and post-transplanting treatments the rate used was 5.75 g product per 10 L water per plot with 200 mL of solution poured around the base of each plant with a beaker ( = 57.5 mg a.i. per plant for all field applications). At Site 1, destructive sampling of 4 plants per plot took place on 26 Jun, 27 Jul and 13 Aug and harvest took place on 13 Aug. At Site 2, destructive sampling of 4 plants per plot took place on 27 Jun and 24 Jul and harvest took place on 14 Aug. A post-harvest destructive sampling of 4 plants per plot took place at Site 2 on 15 Aug. At Site 3, destructive sampling of 4 plants per plot took place on 25 Jun, 30 Jul and 22 Aug and harvest took place on 22 Aug. CM-damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 4 (0 represents < 10% of root damaged; 1 represents 10-25% of root damaged; 2 represents 26-50% of root damaged; 3 represents 5 1- 75% of root damaged; 4 represents > 76% of root damaged). Differences in ratings between treatments were determined using analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test.

RESULTS: The results are summarized in Tables 1 and 2.

CONCLUSIONS: All four GUTHION 50 WP treatments reduced CM damage relative to non-treated controls at all three sites except on the last sampling date at Site 1 where the majority of plants developed severe club root and CM damage symptoms were obscured (Table 1). At Site 1 (muck soil) CM damage was lowest in Treatment 4 (3 Days After Planting + 2 Weeks) but this reduction was not significantly different from other GUTHION 50 WP treatments (P>0.05). At Site 2 (muck soil), on the second sampling date, CM damage was lowest in Treatments 1 & 2 (Plug Tray and Plug Tray + 2 Weeks). On the last sampling date CM damage was lowest in Treatments 2 and 3 (Plug Tray + 2 Weeks and Planting + 2 Weeks). At Site 3 (mineral soil) CM damage was lowest in Treatment 2 (Plug Tray + 2 weeks). No treatment had any significant impact on cabbage-yield at any site (Table 2). Plug tray applications of GUTHION 50 WP were at least as effective as conventional methods of application and provided season-long control of CM-damage on muck and mineral soils. Plug tray application uses only 22% the amount of active ingredient applied in conventional methods.

Table 1. Mean damage rating of cabbage treated with GUTHION 50 WP using different application methods, near Kettleby (Sites 1 and 2) and Cambridge (Site 3), ON, 200 1. .-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Rate of Mean damage rating1 for indicated date GUTHION .............................................

Treatment 50 WP Method2 Site 1 No. ............................................. (g a.i. per

plant) 26 Jun 27 Jul 13 Aug ............................................................................................. 1 25.0 Plug tray 0.0 * 0.0a4 0.06 * 0.06a 0.0 * O.Oa

2 25.0 + 57.5 Plug tray + 2 wks 0.0 * O.Oa 0.06 * 0.06a 0.0 * O.Oa

3 57.5 + 57.5 Planting + 2 wks 0.0 * O.Oa 0.13 * 0.09a 0.25 * 0.1 1b

1 25.0 Plug tray 0.0 * O.Oa 0.06 * 0.06ab 0.25 * 0.19ab

2 25.0 + 57.5 Plug tray + 2 wks 0.0 * O.Oa 0.0 * O.Oa 0.13 * 0.09ab

3 57.5 + 57.5 Planting + 2 wks 0.0 * O.Oa 0.13 * 0.09ab 0.06 * 0.06a

4 57.5 + 57.5 3 d after planting + 0.0 * O.Oa 0.19 * 0.14ab 0.25 * 0.14ab 2wks

1 25.0 Plug tray 0.0 * O.Oa 0.45 *0.08ab 0.78 * 0.15ab

2 25.0 + 57.5 Plug tray + 2 wks 0.0 * O.Oa 0.25 * 0.07a 0.50 st O.la

3 57.5 + 57.5 Planting + 2 wks 0.0 * O.Oa 0.63 m0.09b 1 .O * 0.14b

4 57.5 + 57.5 3 d after planting + 0.0 * O.Oa 0.46 * 0.08ab 0.88 k 0.14ab 2wks

5 0 -- 0.19*0.08b 1.23*0.11c 1.63k0.14~ ............................................................................................. '0= least, 4 = greatest degree of damage (* standard error). 'Plug tray =application to plug tray 3 days prior to transplanting; Plug tray + 2 wks = application to plug tray 3 days prior to transplanting and to soil 2 weeks after transplanting; Planting + 2 wks = application to soil at transplanting and 2 weeks after transplanting; 3 d after planting + 2wks = application to soil 3 days after transplanting and 2 weeks after transplanting. 3 Not determined 4 Values followed by the same letter, within the same column for each site, are not significantly different (D0.05); Duncan's multiple range test.

s able 2. Mean yield of cabbage treated with GUTHION 50 WP using different application methods, near Kettleby (Sites 1 and 2) and Cambridge (Site 3), ON, 2001.

GUTHION 50 WP Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 (g a.i. per plant)

25 Plug tray 32.7 * 10.5a2 5 1.2 * 2.5a 6.1 i 0.6a

25157.5 Plug tray + 2 wks 26.7 * 9.4a 56.6 * 7.4a 6.6 i 0.6a

57.5 Planting + 2 wks 23.7 6.7a 53.8 * 1.7a 6.3 0.5a

'Plug tray =application to plug tray 3 days prior to transplanting; Plug tray + 2 wks = application to plug tray 3 days prior to transplanting and to soil 2 weeks after transplanting; Plaiting + 2 wks = .application to soil at transplanting and 2 weeks after transplanting; 3 d after planting + 2wks = application to soil 3 days after transplanting and 2 weeks after transplanting. 'Values followed by the same letter, within the same column, are not significantly different (PB0.05); Duncan's multiple range test.

CROP: Midseason Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) cv. Atlantis PEST: Onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci L.)

AUTHORS: WESTERVELD S', MCDONALD MR', SCOTT-DUPREE C2, & MCKEOWN A' 'U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, 2U of Guelph, Dept. of Environmental Biology

TITLE: EFFECT OF NITROGEN APPLICATION RATE ON YIELD, NUTRIENT STATUS, AND ONION THRIPS DAMAGE IN CABBAGE GROWN ON MINERAL SOIL IN 2000 AND 2001

MATERIALS: CALCIUM AMMONIUM NITRATE (nitrogen 27.5%), POTASSIUM NITRATE (nitrogen 13.75%), PERZIKA (50% calcium oxide, 14% cyanamide, 2% nitrate, equivalent to 19.8% nitrogen), MINOLTA SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter, HORIBA 'CARDY' MODEL C-141 nitrate meter

METHODS Mid-season cabbage, cultivar Atlantis, were seeded in plug trays on 10 May (2000) and 27 Apr (2001) at the Simcoe Campus, University of Guelph. Seedlings were transplanted into the field on 9 Jun (2000) and 30 May (2001) in 4 row plots, 7 m in length (2000) and 9 m in length (2001), with a row spacing of 75 cm and an in-row plant spacing of 45 cm. Nitrogen was applied at 0%, 50%, 100%, 150%, and 200% of the OMAFRA (Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs) recommended rate for mineral soil (170 kgha N: split 75% preplant incorporated/25% sidedress three weeks after planting) using CALCIUM AMMONIUM NITRATE preplant and POTASSIUM NITRATE for sidedress applications. In three additional treatments, 50% of the OMAFRA recommendation was applied preplant and additional sidedress N applications were based on SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter readings, double the recommended N application rate was applied entirely as POTASSIUM NITRATE, and in 2001 N was applied at the recommended N rate entirely as PERLKA. A randomised complete block arrangement with four blocks per treatment was used. All other nutrients were applied based on soil test results and OMAFRA recommendations. At the cupping, early heading, and mature stages on 28 Jun, 2 Aug, 16 Aug (2000), 27 Jun, 17 Jul, and 1 Aug (2001), a Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter was used for evaluation of five (2000) and ten (2001) mature leaves per replicate, A Cardy Model C-141 nitrate meter was used for evaluation of sap nitrate concentrations in two (2000) and four (2001) midribs of recently mature leaves per replicate, and the Cardy meter was used for and soil nitrate analysis. Tissue and soil samples were also sent to a lab for comparison. Due to uneven maturation, on 16 Aug, 30 Aug, and 11 Sep (2000) and 17 Aug and 5 Sep (2001), cabbage plants were harvested from a 4 m section of the middle two rows of each experimental unit. Depending on the number of heads harvested on each harvest date, up to five heads from the harvested area were placed at 1°C for one week. In 2001, five heads were removed on 17 Aug from each treatment to compare thrips damage across treatments on the same date. Cabbages were rated for thrips damage after storage by assessing the outer five head leaves. Each leaf was rated on a scale of 0 to 5 (0-no damage, 1- very light damage, 2-light damage, 3-moderate damage, 4-heavy damage, 5-severe damage) and the ratings from all five leaves were totalled for a single rating per head. Thrips damage ratings were compared between treatments by averaging the rating per head across all harvest dates. Weather conditions in Simcoe for both years are summarized in Table 1. Data were analysed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.4.1 and the GLM, Corr, and Univariate procedures of SAS version 8.0 (SAS Institute, Cary NC) .

RESULTS: The chlorophyll and nitrate meter readings showed a relationship with lab tissue test results in selected sample days in 2000 (r=0.52-0.53) and showed a much stronger relationship with lab results

in 2001 (r=0.60-0.89) when the number of samples was doubled. Cardy nitrate meter soil nitrate readings were highly related with lab soil nitrate results (~0.48-0.97) in all sampling dates and in both years. The SPAD chlorophyll meter also showed a significant relationship (~0.72-0.85) with yield in 2000. Using a chlorophyll meter to schedule sidedress nitrogen applications was not effective. Thrips and yield data are presented in Table 2. Maturity was delayed two to four weeks in the low nitrogen application treatments compared to the high nitrogen treatments.

CONCLUSIONS: The chlorophyll and nitrate meters have promise as nitrogen diagnostic tools for cabbage. Increasing the number of readings per area or field will result in increased accuracy. The damage caused by onion thrips in cabbage is significantly affected by nitrogen application rate. Since ratings within the same harvest date are not significantly different, the effect of nitrogen application rate on thrips damage must be due to delayed maturity of low nitrogen treatments. The additional time in the field in the low nitrogen treatments allowed for further thrips development. Yield data shows that the response of cabbage to nitrogen application depends on the growing season. However, maturity was delayed consistently in low nitrogen treatments. The current OMAFRA recommendation may need to be raised, especially in wet years, to promote high yield, rapid maturity, and reduced thrips damage at harvest. However, the research also leaves many questions about the behaviour of nitrogen in this soil, such as: where in the soil profile the nitrogen is being taken up by the plant, the effect of weather conditions on the uptake of nitrogen and the growth of the plants, and whether the effects of nitrogen are consistent among cabbage growth types. Further research on nitrogen issues in cabbage is warranted.

Funding for this project was provided by the Agricultural Adaptation Council through the support of the Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Grower's Association

Table 1. Simcoe mean monthly temperatures, monthly precipitation, and long term averages (LTA) for the 2000 and 200 1 growing seasons.

May 14.4 14.7 12.6 103 109 74

Jun 18.5 19.3 17.8 181 63 82

Jul 19.8 20.7 20.4 146 11 77

Table 2. Effect of nitrogen application rates on yield and thrips damage ratings in 2000 and 200 1 on cabbage cv. Atlantis ...............................................................................................

Nitrogen application rate (% of Average Thrips Damage Rating Total Yield (tha)

~ecommended rate) .................................... - ...................................

50 + sidedress N based on SPAD meter 1.87 c

200 as POTASSIUM 2.25 NITRATE 11.00 a 5.85 a

* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arkang.), cv. Cellobunch

PEST: Sclerotinia rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary

AUTHORS: Kora C1, McDonald M R ~ & Boland GJ1 1 Dept. of Environmental Biology, 2Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph

TITLE: EVALUATION OF FOLIAR CLIPPING TREATMENTS FOR CULTURAL CONTROL OF SCLEROTINIA ROT OF CARROT IN THE FIJ3LD AND STORAGE CAUSED BY Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, 2001.

RATIONALE: Carrot plant grows a large canopy that results in dense coverage of the ground in carrot crops, particularly on muck soils. A full canopy coverage provides favourable micro-climatic conditions for the prolific growth of several soil-borne pathogens including S. sclerotiorum. It also affects the efficiency of chemical sprays by preventing the material from reaching important target sites such as bottom leaves and the crown. In addition, it has been demonstrated that senescing leaves in contact with the soil, are most susceptible to infection by S. sclerotiorum and represent the primary source of root infection that develops during winter storage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of clipping a portion of the carrot canopy as a cultural method for the management of sclerotinia rot of carrot. It was anticipated that the combination of an open canopy which will allow more air circulation, and the removal of lodging dying leaves from the carrot plant, would disrupt the development of the pathogen and disease cycle, and may contribute in reducing sclerotinia rot incidence in field and storage.

MATERIALS: Gas operated hand-held hedge trimmer (STIHL, Model # HS45,27cc engine with a 24 inch double edge cutting blade).

METHODS: The trial was conducted during 2001 in naturally infested organic soils (organic matter 60%; pH 6.4) of the Muck Crop Research Station, Bradford-Holland Marsh, Ontario. Carrots (cv. Cellobunch) were direct seeded with a precision seeder (90-100 seedslm) on 22 May. Carrots were planted on raised beds 86 cm apart. Each treatment plot consisted of four 8 m long rows of carrot. The trial was arranged as a randomized block design with a total of four treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of: i) Standard untreated check; ii) Hand-picked lodged dying leaves; iii) Vertically clipped canopy with plant debris left in the b o w ; and iv) Vertically clipped canopy with plant debris removed from the furrow. Hand-picking of lodged dying leaves was performed in bi-weekly intervals starting at the first appearance of senescing leaves touching the ground (17 Aug) through harvest, and leaf debris was left in the bottom of the b o w . The vertical clipping of carrot canopy (04 Sep) was performed using a gas operated hand-held hedge trimmer after full canopy closure and initial development of apothecia. The trimmer was held vertically touching the base of the hill and moved along the carrot row to cut off overlapping leaves above the furrow and lodged dying leaves on both sides of the row. As result of the clipping, an average of 3 out of 10 leaves per carrot in the side lines were trimmed at ca. 15 cm long petioles, the carrot canopy width was reduced by 40% (20% on each side of the row), and the canopy opening between the rows averaged 40 cm wide.

Egect of cultural modification on the development of S. sclerotiorum: The effect of foliar clipping of carrot canopy on the development of naturally occurring apothecia (infective spore bearing structures) of S. sclerotiorum was evaluated by weekly (02,09 and 16 Oct) counts of apothecia present over a three week period during the peak of sclerotia germination. Apothecia density was estimated based on samples of apothecia counts in 1.72 x 8 m sections, including two middle furrows of each treatment plot.

Efect of cultural modification on sclerotinia rot of carrot: Fungal colonization of plant debris left in the

furrow was monitored in weekly intervals until full decomposition of the material, to determine presence and survival of S. sclerotiorum. Samples from plant debris were plated in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and screened for presence of S. sclerotiorum. Foliar disease incidence was estimated based on the number of plants in 6 m carrot rows with at least one infected leaf at harvest (30 Oct). Storage trial to determine the effect of foliar clipping on disease incidence and severity on stored carrots is in progress.

Eflect of cultural modification on carrot yield: Samples of 2.32 m harvested carrot row were used to estimate fresh foliar and root weights as well as crop yields at harvest (30 Oct).

Weed and insect control was conducted according to OMAFRA Publication 363 (Vegetable Production Recommendations 2000-2001) with no fungicides application. Air temperatures in 2001 were above the long term (10 year) average in May (13.9'~) and August (20.6'~)~ below average in July(18.9'~), and average in June (18..3OC) and September (14.7'~). Monthly rainfall was above the long term (10 year) average in May (85 mm), and below average in June (63 rnm), July (60 mrn), August (32 mrn) and September (53 mm). Data were analysed using the Proc GLM (General Linear Models) procedure of SAS 6.12. Mean separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P= 0.05.

RESULTS: The 2001 growing season was characterized by a relatively warm and dry summer followed by a cool and wet fall. Consequently favourable conditions for disease development were closely met toward the end of the season. Apothecia within the field were first observed briefly on 20-3 1 Aug and again on 25 Sep - 3 1 Oct. Sclerotinia rot disease symptoms on carrot leaves were first detected on 02 Oct. Foliar infection caused by Sclerotinia minor was also present starting from mid September through harvest.

A summary of the results are presented in Tables 1 & 2. Both vertical clipping treatments significantly reduced the number of germinated apothecia in the first (P = 0.00 l5), second (P = 0.00 17) and third (P = 0.0325) observation days except for the vertical clipping with debris left in furrow in the third observation day (Table 1). Overall, the number of germinated apothecia was reduced by 77 - 85% over the three week period. Similarly, foliar disease incidence in both unclipped plots was significantly higher (P--0.0001) than in vertically clipped plots, being absent in the latter.

No significant differences were observed among treatments in fresh foliar weight (P=0.6591), fresh root weight (P=0.12 16) or yield (P=0.1549). However, removal of lodged dying leaves performed consistently better in all these parameters (Table 2).

CONCLUSIONS: Vertical clipping treatment apparently modified the micro-climate conditions within the crop rendering it unfavourable for the pathogen development. Germination of apothecia in clipped plots appeared in fewer numbers and delayed in time. In addition to reducing the amount of primary inoculum, vertical clipping also efficiently removed the susceptible tissue from the carrot plant for the remainder of the growing season preventing foliar disease development. Foliar debris left in the furrow after vertical clipping was fblly decomposed in about 3 weeks. S. minor, Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizopus stolonifer, and Fusariurn spp. were the primary fungi that colonized the foliar debris during the decaying process, whereas S. sclerotiorum was never detected in the decaying material. Vertical clipping did not affect carrot yield. These results demonstrate that vertical clipping of carrot canopy is a cultural method that has potential as an effective strategy to be incorporated in the integrated management of sclerotinia rot of carrot.

Table 1. Effect of foliar clipping of carrot canopy on density of naturally occurring apothecia of S. scIerotiorum and incidence of foliar infection of sclerotinia rot of carrot at harvest in the experimental plot at Muck Crop Research Station, Bradford Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2001.

Treatment Apothecia count /m2 Foliar disease

incidence

09 Oct* 16 Oct* 23 Oct* (plantdm row) - - ---

Untreated (Check)

Hand-picking of lodged dying leaves 1 .92a 2.29a 1.34a 7.96a

Vertical clipping with debris in h o w 0.49b 0.65b 0.80ab Oc

Vertical clipping with removed debris 0.3 1b 0.34b 0.3 1b Oc *Statistics performed on log transformed data; reported means represent back-transformed values. ** Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at Type I error rate a = 0.05 (Fisher's Protected LSD test).

Table 2. Effect of foliar clipping of carrot canopy on fresh foliar and root yield of carrot crop at harvest in the experimental plot at the Muck Crop Research Station, Bradford Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2001.

Treatment Fresh foliar weight Fresh root weight Yield kg/m row kg/m row Tiha

Untreated (Check) 0.86a* 7.24a 83.98a

Removal of lodged dying leaves 1 .06a 8.65a 100.33a

Vertical clipping with debris in fixrow 0.97a 7.86a 91.21a

Vertical clipping with removed debris 0.88a 7.36a 85.43a * Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at Type I error rate a = 0.05 (Fisher's Protected LSD test).

Partial funding for this project was made available by the Ontario Research Enhancement Program, Research and Development Safety Net Fund with the support of Bradford & District Vegetable Growers' Association and Ontario Fruit & Vegetable Growers' Association and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Consultation help provided by Todd Crosby, Agricultural Specialist at Mercer Ranch, is greatly appreciated.

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arkang.), cv. Cellobunch PEST: Sclerotinia rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary

AUTHORS: Kora C', McDonald & Boland GJ' 1 Dept. of Environmental Biology, 'Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph

TITLE: IDENTIFICATION OF RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ENVIRONMENTAL, PATHOGEN AM) CROP FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SCLEROTINIA ROT OF CARROT IN THE FIELD CAUSED BY Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, 2001.

RATIONALE: The purpose of the present study was to identify temporal and quantitative relationships among selected environmental, pathogen and crop factors that influence the development of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and sclerotinia rot of carrot in field conditions. Identification of seasonal patterns of these factors as well as anticipation of inoculum onset and the start of disease in the field can be useful tools for disease prediction.

MATERIAZIS: CR 21X datalogger (Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan UT, USA).

METHODS: Epidemiological studies were conducted during 1999 and 2000 in experimental (Site 1) and commercial (Site 2) carrot crops grown in organic soil (pH 6.4, organic matter 60%) naturally infested with S. sclerotiorum, in Bradford Holland Marsh, Ontario. Environmental variables including air temperature and relative humidity, soil temperature and moisture, leaf wetness duration and rainfall were continuously monitored using standard sensors attached to the datalogger. Occurrence of apothecia (infective spore bearing structures) within the crop was visually assessed in weekly intervals throughout the growing season. Presence of air-borne ascospores was monitored weekly using sclerotinia semi- selective medium (SSM) plates as spore traps. The average count of colony forming units per plate was considered as an estimate of ascospore concentration within the crop. Foliar disease was assessed in weekly intervals as the percentage of leaf explants that tested positive for the presence of S. sclerotiorum. Randomly selected leaflet and petiole sub-samples were surface-sterilized, plated on SSM and incubated for 7-14 days at 20-21°C. The presence of S. sclerotiorum was identified by the change of the medium colour from blue to yellow and was confirmed by sclerotia formation. Selected crop growth stages, including canopy closure and presence of dying leaves in contact with the soil, were also monitored.

RESULTS: Temporal observation are outlined in Fig. 1 (Site 1) & 2 (Site 2). Observations during four epidemics revealed that apothecia within the carrot crop appeared on 15 Sep 1999 (Site I), 12 Aug 1999 (Site 2) and 4 Aug 2000 (Site l), always after canopy closure. During the two weeks preceding emergence of apothecia, mean soil temperature was always lg°C and mean soil moisture ranged between 35.6 to 36.7 % (vlv). Viable ascospores were first detected on 16 Aug 1999 (Site I), 9 Aug 1999 (Site 2), 18 Jul2000 (Site 1) and 19 Jul2000 (Site 2). Ascospores were always observed in low concentration prior to emergence of apothecia, suggesting the existence of external sources of air-borne inoculum. No disease was observed in Site 1 in 1999 while in Site 2, visible symptoms were first observed on 18 Sep and disease reached 21.9% within one week. In 2000, disease in Site 1 was first observed on 18 Aug and reached 22.6 % within 2 weeks, whereas in Site 2, it was observed on 6 Sep and reached 10.2% in 3 weeks. Foliar disease usually developed 4 to 6 weeks after first occurrence of ascospores within the crop and after dying leaves lodged onto the ground. Dying leaves were readily colonized by the pathogen and accounted for >85% of the disease within the crop. Preliminary correlation analyses indicated a significant positive relationship between ascospore concentration and mean soil moisture during the preceding 2-week period (r = 0.48, P = 0.0022) and

significant negative relationship between foliar disease and mean soil temperature during the preceding 2-week period (r = -0.55, P = 0.006). These suggest that canopy closure combined with long

periods of high soil moisture are important factors for apothecia germination in the field. Presence of ascospores associated with dying carrot leaves on the ground, which represents the most susceptible tissues to infection by S. scZerotiorurn, are important factors for disease start. Finally, rapid development of foliar disease in the field was promoted by low soil temperatures.

CONCLUSION: Variables including canopy closure, soil moisture >30%, presence of ascospores and presence of dying carrot leaves on the ground are critical risk factors for sclerotiniarot disease initiation and development in the field. These factors can be incorporated into a disease prediction system and validated for disease forecast and timing of fungicidal applications in the field for improvedmanagement or sclerotinia rot of carrot.

Partial funding for this project was made available by the Ontario Research Enhancement Program, Research and Development Safety Net Fund with the support of Bradford & District Vegetable Growers'Association and Ontario Fruit & Vegetable Growers' Association and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Consultation help provided by Todd Crosby, Agricultural Specialist at Mercer Ranch, is greatly appreciated.

Fig 1. Foliar disease incidence in relation to mean weekly soil temperature and moisture, precipitation, apotheaa,ascospore concentration and canopy dosure during 1999 and 2000 in Site 1.

Day of the year (Julian Day)

closure 1999 Canopy closure 2000 Lodged dying leaves 1999 Lodged dying leaves 2000

Fig 2. Foliar disease incidence in relation to mean weekly soil temperature and moisture, precipitation, apothecia, ascospore concentration and canopy closure during 1999 and 2000 in Site 2.

Day of the year (Julian day)

Canopy closure 1999

Canopy closure 2000 Lodged dying leaves 1999 Lodged dying leaves 2000

CROP: PEST:

AUTHORS:

TITLE:

Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arkang.) cvs. Indiana and Idaho Alternaria (Alternaria dauci (Kiihn) Groves & Skolko) and Cercospora (Cercospora carotae (Pass.) Solh.) leaf blight and cavity spot (Pythium intermedium de Bary, Pythium irregulare Buisman and Pythium sulcatum Pratt and Mitchell)

WESTERVELD SLY MCKEOWN A', SCOTT-DUPREE C2, & MCDONALD MR1 1 U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, 'U of Guelph, Dept. of Environmental Biology

EFFECT OF NITROGEN APPLICATION RATE ON YIELD, NUTRIENT STATUS, AND LEAF BLIGHT SEVERITY IN CARROTS GROWN ON MUCK AND MINERAL SOIL IN 2000 AND 2001

MATERIALS: CALCIUM AMMONIUM NITRATE (nitrogen 27.5%), POTASSIUM NITRATE (nitrogen 13.75%), UREA (nitrogen 46%), MINOLTA SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter, HORIBA TARDY' MODEL C-141 nitrate meter

METHODS: Carrots were seeded into muck soil at the Muck Crops Research Station and into mineral soil at the Simcoe Research Station in 2000 and 2001. Cultivars Annapolis (2000) and Idaho (2001) were seeded on 14 Jun (2000) and 13 Jun (2001) in mineral soil, and cultivars Indiana and Idaho (2000) and Idaho and Annapolis (2001) were seeded on 28 Jul(2000) and 24 May (2001) in muck soil. Mineral soil plots consisted of 3 rows, 7 m in length, spaced 35 cm apart, at a seeding rate of 80 seedslm. Muck soil plots consisted of 4 hills (2 hills/cultivar), 20 cm high, 5 m in length, spaced 86 cm apart at a seeding rate of 80 seedslm. Nitrogen was applied at 0%, 50%, loo%, 150%, and 200% of the OMAFRA (Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs) recommended rate (60 kg N/ha all preplant on muck soil, 1 10 kg Nha preplant and 35 kg N/ha sidedress on mineral soil) using CALCIUM AMMONIUM NITRATE preplant and POTASSIUM NITRATE for sidedress applications. In an additional treatment: a SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter was used to time sidedress applications following a preplant application of 50% of the OMAFRA recommended rate. Several additional treatments included: on mineral soil in both years 200% of the OMAFRA recommendations was also applied entirely as POTASSIUM NITRATE; on muck soil in 2001,50% of the OMAFRA recommendation was applied preplant and 50% was sidedressed; and in both locations in 200 1,100% of the OMAFRA recommendation was applied preplant and two (mineral) and five (muck) foliar sprays of 2 kg Nka as UREA were applied biweekly once the canopy was sufficiently developed. At the early, mid-season, and late growth stages on 2 Aug, 23 Aug, 18 Sep (mineral soil in 2000), 21 Aug, 19 Sep, 10 Oct (mineral soil in 2001), 6 Oct, 27 Oct (muck soil in 2000), 12 Jul, 7 Aug, and 24 Sep (muck soil in 2001), the Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter was used to assess the chlorophyll content of five (2000) and ten (2001) mature 'Idaho' (muck, and mineral in 2001) and 'Annapolis' (mineral in 2000) leaves from each replicate, the Cardy Model C- 141 nitrate meter was used to evaluate the nitrate content of sap from two groups of three (2000) and four groups of three (2001) petioles of recently mature leaves (same cultivars as SPAD analysis), and the Cardy nitrate meter was used to assess the nitrate content of the soil. Tissue and soil samples were also sent to a lab for comparison. Once leaf blight symptoms developed, carrots were rated bi-weekly until harvest for the combined damage caused by Alternaria and Cercospora. The carrot canopy of each cultivar and treatment was rated on a scale of 1-5 (5-no lesions, 4-mild lesions on leaveshone on petioles, 3-moderate lesions on leaves and some on petioles, 2-numerous severe lesions on leaves and petioles, 1-tops completely rotted). Carrots were harvested on muck soil from 2.33 m of row from each cultivar on 17 Nov (2000) and 25 Oct (2001) and on mineral soil from a 2 m section of 3 rows of each experimental unit on 6 Nov (2000) and 24 Oct and 30 Oct (2001) and assessed for total yield. Cavity spot was rated at harvest on 20 carrots per replicate by multiplying the disease severity rating (1-very light damage, 2-light damage, 3-medium damage, 4-heavy damage, 5-very heavy damage) by the % infected. Weather conditions for both locations and years are summarized in Table 1. Data were analysed using

the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.4.1 and the GLM, Corr, and Univariate procedures of SAS version 8.0 (SAS Institute, Cary NC).

RESULTS: The Cardy nitrate meter showed a strong relationship (r=0.26-0.98) with lab results when used for both soil and sap nitrate analysis in both locations and years. The SPAD chlorophyll meter showed a relationship with lab results (4.50-0.65) in mineral soil on selected sampling dates in both years, but no relationship between SPAD readings and lab results was found in muck soil in either year. Leaf blight and yield data are presented in Table 2. Only the final blight rating of each season in each location is presented, when leaf blight damage was at its peak. Leaf blight did not develop in the plot on muck soil in 2000. Yield and blight data from the two cultivars on muck soil were combined. Size grades and quality were unaffected by nitrogen application in all plots. Cavity spot severity was unaffected by nitrogen application in all plots.

CONCLUSIONS: The chlorophyll and nitrate meters show promise as nitrogen analysis tools for carrots. However, they would be more useful in deficient nitrogen conditions. The Cardy nitrate meter has the most potential for carrot nitrogen management because it can be used for soil and sap nitrate analysis, is very well related with lab tissue and soil test results, and the SPAD meter is difficult to use on carrot leaves. When leaf blight was present disease severity was significantly affected by nitrogen application rate in both locations and both years. As nitrogen application rate increased, leaf blight severity generally decreased. The decrease in leaf blight severity with increased nitrogen application is likely due to delayed senescence of the leaf tissue. Since Altemaria infects senescing tissue, a delay in senescence also delayed leaf infection. Since yield was not affected by nitrogen application rate, current OMAFRA recommendations may need to be reduced, but growers must be aware of the impact of reducing nitrogen application on leaf blight severity. In addition, many questions about nitrogen use in carrots have yet to be answered, such as: where in the soil profile the roots are taking up the nitrogen, how much soil mineral nitrogen prior to planting is enough for optimum carrot growth, and what the effect of continuous cropping without any nitrogen application is on carrot growth. Further research on nitrogen issues in carrots is warranted.


Table 1. Mean monthly temperatures, monthly precipitation, and long-term averages (LTA) in 2000 and 200 1 for Sirncoe and the Holland/Bradford Marsh.

May 14.4 14.7 12.6 103 109 74 13.1 13.9 12.9 160 85 70

Jun 18.5 19.3 17.8 181 63 82 17.3 18.3 17.5 173 63 78

Jul 19.8 20.7 20.4 146 11 77 18.4 18.9 20.3 86 60 82

Aug 19.7 21.8 19.5 81 105 80 18.3 20.6 19.0 76 32 84

Sep 15.8 15.9 15.5 99 3 7 89 14.2 14.7 14.6 80 53 84

0

50

100

150

200

50 + chlorophyll

200 as POTASSIUM NITRATE 100 + Foliar

spray

50 + 50 sidedress

*Leaf Blight Rating: 5-no leaf blight, 3-moderate lesions on leaves and some on petioles, l-tops completely rotted

**Numbers in a column followed by the Same letter are not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.

CROP: Carrot [Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arkang.], cv. Cellobunch PEST: Sclerotinia rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary and other potential post-harvest

storage pathogens.

AUTHORS: Kora C', McDonald MR2 and Boland GJ'. 1 Dept. of Environmental Biology, 2Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph

TITLE: PREVALENCE AND DISEASE-CAUSING POTENTIAL OF PLANT PATHOGENS ON WOODEN PALLETS USED FOR CARROT STORAGE, 2001

RATIONALE: Post-harvest diseases can cause serious losses and are important limiting factors to long- term storage of carrots. Concerns have been raised whether mycelial growth occumng on wooden pallets during winter storage can initiate such diseases and cause additional losses. The objectives of this project were: i) to characterize the fungal community on the wooden pallets used for carrot storage, and ii) to identify the ability of these fungi to grow on pallet surfaces and cause disease on carrots under cold storage conditions. The outcomes of this study will contribute to determine the importance of incorporating pallet sanitation as a component of the integrated management of storage diseases of carrot.

MATERIALS: Storage wooden pallets; Yellow birch wooden blocks; Acidified Potato Dextrose Agar (APDA or PDA) media (39 g PDAIlitre of water amended with 50% lactic acid if indicated).

METHODS: Screeningpalletfingal community: A total of 40 infested pallets used for storing carrots in storage facilities of four commercial carrot f m s in Bradford Holland Marsh, Ontario, were sampled and screened for presence of fungal species, during May-June 2001. One hundred and sixty samples (4 samples per pallet) of mycelial growth collected from the surface of pallet boards, were plated on APDA plates and incubated at 20f1°C. A frequency distribution analysis was performed to determine prevalence of recovered fungi in each study site. A representative sub-sample of 28 isolates from all recovered fungal groups was selected for further tests.

Pathogenicity test: The treatment consisted of inoculating healthy carrot roots with the test fungi. A check of carrots inoculated with sterile PDA disks was included. The trial was arranged as a completely randomized block design with a total of 29 treatments and four replications. Washed and surface- disinfested carrot roots were individually inoculated with 7 mm mycelial agar disks from 3- to 5-day-old cultures of the respective fungi. Inoculated carrots were incubated in plastic containers either in growth- room at 221°C and ~ 9 8 % RH or in cold storage at 4f l°C and = 100% RH. The fungal growth along the length of carrot root was measured at 1,2,3, and 4 weeks after inoculation. Similarly, lesion size was measured along the length of carrot root 4 weeks after inoculation.

Wood survival test: The treatment consisted of inoculating wooden blocks (8 x 8 x 2 cm) with the test fungi. A check of wooden blocks inoculated with sterile PDA disks was included. The trial was arranged as a completely randomized block design with a total of 29 treatments and four replications. Sterilized moistened wooden blocks were individually inoculated with 7 mm mycelial agar plugs from 3- to 5-day- old cultures of respective fungi. Inoculated blocks were incubated in plastic containers lined with moistened paper towel and placed in cold storage at 4*1 OC and 100% RH. Diameter of fungal colony growth was measured at 1,2,3, and 4 weeks after inoculation. Following this trial, washed and surface- disinfested carrot roots were placed in direct contact with the infested surface of the wooden blocks 4 week after their inoculation and incubated in plastic containers at 4f1 OC and 100% RH. The ability of tested fungi to cause

disease in these conditions, was evaluated based on the presence or absence of lesions on carrots 3 weeks after contact.

RESULTS: From 40 pallets previously used for carrot storage were recovered 455 isolates that were classified in ten fungal groups: Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Botrytis spp., Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizoctonia carotae, Rhizopus spp., Sclerotinia sclerotiorurn and Trichoderma spp. (Table 1). The occurrence of these fungal groups was highly variable throughout the study sites, however, Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp. and Trichoderma spp. were more commonly recovered.

In Tables 2 & 3 are presented the results from only one representative isolate of each tested fungal group. The pathogenicity test indicated that 26 of 28 tested fungi caused various degrees of rot symptoms on carrot roots 4 weeks after inoculation in cold storage. Fungi that caused the largest lesions were the isolates of S. sclerotiorum (29.7 mm), R. carotae (28.9 mm) and Botrytis cinerea (25.1 mm) (Table 2). Similarly, fungi that survived best and developed most extensively on wood surfaces in cold storage were isolates of B. cinerea (62.8 mm), S. sclerotiorum (58.9 mm), Fusarium sp. (39.2 mm) and R. carotae (36.2 mm) (Table 3). The bioassay test indicated that 19 of 28 isolates growing on wood caused disease on full carrots in cold storage, however all 28 isolates caused disease on carrots slices.

CONCLUSIONS: A number of fungal carrot pathogens can survive on the surface of used wooden pallets and can be active under cold conditions. S. sclerotiorum, R.. carotae and B. cinerea are the most common fungi that cause the most destructive diseases on stored carrots. These fungi showed better adaptation to grow and cause disease in cold storage conditions and represented 12% of all recovered isolates. Aspergillus spp, Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp. and Trichoderma spp., were unimportant in causing disease on stored carrots as their growth was restricted in cold storage. This group represented 43% of recovered fungi. The remaining 45% included Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp., and Penicillium spp., that caused no or little disease on carrots, but showed potential to develop on wood surfaces under cold conditions. These fungi may cause more disease in storage if carrots are damaged before they come into contact with fungi. Moreover, the presence of diverse fungal colonies on pallet surface may increase disease levels as result of multiple or secondary infection. Therefore reusing infested wooden pallets may affect long-term carrot storage and a sanitation process should be considered to avoid losses due to pathogenic fungi carried in them. This is particularly important for the carrot farms that have a history of crop losses due to storage diseases.

Funding for this project was made available by Ontario Fruit & Vegetable Growers' Association (OF&VGA) and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).

Table 1. Occurrence of fungal groups recovered from sampling 40 wooden pallets used for carrot storage in four commercial carrot farms in Bradford-Holland Marsh, Ontario, in 2001.

Occurrence per carrot farm*

A B C D Percent Fungal groups frequency Altemaria spp. Aspergillus spp. Botrytis cinerea Fusarium spp. Mucor spp. Penicillium spp. Rhizopus spp. Rhizoctonia carotae Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Trichoderma spp. 34 28 6 0 14.8

Total 113 117 119 106 100 Number of fungal isolates of respective groups present in 40 sample plates collected from each site.

Table 2. Mean fungal colony growth and lesion diameter on carrot root surface 4 weeks after inoculation with selected fungi and incubation in growth-room at 22 * 1 "C or cold storage at 4 i 1°C temperature in Bradford-Holland Marsh, Ontario, 200 1.

Fungal colony diameter (mrn) Lesion diameter (mm)

Tested fungi 22 1°C 4 * 1°C 22 * 1°C 4* 1°C

Altemaria sp. 22.8 18.4 0.0 3.3 Aspergillus sp. 8.1 7.4 0.0 4.5 Botrytis cinerea 26.6 38.8 3.6 25.1 Fusarium sp. 22.6 11.2 12.1 3.8 Mucor sp. 10.9 7.4 0.0 1.2 Penicillium sp. 8.5 9.8 8.5 5.1 Rhizopus sp. 63.9 7.9 34.4 5.3 Rhizoctonia carotae 11.9 26.7 15.6 28.9 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 122.5 48.8 117.3 29.7 Trichoderma sp. 24.17 7.8 9.5 5.9

Table 3. Mean fungal colony growth on wood 4 weeks after inoculation and incubation in cold storage at 4 @ 1°C, and their infectivity potential to intact or sliced carrot roots, in Bradford-Holland Marsh, Ontario, 200 1.

Fungal colony rating Infectivity potential3 Tested taxa Colony diameter1 Rate of growth2 Intact Carrot -

(mrn) carrots slices Altemaria sp. 27.8 0.10 - + Aspergillus sp. 7.03 -0.10 - + Botrytis cinerea 62.8 0.25 + + Fusarium sp. 39.2 0.10 + + Mucor sp. 25.9 -0.03 + + Penicillium sp. 29.1 0.09 + + Rhizopus sp. 6.9 0.03 + + Rhizoctonia carotae 36.2 0.3 1 + + Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 58.9 0.20 + + Trichoderma sp. 21.6 -0.0 1 + +

'Average horizontal and vertical diameter. The restricted colonies up to 8.5 rn were considered unable to colonize the wood surface in the tested conditions; 2Calculated by linear regression analyses (slope) on log transformed data and reported on logarithmic scale. 'Ability (+) or inability (-) of fungal isolates growing on wood to cause disease on intact or sliced carrot roots 2 weeks after contact.

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arkang.), cv. Cellobunch PEST: Storage diseases; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium spp., Rhizopus

stolonifer, Rhizoctonia carotae.

AUTHORS: Kora C', McDonald MR2 and Boland GJ' 1 Dept. of Environmental Biology, 'Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph

TITLE: EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL SANITATION FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF POTENTIAL POST-HARVEST DISEASES OF CARROTS ORIGINATING FROM STORAGE WOODEN PALLETS, 2001.

RATIONALE: The objective of this project was to evaluate the efficacy of selected commercial disinfectants for the management of pathogenic fungal inoculurn carried on used storage wooden pallets. Identification of efficacious and environmentally compatible disinfectants will allow for safer alternative sanitation treatments for wooden pallets and improved management of storage diseases of carrot.

MATERIALS: Yellow birch wooden pallet boards; BLEACH (Sodium hypochlorite 5.25%, The great Atlantic & Pacific Co. Ltd., ON, Canada); AQUACARE FV (Phosphoric acid 3600 ppm & Chlorine 900 ppm; Agrospray Ltd. ON, Canada); CHEMPROCIDE (Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride 7.5%; Pace Chemicals Ltd. BC, Canada); VIRKON (Potassium peroxomonosulfate 50%; Antec International Ltd., UK); HYPEROX (Peracetic acid 5% & Hydrogen peroxide 25%; Antec International Ltd., UK); O W Meter (Redox potential tester; HANNA Instruments, RI, USA).

METHODS: This bioassay was arranged as a 5 x 6 factorial design with four replications. The main-plot treatment factors consisted of five selected fungal isolates: Botlytis cinerea, Fusarium spp., Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizoctonia carotae and S. sclerotiorum. Sub-plot treatment factors consisted of five chemical disinfectants diluted at manufacturer's maximal recommended label rates as follows: BLEACH at lo%, CHEMPROCIDE at 3%, HYPEROX at 0.8%, VIRKON at I%, and AQUACARE FV at 5% (ca.1000 mV). Autoclaved moistened wood blocks of 5 x 5 x 0.5 cm were individually inoculated with 7mm agar plugs excised from growing colony margins of 3-5-day-old cultures of respective fungal isolates. Inoculated wooden blocks were incubated in plastic containers at 22 k 1 "C and ~ 9 5 % relative humidity (RH) until fungal establishment was observed (5-7 days). A check with inoculated blocks dipped into sterile water was included. About 5-7 days after inoculation, the blocks were dipped into respective disinfectant dilutions for 10 min and rinsed in sterile water. Treated blocks were allowed to dry in plastic containers for about 1 week. To determine the survival of the isolates and their ability to cause disease on carrots after chemical treatment, treated wooden blocks were placed in direct contact with washed, surface-disinfested roots and incubated in plastic containers at 22*1°C and ~ 9 8 % RH. Lesion size was measured along the length of carrot root at 3 weeks after contact.

Statistical analyses were conducted using Proc GLM (General Linear Model) procedures of SAS System for Windows ver. 6.12 (SAS Institute, Cary NC). Statistical analyses were performed on log transformed data when they did not follow a normal distribution. However, in the results are reported back- transformed values. The Type I error rate (=) was set at 0.05 for all statistical tests.

RESULTS: The bioassay indicated that only S. sclerotiorum was significantly affected by the tested disinfectants (P=0.003). BLEACH, CHEMPROCIDE and VIRKON completely controlled S. sclerotiorum on wood surfaces. Although not significantly different, BLEACH and VIKRON were superior in suppressing Fusarium sp. on wood surfaces.

CONCLUSION: Current recommendations for sanitizing horticultural storage and packing areaslequipments include consistent clean-up and application of chlorine, quaternary ammonium and phenol based disinfectants (OMAFRA Publication 363 -Vegetable Production Recommendations 2000- 2001). Chlorinated compounds (such as Bleach) are potent sanitizers that provide superior control of a wide range of pathogenic organisms on several surfaces, however they are known to be highly persistent and hazardous for the environment. In this study, VIKRON and CHEMPROCIDE had overall the highest incidence of providing complete or relatively better control of most tested fungal isolates on wood surfaces, following BLEACH. This suggests that these disinfectants may be considered as potential alternatives to BLEACH in future sanitizing operation.

Partial funding for this project was made available by Ontario Fruit & Vegetable Growers Association and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Support from R. Paret, Agrospray Ltd., for providing AquaCare FV test material, is greatly appreciated.

Table 1. Mean lesion size caused on carrot roots after their contact with wooden blocks inoculated with a series of fungal pathogens and treated with a range of commercial disinfectants, in Bradford Holland Marsh, Ontario, 200 1.

Dilution Lesion size (mm) rate

Disinfectant YO Bows Fusarium Rhizopus Rhizoctonia S. ** s cinerea SP. stolonifer carotae sclerotiorum

Bleach 10.0 O.OOns* 0.0Ons 0.001~ 0.OOns O.OOb***

Chemprocide 3.0 0.00 7.48 0.00 0.00 0.OOb

Hyperox 0.8 0.00 3.92 0.00 0.00 13.42a

Virkon 1 .O 1.35 1.15 0.00 0.00 0.OOb

AquaCare FV 5.0 0.00 4.72 0.00 0.00 17.83a

Water (check) 0.48 10.03 0.00 0.00 18.70a * Numbers in the column are not significantly different at = = 0.05 (Fisher's Protected LSD test). **Statistics performed on log transformed data; reported means represent back-transformed values. *** Numbers in the column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at a = 0.05 (Fisher's Protected LSD test).

CROP: Carrot (Daucus carota L.), cv. Six Pak - 1999; Cellobunch - 2000 and 2001

AUTHORS: SWANTON C J , JANSE S & CHANDLER K U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station.

TITLE: REDUCED TILLAGE SYSTEMS FOR CARROT PRODUCTION, (1999 to 2001)

RATIONALE: Wind erosion is a major problem in muck soils and it threatens the sustainability of crop production. Vegetables such as onion and carrot are the major crops grown in such soils. These crops are grown in rotation and their production relies on tillage systems that increase the susceptibility of the soil to erosion and oxidation. Soil erosion on such soils can be lessened by development of tillage and cropping systems that decrease the area of exposure of the soil to erosive forces.

METHODS: Trials were conducted in 1999,2000 and 2001 to compare conventional and reduced tillage systems for carrot production on muck soils. Trials were conducted on high organic soils (organic matter 78%, pH 6.9) at the Muck Crops Research Station. A randomized complete block design arrangement with three replications was used in 1999 and with four replications in 2000 and 2001. Treatments were imposed on single bed width (1.72 m wide) plots in 1999 and double bed width plots in 2000 and 2001. Plots were 5 m long in 1999 and 10m long in 2000 and 2001. Treatments consisted of conventional tillage on flat beds, conventional tillage on raised beds, zone-till on flat beds, and zone-till on raised beds. Conventional tillage was conducted in the spring and consisted of one pass with a disk followed by two passes with a cultivator. Zone-tillage consisted of one pass before seeding with "Trans-till" units centered at the position of each carrot row to a depth of 25 cm. Carrots, cv. Six Pak .

(1999) and Cellobunch (2000 and 2001) were seeded (87 seed /m) in rows 85 cm apart on 15 May 1999; 6 Jun 2000; and 18 May 2001. Recommended management practices for soil fertility and pest control were followed. Carrots were harvested from 2.32 m of row on 13 Oct, 1999; 8 Nov 2000; and 25 Oct 2001 and graded for size and yield. Data for all years were combined and analyzed by ANOVA. Year by treatment interactions on marketable yield were not significant (D0.05) therefore treatment effects averaged across years are presented.


CONCLUSIONS: Zone-till and conventional tillage produced similar carrot yields in all grade categories. Similarly, yields did not differ when carrots were grown on hilled or flat beds. These results suggest significant reductions in tillage can be achieved which may improve the sustainability of vegetable production on muck soils without compromising productivity. Further studies will be conducted to evaluate the effect of a reduced tillage carrot-onion rotation on crop yield and pest management.

Table 1. Effect of tillage and bed type on carrot yield (1999 to 2001 combined).

Total Size (diameter) ...................................... Treatment Total Marketable' >1.75" 0.75 - 1.75"

Tillage

Conventional (CT) 52.02 38.41 9.01 28.29

Zone-till (ZT) 48.96 34.78 8.08 26.71

Bed

Hill 50.04 36.15 8.55 27.40

Flat 50.94 37.04 8.53 27.60

Tillage x Bed

CT x Hill 5 1.59 39.17 8.13 28.81

CT x Flat 52.44 37.65 9.88 27.77

ZT x Hill 48.49 34.91 8.93 25.99

ZT x Flat 49.43 34.66 7.23 27.43

Significance2 NS NS NS NS ' Total of all sizes ' NS or * indicates non-significant or significant difference (P = 0.05) between treatments.

CROP: Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. Minuteman) PEST: Clubroot, Plasmodiophora brassicae (Woronin)

AUTHORS: MCDONALD, M.R., CASAS, M, KORNATOWSKA, B.,VANDER KOOI, K. & Mc KEOWN A. U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

TITLE: MANAGEMENT OF CLUBROOT IN CAULIFLOWER, 2001

OBJECTIVES: (1) Evaluation of varying rates of application of PERLKA on clubroot incidence, severity and yield in cauliflower. (2) Comparison of the effects of PERLKA on clubroot control with the effects of the fungicide Fluazinarn.

MATERIALS: CHECK: CALCIUM AMMONIUM NITRATE (CAN) (27.5% nitrogen), PERLKA (50% calcium oxide, 20% nitrogen, 1.5% magnesium oxide), OMEGA 500F (40% fluazinam).

METHODS: The trial was conducted on site on organic muck soil in the Holland Marsh, Ontario (44" 5' N, 79" 35' W). The site was naturally infected with the clubroot pathogen. The trial consisted of 4 treatments, using a randomized complete block arrangement (4 blocks per treatment). Each replicate consisted of 4 rows, 86 cm apart, 3 heads per meter, 5 m in length. The trial was transplanted on 25 Jul, using a StanHay precision seeder. The trial was harvested on 13 Nov. All treatments were applied 7 days prior to seeding with the exception of OMEGA 500F which was applied 12 days after seeding. The treatments were: CHECK (CAN) at 200 kg Nha, PERLKA at 1000 kgha, 500 kgha and 1000 kgha (in 20 cm bands), OMEGA 500F (40% fluazinam) was applied at 2.8 Lha. All treatments were broadcast by hand onto measured areas to ensure uniformity of application and incorporated to a depth of 5-1 0 cm.

The air temperatures in 2001 were above the long-term (10 years) averages for May (13.9 'c) and August (20.6'~), below average for July (1 8.g0c), and average for June (1 8.3'~) and September (14.7'~). Monthly rainfall was above the long-term (1 0 years) averages for May (85 mm), and below average for June (63 mm), July (60 mm), August (32 mm) and September (53 mm).

The roots were throughly washed and graded for clubroot incidence and severity. Disease severity was assessed using a scale from zero to three: zero - no clubbing, one - < 25 % of root system clubbed, two - 25 to 50 % of root system clubbed and three - > 50 % root system clubbed (Humpherson-Jones, 1989. Tests. Ago. Cult. 10: 36-37) and the disease index was calculated using the following equation fiom Wallenhammar et. al. (2000):

Z [(class no.)x(no. of plants in each class) DSI = (class no.)


The data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.4.1.

RESULTS: Please see Table 1.

CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were found between the check and the treatments (Table 1). The disease incidence was so high that it may have masked any difference between the check and treatments. PERLKA at 1000 kgha had considerably lower disease index, disease incidence and a higher yield than the check.

Table 1 : Clubroot incidence (%), hsease index and yield in cauliflower treated with hfferent disease control measures (organic soil, the Holland Marsh, Ontario, 2001).

Treatment Product (kg x ha-')

CHECK 725

PERLKA 1000

PERLKA 500

OMEGA 500F 2.8 L/ha ------------

------------------- Cauliflower

Disease Disease Index Incidence Yield (kg)

1 the numbers in the columns and the last row followed by ns are not significantly different at PC0.05

REFERENCES:

Humpherson-Jones F. M. 1989. Glasshouse evaluation of fungicides, biocides and surfactants for control of clubroot. Tests of Agrochernicals and Cultivars. 10: 36-37. (Ann. appl. Biol. 1 14. Supplement).

Wallenhammar, A.C, Johnsson, l., and Gerhardson, B. 2000. Agronomic performance of partly clubroot-resistant spring oilseed turnip rape lines. J. Phytopathology 148.495-499.


CROP: Celery (Apium graveolens) PEST: Pea Leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard)

AUTHORS: MARTIN AD & HALLEIT RH University of Guelph, Department of Environmental Biology

TITLE: EVALUATION OF CELERY CULTIVARS FOR RESISTANCE TO PEA LEAFMINER

MATERIALS: Celery cultivars: Maria (A.L. Tozer), Monterey (A.L. Tozer), Bejo 1897 (Bejo), Tango (Bejo), Comet (Petoseeds), Peto 285 (Petoseeds), Utah 52-87 HK (Stokes), Florida 683 (Stokes), Ventura (Stokes).

METHODS: Celery was seeded to 200's plastomer plugtrays in ABS soiless mix on 23 May, 2001 and transplanted to organic soil on 17 Jul, 2001 where field populations of pea leafminer were high throughout the late season (August and September). A randomized complete block design was used with three replicates. Each bed was 5 m long and 1.7 m wide (3 rows spaced at 55 cm). Harvest of the celery was on 17 Oct, 200 1. Harvest assessments included pre and post-trim damage ranking and weights for 10 random plants in each plot. Trimming consisted of the removal of extensively damaged stalks and suckers as well as plant height adjustment to 14 inches, in keeping with existing grower practices. Damage index = [((Oxa) + (lxb) + (2xc) + (3xd) + (4xe)) / (a+b+c+d+e) x 41 x 100, where numbers are damage rank classes O=all stalks undamaged; 1=1-25% damaged, 2=25-50% damaged; 3=50-75% damaged; 4=75-100% damaged and letters are the number of damaged plants in this class.


CONCLUSIONS: The celery variety Tango had the lowest damage ratings (approximately equivalent to a mean damage ranlung between 0 and 1 or 0 to 25% of stalks with damage) and one of the highest marketable weights of all varieties tested. Tango could be recommended to celery growers in this region in order to reduce PLM losses.

Funding for this project was made possible by Food Systems 2002 and the Ontario Fruit and Vegetable Growers' Association.

Table 1. Summary of pea leafininer resistance celery cultivar trial, Bradford 2001.

............................................................................................................................ Variety % remaining after Pre-trim damage Post-trim damage

trim rating index rating index

Maria

Monterey

Bejo 1897

Tango

Comet

Peto 285

Utah 52-70

Florida 683

Ventura

51.0 1.14 ab'

51.0 " 1.75ab

53.3 1 S O ab

54.7 " 1.25 a

52.6 " 1.20 ab

48.9 " 1.31 b

52.2 1.21 ab

52.9 " 1.76 ab

55.6 " 1.31 a

39.2 2.20 abc

32.5 " 5.20 bc

33.3 " 0.83 bc

29.2 " 2.04 c

34.2 4.01 bc

45.8 " 3.63 abc

48.3 " 0.83 ab

57.5 5.77 a

54.2 " 3.33 a

25.8 2.20 bc

26.7 " 6.51 abc

23.3 " 2.20 abc

20.8 " 2.20 c

25.0 " 0.00 bc

33.3 l1 3.00 abc

30.8 " 0.83 abc

40.8 5.07 ab

44.2 " 3.33 a

1 Numbers in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P = 0.05, Tukey's HSD Test).

CROP: Celery (Apium graveolens L.), cv. Florida 683 PEST: Pea Leafminer (PLM), Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard)

AUTHORS: HALLETT RH, MARTIN A, HEAL JD, AND SOPHER CR U of Guelph, Dept. of Environmental Biology

TITLE: EFFICACY OF SUCCESS 480 SC FOR CONTROL OF PEA LEAFMINER ON CELERY, 2001

MATERIALS: SUCCESS 480 SC (spinosad 480 0) and SYLGARD 309 (siloxylated polyether 76% + surfactant mixture 24%)

METHODS: Celery seedlings cv. Florida 683 were grown in plug trays and then hand-transplanted at the Muck Research Station near Kettleby, ON, on 5 Jul, in 6 row plots, 5 m in length, with a row spacing of 55 cm. Plots were separated by a 3 m spray lane (N-S) and a 1.5 m alley (E-W). Five treatments were replicated 5 times (with the exception of the control which was replicated 4 times) in a randomized complete block design. Where necessary, the surfactant SYLGARD 309 was added to the spray solution at a concentration of 2.5 mVL water. All treatments were applied with a Solo backpack sprayer with a flat spray nozzle #33, pressurized by a hand pump to 172 kPa using water equivalent to 350 Lha. Applications took place on 20 Jul, 8,23 Aug, and 7 Sep. Plots were monitored for PLM-leaf mining (caused by larvae) and stippling (caused by ovipositing adult females) twice each week. Both sides of the youngest, most fully expanded two leaves per plant on five randomly chosen plants per plot were examined. The total number of mines per leaf was counted. PLM-mining damage was also rated on a scale of 0 to 4 (0 = no mines; 1 = small mines (early instars); 2 = more extensive mines with mines coalescing into patches; 3 = mines extend down petiole of leaf towards stalk; 4 = mines present on stalk). PLM-stippling damage was determined by counting the number of stipples withm a 1 cm2 grid held against the centre of each leaf. Season mean damage was calculated from all damage data collected after the first spray date. Celery was harvested on 21 Sep. Ten plants from each plot were weighed and graded according to damage. The total weight of all 10 plants was recorded before and after trimming. The trimmed weight of each plant was determined and rated on a scale of 0 to 2 (0 = < 0.80 kg; 1 = 0.80-0.99 kg; 2 = 2 1.0 kg). Mining damage was determined before and after trimming and rated on a scale of 0 to 4 (0 = all stalks undamaged; 1 = 1-25% of stalks damaged; 2 = 26-50% of stalks damaged; 3 = 51-75% of stalks damaged; 4 = 75-100% of stalks damaged). Differences in ratings and weights among treatments were determined using analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test.

RESULTS: The results are summarized in Tables 1 and 2.

CONCLUSIONS: The mean number of PLM mines and mean mine damage rating were significantly lower (Pc0.05) in plots treated with SUCCESS 480 SC combined with a surfactant (Trt. 4). Stippling damage was slightly but not significantly lower for all four insecticide treatments versus controls (Table 1). Mean weight per plant before and after trimming and mean weight class were highest in plots treated with the higher rate of SUCCESS 480 SC combined with a surfactant (Trt. 4) and this was significantly greater than in all other treatments (Table 2). The pre-trimming mine damage rating was significantly reduced only in plots treated with the higher rate of SUCCESS 480 SC combined with the surfactant (Trt. 4) (Table 2). The post-trimming damage rating was significantly reduced only in plots receiving the lower rate of SUCCESS 480 SC alone (Trt. 1) (Table 2). Based on our results, foliar application of SUCCESS 480 SC, particularly in combination with a suitable surfactant, may have some impact on PLM-damage to celery.

Table 1. Season mean (* standard error) pea leafininer-mining and stippling damage on celery treated with SUCCESS 480 SC * the surfactant SYLGARD 309, near Kettleby, ON, 2001. .-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 SUCCESS 101 -- 1.58 * 0.08ab 1.33 * 0.05ab 8.27 * 0.54a

2 SUCCESS 101 Yes 1.43 * 0.06b 1.32 * 0.05ab 7.81 * 0.49a

3 SUCCESS 169 -- 1.57 * 0.08ab 1.35 * 0.05a 8.45 * 0.55a

4 SUCCESS 169 Yes 1.36 * 0.06b 1.20 * 0.05b 8.47 * 0.5 la

1 Mean number of mines per leaf. 20= least, 4 = greatest degree of damage. 3Mean number of stipples per 1 crn2. 4 Values followed by the same letter, within the same column, are not significantly different (P>0.05); Duncan's multiple range test.

Table 2. Mean (* standard error) weight per plant, pea leafininer damage and weight class of celery at harvest treated with SUCCESS 480 SC * the surfactant SYLGARD 309, near Kettleby, ON, 2001.

Insecticide Re-trimming Post-trimming Treat (g a.i./ha) ............................... -------,-------,----------------------------

'Rated on a scale of 0 to 4 (0 = all stalks undamaged; 1 = 1-25% of stalks damaged; 2 = 26-50% of stalks damaged; 3 = 51-75% of stalks damaged; 4 = 75-100% of stalks damaged). 2 Rated on a scale of 0 to 2 (0 = < 0.80 kg; 1 = 0.80-0.99 kg; 2 = 2 1.0 kg). 3Values followed by the same letter, within the same column, are not significantly different (PB0.05); Duncan's multiple range test.

CROP: Leek (Allium porrum L.), cv. Tadorna, Ramona AUTHOR: Doran, J.A., McDonald, M R. and B. Grodzinslu

TITLE: COMPARISON OF MORPHOLOGY AND GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF FIELD GROWN AND CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM (CES) GROWN LEEK.

PURPOSE: To develop leeks as model systems for CES studies of Allium physiology - involving detailed examinations of leaf photosynthesis and flavour development under oxidative stress.

METHODS:

Field (muck crop) II Trial Details

Date of Sowing

Transplanting Date

April 26,2001 (cv. Tadoma and Ramona) 11 Greenhouse (CES conditions)

April 26,2001 (cv. Tadoma and Ramona)

May 8,200 1 June 5,2001

1 28 per cultivar Total Number of Plants 102 per cultivar

per pot, separated to 1 per

Soilless mix, ebb and flow (4: 10:4), twice

Sampling Period 8 plants of both cultivars sampled every 15

Each plot contained 4 rows of 32 plants, row spacing = 4 0 c q plant spacing = 15cq muck soil, sprinkler watering,

8 plants of both cultivars sampled every

Parameters measured: [DfSow] Days fiom Sowing, [FW] Fresh Weight (g), [L] Max Leaf Length (cm) (from longest leaf tip to base of basal plate), N Pseudostem Diameter (mm) (at whitelgreen transition zone), [#L] Number of Emerged Leaves (green leaves)

Calculations: Leaf Area Estimates based on LA= (((((W x 3.14)/2) x L)l2 x #L) 12, this estimate is based on triangular leaf shape, base diameter P I , max leaf length [L] and total number of emerged leaves [#L].

RESULTS:

able 1: I - - DFSow 78 T

R - 92 T

R - 113 T

R - 128 T

R - 180 T

R - 204 T

R

eld (I?) versus Greenhouse (GH) grown Tadorna ('I Mean FW (d I Mean #L I Mean L(cm1

and Ramona (R) MeanW (-1 I MeanLA(cmL\ 1

Note: LA'S in ( ) are estimates fiom 2D-Transformed data sets.

Fig. 1: Fig. 2:

Relative Growth Rate: Fresh Weight Gain per Day, Field vs Greenhouse Conditions

- Tad Field

3 4 5 6 7

Weeks from Sowing

Relative Growth Rate: Leaf Area Gain per Day, Field vs Greenhouse Conditions - Tad Field

",-. ____ *re-

>:17 "'.--."w , , , ."..- .-,--.,lll,., --". .'

3 4 5 6 7

Weeks fmm Sowing

CONCLUSIONS:

Table 1 reveals that greenhouse grown leeks, of both cultivars, had narrower stalks with shorter leaves that were fewer in number than their counterparts grown in the field. Overall, this translated into a significant lowering of fiesh weight and leaf area over the growing season. Examination of relative growth rates, as displayed in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, show that the drastic differences in morphology can be explained by contrasting patterns of growth over the seven week period. Field grown leeks followed typical fiesh weight and leaf area accumulation curves; the fastest growth occurring around the four week stage. Greenhouse leeks showed no such peaks in growth, and displayed only modest andnearly steady increases over the entire season. The differences in growth and overall morphology of greenhouse leeks are most likely due to confined root zones, limited nutrient supply and a lowering of incident illumination by the greenhouse glass.

Despite the significant differences in morphology and growth patterns between field-grown and greenhouse-grown leeks, pungency readings of greenhouse leek leaf tissue were comparable to values typically observed (3 to 10 on the pungency scale, as measured by the Pyruvate Assay and a newly developed Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay). In many cases the pungency of greenhouse leeks was slightly higher than expected.

A final aim of this research is to provide data to mission specialists at NASA who have listed Alliums (onions, leeks, chives) as a candidate species for incorporation into current bio-regenerative life- support systems (BLS) for future space missions. This data suggests that CES growth of Alliums may negatively affect yield, but pungency remains unaffected andlor enhanced - ideal for BLS usage where flavour is of primary concern and inedible biomass must be kept to a minimum.

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cvs. Hamlet, Flagship PEST: Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci (Lindeman)

AUTHORS: MCDONALD M R, VANDER KO01 K U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

TITLE: EFFICACY OF CALCIUM SPRAYS FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF ONION THRIPS, 2001

MATERIALS: CAB'Y(ca1cium 9%), DIBROM (naled 864 g/l ),

METHODS: There have been suggestions that foliar calcium sprays can reduce damage caused by onion t h p s . This trial was conducted to assess the effect of calcium applications on thrips. Onions were seeded (36 seedslm) organic soil (pH 6.4, organic matter 60%) at the Muck Crops Research Station on 5 May. A randomized complete block arrangement with four blocks per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of 8 rows: 4 rows of Flagship and 4 rows of Hamlet (42 cm apart), 5 m in length. Treatments were: CAB'Y at 2.5 L h , conventional insecticides as recommended in Publication 363,2000-01 Vegetable Production Recommendations, OMAFRA (Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs), and CAB'Y at 2.5 L/ha + conventional insecticide. An untreated check was also included. Treatments of CAB'Y were applied on 12, 19, Jul, CAB'Y + Conventional insecticides were applied 8 Aug using a pull type plot sprayer with TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles at 100 psi (boom) in 500 L/ha of water. Plants were scouted weekly for thrips starting in early July. A harvest yield of 4.66 m was taken on 12 Sep. The air temperatures in 2001 were above the long-term (10 years) averages for May (1 3.9'C ) and August (20.6'C), below average for July (1 8.g°C), and average for June (1 8.3'C) and September (14.7'C). Monthly rainfall was above the long-term (10 years) averages for May (85 mrn), and below average for June (63 mm), July (60 mm), August (32 mrn) and September (53 mm). Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtainedusing Fisher's Protected LSD test at P= 0.05 level of significance.

RESULTS: As presented in Table 1 and Figure 1.

CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were found among treatments or cultivars. CAB'Y was applied to the crop three times during the growing season, but the thrips population was not significantly different from the check. The 2001 growing season was hot and dry, which was good for thrips development, but according to scouting recommendations for insecticide application of 3 thripsheaf the threshold was only reached once. The plants however, had visual evidence of heavy thrips damage. As the number of onion leaves increase the number of thripsAeaf needed to reach the threshold becomes high. This suggests that the threshold of 3 thripsAeaf should be re-assessed in mature onions plants. There were no differences in yield among treatments, which suggests that thrips populations below the thresholds of 3 thripsheaf does not affect yield. However, there was considerable visual injury on the leaves. This level of damage could interfere with the uptake of the maleic hydroxide sprout inhibitor or allow entry of bacterial plant pathogens.

Table 1. Yield of onions, Hamlet and Flagsh@ 2001. ...................................... -- '--------------------------------------------------- Yield tha'

Treatment Hamlet Flagship ............................................................................................... Check 44.0 ns2 43.1

Conventional 46.5 41.9

CAB'Y 41.9 43.8

1 Bushels per Acre = tha x 17.8

2 ns = no significant differences ( P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test) were found among of the treatments.

Figure 1. Weekly counts of average thripslleaf (both cultivars combined). Recommended insecticide application is 3 thripdleaf.

Average Thri ps1Leaf Dibrom App.

I 1 Jul 18 Jul 24 Jul 27 Jul 01 Aug 03 Aug 08Aug 17Aug

Check 0 csb'y

Conventional Cab'y + Conventional

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cvs. Tribute, Norstar, Hamlet, and Prince Spanish onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Winner

PEST: Onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci L.)

AUTHORS: WESTERVELD S1, MCKEOWN A', SCOTT'-DUPREE C2, & MCDONALD MR1 1 U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, 'U of Guelph, Dept. of Environmental Biology

TITLE: EFFECT OF NITROGEN APPLICATION RATE AND TIMING ON YIELD, ONION THRIPS DEVELOPMENT, AND NUTRIENT STATUS OF ONIONS GROWN ON MUCK AND MINERAL SOIL IN 2000 AND 2001

MATERIALS: CALCIUM AMMONIUM NITRATE (nitrogen 27.5%), POTASSIUM NITRATE (nitrogen 14%)' UREA (nitrogen 46%)' PERLKA (50% calcium oxide, 14% cyanamide, 2% nitrate equivalent to 19.8% nitrogen) MINOLTA SPAD-502 Chlorophyll Meter, HORIBA TARDY' MODEL C-141 Nitrate Meter

METHODS: Yellow cooking onions (cvs. Hamlet, Tribute, Norstar, Prince) were seeded into muck soil at the Muck Crops Research Station on 5 May (2000) and 7 May (2001). Spanish onions (cv. Winner) were direct seeded into mineral soil on 14 Jun (2000) and transplants were seeded 19 Mar and transplanted 16 May (2001) at the Simcoe Research Station. A randomized complete block arrangement with four blocks per treatment was used. Each experimental unit consisted of two rows, spaced 40 cm apart, 5 m in length of each cultivar on muck soil, and four rows, spaced 75 cm apart, 7 m (2000) and 6.5 m (2001) in length on mineral soil. Three nitrogen application rates of 0, 100, and 200% of the OMAFRA recommended rate (90 kg N/ha preplant for muck soil; 120 kg N/ha split 66% preplant: 33% sidedress for mineral soil) were applied on both soil types. Timing of nitrogen was altered in three additional treatments; in the first the recommended N rate was split 50% preplant/50% sidedress, in the second double the recommended rate was applied half preplant and half in three sidedress applications, and in the third, 50% of the recommended rate was applied preplant and sidedresses were applied when chlorophyll meter readings fell below 95% (2000) and 97% (2001) of the high N treatment. Preplant N applications were in the form of CALCIUM AMMONIUM NITRATE, and sidedress applications were in the form of POTASSIUM NITRATE. Additional treatments included: on mineral soil in both years nitrogen was applied at 200% of the OMAFRA recommendation entirely as POTASSIUM NITRATE; on mineral soil in 2001 and muck soil in both years nitrogen was applied at 100% of the recommended rate entirely as PERLKA; on muck soil in 200 1 nitrogen was applied at 100% of the OMAFRA recommended rate as CALCIUM AMMONIUM NITRATE and foliar sprays of 2 kg N/ha as UREA were applied three times biweekly once the canopy had sufficiently developed; and on muck soil in 200 1 nitrogen was applied entirely as PERLKA both split 50% preplant and 50% sidedress and just 50% preplant without a sidedress application. Onion thrips were counted weekly on five plants per replicate from selected treatments and cultivars (see Table 2). At the 5-leaf, early bulbing, and mature stages on 22 Aug, 1 1 Sep, and 2 Oct (mineral soil in 2000), 20 Jun, 18 Jul, 15 Aug (mineral soil in 2001), 1 1 Jul, 3 1 Jul, 15 Aug (muck soil in 2000), 28 Jun, 19 Jul, and 13 Aug (muck soil in 200 I), the Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter was used to assess the chlorophyll content of five (2000) and ten (2001) mature 'Hamlet' (muck) and 'Winner' (mineral) leaves from each replicate, the Cardy Model C-141 nitrate meter were used to evaluate the nitrate content of sap from onion roots (same cultivars as SPAD analysis), and the Cardy nitrate meter was used to assess the nitrate content of the soil. Tissue and soil samples were also sent to a lab for comparison. Yield samples were taken from 2.33 m of the inside row of each cultivar on muck soil on 8 Sep (2000) and 10 Sep (2001), and on mineral soil from 4 m of the inside two rows on 16 Oct (2000) and 3.5 m of the inside two rows on 21 Aug (2001). Weather conditions for the two locations and years are summarized in Table 1. Data were analysed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.4.1 and the GLM, Corr, and Univariate procedures of SAS version 8.0 (SAS Institute, Cary NC).

RESULTS: The Cardy meter sap nitrate readings showed a strong relationship (~0.67-0.93) with lab tissue test results in both years on mineral soil, but only in 2000 on muck soil (~0.79-0.88). The Cardy meter soil nitrate readings showed a very strong relationship (r=0.79-0.98) with lab soil test results in all plots when appropriate procedures were used. The SPAD chlorophyll meter readings were significantly related with lab tissue test total nitrogen results (r=0.72-0.95) in only the mineral soil plot in 2000 and were related with lab tissue test nitrate results (r=0.74-0.87) in the first sampling date of both mineral soil plots and the 2000 muck soil plot. Yield and h i p s data are presented in Table 2. Thrips populations were too low in 2000 on muck soil to detect any differences and this data is not reported. Differences in the yield response to nitrogen application among cultivars were not evident and the results have been pooled.

CONCLUSIONS: The nitrate and chlorophyll meters tested show promise as nitrogen diagnostic tools. However, yield differences are required before proper procedures for their use can be established. The SPAD chlorophyll meter is much easier to use than the Cardy nitrate meter but did not match lab results very well in this study. The Cardy nitrate meter matches lab results for both soil and tissue analysis very well, but is more difficult to use and time consuming than the SPAD meter. The effect of nitrogen on thrips appears to be negligible. While differences in sap nitrate were evident throughout the two seasons and locations, total yield was not significantly affected by treatment in all four plots. The effects of the nitrogen sources and timings tested as well as foliar nitrogen application also appear to be negligible. The data suggests OMAFRA nitrogen application rate recommendations for onions may need to be lowered. However, many questions about nitrogen use in onions remain, such as: where in the soil profile the roots are talung up the nitrogen, how much soil mineral nitrogen prior to planting is enough for optimum onion growth, and what the effect of continuous cropping without any nitrogen application is on onion growth and quality. Further research on nitrogen issues in onions is warranted.


Table 1. Mean monthly temperatures, monthly precipitation, and long-term averages (LTA) in 2000 and 200 1 for Simcoe and the Holland/Bradford Marsh.

Simcoe Holland43radford Marsh ....................................................................................... Month Mean Temp. ("C) Precip. (mm) Mean Temp. ("C) Precip. (mrn) ----------- ......................... ........................... --------- ------------

2000 2001 LTA 2000 2001 LTA 2000 2001 LTA 2000 2001 LTA .--------- ------ ----------- ------- ------------------

May 14.4 14.7 12.6 103 109 74 13.1 13.9 12.9 160 85 70

Jun 18.5 19.3 17.8 181 63 82 17.3 18.3 17.5 173 63 78

Jul 19.8 20.7 20.4 146 11 77 18.4 18.9 20.3 86 60 82

Aug 19.7 21.8 19.5 81 105 80 18.3 20.6 19.0 76 32 84

Table, 2. Effect of nitrogen application rate and timing on yield and thrips development in onions grown on muck and mineral soil in 2000 and 2001

0

100

200

100 + (3 x 33)

50 + (50)

50 + (based on chlorophyll)

200 as POTASSIUM NITRATE

100 as PERLKA

50 + (50) as PERLKA

50 as PERLKA

100 as CAN + (Foliar sprays as UREA)

*Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Hamlet PEST: Botrytis Leaf Blight, Botlytis squamosa (Walker)

Purple Blotch, Alternaria porri (Ellis)

AUTHORS: MCDONALD M R, VANDER KO01 K U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

TITLE: EFFICACY OF FUNGICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF BOTRYTIS LEAF BLIGHT AND PURPLE BLOTCH ON ONIONS, 2001

MATERIALS: CUPROFIX (experimental), PENNCOZEB 75DF ( mancozeb 75%), QUADRIS (azoxystrobin 22.9%), BRAVO 500 (chlorothalonil50%), ROVRAL 50W (iprodione 50%)

METHODS: Onions were seeded (36 seedslm) into naturally infested soil (pH 6.4, organic matter 60%) at the Muck Crops Research Station on 26 Apr, 2001. A randomized complete block arrangement with four blocks per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of 8 rows (42 cm apart), 5 m in length. Treatments were applied on 13, 19,27 Jul and 8 Aug using a pull type plot sprayer with TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles at 100 psi (boom) in 500 L/ha of water. Treatments were: 1. CUPROFIX at 6.72 kgha was applied at each spray, 2. PENNCOZEB 75DF at 3.36 kglha was applied on 13 Jul or PENNCOZEB 75df at 3.36 kgha + QUADRIS at 1.4 L/ha were applied l9,27 Jul and 8 Aug, 3. Conventional treatments of PENNCOZEB 75DF at 3.36 kgha + ROVRAL 50W 0.75 kgha were applied on 13 Jul and 8 Aug, BRAVO 500 at 2.5 L/ha was applied on 19 Jul and PENNCOZEB 75DF at 3.36 kgha applied on 27 Jul, 4. An untreated check was also included. Twenty-five plants per replicate were harvested on 20 Aug when the plants were beginning to lodge. All mature green leaves per plant with 80% or more of non-necrotic tissue was evaluated for Botrytis Leaf Blight. The percentage of green tissue area was rated using The Manual of Assessment Keys for Plant Diseases by Clive James, Key No. 1.6.1. The total number of green and dead leaves were recorded. Purple Blotch was assessed by loolung at all leaves, dead and green and counting the number and length of lesions. A harvest yield of 4.66 m was taken on 12 Sep. The air temperatures in 2001 were above the long-term (1 0 years) averages for May (1 3.g°C ) and August (20.6OC), below average for July (1 8.g°C), and average for June (1 8.3"C) and September (14.7"C). Monthly rainfall was above the long-term (1 0 years) averages for May (85 mm), and below average for June (63 mm), July (60 mm), August (32 mm) and September (53 mm). Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P= 0.05 level of significance.


CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found among treatments in the number of purple blotch lesions on the onion leaves. All treatments reduced the number of lesions compared to the untreated check. CUPROFIX is a copper based fungicide and had the lowest total of all treatments. The yield was highest in the conventional treatment. No significant differences were found in the number of green or dead leaves. However, the check had the lowest number of green leaves and the highest number of dead leaves. No differences were found in the percentage of botrytis leaf blight (data not shown).

Table 1. Evaluation of fungicides for the control of Botrytis Leaf Blight and Purple Blotch on onions.

Treatment Total # Purple Average Average # Yield Blotch #Green Dead tha '

lesionslplant leaveslplant leaveslplant .............................................................................................. Check 16.3 b 6.4 ns3 3.2 ns 63.7 b

CUPROFIX 3.3 a 7.8 2.8 65.3 b

PENNCOZEB 75DF + 5.5 a 7.3 2.7 69.3 b QUADIUS

1 Bushels per Acre = tha x 17.8

2 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test

ns = no significant differences ( P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test) were found among of the treatments.

Funding for this project was made available by Cerexagri Inc.

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Gazette PEST: Onion Smut, Urocystis cepulae (Frost)

AUTHORS: MCDONALD M R1, VANDER KO01 K1 & TAYLOR A G2 'Muck Crops Research Station, HRIO, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph

Seed Science and Technology, Dept. of Horticultural Science, Cornell University

TITLE: EVALUATION OF SEED TREATMENT AND FURROW FUNGICIDE TREATMENTS FOR CONTROL OF ONION SMUT, 2001

MATERIALS: ALLEGIANCE (metalayl28.4%), APRON XL (mefenoxam 28.4%), DITHANE DG (mancozeb 75%), VORTEX (60%), MAXIM (fludioxonil 40.3%), PRO GRO (carbathiin 30%, thirarn 50%), QUADRIS (azoxystrobin 1 0%), RAXIL (tebuconazole 28.4%), GOVERNOR 75 WD (cyromazine 75%)

METHODS: Selected new fungicides were investigated in the field to identify alternative controls for onion smut. Onions (cv. Gazette) were seeded (46 seedslm) in organic soil (pH 6.4, organic matter 60%) naturally infested with onion smut at the Muck Crops Research Station on 4 May, 2001. Treatments were: PRO GRO at 2000 mg ai, MAXIM at 5 mg ai + APRON XL at 15 mg ai + QUADRIS at 10 mg ai, ALLEGIANCE at 30 mg ai + VORTEX at 5 mg ai + RAXIL at 200 mg ai, ALLEGIANCE at 30 mg ai + VORTEX at 50 mg ai + RAXIL at 100 mg ai, ALLEGIANCE at 30 mg ai + VORTEX at 100 mg ai. Two standard treatments were also included. DITHANE DG at 8.8 kgha and PRO GRO at 2000 mg ai + DITHANE DG at 8.8 kgha. A untreated check was also included. All treatments were treated with GOVERNOR 75 WD at 5,000 mg ai for onion maggot control. All seed treatments expressed as mg ai 1 100 g seed. A randomized complete block arrangement with 4 blocks per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of 4 rows (42 cm apart ), 5 m in length. All seed treatments were seeded using a push cone seeder. DITHANE DG treatments were applied using a push V-belt seeder, with the product and the seed on the belt. Three random 2 m sections were marked off, and germination counts were recorded (22,24 & 29 May and 1,5,7 & 11, Jun) to determine initial stands. At one (1 1 Jun) and three (25 Jun) true leaves, one of the 2 m sections was harvested and evaluated by looking at the bulb and leaves for evidence of smut. The remaining 2 m section was evaluated on 14 Sep. The air temperatures in 2001 were above the long-term (10 years) averagess for May (13.OC ) and August (20.6"C), below average for July (18.g°C), and average for June (18.3OC) and September (14.7OC). Monthly rainfall was above the long-term (10 years) averages for May (85 rnrn), and below average for June (63 mm), July (60 mm), August (32 mm) and September (53 mm). Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance hc t ion of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P= 0.05 level of significance.

RESULTS: As outlined in Table 1.

CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were found among the treatments. ALLEGIANCE + VORTEX 5 mg + RAXIL 200 mg had the lowest incidence of onion smut on all three assessment dates. ALLEGIANCE + VORTEX 50 mg + RAXIL 100 mg also had low incidence of onion smut, which did not differ significantly from the treatment above on any of the three assessment

dates. The standard treatments of DITHANE DG and PRO GRO + DITHANE DG significantly reduced incidence of onion smut on the third assessment and on the second & third assessment, respectively. ALLEGIANCE + VORTEX 100 mg showed significantly higher levels of onion smut in comparison to similar treatments which included RAXIL. PRO GRO alone differed significantly fiom the check in incidence of onion smut in the first assessment. Significant differences were found among treatments in yield. The ALLEGIANCE + VORTEX + RAXIL treatments had the highest yields of all the treatments.

Table 1. Evaluation of film coating and furrow fungicides for the control of onion smut, 2001. ..............................................................................................

Rate Product Incidence of Smut % Yield Treatments mg ail 100 g 11Jun 25Jun 14Sep T/ha

seed

Check ---- 49.9 dl 40.2 cd 37.3 c 19.4 d

PRO GRO 2000 24.9 c 39.2 cd 33.8 c 34.6 cd

MAXIM + APRON XL + QUADRIS 5 +15 +10 23.8 bc 45.4 d 19.6 ab 49.4 bc

ALLEGIANCE +VORTEX + RAXIL 30 +5 + 200 0.2 a 4.4 a 8.6 a 67.9 a

ALLEGIANCE + VORTEX + RAML ALLEGIANCE + 30 +lo0 11.2abc 31.5bc 29.3bc 47.2 bc

DITHANE DG 8.8 kgiha 13.1abc 24.4b 9.6 a 49.8 bc

' Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly dfferent at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test

* Partial funding for this project was made available by the New York Onion Research and Development Program

CROP: Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Gazette PEST: Allium White Rot, Sclerotium cepivorum (Berk)

AUTHORS: MCDONALD M R1, VANDER KO01 K' & TAYLOR A G2 ' Muck Crops Research Station, HRIO, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph

Seed Science and Technology, Dept. of Horticultural Science, Cornell University

TITLE: EVALUATION OF NEW CHEMISTRY FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF ALLIUM WHITE ROT, 2001

MATERIALS: ALLEGIANCE (metalayl28.4%), APRON XL (mefenoxam 28.4%), VORTEX (60%), MAXIM (fludioxonil 40.3%), RAXIL (tebuconazole 28.4%), GOVERNOR 75 WD (cyromazine 75%)

METHODS: Selected new fungicides were investigated in the field to identify alternative controls for Allium white rot. Onions (cv. Gazette) were seeded (46 seedslm) on 2 May (site I), 4 May (site 2), 10 May (site 3) in organic soil (pH 6.4, organic matter 60%) in three commercial onion fields in the Bradford Marsh with a hstory of Allium white rot. Treatments were: MAXIM at 5 mg ai + APRONXLat 15mgai,MAXIMat 15mgai+APRONXLat 15mgai7MAXIMat5Omgai+ APRON XL at 15 mg ai, RAXIL at 200 mg ai + ALLEGIANCE at 30 mg ai and ALLEGIANCE at 30 mg ai + VORTEX at 100 mg ai. An untreated check was also included. All treatments were treated with GOVERNOR 75 WD at 5,000 mg ai for onion maggot control. All treatments expressed as mg ai 1 100 g seed. A randomized complete block arrangement with 4 blocks per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of 2 rows (42 cm apart), 4 meters in length. All treatments were seeded using a push V-belt seeder. Onions were managed by the growers for the h l l season. Onions were assessed for white incidence on 5 Sep (site I), 6 Sep (site 2) and 26 Sep (site 3).The air temperatures in 2001 were above the long-term (10 years) averages for May (13.g°C ) and August (20.6OC), below average for July (18.g°C), and average for June (18.3OC) and September (14.7OC). Monthly &all was above the long-term (10 years) averages for May (85 mm), and below average for June (63 mm), July (60 mm), August (32 mm) and September (53 mm). All plots received some supplemental water in the form of irrigation. Sites 1 and 2 received 25 mm2 on 2 occasions. Site 3 received 25 mm? once. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P= 0.05 level of significance.

RESULTS: As outlined in Table 1.

CONCLUSIONS: Weather during the 2001 growing season was not favourable for white rot development. No significant difference was found among treatments. More work is needed to investigate the potential of seed treatments for the control of onion white rot.

Table I. Evaluation of new chemistry fungicides for the control of AIlium white rot, 2001.

Treatment Rate mg 1 Incidence of White Rot (%)

100 g of Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 seed

Check ---- 2.5 ns* 1.5 ns 0.5 ns

MAXIM+APRONXL 5+15 1.5 1.1 1.1

MAXDl+APRONXL, 15+15 0.9 0.2 1.7

MAXDl+APRONXL 50+15 2.5 1.8 4.4

RAXIL + ALLEGLANCE 200 + 30 1 .O 2.7 4.4

VORTEX + 100+30 2.1 1.9 5.3 ALLEGIANCE

-----p-ppppppppppp p- - -

* ns = No significant differences (P=0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test) were found among the treatments.

*Funding for this project was made available by the New York Onion Research and Development Program.

CROP: PEST:

AUTHORS:

TITLE:

Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.), cv. Gazette Onion Smut, Urocystis cepulae (Frost) Damping-Off, Pythium spp.

MCDONALD M R1, VANDER KO01 K' & TAYLOR A G2 Muck Crops Research Station, HRIO, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph

2 Seed Science and Technology, Dept. of Horticultural Science, Cornell University

EVALUATION OF NEW CHEMISTRY FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF ONION SMUT AND DAMPING-OFF IN GREENHOUSE TRIALS, 2001

MATERIALS: ALLEGIANCE (metalayl28.4%), APRON XL (mefenoxam 28.4%), VORTEX (60%), M A . (fludioxonil40.3%), PRO GRO (carbathiin 30%, thiram 50%), QUADRIS (azoxystrobin lo%), RAXIL (tebuconazole 28.3%)

METHODS: A trial was conducted under controlled conditions in the greenhouse using naturally infested muck soil to evaluate several fungicides in combination for the control of onion smut and damping off. Onion seeds 'Gazette' were seeded into 200 cell plug trays with organic soil (pH 6.4, organic matter 60%) collected in the fall of 2000 from the Muck Crops Research Station farm. The trial was planted on 26 Feb, 2001. Treatments were: PRO GRO at 2000 mg ai, MAXIM at 5 mg ai + APRON XL at 15 mg ai + QUADRIS at 10 mg ai, VORTEX at 5 mg ai + ALLEGIANCE at 30 mg ai, VORTEX at 5 mg ai + ALLEGIANCE at 30 mg ai + RAXIL at 100 mg ai, VORTEX at 5 mg ai + ALLEGIANCE at 30 mg ai + RAXIL at 200 mg ai, VORTEX at 5 mg ai + ALLEGIANCE at 30 mg ai + RAXIL at 400 mg ai. There were also five treatments of VORTEX + ALLEGIANCE at 30 mg ai and VORTEX at increasing application rates of 10,25,50,100 & 200 mg ai. All seed treatments expressed as mg ail 100 g of seed. An untreated check was also included. A randomized complete block arrangement with 4 blocks per treatment was used. Trays were placed on a stacking cart in a temperature controlled dark room at 15OC. 2.0°C to provide uniform germination and avoid temperature fluctuations. Once 90-95% of the onions emerged the trays were moved to the greenhouse and placed on ebb and flow benches. Temperatures were set at 15OC. Gemination counts were taken to determine stand and record plants which damped off. One hundred plants were assessed for the incidence of smut at five (first true leaf) and seven weeks (three true leaf) after planting. Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.4.1. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P = 0.05 level of significance.

RESULTS: As outlined in Tables 1 and 2.

CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences were observed among the treatments on both assessment dates. PRO GRO and MAXIM + APRON XL + QUADRIS had the highest emergence levels over both assessments. Levels of damping-off were low in the trial and none of the treatments reduced damping-off compared to the untreated check. PRO GRO was the only treatment to show a significant decease in damping off compared to the check at the second assessment. All treatments significantly reduced onion smut compared to the check in the first assessment. The treatments of VORTEX + ALLEGIANCE had lower levels of onion smut when applied at higher rates of VORTEX ( 25,50,100 & 200 mg aif 100 g seed) than to the lower rates of VORTEX (5 & 10 mg ail1 00 g seed).

Table 1. Evaluation of film coating on the incidence of onion smut and damping-off on onions grown in the greenhouse - 1" assessment, 2001.

Rate mg % % % % Onion Treatments ail Germination1 Emerged Damped-off Smut

100 g of seed

Check ---- 94 41.8 e2 3.3 ab 24.4 c

PRO GRO 2000 8 8 77.3 a 1.1 a 3.5 a

MAXIM + APRON XL + 5 + 1 5 + 89 76.3 ab 2.6 a 3.0 a QUADRIS 10

VORTEX+ALLEGIANCE 5.0 + 30 90 67.8 4.9 abc 3.6 b abc

VORTEX +ALLEGIANCE + 5.0 + 30 + 84 62.8 c 4.9 abc 1.2 a RAXIL 100

VORTEX +ALLEGIANCE + 5.0 + 30 + 87 64.8 bc 8.6 bc 1.7 a RAXIL 200

VORTEX +ALLEGIANCE + 5.0 + 30 + 79 59.3 cd 5.6 abc 0.0 a RAXIL 400

VORTEX +ALLEGIANCE 10 + 30 89 59.5 cd 9.7 c 11.0 b

VORTEX +ALLEGIANCE 25 + 30 89 49.5 de 8.8 bc 1.5 a

VORTEX +ALLEGIANCE 50 + 30 78 56.8 cd 4.8 abc 4.3 a

VORTEX +ALLEGIANCE 100 + 30 85 62.3 bc 3.3 ab 2.5 a

VORTEX +ALLEGIANCE 200 + 30 73 38.8 e 3.5 ab 0.7 a .----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I Roll Towel Test. Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's

Protected LSD Test.

Table 2. Evaluation of film coating on the incidence of onion smut and damping-off on onions grown in the greenhouse - 2nd assessment, 2001.

Rate mg ail % % % Treatments 100 g of seed Emerged Damped-off Onion Smut .............................................................................................. Check ---------- 31.0 f 1 19.8 b 4.7 ab

PRO GRO 2000 75.8 a 5.0 a 5.5 ab

MAXIM + APRON XL + 5 + 15 + 10 67.3 ab 11.7 ab 2.9 a QUADRIS

VORTEX +ALLEGIANCE 5.0 + 30 59.3 bc 14.5 ab 7.7 b

VORTEX +ALLEGIANCE + 5.0 + 30 + 62.3 bc 19.1 b 2.0 a RAML 100

VORTEX +ALLEGIANCE + 5.0 + 30 + 54.8 cd 10.5 ab 3.6 ab RAXIL 200

VORTEX +ALLEGIANCE + 5.0 + 30 + . 55.3 cd 14.6 ab 2.3 a RAXIL 400

VORTEX +ALLEGIANCE 10 + 30 54.8 cd 18.5 b 6.2 ab

VORTEX +ALLEGIANCE 25 + 30 47.5 de 10.1 ab 8.1 b

VORTEX +ALLEGIANCE 50 + 30 52.0 cd 18.5 b 4.9 ab

VORTEX +ALLEGIANCE 100 + 30 54.5 cd 11.9 ab 2.4 a

1 Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.

* Partial funding for this project was made available by the New York Onion Research and Development Program.

CROP: PEST:

TITLE:

AUTHORS:

Yellow cooking onions (Allium cepa L.) White rot, Sclerotium cepivorum (Berk)

FIELD EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL YELLOW COOKING ONION CULTIVARS AND BREEDING LINES FOR RESISTANCE TO THE WHITE ROT PATHOGEN, SCLEROTIUM CEPIVORUM BERK, 2001.

MCDONALD MR & VANDER KO01 K U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station

MATERIALS: Onion breeding lines obtained from Seminis Vegetable Seeds, Dr. I.L. Goldrnan, University of Wisconsin and 7 commercial cultivars

METHODS: Field resistance to white rot was investigated at two commercial field sites (organic muck soil) with a history of white rot in the Holland Marsh, Ontario. Onion lines obtained fiom Asgrow Ltd. and 7 commercial cultivars were seeded in 288 plug trays on 25 Apr and hand-transplanted on 6 Jun (Site 1) and 7 Jun (Site 2). At Site 1, each cultivar (except 14 15 C) was replicated 3 times, and at Site 2 each cultivar was replicated four times, both in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of one 3 m row, 23 or 25 plantslm row, with 30 cm between rows. Normal recommended control procedures for other fungal and bacterial pathogens, weeds and insects were followed. The air temperatures in 2001 were above the long- term (10 years) averages for May (13.g°C ) and August (20.6OC), below average for July (18.9"C), and average for June (18.3OC) and September (14.7OC). Monthly rainfall was above the long-term (10 years) averages for May (85 mm), and below average for June (63 mm), July (60 mm), August (32 mm) and September (53 mrn). Onion bulbs were assessed for white rot incidence at harvest, on 10 Sep (Site 1) and 12 Sep (Site 2). Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher's Protected LSD test at P= 0.05 level of significance


CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in the incidence of white rot among lines were found at both sites, even though the incidence of white rot was low at both sites (0.0-14.13%) due to the hot, dry conditions throughout the summer of 2001. A leek cultivar (Ramona) was included in the trial as a tolerant check, leek (Allium porrum L.) is known to be more tolerant to white rot than onion. At both sites Ramona had low white rot incidence ( 0.37% site 1,0.0% site 2). Cultivar W 461 had significantly lower incidence of white rot than commercial cultivars Hoopla and Fortress and Seminis breeding lines XPH 15056, XPH l5073,l247 B and 1597 B (site l), and at site 2 significantly lower incidence than Hoopla and Hamlet. Differences in incidence of white rot however were small.

Table 1. White rot harvest incidence in onions at two commercial field sites, 200 1. --------------

CultivarILine Source % Incidence - Site 2 % Incidence - Site 1

RAMONA

1415 C

W 461

XPH 15056

1247 B

1220 B

XPH 15055

1597 B

1416 C

NORSTAR

MILLENNIUM

XPH 15073

FORTRESS

1231 B

RICOCHET

HAMLET

HOOPLA

Bejo Seeds

Seminis

Seminis

Scminis

Seminis

Seminis

Seminis

Seminis

Seminis

American Takii

Sun Seeds

Seminis

Seminis

Seminis

Seminis

Seminis

0.00 a*

0.48 ab

0.52 ab

0.80 ab

1.05 ab

1.08 ab

1.10 ab

1.58 ab

2.13 ab

2.33 ab

3.18 abc

3.23 abc

4.23 bc

4.40 bc

6.50 cd

9.63 d

0.37 a

-------

0.33 a

2.60 b-d

8.61 e

1.93 a-d

0.75 ab

3.51 d

1.20 a-c

1.40 a-c

1.43 a-c

2.57 b-d

2.73 cd

1.70 a-d

1.83 a-d

2.23 a-d

* Numbers in a column followed by a different letter are significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD test.

CROP: Onion (Allium cepa L.), cv. Hamlet - 1999 and 2001; Bastelle - 2000

AUTHORS: SWANTON C J , JANSE S & CHANDLER IS U of Guelph, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, Muck Crops Research Station.

TITLE: REDUCED TILLAGE SYSTEMS FOR ONION PRODUCTION (1999 to 2001)

RATIONALE: Wind erosion is a major problem in muck soils and it threatens the sustainability of crop production. Vegetables such as onion and carrot are the major crops grown in such soils. These crops are grown in rotation and their production relies on tillage systems that increase the susceptibility of the

. soil to erosion and oxidation. Soil erosion on such soils can be lessened by development of tillage and cropping systems that decrease the area of exposure of the soil to erosive forces.

METHODS: Trials were conducted in 1999,2000 and 200 1 to compare conventional and reduced tillage systems for onion production on muck soils. Trials were conducted on high organic soils (organic matter 78%, pH 6.9) at the Muck Crops Research Station. A randomized complete block design arrangement with three replications was used in 1999 and with four replications in 2000 and 200 1. Treatments were imposed on single bed width (1.72 m wide) plots in 1999 and double bed width plots in 2000 and 200 1. Plots were 5 m long in 1999 and 10 m long in 2000 and 200 1. Treatments consisted of conventional tillage and zone-tillage. Conventional tillage was conducted in the spring and consisted of one pass with a disk followed by two passes with a cultivator. Zone-tillage consisted of one pass before seeding with a tool-bar mounted set of wavy coulters. Two coulters were spaced 5 cm apart centered at the position of each onion row and operated at a depth of 5 to 10 cm deep. Onions, cv. Hamlet (1999 and 2001) and Bastelle (2000) were seeded (34 seed /m) in row spacings of 85 cm on 15 May in 1999 and row spacings of 40 cm on 17 May in 2000 and 2001. Recommended management practices for soil fertility and pest control were followed. Onions were harvested from 4.66 m of row on 13 Sep, 1999; 29 Sep, 2000; 4 Oct 2001 and graded for size'and yield. Data for all years were combined and analyzed by ANOVA. Year by tillage treatment effects were not significant (D0.05) therefore tillage effects averaged across years are presented.

RIESULTS: As presented in Table 1.

CONCLUSIONS: Zone-till produced greater total marketable yields, and yields of onions in the 3 - 1.75" category than conventional tillage. These results suggest significant reductions in tillage can be aclueved which may improve the sustainability of vegetable production on muck soils without compromising productivity. Further studies will be conducted to evaluate the effect of a reduced tillage carrot-onion rotation on crop yield and pest management.

Table 1. Effect of tillage on onion yield (1999 to 2001 combined). .............................................................................................

Total Size (diameter) ................................................ Tillage Total Marketable' >3 It 3 - 1.75" 1.75 - 1.25" ...........................................................................................

Conventional 48.43 45.25 6.62 37.25 1.38

Significance2 NS * NS * NS ........................................................................................... I Total of all sizes 2 NS or * indicates non-significant or significant difference (P = 0.05) between treatments.

CROP: PEST:

AUTHORS:

TITLE:

Pumpkin (Cynara scolymus L.), cv. Aspen Downy Mildew Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk & M.A. Curtis) Rostovzer

MCDONALD MR , VANDER KO01 K Muck Crops Research Station, HRIO, Dept. of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph

EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDE APPLICATIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF POWDERY MILDEW ON PUMPKINS, 2001

MATERIALS: BRAVO 500 (chlorothalanil50% ), NOVA (myclobutanil40% )

METHODS: Pumpkins were seeded into 8 cm square pots using ASB soilless mix on 9 May, 2001. The trial was on into organic soil (pH 6.4, organic matter 60%) at the Muck Crops Research Station. Plants were transplanted on black plastic mulch (90 cm apart) on 7 Jun. A randomized complete block arrangement with 4 blocks per treatment was used. Each replicate consisted of 2 beds (1.75 meters apart), 8 m in length. Plants were confined to a maximum width of 7.5 meters wide to accommodate the spray application. Treatments were applied using a pull type plot sprayer with TeeJet D-2 hollow cone nozzles at 100 psi (boom) in 650 L/ha of water. The trial consisted of four treatments. The treatments were: two applications of BRAVO 500 at 2.25 L/ha followed by two applications of TANOS at 560 gha., two BRAVO 500 applications at 2.25 L/ha followed by two applications of TANOS at 840 g/ha and four applications of BRAVO 500 2.25 L/ha. An untreated check was also included. Treatments were applied on 25 Jul, 2,15,22 Aug. Two applications of NOVA were applied on 8 and 29 Aug to control Powdery Mildew Sphaerotheca firliginea (Schlechtend.:Fr.) Pollacci, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. Pumpkins were harvested on 10,14 Sept and graded by weight. The air temperatures in were above the long-term (10 years) averages for May (13.g°C) and August (20.6OC), below average for July (18.g°C), and average for June (18.3"C) and September (14.7"C). Monthly rainfall was above the long-term (10 years) averages for May (85 mm), and below average for June (63 mrn), July (60 mm), August (32 mm) and September (53 mm). Data were analyzed using the General Analysis of Variance function of the Linear Models section of Statistix V.7. Means separation was obtained using Fisher=s Protected LSD test at P= 0.05 level of significance.

RESULTS: As presented in Tables 1 and 2.

CONCLUSIONS: No phytotoxocity was evident in any treatments after each spray date. No downy mildew developed during the trial period, as a result only two applications of TANOS were applied to the crop. Significant differences were found between treatments on the 26 Aug leaf assessment. All treatments had a significantly higher percentage of green leaves than the untreated check. However most leaves died as a result of powdery mildew infection not downy mildew. There were no significant differences found among treatments in yield.

Table 1. Yield of pumpkins grown in the Bradford Marsh, 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Treatment Rate of Total Wgt. Sm Total Wgt. Med Total Wgt. Lg Product /ha >5.0 kg 5.0-10.0 kg 40 .0 kg

Check --- 6.8 ns* 21.5 ns 5.0 ns

BRAVO 500 + 2.25 L + 7.3 TANOS 560 g

BRAVO 500 + 2.25 L + 6.5 21.3 5.5 TANOS 840 g

BRAVO 500 2.25 L 8.5 16.3 6.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

* ns = No significant differences were observed.

Table 2. Leaf Rating on Pumpkins Leaves, 2001.

Treatment Rate of Leaf Rating1 Leaf Rating ' Leaf Rating' Product /ha Aug 19 Aug 26 Sept 7

Check --- 3.3 ns2 2.3 b3 1.5 ns

BRAVO 500 + 2.25 L + 4 TANOS 560 g

BRAVO 500 + 2.25 L + 4.3 TANOS 840 g

BRAVO 500 2.25 L 4 3.3 a 2.5

Leaf Rating Scale - 1.0 = 75% or more of leaves dead, 2.0 = 40-75% of leaves dead, 3.0 = 20- 40% of leaves dead, 4.0 = 10-20% of the leaves dead, 5.0 = under 10% of leaves dead

ns = No significant differences were observed.

Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, F i s h e ~ s Protected LSD Test

* Funding for this project was made available by DuPont Inc.

CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL SEASONAL SUMMARY - 2001

The weather during the 2001 growing season returned to more seasonal levels. Although slightly on the dry side, there were no extremes in the weather compared to the previous few seasons. Air temperatures were above the long-term (10 years) average for May, August and October but not different from the long-term average for June and September and below the long-term average for July. Total rainfall was below

I the long-term (10 years) average for June (63.0 mm), July ( 60.0 mm), August (32.0 mm) and September (53.0 mm) and above the long-term average for October (1 11.0 mm). The winterlearly spring of 2001 left average levels of moisture. The carrot trials were seeded approximately at the same time as previous years. Soil moisture conditions at seeding were suitable for seeding.

Germination occurred in the standard 7 to 10 days period and all varieties germinated evenly. The dry weather of the season affected the carrots more than the onions. Growth of the carrots for the entire season was slow and top leaf growth was smaller but appeared to be healthy. Groundsel, the main problem weed at the station, had one large flush in early June. An application of LOROX DF and some hand weeding cleaned it up. The weed populations were very low and controllable for the remainder of the season.

Insect levels were up in the 2001 season compared to previous years. Carrot Weevil damage was noted early in June among the young plants, and was fairly heavy at evaluation in November. Rust Fly levels were also high in the 2001 season. Several applications of insecticide were applied. Rust Fly damage was noticeable at evaluation but not as high as the weevil damage. Altemaria Leaf Blight was not a big problem. In order for the disease to develop, and to allow a tolerance rating at harvest on each cultivar, regular fungicide sprays were discontinued early in September. At harvest only a few cultivars had heavy damage from the Altemaria Leaf Blight, with most cultivars having a lower incidence of disease compared to past seasons.

At Open House in early September, the carrot roots showed symptoms caused by the drier summer weather. The majority of the cultivars had shorter roots, and the width of most cultivars was thinner then normal. The one advantage was a lower level of forked and splits found in the pulled sample. Harvest conditions in October were dry and temperatures were at normal levels. There was some rainfall between Open House and harvest which appeared to aid in root development. At harvest the carrots appeared to be a little thicker then at Open House and quality appeared very good. The number of culls (forked and splits) was lower then pervious years, and Sclerotinia Rot was only noticeable in a few small patches. The carrots were placed in the Filacell storage right after harvest.

At evaluation in November, the majority of the cultivars were of good quality, however yields were slightly down. The number of cultivars with higher levels of percent oversize was up for 2001. Forking was the main cull present but the number of culls was much lower than normal. The percentage of infected carrots with cavity spot was high. However the degree was lower then in the last few seasons. Aster yellows, a large problem in 2000, was not as much of a problem in 200 1. Once the carrots were washed, some cultivars had a slightly ringy appearance. In

CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - 2001 - PACKAGING TYPES

MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES

Fertilizer: 60 kglha Nitrogen + 30 kglha Phosphorous + 80 kg/ha Potassium was worked into the soil.

Seeded: All trials were seeded 30 & 3 1 May using a V-Belt seeder equipped with a 5 cm wide scatter shoe. Germination of 95 to loo%, a target of 28 seeds per foot was desired. All trials were seeded on beds 86 cm apart. The seeding rate was according to germination. RIDOMIL 2G was applied at 25 kgha in the seed furrow. Main Trial was replicated three times. Adaptation Trial was not replicated.

Weed Control: Pre-emergence: 1 application: GESAGARD 480 SC at 7.08 Lka on 3 1 May. Post-emergence: 1 application: LOROX DF at 1.25 kgha on 12 Jul.

1 application: LOROX DF at 750 gka + ASSIST OIL at 1 .O Llha on 18 Jul.

Minor Elements: Three foliar sprays of Awaken at 2.0 Lka One foliar spray of Epsom Salts (magnesium) at 1.0 kgka Three foliar sprays of Calimax at 1.0 Lha

Insect and Disease Control: According to IPM recommendations.

Harvest: The Main Trial and Adaptation Trial were harvested 23 and 24 Oct . All trials were immediately placed in a temperature and humidity controlled storage (O°C, 95 % RH) respectively.

EVALUATION PROCEDURES The cultivars were evaluated on 14, 15, 16, and 19 Nov after 3 weeks in storage.

# Carrots Harvested: Total number of carrots harvested from 2.32 m of row.

... / continued

CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - 2001 - PACKAGING TYPES


Fertilizer: 60 kglha Nitrogen + 30 kglha Phosphorous + 80 kglha Potassium was worked into the soil.

Seeded: All trials were seeded 30 & 3 1 May using a V-Belt seeder equipped with a 5 cm wide scatter shoe. Germination of 95 to loo%, a target of 28 seeds per foot was desired. All trials were seeded on beds 86 cm apart. The seeding rate was according to germination. RIDOMIL 2G was applied at 25 kgha in the seed furrow. Main Trial was replicated three times. Adaptation Trial was not replicated.

Weed Control: Pre-emergence: 1 application: GESAGARD 480 SC at 7.08 L/ha on 3 1 May. Post-emergence: 1 application: LOROX DF at 1.25 kgka on 12 Jul.

1 application: LOROX DF at 750 glha + ASSIST OIL at 1 .O Llha on 18 Jul.

Minor Elements: Three foliar sprays of Awaken at 2.0 L/ha One foliar spray of Epsom Salts (magnesium) at 1.0 kgka Three foliar sprays of Calimax at 1.0 Lka


Harvest: The Main Trial and Adaptation Trial were harvested 23 and 24 Oct . All trials were immediately placed in a temperature and humidity controlled storage (O°C, 95 % RH) respectively.

EVALUATION PROCEDURES The cultivars were evaluated on 14, 15, 16, and 19 Nov after 3 weeks in storage.

# Carrots Harvested: Total number of carrots harvested from 2.32 m of row.

... I continued

CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - 2001 - PACKAGING TYPES - continued

Harvest Weight: Weights from the harvested 2.32 m of row.

Marketable Yield t/ha + BA: Marketable yield includes the packaging size, 2.0 cm to 4.4 cm (W to 1%") as well as the oversize > 4.4 cm (> 1%").

% Oversize: The percentage of carrots > 4.4 cm (> 1% 'I) and greater.

Maioritv of Culls: SP = Splits F = Forked SM = Small < 2.0 cm R = Rot

Shape: GP = Gold Pak N = Nante Imp = Imperator Cyl = Cylindrical D = Danver SP = Spartan Bonus

Resistance to Greening: The higher the number the less green tissue on the crown of the carrot 5.0 = no green tissue, 3.7 = moderated green tissue, 1.0 = total green tissue.

External Colour: DO = Dark Orange 0 = Orange BO = Bright Orange LO = Light Orange

Internal Colour: DO = Dark Orange 0 = Orange BO = Bright Orange LO = Light Orange

Bl i~ht Rating: Regular fungicide applications were discontinued on 5 Sep to allow the cultivars to be evaluated for tolerance to leaf blights. Evaluation took place at harvest. 5.0 =Most Desirable, no lesions. 4.0 = Good, mild lesions on leaves, nothing on petioles. 3.7 =Moderate, lesions on leaves, some lesions on petioles. 2 = Poor, numerous lesions on leaves, numerous lesions on petioles. 1 = Severe, tops completely rotted, crop can not be harvested.

Score: The average of the 8 marks from Uniformity of Shape to Blight Rating.

... / continued

CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - 2001 - PACKAGING TYPES - continued

% Cavity Svot & Depree: The number indicates the percentage of roots with cavity spots. The letters indicate the degree to which the roots were infected.

I VL = Very Light, cavity spots are few and barely visible. L = Light, few small spots. M = Medium, roots borderline marketable. H = Heavy, large cavity spots, roots unmarketable. VH = Very Heavy, many large cavity spots, roots unmarketable.

Example: 50 H = 50% of the roots were heavily infected with cavity spots, roots unmarketable,

% Aster Yellows: Percent of carrot roots infected with Aster Yellows found in the 2.32 m harvest sample.

Tov Len~th: S = Small tops < 12" in height M = Medium tops 12" - 16" in height L = Long tops > 16" in height.

Rusty Root: In the past few years, Rusty Root has not been a problem at the Muck Crops Research Station. If any Rusty Root was found on any cultivars, a special notation was placed below the cultivar results.

CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2001 - PACKAGING TYPES

MAGNO BERGEN

FONTANA KRAKOW

CELLOBUNCH SUNRISE

XP 18060 BRANDON

SIX PAK INFINITY

RZ BEJO

BEJO RZ

S to C r o

Sem BEJO

HM BEJO

10.29 7.29 87.9 1564deP 95.5a 39.0 ab 19.7 F 16.01 4.14 100.8 1794 abc 94.7 ab 19.5cde 21.9 F

11.93 8.45 101.9 1814 ab 94.2 abc 40.2 a 20.5 F 11.36 8.23 98.0 1744 a-e 93.2 a-d 38.8 ab 23.0 F

16.32 3.35 98.3 1750 a-d 92.9 a-d 16.1 de 21.2 F 15.74 2.22 89.8 1598 b-f 91.9 a-e 11.4 d-g 25.5 F

1572 c-f 91.5 a-e 34.5 ab 20.0 F 1600 b-f 90.8 a-e 28.1 bc 19.6 F

1503 fg 90.6 a-e 8.2 efg 24.1 F 1376 fgh 90.2 a-e 1.1g 24.7 F

Listed in order of % Marketable.

* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. ... / continued

-- - - , ?

CARROT CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2001 - PACKAGING TYPES - continued

S WEETBITES BRADFORD

BEJO 1834 GROWERS CHOICE

ENTERPRISE PRONTO

XP 18053 INDIANA

XP 103397 S WEEETCUTS

TRIAL AVERAGE

HM 152 BEJO 15 1

BEJO 145 Pol 170

S to 172 Nor 149

Sem 204 BEJO 128

Sem 157 Pol 159

163

71.3 1269 hi* 88.8 a-f 2.4 fg 20.0 F 102.9 1832 a 88.5 b-g , 39.7 ab 19.8 F

85.4 1520 efg 87.5 c-h 21.8 cd 19.0 F 78.0 1389 fgh 86.6 d-h 10.5 d-g 22.4 F

82.1 1460 fgh 85.7 e-i 13.3 def 22.6 F 78.0 1388 fgh 85.4 e-i 20.2 cd 19.6 SP

75.2 1338 gh 81.9 f-i 19.2 cde 26.8 SP 60.7 1080 i 81.3 ghi 14.8 de 16.8 F

80.7 1436 fgh 81.0 hi 11.3 d-g 20.6 F 62.1 1105 i 78.8 i 2.5 fg 20.9 SP

84.6 1507 88.6 19.6 21.4 F


* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. . . . / continued I

a W

I


MAGNO BERGEN

FONTANA KRAKOW

CELLOBUNCH SUNRISE

XP 18060 BRANDON

SIX PAK INFINITY

RZ BEJO

BEJO RZ

S to Cro

Sem BEJO

HM BEJO

3.9 cde* 3.8 de

3.7 e 4.1 abc

3.8 de 3.7 e

3.7 e 4.1 abc

4.0 bcd 4.3 a

4.6 cd 0 3.9 0 4.2 4.3 ef BO 4.1 0 4.0

4.6 cd 0 4.1 0 4.1 4.7 bc 0 3.8 DO 3.8

4.6 cd 0 4.1 BO 4.0 4.8 abc 0 4.0 0 3.7

5.0 a 0 3.8 BO 3.6 3.9 g 0 3.9 0 3.8

4.7 bc BO 4.1 BO 4.0 5.0 a 0 4.2 DO 4.6

- - --


- - -- -- - -- - -

5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average

* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. . . . / continued


SWEETBITES BRADFORD


ENTERPRISE PRONTO

XP 18053 INIDIANA


TRIAL AVERAGE

HM BEJO

BEJO Pol

St0 Nor

Sem BEJO

Sem Pol

4.2 ab* 3.8 de

4.2 ab 3.8 de

3.8 de 4.1 abc

3.8 de 3.8 de

3.8 de 3.8 de

3.9

4.8 abc 4.1 fg

4.4 de 4.7 bc

4.9 ab 4.9 ab

5.0 a 5.0 a

4.9 ab 4.9 ab

4.7

Listed in order of % Marketable. 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average

* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. . . . / continued


MAGNO BERGEN

FONTANA KRAKOW

CELLOBUNCH SUNRISE

XP 18060 BRANDON

SIX PAK INFTNITY

RZ BEJO

BEJO RZ

S to Cro

Sem BEJO

HM BEJO

22.4 efg 3.4 24.0 23.9 cde 3.5 25.6

23.6 C-f 3.5 26.7 22.8 def 3.3 3 1.4

4.2 bc 4.4 ab

3.3 d 4.2 bc

4.3 abc 4.4 ab

4.3 abc 4.7 a

4.2 bc 4.6 ab

4.02 b-f 4.05 b-e

4.11 b-e 4.06 b-e

4.19 ab 3.95 efg

3.99 c-g 3.85 fg

4.09 b-e 4.32 a

60LM a-d 2.6 43M ab 1.2

62LM a-d 2.4 53M abc 2.3

65L b-e 0.7 70LlM cde 1.2

50M abc 1.2 57M abc 2.6

65L/M b-e 0.3 38L a 0.5


* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD ' ... /continued

-


S WEETBITES BRADFORD


ENTERPRISE PRONTO

XP 18053 INIDIANA


TRAIL AVERAGE

HM BEJO

BEJO Pol

S to Nor

Sem BEJO

Sem Pol

25.3 abc* 18.4 i

19.5 hi 22.8 def

24.5 bcd 20.9 gh

22.5 efg 24.1 cde

26.1 ab 26.4 a

21.9

4.7 a 3.4 d

4.0 c 4.2 bc

4.7 a 4.3 abc

4.7 a 4.2 bc

4.4 ab 4.0 c

4.3

4.32 a 4.00 C-g

4.06 b-e 3.82 g

3.98 d-g 4.19 abc

3.99 dg 4.10 b-e

4.20 ab 4.16 a-d

4.07

53LM abc 0.0 L 60LIM a-d 3.2 M

60LlM a-d 2.8 M 83LM de 0.6 L

48M abc 0.5 L 87M e 1.6 M

63LM b-e 1.2 L 60L a-d 1.4 M

68M cde 2.6 L 82M de 1.4 M

61M 1.5 MIL


* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test.

MAIN PACKAGING CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES

Cellobunch: Good packaging carrot, a little ringy, external colour a little light, good length, a little yellow in cores, nice jumbos. Bejo 1834: A little short, good weight, external colour a little uneven, processor type ?, a little yellow in cores.

Fontana: A bit ringy, really nice jumbo, a little yellow in cores, short, thick, more processing carrot than packaging. Indiana: A little ringy, good external colour, good length, red ring around cores, cut and peel type carrot.

Sunrise: A little ringy, external colour a little uneven, internal colour a little uneven, good size, average packaging carrot. Six Pak: External appearance a little rough, uneven external colour, good length, yellow ring around cores, average packaging carrot.

Sweet Bites: Average appearance, good lengths, a little on thin side, cut and peel type. Pronto: Nice packaging carrots, some noticeable cavity spot, ring around cores, small cores.

Enterprise: Good length, average packaging carrot, a little on the thin side, red ring around core, small cores. Xp 18053: Average appearance, thin, jumbos, good length but a little thin, slight yellowing around cores.

Growers Choice: External colour and cores a little uneven, length a little uneven, red ring around cores, some noticeable cavity spot. Sweetcuts: Some a little ringy, good length, thin, cut and peel type, red ring around cores, uneven external colour.

Infinity: Smooth, nice packaging carrot, nice internal colour, very small cores, nice appearance. Bergen: A little short, a little ringy appearance, processing type carrot, nice jumbos, large cores.

Bradford: Processor type, short, nice jumbos, good width, a little ringy, a little yellow in cores. Brandon: Nice appearance, processor type, uneven length, short, thick, nice jumbos, a little ringy, large size cores.

Xp 18060: Heavy shoulder tapered base, external colour a little uneven, average packaging carrot, nice jumbos, a little yellow in cores. Magno: Good width, short, processor type, a little ringy, external colour a little uneven, nice jumbos just a little short.

Xp 103397: Long, cut and peel type, uneven external colour, red ring around cores, a little ringy. Krakow: Nice jumbos, short, crown thick with tapered base, processing ?, red ring around cores, a little ringy.

CARROT CULTIVAR ADAPTATION TRIAL - 2001 - PACKAGING TYPES - continued

55-64 RZ 55-66 RZ KRAKOW

KCPC 044 XPH 97W87 HMX 53 13

HMX 7323 MORECUTS REX 240

XPH 96W16 HMX 63 19 LD 945474

RZ RZ Sieg

Pol C r o HM

HM Pol Sak

Cro HM SW

Imp 22.9 3.6 32 SP Imp 24.9 3.2 14 F GP 21.2 3.5 27 SP

Imp 23.2 3.5 27 F Imp 24.2 3.6 17 F Imp 22.3 3.3 3 0 SP

Listed in Order of % Marketable. . . . / continued

CARROT CULTIVAR ADAPTATION TRIAL - 2001 - PACKAGING TYPES

55-64 RZ 55-66 RZ KRAKOW

KCPC 044 XPH 97W87 HMX 5313

HMX 7323 MORECUTS REX 240

XPH 96W16 HMX 6319 LD 945474

RZ 179 RZ 131 Sieg 18 1

Pol 182 Cro 184 HM 137

HM 209 Pol 93 Sak 180

Cro 179 HM 109 SW 194

22.84 15.82 2.62 92.2 1641 80.7 11.5 Imp 22.9 3.6 32 SP 10.89 8.10 0.64 43.7 778 80.3 5.9 Imp 24.9 3.2 14 F 17.28 12.12 1.71 69.2 1231 80.0 9.9 GP 21.2 3.5 27 SP

19.89 12.45 3.00 77.3 1375 77.7 15.1 Imp 23.2 3.5 27 F 12.95 8.10 1.18 46.4 826 71.7 9.1 Imp 24.2 3.6 17 F 17.00 11.13 0.79 59.6 1061 70.1 4.6 Imp 22.3 3.3 3 0 SP

Listed in Order of % Marketable. . . . / continued

ADAPTATION PACKAGING CARROT CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES

55-64 RZ: Ringy, fat crowns tapered tips, red ring around cores, nice internal colour, processor?, shape uneven. 55-66 RZ: A little rough exterior, nantes type carrot, jumbos nice width some a little short, cores have a little yellowing.

Krakow: Cores quite large, fairly smooth carrot, a little red around cores, jumbos nice but tapered bottoms, processor? KCPC 044: A little short, nice exterior, smooth, nice colour, interior colour nice and uniform, nantes type carrot.

XPH 97W87: Semi rough exterior, a little greening around cores, uneven in shape, uneven in external colour. HMX 5315: A little uneven in length, larger carrots, nice packers, a little uneven in external colour, cut and peel type?

HMX 7323: Exterior a little rough, jumbos good length, a little thin, good length, uneven external colour. Morecuts: Exterior a little rough, cut and peel type, long and thin, nice dark colour, red ring around cores.

Rex 240: A little uneven in shape, some have red ring around cores, short, rough exteriors. XPH 96W16: Average packaging carrots, a little red ring around cores, a little rough, some unevenness in shape.

HMX 6319: Nice dark colour, nice cores, good length, nice jumbos, a little uneven in shape. LD 945474: Bumpy exterior, good length, some red or yellow in cores, exterior colour a little uneven.

LONG TERM AVERAGES OF CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - PACKAGING TYPES

MARKETABLE # YEARS LENGTH YIELD %

CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED cm Inches t/ha BIA MARKETABLE SCORE *

STYLUS HM 02 INDIANA EXCELLENCE HM 03

ORANGE PAK CARO-CHIEF ORANGETTE GROWERS CHOICE CANADA SUPER X

SUNRISE SIX PAK STX 31 10 ORLANDO GOLD ORANGE EXPRESS

LEGEND CELLOBUNCH SIX PAK I1 24 KARAT IMPERATOR 58

Sem HM BEJO Sem HM

Nor Sem S to Pol Sol

Cro HM St0 St0 Sol

Sem Sem HM FM Cro

Listed in order of length. * 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average

.. . / continued

LONG TERM AVERAGES OF CARROT CULTIVAR TRIALS - PACKAGING TYPES - continued

MARKETABLE # YEARS LENGTH YIELD %

CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED cm Inches t/ha BIA MARKETABLE SCORE *

FIRST CLASS Sem 3 21.60 8.50 74.30 1197 70 3.90 TEMPTATION Sem 2 21.60 8.50 78.50 1267 80 4.13 AVENGER Sem 7 21.50 8.46 81.00 1369 80 3.94 MOTHERLODE Sham 2 21.50 8.46 92.75 1656 85 3.80 DAWN DEE Sol 4 21.40 8.43 58.00 928 69 4.07

ITHACA BEJO 3 21.40 8.43 78.00 1256 8 1 4.12 ORANGE SHERBET S to 10 21.17 8.33 73.36 1310 84 3.81 CAROPAK Sem 8 20.93 8.24 74.1 1 1323 8 5 3.88 CHANCELLOR Sem 7 20.92 8.24 76.79 1371 8 3 3.86 FLAME Rag 4 20.83 8.20 73.50 1313 79 3.72

GOLD PAK 28 FM 12 20.76 8.17 55.91 998 8 5 3.84 PAK MOR HM 5 20.74 8.17 62.40 1114 8 1 3.79 PARAMOUNT Sem 7 20.55 8.09 82.14 1467 8 5 3.89 PLAT0 Chr 2 20.55 8.09 101.00 1804 82 3.80 PROSPECTOR Sem 5 20.23 7.96 94.99 1696 83 4.02

DISCOVERY Sieg 3 20.01 7.88 70.60 1261 7 8 3.92 DOMINATOR Sun 13 19.74 7.77 63.88 1141 8 5 3.85 KLONDIKE NANTES Sto 10 19.59 7.71 72.10 1287 8 5 3.87 SIX PENCE HM 4 19.56 7.70 79.48 1419 80 3.80 DELPHI RZ 3 19.53 7.69 93.97 1678 8 3 3.88

Listed in order of length. * 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average

CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - PACKAGING - 2000 - 2001

% % . % DEGREE CULTIVAR SOURCE MARKETABLE WEIGHT LOSS DECAY OF ROT **

SWEET BITES HM ORANGE PAK Nor PIPELINE Sem SUNRISE Cro HM 03 HM PRONTO Nor

55-84 RZ RZ EX 18023 Sem BIG SHOT S to SIX PAK HM SCR 1312 Sak SWEETCUTS Pol

EXCELLENCE Sto SIX PAK I1 HM DIAMOND CUT Sem HM 02 HM VITA TREAT Sem PACIFIC GOLD Sak

86.9 a* 86.4 ab 86.1 ab 86.0 abc 85.9 abc 85.3 a-d

85.1 a-d 84.9 a-d 84.7 a-d 84.6 a-d 84.1 a-e 83.6 a-e

82.7 a-f 82.1 a-f 82.0 a-f 82.0 a-f 81.8 a-f 81.7 a-f

4.6 a 3.9 b-e 3.8 b-g 3.4 C-h 3.9 a-d 3.2 d-h

3.5 b-h 3.3 C-h 4.0 abc 3.6 b-g 3.2 e-h 3.9 b-e

2.9 h 3.7 b-g 3.4 C-h 3.4 b-h 3.4 C-h 4.1 ab


-

. . . I continued


** 5.0 = No Disease, 3.7 = Moderate, 1.0 = Severe (liquified)

CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - PACKAGING - 2000 - 2001

% % % DEGREE CULTIVAR SOURCE MARKETABLE WEIGHT LOSS DECAY OF ROT **

ORANGETTE S to 81.4 a-r" ORANGE EXPRESS Sol 81.2 a-f GROWERS CHOICE Sol 80.8 a-f MORECUTS Pol 79.8 a-g GROWERS CHOICE Pol 79.7 a-g IDAHO BEJO 79.5 a-g

DAWN DEE Sol 78.8 a-h INDIANA BEJO 78.5 a-h FONTANA BEJO 78.1 a-h ANNAPLOIS S to 76.2 b-i CELLOBUNCH Sem 75.7 c-i REX 240 Sak 75.2 d-i

PS 140395 Sem 73.1 f-i ENTERPRISE Sem 70.7 fe-i ITHACA BEJO 70.2 ghi PS 44994 Sem 68.6 hi CRISPY Sem 67.8 i NANTINDO HM 67.4 i

3.3 C-h 3.8 b-f 3.4 C-h 3.3 C-h 3.1 fgh 3.9 a-d

3.6 b-g 3.7- b-g 3.4 C-h 3.2 e-h 3.1 gh 3.3 C-h

3.2 e-h 2.9 h 3.6 b-g 3.6 b-g 3.2 e-h 3.3 C-h

Listed in order of % Marketable. Storage period was approximately 39 weeks.


** 5.0 = No Disease, 3.7 = Moderate, 1.0 = Severe (liquified)

LONG TERM AVERAGES CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIALS - PACKAGING TYPES

% WEIGHT DEGREE* # YEARS % LOSS % OF

CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED MARKETABLE IN STORAGE DECAY DECAY

SPARTAN CLASSIC 80 Sto 4 NEPTUNE Chr 2 DELPHI RZ 3 STX 1310 Sto 2 BLAZE Rag 4 LEGEND Sem 3

HM 03 HM 3 HM 02 HM 3 EXCELLENCE Sem 3 KLONDIKE NANTES Sto 4 PAK MOR HM 6 ORANGETTE S to 5

CELLOBUNCH Sem 9 ORANGE SHERBET Sto 6 AVENGER Sem 7 ORANGE PAK Nor 7 SUNRISE C r o 11 CANADA SUPER X Sol 14

Listed in order of % Marketable. Storage period is approximately 9 months.

* 5.0 = No Disease, 3.7 = Moderate, 1.0 = Severe (liquified) . . . / continued

LONG TERM AVERAGES CARROT CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIALS - PACKAGING TYPES - continued

% WEIGHT DEGREE * # YEARS % LOSS % OF

CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED MARKETABLE IN STORAGE DECAY DECAY

PAY DIRT Sham 2 SIX PAK HM 16 INDIANA BEJO 3 CARO-CHIEF Sem 5 ORLANDO GOLD S to 6 SIX PAK I1 HM 15

FIRST CLASS Sem 3 DISCOVERY Rag 3 PROSPECTOR Sem 4 CHANCELLOR Sem 7 TEMPTATION Sem 2 FLAME Rag 4

SIX PENCE HM 4 ITHACA BEJO 3 STYLUS Sem 2 CAROPAK Sem 4 DAWN DEE Sol 4

Listed in order of % Marketable. Storage period is approximately 9 months.

* 5.0 = No Disease, 3.7 = Moderate, 1.0 = Severe (liquified)

ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL SEASONAL SUMMARY - 2001

The weather during the 2001 growing season returned to more seasonal levels. Although slightly on the dry side, there were no extremes in the weather compared to the previous few seasons. Air temperatures were above the long-term (10 years) average for May and August but not different fiom the long-term average for June and September and below the long-term average for July. Total rainfall was below the long-term (10 years) average for June (63.0 mm), July (60.0 mm), August (32.0 mm) and September (53.0 mm) but not different from the long-term average for May (85 mm). The winterlearly spring of 2001 left average levels of moisture. Seeding was pushed back to early May compared to the previous years of late April because of the cooler temperatures and the rainfall in the latter part of April had to be pumped from the field tile drainage system.

Germination of the onions occurred in the normal span of 10 to 14 days. Growth of the new onion seedlings was a normal pace with the first true leaf fully developed by 3 1 May. The latter part of May brought cloudy weather and a large weed flush. A small window of sunshine opened a door to allow Pardner and Goal to be applied on 3 1 May. The application of the herbicides caused a severe burn to the onions. Thankfully the weather conditions after the herbicide application were cloudy and moist which seemed to help reduce the severity of damage to the onions. Very few plants were lost. However, the onions were certainly set back. The emergence of the second true leaf brought a quick recovery for the onions, and by mid-season there were no signs of the earlier set back. Weed pressure for the rest of the season was at controllable levels. The only large problem was the control of the barely wind break that was seeded at the same time as the onions. The standard application of herbicide to kill the barley did not work fully, and second application was required.

The dryer conditions of the season meant supplemental water had to be applied. Irrigation water was applied approximately 5 times with approximately 1 inch per application. Onion Maggot population was high for 2001. At the Muck Station Crops Research Station, a standard first generation peak never really occurred. Thisl" generation dragged out for approximately one full month. Some damage was noticeable in the field, but not too much in the Variety Trial. Onion Maggot population also had a high peak for the third generation in September. The third

generation maggots were noticeable on the fully matured onion bulbs leaving some damage. Over the last few seasons, the third

generation had not been causing much of a problem. Thrips were also at high levels this season. The dry weather brought a

continuous population for most of the season. Thrips were kept at controllable levels with insecticide applications except for early

August when the thrips population exploded over a few days. A heavy application of insecticide did bring the levels down. However,

there was noticeable damage on the onion leaves. Downy Mildew made another appearance for a very short period but was only

visible in small pockets, not nearly a problem as in the 2000 season. Botrytis Leaf Blight was at low manageable levels all season.

The onions began to bulb in late July. Cultivars Norstar and T - 48 1 were the first to begin lodging on 3 Aug. Within two weeks of 3 Aug the majority of the onion cultivars were close to 85% lodged. The dtyer weather did however speed up the top dry down time.

One important note taken was the increase of seed stalk. There was much debate among various groups on why seed stalks were higher in 2001 even with a more seasonal summer.

When the onions were windrowed on 7 & 10 Sep a good stand, medium to large sizes and very dry tops were noted among most cultivars. The harvesting of the trial went smooth with the dry tops easily removed leaving generally a nice neck finish. Some large size onions did have a slightly rougher neck finish. The onions were placed in the onion storage on 9 Oct and artificially cured for approximately 48 hours to remove field moisture. At evaluation in late November, the majority of the onion cultivars were in the size range of 3" to 1 3'4". Cultivars Corona, Tenshin, T- 441 and T - 439 had higher numbers of onions in the 3" and greater size range. The number of culls in the 2001 trial was one of the lowest levels in recent times. The few culls that were present were mainly some dry rot, pee wee and a few doubles. The low levels of culls meant a higher than normal level of percent marketable. The uniformity of size was good but the uniformity of shape was a little uneven. Skin thickness and attachment was very good this year. Neck finish was not as good as first thought at harvest. Upon inspection at evaluation some neck finishes on the larger onions were slightly rough, but still better then most years. Firmness at evaluation did however decrease more then expected from harvest to evaluation. Onion maggot damage ranged from 1.1% to 9.4% with cultivars T- 439 (22.9%), Infinity (12.1%) and Frontier (22.3%) having higher damage. The overall score for the majority of the cultivar was "Good." The 2001 onion cultivar trial performed very well in quality; however, size could have been a little better on most cultivars.

ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2001


Fertilizer: 90 kglha Nitrogen + 20 kgka Phosphorous + 20 kglha Potassium + 5 kglha copper (99% Cu) was worked into the soil. A side dressing of Potassium was applied at 30 kglha on the 2 Aug.

Seeded: All trials were seeded 2 May. Pelletized onion seed was seeded with a Stan-Hay precision seeder. Raw onion seed was seeded with a V-Belt seeder equipped with a 5 cm wide scatter shoe. Row spacing was 43 cm. The raw seed was coated with PRO GRO at 60 gl2.3 kg seed plus methyl cellulose at 100 m112.3 kg seed. LORSBAN 15G was applied at 18.5 kgka plus DITHANE DG at 8.8 kgha in the seed furrow. Main Trial was replicated three times. Adaptation Trial was not replicated.

Weed Control: Pre-emergence: 1 application: PARDNER at 700 mllha on 9 May Post-emergence: 2 applications: PROWL 400 at 5.0 L k a on 2 and 20 Jun.

2 applications: POAST at 1.0 Lka and MERGE, 1.0 Lka on 3 1 May and 13 Jun. 1 application: GOAL at 100 mlha on 26 Jun.

DUAL and PARDNER are not registered for use on onions in Ontario, but were applied at the Muck Crops Research Station for the purpose of this trial.

1 application: PARDNER at 100 mllha, GOAL at 100 mlha and Manganese at 2 kglha on 31 May

Minor Elements: Three foliar sprays: Tecmangam at 2.0 kglha. Two foliar sprays: 20-20-20 fertilizer at 1.0 kgka Two foliar sprays: Calimax at 1.75 Lha One foliar spray: Epsom Salt (magnesium) at 1.0 kgka One foliar spray: This Copper at 500 mlha Two foliar sprays: Suprafeed at 2.25 kglha One foliar spray: Mancozin at 1.0 Llha


S ~ r o u t Inhibition: Royal MH GOSG at 3.75 kglha in 550 Llha water on 18 Aug. ... / continued

ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2001 - continued

Harvest: The Main and storage 9 Oct. was attained.

Adaptation Trials were pulled 7 and 10 Sep and topped 17 Sep. Both trials were placed in a forced air and temperature controlled Both trials were cured for 48 hours (25"C, minimum 65% RH). After curing the temperature was lowered 5°C per week until O°C

EVALUATION PROCEDURES The cultivars were evaluated 22,23,26,27 and 28 Nov. after 6 weeks in storage.

# Bulbs Harvested: Total number of onions harvested from 4.66 m of row.

Harvest Wei~ht: Weights from the harvested 4.66 m of row.

Marketable Yield tlha and BIA: Number of onions > 76 mm (> 3"), 76 mm to 44 mm (3" to 1%"), 44 mm to 32 mm (1%" to 1%").

Maioritv of Culls: DBL = Double PW = Pee Wee R = Rot

Sha~e: HG = High Globe FG = Flatten Globe G = Globe TDF = Teardrop Flat TDG = Teardrop Globe TD = Teardrop

Colour : LG = Light Golden G = Golden DG = Dark Golden LC = Light Copper C = Copper DC = Dark Copper.

Skin Thickness: 5.0 = Most Desirable 4.0 = Good 3.7 = Average

Overall Score: Based on quality and general appearance.

Score: The average of nine marks at evaluation from Uniformity of Size to Firmness.

I

w ... I continued c.' C.l

I

ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL - 2001 - continued

Average Wei~htIBulb Ip): The total weight in grams of all bulbs divided by the total number of bulbs. A bulb 5 1 mm (2") in diameter weighs approximately 70 g. A bulb 57 mm (2%") in diameter weighs approximately 100 g. A bulb 64 mm (2%") in diameter weighs approximately 135 g.

Davs to Harvest: Number of days fiom seeding until 85% of the tops were down.

# Seeders: Number of seeders in 24 m of row at harvest.

Percent Onion Maggot Damage: Ranges from pin hole damage to completely unmarketable.

ONION CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2001

BASTILLE FLAGSHIP WOLF T-44 1 PRINCE

FRONTIER TAMARA NORSTAR ARSENAL HAMLET EX 77008

GUNNISON STX 9329-A WINSTON RAMPART MILLENNIUM

Sem S to Tak St0 BEJO

Tak BEJO Tak St0 St0 Sem

BEJO S to BEJO Sem Sun

81.3 1315 a-h 99.5 a 69.3 1122 mn 99.5 ab 79.7 1289 e-i 99.4 ab 91.2 1476 ab 99.3 abc 88.0 1424 abc 99.3 abc

290 e-i 99.2 abc 299 c-i 99.2 abc 199 g-m 99.0 abc 351 b-f 98.9 abc 341 c-f 98.8 abc 351 b-f 98.7 a-d

81.4 1317 c-h 98.7 a-d 86.7 1403 a-e 98.6 a-d 70.1 1135 lmn 98.5 a-d 75.9 1228 f-m 98.5 a-d 80.3 1299 c-i 98.5 a-d

PW PW PW R R

R DBL

R R R

PW

R R

DBL R R

SHARON BEJO 135 18.27 2.23 15.67 0.08 83.8 1356 b-f 98.5 a-d DBL

Listed in order of % Marketable. ... / continued


ONION CULTIVAR MAIN TRIAL - 2001 - continued

CORTLAND BEJO 126 17.51 3.76 13.28 0.10 79.9 1293 d-i* 97.9 a-e DBL SPARTAN SUPREME SW FORTRESS Sto TENSHIN Sieg T-418 Tak T-439 St0

MUSTANG BEJO SWO 7761 SW CORONA BEJO SWO 7391 SW SALEM BEJO SWO 7144 SW

FESTIVAL BEJO INFINITY Sun BGS 142 BEJO NR 3732 Vil SPECTRUM Sun

1324 C-g 1060 n 1335 C-f 1266 f-1 1513 a

1186 h-n 1279 e-j 1423 a-d 1267 f-k 1 142 k-n 1 147 k-n

1230 f-m 1 182 i-n 1268 f-k 922 o

1156 j-n

97.8 a-f PWIDBL 97.8 a-f R 97.7 a-f R 97.7 a-f R 97.6 a-f R

97.1 a-g DBL 96.5 a-g R 96.5 a-g R 96.3 a-g R 95.8 b-g DBL 95.7 C-g R

95.1 d-g DBL 94.5 efg R 94.3 efg DBL 94.2 fg R 93.8 g R

TRAIL AVERAGE 126 17.22 2.82 13.86 0.14 78.4 1268 97.6 R

Listed in order of % Marketable. ... / continued



Q)

0) 3 $ a V)

Q4 Q4 3 V)

0 0

0 0 d 5! g 3 F! " :El V)

i' Q) 2 2 L =I 22

cd 4 4 q G 0 - 0

4 3 F i2 8 0

I/) V) 5 5 S S V) V) z 0 3 8 V)

CAVALIER Sto HG 4.2 4.4 LG 4.1 3.8 4.8 abc* 4.1 efg 4.1 4.22 a-g BASTILLE Sem HG 3.8 3.8 G 4.2 3.9 4.8 abc 4.2 efg 3.7 4.07 e-j FLAGSHIP Sto HG 4.0 3.7 DG 4.5 4.1 4.8 abc 4.4 cde 4.1 4.27 a-d WOLF Tak TDG 4.1 3.8 LG 4.0 3.7 4.5 efg 4.7 abc 3.9 4.07 e-j T-44 1 Sto FG 4.3 4.3 LG 4.1 4.1 4.6 cde 4.8 abc 4.3 4.37 a PRINCE BEJO G 4.1 4.0 DG 4.1 4.1 5.0 a 4.0 fg 4.3 4.29 abc

FRONTIER Tak G 4.7 4.2 G 4.2 4.3 4.8 abc 4.4 cde 4.1 4.38 a TAMARA BEJO G 4.1 4.0 G 4.2 3.7 4.9 ab 4.1 efg 4.1 4.23 a-f NORSTAR Tak TD 3.8 3.5 LG 4.3 3.4 4.6 cde 4.7 abc 3.7 3.95 ijk ARSENAL S to HG 4.0 3.9 G 3.9 3.7 4.6 cde 4.1 efg 4.0 4.09 d-j HAMLET S to HG 4.0 4.3 G 4.6 4.2 5.0 a 4.1 efg 4.1 4.31 ab EX 77008 Sem G 4.0 3.7 LG 4.1 3.9 4.6 cde 4.3 def 4.0 4.09 d-j

GUNNISON BEJO FG 4.0 3.7 LC 4.2 3.8 4.9 ab 4.1 efg 4.2 4.15 b-h STX 9329-A Sto HG 4.3 4.0 G 4.1 4.2 4.8 abc 4.0 fg 3.8 4.17 b-h WINSTON BEJO HG 3.9 3.7 G 4.2 3.7 4.9 ab 4.3 def 4.0 4.16 b-h RAMPART Sem G 4.0 3.9 DG 4.1 4.1 5.0 a 4.3 def 4.1 4.24 a-e MILLENNIUM Sun HG 3.9 3.9 DG 4.0 3.8 4.7 a-e 4.3 def 4.0 4.12 c-i SHARON BEJO HG 3.9 3.8 LG 3.7 3.8 4.9 ab 4.6 bcd 4.0 4.10 c-i


* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. ... 1 continued


CORTLAND BEJO FG 3.9 3.6 G 3.9 4.3 4.7 a-e* 4.2 efg 4.0 4.16 b-h SPARTAN SUPREME SW HG 4.1 3.7 DG 4.1 3.6 4.9 ab 4.0 fg 3.8 4.06 e-j FORTRESS S to HG 3.9 4.0 DG 4.1 3.9 4.9 ab 4.1 efg 4.0 4.17 b-h TENSHIN Sieg G 4.4 4.2 G 4.2 4.0 4.7 a-e 4.3 def 4.1 4.28 a-d T-418 Tak G 4.0 3.9 LG 4.3 3.7 4.7 b-e 5.0 a 4.1 4.19 a-h T-43 9 S to TD 4.2 4.0 LG 3.9 4.0 3.7 h 4.7 abc 3.8 4.04 f-j

MUSTANG BEJO G 4.3 4.1 G 4.3 3.6 4.8 abc 3.8 g 4.1 4.18 a-h SWO 7761 SW HG 4.0 4.0 LG 3.9 3.1 4.4 fg 4.3 def 3.8 3.90 jkl CORONA BEJO G 4.1 3.8 LG 4.1 3.7 4.2 g 4.6 bcd 3.7 4.01 h-k SWO 7391 SW HG 3.9 3.9 LG 3.9 3.4 4.8 a-d 4.0 fg 3.5 3.84 kl SALEM BEJO G 3.8 3.7 G 4.0 3.9 5.0 a 4.0 fg 3.8 4.10 d-j SWO 7144 SW HG 3.8 3.8 DG 3.9 3.6 4.8 abc 3.8 g 3.7 3.93 ijk

FESTIVAL BEJO G 4.2 3.6 LC 3.8 3.6 4.9 ab 4.0 fg 4.0 4.05 f-j INFINITY Sun FG 3.8 3.7 G 4.2 3.7 5.0 a 4.0 fg 3.7 4.03 g-k BGS 142 BEJO HG 4.1 3.7 G 4.1 3.8 5.0 a 4.1 efg 4.1 4.15 b-h NR 3732 Vil HG 3.8 3.9 G 3.9 3.7 4.8 abc 4.1 efg 4.0 4.1 1 c-i SPECTRUM Sun G 3.8 3.4 G 3.8 3.3 4.7 a-e 4.2 def 3.3 3.73 1 TRIAL AVERAGE HG 4.0 3.9 LG 4.1 3.8 4.7 4.3 3.9 4.12


* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05, Fisher's Protected LSD Test. ... / continued I


BASTILLE FLAGSHIP WOLF T-44 1 PRINCE

FRONTIER TAMARA NORSTAR ARSENAL HAMLET EX 77008

GUNNISON STX 9329-A WINSTON RAMPART MILLENNIUM

Sem St0 Tak St0 BEJO

Tak BEJO Tak St0 St0 Sem

BEJO St0 BEJO Sem Sun

4.1 cde 4.6 ab 3.9 efg 4.4 abc 4.7 a

4.2 cde 4.7 a 3.6 gh 4.6 ab 4.2 cde 4.2 cde

4.3 bcd 4.1 cde 4.6 ab 4.4 abc 4.3 bcd

136.8 d-g 119.8 ghi 129.0 e-h 151.3 bcd 157.2 bc

137.8 C-g 138.4 C-g 134.8 d-g 140.2 C-f 140.6 C-f 147.7 cde

146.1 cde 142.3 C-f 118.8 ghi 125.1 fgh 135.8 d-g

3.3 abc 6.7 b-f 0.0 a 0.0 a 4.7 a-d

0.0 a 0.7 ab 0.0 a 2.7 abc 0.3 ab 0.7 ab

16.7 h 0.0 a 6.3 a-f 5.7 a-e 5.0 a-d

4.0 a-d 5.6 a-e 1.7 ab 6.5 b-e 6.8 b-e

22.3 g 4.0 a-d 6.7 b-e 3.9 a-d 5.5 a-e 5.4 a-e

3.3 a-d 9.4 ef 4.1 a-d 7.5 c-f 5.3 a-e

SHARON BEJO 4.9 4.2 cde 135.9 d-g 8.8 112 0.0 a 3.7 a-d

Listed in order of % Marketable. 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average ... / continued


-

. .

CORTLAND BEJO 5 .O


n 0)

w w

2.0 abc 1.1 a SPARTAN SUPREME SW 5 .O 4.3 bcd 143.3 c-f 8.2 113 8.0 c-g 2.7 abc FORTRESS Sto 4.9 4.4 abc 113.4 hi 8.3 112 1 1.0 d-h 8.1 d-f TENSHIN Sieg 4.9 4.2 cde 168.9 ab 7.0 113 0.7 ab 9.4 ef T-418 Tak 4.8 3.9 rfg 131.6 e-h 8.6 100 0.0 a 8.3 a-d T-439 Sto 4.8 4.0 def 181.2 a 7.4 112 5.7 a-e 22.9 g

MUSTANG BEJO 5.0 4.4 abc 126.1 fgh 8.4 113 0.0 a 4.1 a-d SWO 7761 SW 4.3 3.7 fg 142.6 c-f 8.1 113 1.7 abc 4.4 a-e CORONA BEJO 5.0 3.9 efg 151.5 bcd 8.5 107 0.3 ab 5.3 a-e SWO 7391 SW 4.6 3.3 h 142.7 c-f 8.0 115 1 1.7 e-h 6.3 b-e SALEM BEJO 5 .O 4.6 ab 135.3 d-g 7.7 114 0.7 a-b 3.8 a-d SWO 7144 SW 5.0 4.1 cde 142.7 c-f 7.3 115 14.0 gh 8.4 def

FESTIVAL BEJO 4.8 4.3 bcd 135.3 d-g 8.3 113 1.7 abc 2.4 abc INFINITY Sun 5.0 4.2 cde 134.6 d-g 8.1 114 29.0 i 12.1 f BGS 142 BEJO 5.0 4.3 bcd 137.0 d-g 8.5 107 12.3 fgh 7.9 def NR 3732 Vil 4.9 4.7 a 105.2 i 8.1 112 0.0 a 4.2 a-d SPECTRUM Sun 4.4 3.3 h 126.1 fgh 8.5 104 59.0 j 5.1 a-e TRIAL AVERAGE 4.9 4.2 137.8 8.2 110 6.1 6.4



MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES

Frontier: Norstar: Wolf: T-418:

Hamlet: Bastille: Ex 77008: Corona:

T - 439: Cortland: Festival: Mustang:

Prince: Salem: Tarama: BGS 142:

Sharon: Gunnison: Winston:

Nice, medium size, good skins, good neck finish, very uniform in size, mid season onion. Average, greening of scales, good neck finish, thin skins, early season onion, a little uneven in size and shape. Average, medium size, a little greening of scales, thin skins, good neck finish, early season onion. Good, smaller size, a little greening of scales, great neck finish, early season onion, nice colour.

Good, medium size, good skins, neck finish a little rough, nice colour, full season onion. Average, size & shape a little uneven, good skin attachment, neck finish a little rough, mid season onion. Good, medium to large size, uneven neck finish, mid season onion, a little greening of scales. Average, medium size, a little greening of scales, poor skin attachment, early season onion, shape a little uneven.

Good sizelyield, good neck finish, skin attachment not great, shape a little uneven, early to mid season onion. Good, medium size, shape a little off, firm, mid season onion, some neck finish a little rough. Good, medium size, nice colour, neck finish a little rough, mid season onion, shape a little uneven. Nice, small to medium size, good skins, nice colour, drawback - rough neck finish, mid season onion.

Nice, good size, good skins, a little rough neck finish, nice colour, mid to full season onion. Average, medium size, good skins, nice colour, mid season onion, neck finish a little rough. Good, medium size, nice skins, neck finish a little rough, full season onion. Average, medium size, a little uneven in shape, mid season onion, neck finish a little rough.

Good, medium size, some uneven exterior colour, neck finish a little uneven, mid season onion. Average, small to medium size, good skins, rough neck finish, early to mid season onion, nice colour. Good, good skins, neck finish a little rough, uneven shape, mid season onion, nice colour.

Spartan Supreme: Early to mid season onion, nice colour, even size, neck finish poor, shape uneven.

. . . I continued

MAIN ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES - continued

Swo 7144: Neck finish a little rough, size & shape a little uneven, a little greening of scales, mid season onion. Swo 7391 : Soft onion, size a little uneven, neck finish a little rough, early season onion. Swo 7761: Average, good size, skin thin, a little soft, early season onion, neck finish a little rough, colour a little uneven. Tenshin: Good, good size, neck finish a little rough, a little greening of scales, mid season onion, good colour.

Rampart: Nice, medium size, neck finish a little rough, good thick skins, nice dark colour, full season onion. Arsenal: Good, good size, good skins, neck finish a little rough, mid season onion, nice colour, shape a little off. T - 441: Nice, medium size, a little greening of scales, neck finish good, early to mid season onion, good colour. Cavalier: Good, size very uniform, neck finish a little rough, shape is a little oblong, mid season onion.

Flagship: Large size, thick skins, nice dark colour, neck finish a little rough, full season onion, some greening of scales. STX 9329 A: Average, good size, good colour, nice skin, mid season onion, rough neck finish. Millennium: Good, medium size, a little uneven shape, mid to full season onion. Spectrum: Very soft, medium size, good neck finish, colour a little uneven, early season onion.

Infinity: Average, neck finish rough, good skins, uniformity of size & shape a little off, mid season onion. NR 3732: Average, smaller size, nice colour, good thick skins, firm, neck finish a little rough, full season onion. Fortress: Average, size a little small, good skins, neck finish a little rough, nice dark colour, full season onion.

ONION ADAPTATION TRIAL - 2001

T-85 1

T-804

T-801

T-802

T-808

T-803

XPH 97Hl2

XPH 99-9

Tak

Tak

Tak

Tak

Tak

Tak

Cro

Cro

PW

R

R

DBLR

R

R

R

DBL

Listed in order of % Marketable. . . . I continued

ONION ADAPTATION TRIAL - 2001 - continued

T-85 1

T-804

T-801

T-802

T-808

T-803

XPH 97H12

XPH 99-9

Tak

Tak

Tak

Tak

Tak

Tak

Cro

Cro


--

5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average

ADAPTATION ONION CULTIVAR TRIAL EVALUATION NOTES

T 801: Great neck finish, greening of scales, poor skin attachment, soft, early season onion.

T 802: Small to medium size, a little poor skin attachment, great neck finish, soft, early season onion.

T 803: Medium size, nice neck finish, skin thickness and attachment a little poor, early season onion, a little greening of scales.

T 804: Nice, larger size, pretty good skins, good colour, good neck finish, a little greening of scales, mid season onion.

T 851: Small size, firm onion, mid season onion, ok neck finish, good colour, overall nice just a little small.

T 80.8: Small to medium in size, good neck finish, skins not bad, nice, mid season onion.

XPH 97812: Average, medium size, good colour, open neck finish, uneven shape, mid season onion.

XPH 99-9: Good, open neck finish, thick skins, uneven shape, good colour.

LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION CULTIVAR TRIALS

# YEARS MARKETABLE YIELD DAYS TO FIRMNESS * CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED tiha B/A MATURITY A B

HUSTLER WOLF ADVANCER ARSENAL ESKIMO NORSTAR

T W P S #7 FRONTIER IMPACT CORONA PRECEDENT QUANTUM

FLAGSHIP HOOPLA TARMAGON ROCKET SPECTRUM CORTLAND

EARLY PAK STANLEY TAURUS UNIGLOBE 108 PRINCE SALEM

HM Tak HM Sern Tak Tak

Cro Tak HM s WY Sun Sern

Sern Sol St0 Sern Sun BEJO

Cro Sol Sern Sern SWY BEJO

. . . I continued 1

w N V1

I

LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION CULTIVAR TRIALS - continued

# YEARS MARKETABLE YIELD DAYS TO FIRMNESS * CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED tlha B/A MATURITY A B

CAPABLE HEADLINER PARAGON TOPNOTCH TORQUE

TRAPP #8 CAVALIER GAZETTE FORTRESS BARRAGE

LIVINGSTON UNIGLOBE 100 HAMLET MILLENNIUM TAMARA

Sun Sern Sun Cro Cro

E. J. Sern Sern Sern Sern

Sol Sern Sern Sun BEJO

BENCHMARK Sem 5 60.2 TURBO C r o 3 64.8 CANADA MAPLE Sto 17 57.2 AUTUMN KEEPER JHK 8 53.7 SWEET SANDWICH Sem 7 69.0

Listed in order of Days to Maturity. * 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average

* Firmness: A = Evaluated at time of Harvest B = Evaluated in December

ONION CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2000 - 2001

% WEIGHT Yo Yo % % FIRMNESS*" CULTIVAR SOURCE LOSS SPROUTS ROT SOFT MARKETABLE IN OUT

CAVALIER STX 9329 A FLAGSHIP MUSTANG

PX 456894 ARSENAL MILLENNIUM MADISON

BGS 156 STANLEY BASTILLE (77004) SALEM

SPECTRUM CORTLAND T-418 PX 456994

St0 St0 St0 BEJO

Sem St0 Sun BEJO

BEJO Sol Sem BEJO

Sun BEJO Tak Sem

90.0 a* 88.9 a 88.5 a 88.2 a

87.8 a 87.2 a 86.9 a 86.8 a

85.5 ab 85.4 ab 85.4 ab 84.9 abc

84.7 abc 84.2 abc 83.1 a-d 83.0 a-d

4.1 abc 4.3 a 3.9 a-e 3.9 a-e

4.0 a-d 3.7 c-g 3.9 a-e 4.1 abc

3.9 a-e 4.2 ab 3.8 b-f 4.0 a-d

3.8 b-f 4.2 ab 3.4 fgh 3.4 fgh

Listed in order of % Marketable. ... 1 continued

* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 Fisher's Protected LSD Test.

** 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average

ONION CULTIVAR STORAGE TRIAL - 2000 - 2001 - continued

% WEIGHT % % % % FIRMNESS* * CULTIVAR SOURCE LOSS SPROUTS ROT SOFT MARKETABLE IN OUT

TAMARA XP 15005 LIVINGSTON FRONTIER

BGS 142 EX 77008 UNIGLOBE 100 NORSTAR

WOLF CORONA HUSKEY HAMLET

BARRAGE QUANTUM HUSKEY PRINCE

BEJO Sem Sol Tak

BEJO Sem Sem Tak

Tak BEJO Pal Sem

St0 Sem Nor BEJO

82.2 a-d* 81.3 a-d 81.2 a-d 80.6 a-d

80.0 a-d 80.0 a-d 79.8 a-d 72.9 b-e

72.2 cde 70.6 de 66.1 ef 65.3 ef

64.4 ef 63.7 ef 54.3 f 53.7 f

3.9 a-e 4.1 abc 4.0 a-d 4.2 ab

3.5 e-h 3.9 a-e 3.9 a-e 3.0 i

3.3 ghi 3.2 hi 3.7 d-g 3.8 b-f

3.2 hi 3.3 ghi 3.3 ghi 3.6 e-h

TRIAL AVERAGES 9.0 8.1 2.8 1.7 79.0 4.9 3.8

Listed in order of % Marketable. Storage period approximately 45 weeks.

* Numbers in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P = 0.05 Fisher's Protected LSD Test.

** 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average

LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION STORAGE TRIALS

% WT LOSS % ROT, # YEARS % IN SOFT & FIRMNESS *

CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED MARKETABLE STORAGE SPROUT IN OUT

CAVALIER COPRA MILLENIUM CANADA MAPLE TAURUS

CORTLAND FLAGSHIP SALEM STANLEY TRAPP #8

TRAPP'S # 7 PARAGON HAMLET TAMARA SPECTRUM

ARSENAL ESKIMO TARMAGON BENCHMARK FORTRESS

Sern BEJO Sun St0 Sern

BEJO Sern BEJO, Sol E. J.

Cro Sun Sern BEJO Sun

Sern Tak S to Sern Sern


* 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average

. . . I continued

LONG TERM AVERAGES OF ONION STORAGE TRIALS - continued

% WT LOSS % ROT, # YEARS % IN SOFT & FIRMNESS *

CULTIVAR SOURCE TESTED MARKETABLE STORAGE SPROUT IN OUT

CAPABLE Sun 9 70.1 GUARDIAN HM 6 68.4 PFUNCE BEJO 9 67.7 HEADLINER Sem 4 67.9 ADVANCER HM 11 65.5

TOPNOTCH Cro UNIGLOBE 100 Sem HUSTLER HM TURBO Cro FRONTIER Tak

SWEET SANDWICH Sol TORQUE C r o AUTUMN KEEPER Cro WOLF Tak QUANTUM Sem

UNIGLOBE 108 Sem 4 57.8 NORSTAR Tak 13 53.4 CORONA BEJO 7 52.2 NEW YORK EARLY Sun 3 46.7

Listed in order of % Marketable. Storage period approximately 1 1 months.

* 5.0 = Most Desirable, 4.0 = Good, 3.7 = Average

-LTAStorage - University of Guelph€¦ · · 2009-03-04Evaluation of Foliar Clipping Treatments...

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