Location-Based Services n9590007

Jochen Schiller and Agns Voisard, Location-Based ServicesJohan Hjelm,Creating Location Services for the Wireless Web,"",,no18,, ,115,PP54-60,IEEE 802.15 ,*

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LBS(Location Based Service)(Mobile Location Technology)(Location Based ServiceLBS)(Mobile Location Based ServiceMLBS)LBS

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LBSLocation Personal Time *

LBSGravitate Inc.LBSCell-ID100200LBS

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LBS (General LBS communication model)*

(Positioning Layer) (PDE:Position Determination Equipment )PDE*

(Application Layer)

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(Overview of LBS applications and level of accuracy required)*

Application ()Accuracy ()Application ()Accuracy ()News()LowGaming ()MediumDirections ()HighM-Commerce ()Medium to HighTraffic Information ()Low Emergency ()HighPoint of Interest ()Medium to HighSensitive Goods Transportation ()HighYellow Pages()Medium to Low Child Tracking ()Medium to HighCar Navigation()Medium to HighPet Tracking ()Medium to HighPersonal Navigation ()High Electronic Toll Collection / (ETC)Medium to HighDirectory Assistance ()Medium to High Public Management System ( )Medium to HighFleet Management ()Low Remote Workforce Management ()Low Car Tracking ()Medium to High Local Advertisement ()Medium to High Asset Tracking ()HighLocation-Sensitive Billing ()Medium to LowSource: Bellocci, V., Genovese, S., Inuaggiato, D., and Tucci, M. (2002, July 18). "Mobile Location-Aware Services: 2002 Market Perspective," Ericsson, Division Service Architecture and Interactive Solutions.

(Categories and examples of LBS applications.)*

Push Services()Pull Services ()Person-oriented ()Communication ()1: 2: 1:Information ()3:2:Entertainment ()4:shoot em uplocation-based game 3:location-based gameM-Commerce and Advertising ()5:4:cool events

Device-oriented ()Tracking ()6: 7:5:

(Middleware Layer)(P)(A)A*PA+PAP*

(Middleware Layer)Postpaid-SMS-WAP-Wireless Application ProtocolAlarm-Prepaid-Proxy-MLC:MultiLevel Cell *

LBS(industry chain)*

(Location markets and segments)*

BusinessConsumerVertical market ()Airports () Taxi companies () Police () Home repair services () Emergency () High-value goods delivery ()Horizontal market ()Asset tracking () Automated toll ()Child tracking () Tourist security()

LBS (LBS STANDARDS) LBS Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)(http://www.openmobilealliance.org) OMAOpen GIS Consortium, Inc. (OGC)(http://www.opengis.org). OGC LBS *

LBS (The LBS Standards Framework.) (Diagram courtesy of OGC.)WebInternetJavaThird-partyOpenLSUMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)GPRS(General Packet Radio Service)3GPP(Third Generation Partnership Project)3GPP2(Third Generation Partnership Project 2)TIA(Telecommunication Industry Association)ETSI(European Telecommunications Standards Institute)WIFI(Wireless Fidelity)Bluetooth()Parlay-X(Parlay XUser OSA API)OSA(Open Service Access)OMA(Open Mobile Alliance)LIF(Location Interoperability Forum)JAIN(Java APIs for Integrated Networks)IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force)W3C(The World Wide Web Consortium)WAP(Wireless Application Protocol )*

(MLP:Mobile Location Protocol )(Diagram courtesy of OMA.)

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(MLP:Mobile Location Protocol )(Diagram courtesy of OGC.) *

(Typical service/request response via the GeoMobility Server. )(Diagram courtesy of OGC.)THIRD-PARTYGateway Mobile Location Center/Mobile Positioning Center1.Portal4. GMLC/MPCMLPOpenLS2. PortalOpenLS3. OpenLsGMLC5.OpenLS6. Portal*

OpenLS(OpenLS Architecture Detail.)(Diagram courtesy of OGC.)THIRD-PARTYGateway Mobile Location Center/Mobile Positioning Center*

(The data flow of a typical position-dependent application.)Web server or SMSC-Web(Short Message Service Center)Application gateway-XSLT transformation engine-Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation Information gateway-mapping gateway-Location gateway-MPC-(Mobile Positioning Center)billing gateway-Management gateway-*

(Basic Location Techniques):(Tag/Badge)Sensor Network Sensor Network()Sensor Network*

(Triangulation, Trilateration, and Traversing.) (Trilateration)(Traversing)(+) (Triangulation)*

IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4 (Low Rate WPAN)(PHY)(MAC) (Time-of-Arrival: TOA) (Time-Difference-of-Arrival: TDOA) (Signal Strength Ranging: SSR) (Near-Field EM Ranging: NFER) (Angle-of-Arrival: AOA) *

(Time-of-Arrival: TOA) Two Way Ranging(TWR)(Packet)(Half-duplex)(Time-multiplexed)(Requestor)(Timing information) (Responder) *

(Time-of-Arrival: TOA) One Way Ranging(OWR)(Terminals) (Common clock)

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(Time-Difference-of-Arrival: TDOA) TDOATOA(Anchor terminals)TDOATOAOWR(Re-synchro nized)(Beacon signal) (coordinator) coordinator()

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(Time-Difference-of-Arrival: TDOA) TDOA OWR (Active) TDOA-A(Source device) (Token)(Passive) TDOA-P (Destination device) *

(Signal Strength Ranging: SSR) (Free space propagation model)

(large-scale)(Inverse square law)*

(Signal Strength Ranging: SSR) (Mean large-scale path loss) n (exponent) *

(Near-Field EM Ranging: NFER)(RF signal)(E-field)(H-field)(Phase difference) 90 ; (0.5) 0.05 0.50.080.3*

(Near-Field EM Ranging: NFER)NFER() (phase offset)*

(Angle-of-Arrival: AOA)AOATOATDOAAOA(far field)() AOA ( 10 =/2)*

(Angle-of-Arrival: AOA)(Antenna pattern)*

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TOA TDOASSR(Shadowing effect)NFERAOA(Line-of-sight)

()(Satellite based)(GPS)(Network based) *

() (network-based positioning)3(TDOA)(E-OTD)(terminal-based positioning)3GPSGPS(A-GPS) *

(GPS) GPS (A-GPS, assisted GPS) (COO, Cell of Origin) (AOA, Angle of Arrival) (TDOA, Time Difference of Arrival) (E-OTD, Enhanced Observed Time Difference) (UL-TOA, uplink time of arrival) (CGI, cell global identity)(Location Pattern Matching) (Location Pattern Matching) (E-FLT, enhanced forward link triangulation) *

GPS332*

GPS341s300(30)4GPS24(64)*

GPS202L1(1575.42 MHz) PPSSPSL2(1227.6 MHz) PPS(Precise Positioning Service (PPS))P Code22 m27.7 mGPSL11575.42MHz()L21227.60MHz()L31381.05MHz()L41841.40MHz()()L51176.45MHz()()*

GPS (Standard Positioning Service (SPS))C/A-Code(Coarse/Acquisition Code) (SA: Selective Availability )100 m156 m20005SA25m43 m*

GPSGPSIIA/IIR(L1/L2)IIR/M(L1+ L2+)IIF(L5)D-GPS3050 GPS III20122025*

ServicePPS22 m27.7 mSPS with SA100 m156 mSPS without SA25 m43 m

DGPS (Differential GPS)20005L2D-GPS10GPS(X1,Y1)(X2,Y2)((X1-X2),(Y1-Y2))USER(X3,Y3)USERUSER((X1-X2),(Y1-Y2))(X3,Y3)USERRTCM*

DGPS Adapted from Mobile Computing by Jrg Roth, dpunkt-Verlag (2002).*

WAAS(Wide Area Augmentation System )Adapted from Mobile Computing by Jrg Roth, dpunkt-Verlag (2002).DGPS Inmarsat-3Inmarsat-3USER*

WAASAdapted from Mobile Computing by Jrg Roth, dpunkt-Verlag (2002).*

GLONASS(Globalnaya Navigationnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema)GPS+WAAS = EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System)GALILEO*

GPS1. GPS2.GPSGPS(DSP)CPU3.SoCGPSICSoCGPSI/O*

(AGPS,Assisted GPS)GPSGPS2500w10-13wA-GPSFCC E911GPSGPS(correlator)GPS*

AGPS(Mobile-based)GPSA-GPS(Mobile-assisted)A-GPS *

A-GPS1.GPS2.3.4.*

A-GPS(5-20M)5-10GPSA-GPSGPSGPSGSM/ GPRS/ UMTS(WCDMA)*

A-GPSIEK-ITIS(2005/10)*

(Network based)*

Cell-ID(Cell site IDentification)GSM/GPRS/UMTS(WCDMA)(COO)>(BTS: base transceiver station)(Cell)2-20km(Micro-cell)*

Cell-ID(Cell site IDentification)Cell-IDTA(Timing Advance)GSM/GPRSRTT( Round Trip Time)UMTS

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E-OTD(Enhanced Observed Time Difference) GSM/GPRS1.51LMU (Location Measurement Unit)3LMULMU*

OTDOA(Observed Time Difference of Arrival)UMTS(WCDMA)E-OTD(GSM/GPRS)E-OTDLMU*

Hybrid(A-GPS)GSM/GPRS/UMTS(WCDMA)A-GPSCell-IDE-OTDOTDOA[ex] A-GPS + Cell-ID*

(Indoor positioning systems.)Adapted from Mobile Computing by Jrg Roth, dpunkt-Verlag (2002).//*

WLAN(Wireless local area network ) (Indoor)WLAN(IEEE 802.11)

WLAN-RADAR(NNSS: Nearest Neighbors Signal Strength)*

(Video-Based Systems)*

(Comparison of positioning systems.)*

Name /Mechanism Medium GPSTOA / TOA25 mDGPSTOA / TOA3 mWAASTOA / TOA3 mGSM +COO, AOA, TOACell, distance in 555 m steps MPS+COO, AOA, TOA 150 mNibbleSignal Strength3 mActive BadgeCOOCellWIPSCOOCellSpotONSignal Strength3 mActive BatTOA /0.1 mCricket TOA/0.3 mRFIDCOOCellVisual Tag+Video Depends on camera resolution

()Gartner201060follow-me Internet*

Q & A

OpenLSWAP-Wireless Application ProtocolANSI-American National Standards InstituteDTD-Document Type DefinitionGMLC-Gateway Mobile Location CenterGMT-Greenwich Mean TimeHTTP-Hypertext Transfer ProtocolHTTPS-HTTP SecureLCS-Location ServicesMLC-Mobile Location CenterMLP-Mobile Location ProtocolMPC-Mobile Positioning CenterMS-Mobile StationMSID-Mobile Station IdentifierSSL-Secure Socket LayerTLS-Transport Layer SecurityURI-Uniform Resource IdentifierURL-Uniform Resource LocatorUTM-Universal Transverse MercatorWGS-World Geodetic SystemXML-Extensible Markup Language

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2006Gartner10 Web 2.0 SNAAjax Mashup Real World Web GPS SMN AA EDA MDA *

(Mobile Positioning System MPS)GISGeographical Information System MPSMobile Positioning Center (MPC) MPS GSMTDMA *