Linux Command

File/Directory Basics

lsList files

cpCopy files

mvRename files

rmDelete files

lnLink files

cdChange directory

pwdPrint current directory name

mkdirCreate directory

rmdirDelete directory ()

File Viewing

catView files text file

lessPage trough files

headView file beginning

tailView files ending

nlNumber lines

odView binary files

xxdView binary files

gvView Postscript/PDF files PDF

xdviView TeX DVI files TeX

File Creation and Editing

emacsText editor GNU

vimText editor vi

umaskSet default file protections/ permission mode

sofficeEdit Word/Excel/PowerPoint docs Word/Excel/PowerPoint

abiwordEdit Word documents Word

gnumericEdit Excel documents Excel

File Properties

statDisplay file attributes//

wcCount bytes/words/lines

duMeasure disk usage

fileIdentify file types

touchChange file timestamps

chownChange file owner

chgrpChange file group

chmodChange file protections

chattrChange advanced file attributes

IsattrList advanced file attributes

File Location

findLocate files

slocateLocate files via index

whichLocate commands

whereisLocate standard files

File Text Manipulation

grepSearch text for matching lines

cutExtract columns

pasteAppend columns

trTranslate characters

sortSort lines

uniqLocate indentical lines

teeCopy stdin to file and to stdout simultaneously stdout

File Compression

gzipCompress files (GNU Zip) .gz

CompressCompress files (Unix) Unix

bzip2Compress files (BZip2) .bz2

zipCompress files (Windows Zip) WinZip

File Comparison

diffCompare files line by line

commCompare sorted files

cmpCompare files byte by byte

md5sumCompute Checksums md5

Disks and Filesystems

dfShow free disk space

mountMake a disk accessible

fsckCheck a disk for errors

syncFlush disk caches

Backups and Remote Storage

mtControl a type drive

dumpBack up a disk

restoreRestore a dump

tarRead/write type archives

cdrecordBurn a CD

rsyncMirror a set of files

Printing

lprPrint files

lpqView print queue

lprmRemove print jobs

Spelling Operations

lookLook up spelling

aspellCheck spelling interactively

spellCheck spelling in batch

Processes

psList all processes

wList users' processes

uptimeView the system load

topMonitor processes

xloadMonitor system load

freeDisplay free memory

killTerminate processes

niceSet process priorities

reniceChange process priorities

Scheduling Jobs

sleepWait for some time

watchRun programs at set intervals

atSchedule a job

crontabSchedule repeated jobs

Hosts

unamePrint system information

hostnamePrint the system's hostname/

ifconfigSet/display network information/

hostLook up DNS DNS

whoisLookup domain registrants

pingCheck if host is reachable

tracerouteView network path to a host

Networking

sshSecurely log into remote hosts ()

telnetLog into remote hosts()

scpSecurely copy files between hosts()

stfpSecurely copy files between hosts()

ftpCopy files between hosts()

evolutionGUI email client

muttText-based email client text

mailMinimal email client

mozillaWeb browser

lynxText-only web browser text

wgetRetrieve web pages to disk

slrnRead Usenet news usenet

gaimInstant messaging/IRC

talkLinux/Unix chat

writeSend messages to a termainal

mesgProhibit talk/write/ write

Audio and Video

gripPlay CDs and rip MP3s MP3

xmmsPlay audio files

cdparanoiaRip audio

audacityEdit audio/

xcdroastBurn CDs/

1.1 ls : home directory-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- account linux home directory linux ls parameter -al --sort

ls -alt :: alt ls -alt | more :: 1 ls -al --sort=time | more :: ls -R | more :: directory . ls ls -l D Column ls -al directory --------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2chmod : (Owner), (Group), (Other) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ls RWXRWXRWX webmaster CGI CGI server Perl (x) chmod 755 hello.pl chmod 775 fileforyou.pl chmod +x test.pl 3 R Read W Write X Execute --- : ( 0)--X : ( 1)R-- : ( 4)RW- : ( 6)R-X : ( 5)RWX : ( 7) RWXRWXRWX 9 3 3 3 RWX------ : ( 700)RWXRWX--- : ( 770)RWXR-XR-X : ( 755)R--R--R-- : ( 444)

chmod 777 index.php :: 3 chmod 755 * -Rf :: direcroty --------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.3 man : (Manual)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- unix linux parameter linux man man man :: man man ls :: ls man useradd :: useradd --------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.4 mkdir, rmdir, cd : directory-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- dos directory directory 3 mkdir directory (Make directory) rm directory(Remove directory) cd directory (Change directory) mkdir hello :: directory hello rmdir hello.htm :: hello.htmcd / :: directory root cd .. :: directory 1 cd ~/x :: x home directory /home/thaiall/x home directory /home/thaiall

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.5 pico : editor text vi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pico enter ^ Ctrl pico xx xx xx xx Ctrl-X vi pico pine pico pine CD rpm -i pine*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.6 emacs : editor text vi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pico pico emacs ctrl-h ctrl-x + ctrl-c pico editor emacs pico emacs Welcome to GNU Emacs, one component of aLinux-based GNUsystem.Get help C-h (Hold down CTRL and press h)Undo changes C-x u Exit Emacs C-x C-cGet a tutorial C-h t Use Info to read docs C-h iOrdering manuals C-h RETActivate menubar F10 or ESC ` or M-`(`C-' means use the CTRL key. `M-' means use the Meta (or Alt) key.If you have no Meta key, you may instead type ESC followed by the character.)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.7 vi : editor text--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Text editor linux pico mail pine vi linux man vi esc enter i a A dd x 1 cw :w :q! :wq vi

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.8 id, finger, who, w : --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

id uname :: account uname finger uname :: account uname last login email finger @www.isinthai.com :: login who |grep thai :: thaiw :: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.9 cat : type DOS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

cat /etc/passwd :: /etc/passwdcat /etc/passwd | more :: /etc/passwd passwd suwit:x:500:500:Suwit:/home/suwit:/bin/bash prasert:x:501:501::/home/prasert:/bin/bash bcom101:x:502:502::/home/bcom302:/bin/bash

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.10 ifconfig : Network interface ip server --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ifconfigeth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:20:18:C0:06:C4inet addr:202.29.78.12 Bcast:202.29.78.255 Mask:255.255.255.0UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1RX packets:673054 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0TX packets:666268 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0collisions:0 txqueuelen:100RX bytes:74892865 (71.4 Mb) TX bytes:680121131 (648.6 Mb)Interrupt:9 Base address:0xcf00eth0:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:20:18:C0:06:C4inet addr:202.29.78.1 Bcast:202.29.78.255 Mask:255.255.255.0UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1Interrupt:9 Base address:0xcf00

ip 1 ip #/sbin/ifconfig eth0:1 202.29.78.1 IP 9.10 /etc/rc.d/rc.local

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.11 netstat :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

netstat -aActive Internet connections (servers and established)Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address Statetcp 0 0 *:mysql *:* LISTENtcp 0 0 *:http *:* LISTENtcp 0 0 *:ftp *:* LISTENtcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTENtcp 0 0 *:smtp *:* LISTENtcp 0 0 *:https *:* LISTENtcp 0 0www.isinthai.com:ssh 202.29.78.200:1225 ESTABLISHEDActive UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Pathunix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 855 /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sockunix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 119 /dev/logunix 2 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 3007unix 2 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 859

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.12 service : running --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

service --status-allhttpd (pid 2160 2159 2158 2155 2114 583 579 578 577 576 575 573) is running...mysqld (pid 446 429 427 414) is running...sendmail (pid 1700 1690) is running...sshd (pid 2970 358) is running...xinetd (pid 3923 369) is running...

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.13 xinetd : xinetd /etc/xinetd.d talk talk server --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

xinetd -dService configuration: ftpid = ftpflags = IPv4socket_type = streamProtocol (name,number) = (tcp,6)Nice = 10Groups = noBind = All addresses.Server = /usr/sbin/vsftpdServer argv = vsftpdOnly from: All sitesNo access: No blocked sitesLogging to syslog. Facility = authpriv, level = infoLog_on_success flags =HOST PIDLog_on_failure flags = HOST

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.14 whereis : PATH find--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

whereis usermod :: usermod run whereis ifconfig :: ifconfig /sbin/ifconfig --------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.15 cp, rm, mv : --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

cp x y :: x y x cprm y :: y directory rm -r directoryname :: directory sun directory confirm rm -rf directoryname :: directory Redhat directory confirm rm -f * :: yesmv x /root :: x /root

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.16 ping : ip internet--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pingwww.thaiall.com:: www.thaiall.com IP ping 202.29.78.100 -c 5 :: 5 ping 202.29.78.2 :: ip PING 202.29.78.2 (202.29.78.2)from 202.29.78.12 : 56(84) bytes of data. From 202.29.78.12 icmp_seq=1Destination Host UnreachableFrom 202.29.78.12 icmp_seq=2 DestinationHost Unreachable From 202.29.78.12 icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Unreachable

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.17 env : environment --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

env

HISTSIZE=1000SSH_CLIENT=202.29.78.100 1091 22OLDPWD=/usr/sbinQTDIR=/usr/lib/qt3-gcc3.2SSH_TTY=/dev/pts/0USER=burinLS_COLORS=no=00:fi=00:di=00;34:ln=00;36:pi=40;33:so=00;35:bd=40;.... :PATH=/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/binMAIL=/var/spool/mail/burinPWD=/etcINPUTRC=/etc/inputrcLANG=en_US.UTF-8HOME=/rootSHLVL=2LOGNAME=burinLESSOPEN=|/usr/bin/lesspipe.sh %sG_BROKEN_FILENAMES=1_=/bin/env

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.18 lynx :Text browser source download --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

lynxwww.thaiall.com:: www.thaiall.com text modelynxhttp://www.yonok.ac.th:: www.yonok.ac.th text modelynx -dumphttp://www.yonok.ac.th:: interactive view lynx -dump -width=500http://piology.org/.procmailrc.html|grep'^|'|cut -c3- :: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.19 nslookup : name server ip domain name--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Redhat dig host host yn1.yonok.ac.th dig yn1.yonok.ac.th nslookup exit > nslookup 202.28.18.65Non-authoritative answer:65.18.28.202.in-addr.arpa name = mars.uni.net.th.Authoritative answers can be found from:18.28.202.in-addr.arpa nameserver = mars.uni.net.th.18.28.202.in-addr.arpa nameserver = ns.netserv.chula.ac.th.mars.uni.net.th internet address = 202.28.18.65nslookupwww.thaiall.comName:www.thaiall.comAddress: 66.150.1.141

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.20 tail : cat --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tail index.html :: index.html Current directorytail --lines=5 /var/log/messages :: /var/log/messages root tail /var/log/html/access.log :: 10 default tail --lines=100 /var/log/html/access_log > access_bak :: backup mv --------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.21 telnet : server port server telnet SSH --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

telnet 202.202.202.202 :: 202.202.202.202 port port 23telnetwww.school.net.th21 :: port 21 FTP porttelnet mail.loxinfo.co.th 25 :: smtp telnet class.yonok.ac.th 110 :: pop service windows server 2003 Microsoft Windows POP3 Service Version 1.0 ready. USERaa@class.yonok.ac.th+OK PASS xxxxxxx +OK User successfully logged on

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.1 df : Harddisk -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Harddisk upload user ( server clear ) df :: Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on/dev/hda5 505605 82764 396737 18% //dev/hda1 101089 9180 86690 10% /boot/dev/hda3 1423096 41956 1308848 4% /homenone 30740 0 30740 0% /dev/shm/dev/hda2 3889924 1551872 2140456 43% /usr/dev/hda6 1027768 952876 22684 98% /var

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.2 du : directory -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- directory du :: directory du -all :: directory du | sort -g :: directory sort Kbdu -b :: byte directory

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.3 ps : Process -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- run bot server ps :: process ps -ef :: process ps -ax :: process ps -aux :: process --------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.4 kill : process process kill process -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- process process kill ( super user ) kill -9 process :: process ps -ef kill -9 1255 :: process 1255 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.5 find : directory --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

find / -name hello.pl :: hello.pl directoryfind / -name hello* :: hellofind /bin -size 626188c :: 626188 RH8 bash

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.6 gzip : gz z tar .tar.gz--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

gzip -d x.tar.gz :: gzman gzip :: gzip gzip -d radius-1.16.1.tar.Z :: ftp.livingston.com/pub/le/radius/gzip -dc x.tar.Z|tar xvf - :: 2 gzip tar x.tar.z --------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.7 tar : tar--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tar xvf x.tar :: tar directory tar xvfz squid-2.3-200103110000-src.tar.gz :: gz tar gzip tarman tar :: tar tar zcvf abc.tar.gz /etc :: copy /etc abc.tar.gz tar zxvf abc.tar.gz :: abc.tar.gz directory /etc --------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.8 last : login --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

last |grep reboot :: reboot last |more :: login --------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.9 grep :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

more /etc/passwd|grep thaiall :: /etc/passwd thaiallrpm -qa|grep ftp :: ftp last |grep reboot :: reboot --------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.10 date : date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

date +%x :: 04/27/01 date +%d :: 27 date 04271340 :: 27 4 13.40 . (mmddhhmmccyy)hwclock --systohc :: date restart hardware clock hardware --------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.11 top : --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

top :: process Redhat 8.0CPU states: 0.5% user, 1.3% system, 0.0% nice, 98.0% idleMem: 31328K av, 28872K used, 2456K free, 0K shrd, 1032K buffSwap: 1718912K av, 2608K used, 1716304K free 16528K cached

PID USER PRI NI SIZE RSS SHARE STAT LIB %CPU %MEM TIME COMMAND18306 root 14 0 852 852 672 R 0 1.5 2.7 0:00 top18229 root 1 0 1684 1536 1240 S 0 0.3 4.9 0:00 sshd1 root 0 0 160 116 92 S 0 0.0 0.3 0:08 init2 root 0 0 0 0 0 SW 0 0.0 0.0 0:01 kflushd

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.12 ntsysv setup :- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

setup :: system services server httpd, imap, ipop3, iptables, named, network, sendmail, servers, services, vsftpd, xinetd web, mail, ftp dnsntsysv :: - setup, services ( RH )--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.13 route :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# route

Kernel IProuting tableDestination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface202.29.78.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0127.0.0.0 * 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lodefault 202.29.78.254 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.14 shutdown, reboot : --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

shutdown -h now halt :: ( 1 )reboot shutdown -r now :: clear --------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.15 runlevel : /etc/inittab level : level chkconfig 2.18--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#/sbin/runlevel :: level #cat /etc/inittab :: level --------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.16 fsck : linux--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#fsck / :: harddisk / harddisk #fsck /dev/hdc :: harddisk /dev/hdc harddisk --------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.17 chown, chgrp : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.2 chmod 3 #chown burin:users x :: x burin users#chgrp users y :: x users

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.18 chkconfig : level -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- level /etc/inittab level level start linux level # /etc/inittab# Default runlevel. The runlevels used by RHS are:# 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this)# 1 - Single user mode# 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking)# 3 - Full multiuser mode# 4 - unused# 5 - X11# 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this)#id:5:initdefault:id:3:initdefault:

#/sbin/chkconfig --add mysql :: mysql system services#/sbin/chkconfig --list :: level #/sbin/chkconfig --level 3 sendmail on :: sendmail level 3 (Text mode)#/sbin/chkconfig --level 5 sendmail on :: sendmail level 5 (X Windows)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.19 mount, umount : partition Diskette Handy drive-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- mount harddisk server 1 harddisk hdc fdisk -l partition 1 hdc /x #mkdir /x #mount /dev/hdc1 /x /x h