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Transcript of + LHCf: stato e programmi Oscar Adriani University of Florence & INFN Firenze INFN CSN1 Bologna, 18...
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LHCf: stato e programmi
Oscar AdrianiUniversity of Florence & INFN Firenze
INFN CSN1 Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
+Hadronic models tuning after the first LHC data (for VHECR)
PROTON
IRON
Auger Coll. ICRC2011
10191018
Xmax as function of E and particle type
T.Pierog,Cosmic QCD 2013 conference in Paris
Pre LHC Post LHC
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
+Hadronic models tuning after the first LHC data (for VHECR)
PROTON
IRON
Auger Coll. ICRC2011
10191018
Xmax as function of E and particle type
T.Pierog,Cosmic QCD 2013 conference in Paris
Pre LHC Post LHC
LHC is really useful!!!
!!!!
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
YearBeam
sBeam
energy
Proton equivalent
energy in the LAB (eV)
Setup
2009 p - p450+450
GeV 4.3 1014 Arm1+Arm2
2009/2010 p - p
3.5+3.5 TeV 2.6 1016 Arm1+Arm
2
2013 p – Pb 4 TeVproton
1.3 1016 Arm2
2013 p - p 1.38+1.38 TeV
4.1 1016 Arm2
2015 p - p 6.5+6.5 TeV
9 1016 Arm1+Arm2 upgraded
?p –
light ions
? ? ?
LHCf Physics Program
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
+
Inclusive photon spectrum analysis at 7 TeV and 900 GeV“Measurement of zero degree single photon energy spectra for √s = 7 TeV proton-proton collisions at LHC“PLB 703 (2011) 128“Measurement of zero degree single photon energy spectra for √s = 900 GeV proton-proton collisions at LHC“PLB 715 (2012) 298
A short review of already published results
Forward p0 spectra at 7 TeV“Measurement of forward neutral pion transverse momentum spectra for √s = 7TeV proton-proton collisions at LHC“PRD 86 (2012) 092001
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
DATA vs MC : comp. 900GeV/7TeV9
00
GeV
7Te
V
η>10.94 8.81<η<8.9
• None of the model nicely agrees with the LHCF data• Here we plot the ratio MC/Data for the various models• > Factor 2 difference
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
DATA : 900GeV vs 7TeV
Preliminary
Data 2010 at √s=900GeV(Normalized by the number of entries in XF > 0.1)Data 2010 at √s=7TeV (η>10.94)
900GeV vs. 7TeVwith the same PT region
Normalized by the number of entries in XF > 0.1 No systematic error is considered in both collision
energies.
XF spectra : 900GeV data vs. 7TeV data
small-η
Coverage of 900GeV and 7TeV results in Feynman-X and PT
Good agreement of XF spectrum shape between 900 GeV and 7 TeV.weak dependence of <pT> on ECMS
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
p0 PT spectra for various y bin: MC/data
EPOS gives the best agreement both for shape and yield.
DPMJET 3.04 QGSJETII-03 SIBYLL 2.1 EPOS 1.99 PYTHIA 8.145
0 0.6PT[GeV]
0 0.6PT[GeV] 0 0.6PT[GeV] 0 0.6PT[GeV]
0 0.6PT[GeV] 0 0.6PT[GeV]
MC
/Data
MC
/Data
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
+ p0 analysis at √s=7TeV
1. Thermodynamics (Hagedron, Riv. Nuovo Cim. 6:10, 1 (1983))
2. Numerical integration actually up to the upper bound of histogram
• Systematic uncertainty of LHCf data is 5%.• Compared with the UA7 data (√s=630GeV)
and MC simulations (QGSJET, SIBYLL, EPOS).• Two experimental data mostly appear to lie
along a common curve→ no evident dependence of <pT> on ECMS.
• Smallest dependence on ECMS is found in EPOS and it is consistent with LHCf and UA7.
• Large ECMS dependence is found in SIBYLL
PLB 242 531 (1990)
ylab = ybeam - y
Submitted to PRD (arXiv:1205.4578).
pT spectra vs best-fit function Average pT vs ylab
YBeam=6.5 for SPSYBeam=8.92 for7 TeV LHC
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
+
On going analysisNeutrons at 7 TeV pp collisionsThe 2013 p-Pb run
+Muon excess at Pierre Auger Obs.
Pierre Auger Collaboration, ICRC 2011 (arXiv:1107.4804)
Pierog and Werner, PRL 101 (2008) 171101
Auger hybrid analysis• event-by-event MC selection to fit
FD data (top-left)• comparison with SD data vs MC
(top-right)• muon excess in data even for Fe
primary MCEPOS predicts more muon due to larger baryon production => importance of baryon measurement
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
+ Very big discrepancies
between models Useful measurement!
Performance for neutrons 35% Eres
1mm Position Res. @ 1.5TeV n
And….
Detector performanceis also interaction model dependent.
Unfolding is essential to extract physics results from the measured spectra
The challenge of n analysis
MC
Detector performance
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
L90%L20%
Layer[r.l.]
hadronphoton
projection along the sloped
line
L 90
%
L20%
Shower development in the small
calorimeter tower
Neutron identification
• Particle Identification with high efficiency and small contamination is necessary
• A 2D method based on longitudinal shower development is used
• L20%(L90%): depth in X0 where 20% (90%) of the deposited energy is contained
• L2D=L90%-0.25 L20%
• Mean purity in the 0-10 TeV range: 95%
• Mean efficiency: ~90%
L2D
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
`
Small tower7 TeV pp
Large tower7 TeV pp
Preliminary n spectrum
Unfolding is in progress…..A paper for n performancesis in preparation
No efficiency correctionNo rapidity selectionNo unfoldingNo systematic errors
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
Arm1-Arm2 comparison
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
+
3.5cm,4.0cm
The 2013 p-Pb run at sNN = 5 TeV(Italian responsibility)
2013 Jan-Feb for p-Pb/Pb-p collisions• Installation of the only Arm2 at one
side (silicon tracker good for multiplicity)
• Data both at p-side (20Jan-1Feb) and Pb-side (1fill, 4Feb), thanks to the swap of the beams
Details of beams and DAQ– L = 1x1029 – 0.5x1029cm-2s-1
– ~200.106 events– b* = 0.8 m, 290 mrad crossig angle– 338p+338Pb bunches (min.DT = 200 ns), 296 colliding at
IP1– 10-20 kHz trig rate downscaled to approximately 700 Hz– 20-40 Hz ATLAS common trig. Coincidence successful! – p-p collisions at 2.76 TeV have also been taken p
Pb
IP8IP2IP1
Arm2
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
Physics in pA
Nuclear effect in the forward particle productionPhoton spectra for different impact parameters
Photon spectra at different η in p-p, p-N and p-Pb collisionsIs p-Pb good test for p-atmosphere?
p-p p-N p-Pb
QGSJET II-04All η8.81<η<8.99η>10.94
(Courtesy of S.Ostapchenko)
Please observe that the impact parameter can be obtained from Atlas Lucid, for ex.!
Frankly sp
eaking……
No big feedback from ATLAS….
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
Impact points and beam center2d distribution of impact point: neutrons are more peaked
DATA
DATA
Determination of the beam center (BC)
2d gaussian fit
𝑥𝐵=(1.07±0.09 )mm
𝑦𝐵=(−1.87 ±0.08 )mm
Coordinates of the beam center with respect to the expected beam center
n
n
2013p-Pb run
p-remnant side
DATA
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
Photon - y
Neutron - x
Neutron - y
Photon - x
PRELIMINARY PRELIMINARY
PRELIMINARY PRELIMINARY
Neutrons are well peaked at the beam center
Forward baryon production is important to understand the muon excess [T. Pierog, K. Werner PRL 101 171101(2008)]
g and n impact point distributions (p-remnant)
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
PRELIMINAR
Y
PRELIMINARY
25 mm
32 mm
Detailed simulations with the available hadronic interaction models are on-going for a comparison with data• Transportation of secondary particles
from IP to detector, beam pipe structure, magnetic fields along the path and detector’s response will be taken into account
Vertical bars: statistical errors
p-Pb run: g spectra
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
PRELIMINARY
PRELIMINAR
Y
p-Pb run: p0
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
The status of the upgrades Arm1 and Arm2 are currently dismounted in Florence
Calorimeter radiation hardening by replacing plastic scintillator with GSO is in progress
Production and laboratory tests of the new scintillators in Japan is finished both for Arm1 and Arm2
Beam test at Ion facility (HIMAC) has been done in August 2013
Upgrade of the silicon positioning measurement system under way Rearranging Silicon layers for independent precise energy
measurement Increase the dynamic range to reduce saturation effects New silicon hybrids and Kaptons are ready The assembly of new silicon modules is starting
Test Beam at LNS for the absolute energy calibration of the silicon system has been assigned for 2014
Summer 2014: assembly of Arm1 and Arm2 in Florence
Test beam at SPS in Autumn 2014
Re-installation in LHC at the end of 2014
+Silicon Calibration program at LNS Aim of the test
1. Absolute energy calibration of one silicon module by measuring the output signal vs deposited energy
2. Relative energy calibration of all PACE3 chips (96) for all the eight silicon modules
3. Scan one module at different X-Y positions to check for systematic effects
To calibrate the silicon response we need to use different species of highly penetrating ions, allowing to span the whole energy range measurable with the PACE3 chips
To select the ions that show a constant energy loss whilst traversing the module we have set-up a simulation of the silicon detector module using the SRIM package
1 MIP = 0.043 eV/APACE3 saturation ~600 MIP
16O 62 MeV/A12C 62 MeV/A
23
silic
on
silic
on
+1. Absolute energy calibration One module is centered on the beam spot and a scan with different energies/sources is done to cover the whole dynamic range from ~ 5-10% to 120% of PACE3 chip (10K events per point)Beam energies/source are a compromise between the need to cover the full range and the availability and feasibility of the test at the LNS facilitiesOnly gaseous sources have been selected and only two different energies
Intensity < 104-106 pps
Ion source
Energy BTU Set-up time
20Ne 45 MeV/A
0.25 2 hours
16O 45 MeV/A
0.25 2 hours
14N 45 MeV/A
0.25 2 hours
4He 45 MeV/A
0.25 2 hours
13C 45 MeV/A
0.25 2 hours
24
+2. Relative calibration of each PACE3 chip A position scan (X-scan) through the 12 PACE3 x 8 modules should be done with an ion beam able to give ~ 0.2-0.3 PACE3 saturation (12C 45MeV/A or 13C 62 MeV/A or 14N 62 MeV/A are equivalent)
10K events per position (10 minutes each including set-up time)
Beam spot size ~ 2-3 mm is required
CS beam
y-stage
Support box
To DAQsystem
x-stageSilicon module
Flat cable
2 BTU RequiredIntensity < 104-106 pps
25
+3. Position scan along one strip – Y scan A position scan along one strip should be done with same beam as point 2.
Useful to check for possible inhomogeneity due to the strip geometry
10 K events x 6 positions every 10 mm (60 mm long strip) for 10 minutes each including set-up time
Beam spot size ~ 2-3 mm is required
CS beam
y-stage
Support box
To DAQsystem
x-stageSilicon module
Flat cable
<0.5 BTU RequiredIntensity < 104-106 pps
26
+ LNS panel evaluation
Preferred period: Beginning of run period (May 2014)
27
LHCf-SiCal
The PAC has been convinced that absolute energy calibration of the LHCf silicon detectors is important. The collaboration did an effort to reduce beam preparation in their final demand. 4 BTU of 45 A.MeV beams are allocated: 0.25x (20Ne, 16O, 14N, 4He, 13C) BTU plus 2.75 BTU of 13C.
Beam attribution: 4 BTU (45 A.MeV, see text)
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
p-p at 13TeV (2015)
Main target: measurement at the LHC design energy.Study of energy scaling by comparison with √s = 900 GeV and 7 TeV data Upgrade of the detectors for radiation hardness.
p-light ions (O, N) at the LHC (2019?)It allows studying HECR collisions with atmospheric nuclei.
RHICf experiment at RHICLower collision energy, ion collisions.LOI to the RHIC committee submitted
p-p collisions:• Max. √s = 500 GeV• Polarized beams Ion collisions:• Au-Au, d-Au • Max. √s = 200 GeV• Possible, d-O,N (p-
O,N) Cosmic ray – Air @ knee energy.
10cm
detector
LHCf: future plan
+
Nuclear modification factor at d-Au 200GeV
Physics of RHICf Energy Scaling of Very Forward at p-p √s=500GeV Measurement at p-light ion collisions (p-O) √sNN=200GeV Asymmetry of Forward Neutron with polarized beams
LOI submitted to the RHIC committee and nicely appreciated
Physics of RHICf
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
+ Conclusions
We have published spectra of photons and neutral pions for pp interactions at s = 900 GeV and s = 5 TeV None of the hadronic interaction models that we have considered can reproduce the data within
the errors, but data lie anyway between the models On-going data analysis for the hadronic component (neutrons)
p-Pb run at the beginning of 2013 Successful data taking in p-remnant and Pb remnant side Common operations with ATLAS (trigger exchange) On-going data analysis (some hints for interesting results!!!)
Future plan Continue and finalize the on-going data analysis (start also ATLAS/LHCf common analysis) Complete the upgrade of the detectors for radiation hardness Beam test at LNS for silicon calibration Data taking for pp collisions at s = 13 TeV (2015) Run p-light ions at LHC (2019?) Operations at RHIC (p-O or p-N at lower energies)
E …. Buon lavoro alla nuova responsabile nazionale A. Tricomi!!!!!
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
+
Backups
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
Proceedings in 2013
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
Conferences in 2013
+
xF = E/E0
Playing a game with air shower (effect of forward meson spectra)
E=E1+E2
E1E
2
xF = E/E0
pT
• DPMJET3 always over-predicts production• Filtering DPMJET3 mesons
• according to an empirical probability function, divide mesons into two with keeping pT
• Fraction of mesons escape out of LHCf acceptance
• This process• Holds cross section• Holds elasticity/inelasticity• Holds energy conservation• Changes multiplicity• Does not conserve charge event-by-event
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
+ An example of filtering
π0 spectrum
photon spectrum
DPMJET3+filter
2.5x1016 eV proton
~30g/cm2
Vertical Depth (g/cm2)
AUGER, ICRC 2011
EPS-HEP 2013 July 18-24
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
+η
∞
8.5
What LHCf can measure
Energy spectra and Transverse momentum distribution of
Multiplicity@14TeV Energy Flux @14TeV
Low multiplicity !! High energy flux !!
simulated by DPMJET3
• Gamma-rays (E>100GeV,dE/E<5%)• Neutral Hadrons (E>a few 100 GeV, dE/E~30%)• π0 (E>600GeV, dE/E<3%)
at pseudo-rapidity range >8.4
Front view of calorimeters @ 100μrad crossing angle
beam pipe shadow
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
Comparison wrt MC Models at 7 TeV
DPMJET 3.04 SIBYLL 2.1 EPOS 1.99 PYTHIA 8.145 QGSJET II-03
Gray hatch : Systematic Errors
Magenta hatch: MC Statistical errors
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
Comparison wrt MC Models at 900 GeV
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
+h Mass
Arm2 detector, all runs with zero crossing angleTrue h Mass: 547.9 MeVMC Reconstructed h Mass peak: 548.5 ± 1.0 MeVData Reconstructed h Mass peak: 562.2 ± 1.8 MeV (2.6% shift)
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
+Type-I Type-II
Type-II at small tower
Type-II at large tower
Type-ILHCf-Arm1
Type-IILHCf-Arm1
LHCf-Arm1Data 2010
BG
Signal
Preliminary
•Large angle•Simple•Clean•High-stat.
•Small angle•large BG•Low-stat., but can cover•High-E•Large-PT
π0 analysis at √s=7TeVSubmitted to PRD (arXiv:1205.4578).
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
p0 Data vs MC
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
p0 Data vs MC dpmjet 3.04 & pythia 8.145
show overall agreement with LHCf data for 9.2<y<9.6 and pT <0.25 GeV/c, while the expected p0 production rates by both models exceed the LHCf data as pT becomes large
sibyll 2.1 predicts harder pion spectra than data, but the expected p0 yield is generally small
qgsjet II-03 predicts p0 spectra softer than LHCf data
epos 1.99 shows the best overall agreement with the LHCf data.
behaves softer in the low pT region, pT < 0.4GeV/c in 9.0<y<9.4 and pT <0.3GeV/c in 9.4<y<9.6
behaves harder in the large pT region.
+MC study of n response
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
E vs. <Evis> at centerPosition resolution
Correction for position dependent shower leakage
Energy resolution (uniform incident on calorimeters)
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
Proton remnant side – Photon spectra
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
Proton remnant side - Neutron spectra
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
+ Proton-remnant side – p0
We can detect p0!
Important tool for energy scale
And also for models check…..
+Lead-remnant side – multiplicityPlease remind that EPOS does not consider Fermi motion and Nuclear Fragmentation
n
Small tower Big tower
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
Common trigger with ATLAS
LHCf forced to trigger ATLAS
Impact parameter may be determined by ATLAS
Identification of forward-only events
MCimpact parameter vs. # of particles in ATLAS LUCID
+
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
LHCf: location and detector layout
44X0, 1.6 lint
INTERACTION POINT
IP1 (ATLAS)
Detector IITungsten
ScintillatorSilicon
mstrips
Detector ITungsten
ScintillatorScintillating
fibers140 m 140 m
n π0
γ
γ8 cm 6 cm
Front Counter Front Counter
Arm#1 Detector20mmx20mm+40mmx40mm4 X-Y SciFi tracking layers
Arm#2 Detector25mmx25mm+32mmx32mm4 X-Y Silicon strip tracking layers
Energy resolution: < 5% for photons 30% for neutronsPosition resolution: < 200μm (Arm#1) 40μm (Arm#2)Pseudo-rapidity range:η > 8.7 @ zero Xing angleη > 8.4 @ 140urad
+ Radiation hardness of GSO
No decrease up to 1 MGy
+20% increase over 1 kGy (τ=4.2h recovery)
2 kGy is expected for 350nb-1 @ 14TeV pp)
1 kGyNot irradiated ref. sample
Irradiated sample
τ~4.2h recovery
K. Kawade et al., JINST, 6, T09004, 2011
Dose rate=2 kGy/hour(≈1032cm-2s-1)
+
Silicon sensor
Not used
Normal configuration
New configuration
Readout
ReadoutFloating
Readout
ReadoutGround
Arm2 detector New silicon
Pb (40mm)
e-, 200 GeV/c
Different silicon bonding scheme
The beam test setup
80 mm implant pitch160 mm readout pitch
+ New Silicon Module results (Quick analysis)
Clearly the pulse height in the region of new configuration was reduced by a factor of 1.5 ~ 1.7 (we could naively expect 2)
The modification works fine and increases the silicon dynamic range
#Strip
Normal New
Silicon Lateral distribution
Histogram of peak values
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
+
④ secondary interactionsnucleon, p
① Inelastic cross section
If large : s rapid developmentIf small :s deep penetrating
② Forward energy spectrum
If softer shallow developmentIf harder deep penetrating
If large k (p0s carry more energy) rapid developmentIf small k (baryons carry more energy) deep penetrating
How accelerator experiments can contribute to VHECR?
③ Inelasticity k=1-Elead/Eavail
O. Adriani LHCf: Stato e Programmi Bologna, 18 Settembre 2013
+ The Large Hadron Collider (LHC)pp 450GeV+450GeV Elab ~ 2x1014eV
pp 3.5TeV+3.5TeV Elab ~ 2.6x1016eVpp 6.5TeV+6.5TeV Elab ~1017eV
ATLAS/LHCfLHCb/MoEDAL
CMS/TOTEM
ALICE
Total cross section ↔ TOTEM, ATLAS, CMS Multiplicity ↔ Central detectors Inelasticity/Secondary spectra ↔ Forward
calorimeters (LHCf, ZDCs)
R. Orava, (2007)
Full rapidity coverage!