>LdgMsfdgfdfxfTDod\

>Lho/fhfrfo{lj/lrtd\

Manakamana The Wish-Fulfilling Goddess of Power in Gorkha

Sanskrit Text and English Translation

by

Jayaraj Acharya

Contents

Preface

Chapter 1 uf]/vfk|b]zj0f{gd\

Description of Gorkha

Chapter 2 dgMsfdgf]TklQj0f{gd\

Description of the Origin of Manakamana

Chapter 3 dgMsfdgfdlGb/:yb]jflbj0f{gd\

Description of Deities at Manakamana Temple

Chapter 4 nvGyfkftLyf{6gl;4u'xfj0f{gd\

Lakhan Thapa's Pilgrimage and Cave

Chapter 5 dgMsfdgfelQmkmnj0f{gd\

Rewards of Devotion to Manakamana

Chapter 6 dgMsfdgfk"hfj0f{gd\

The Method of Worshipping Manakamana

Chapter 7 dgMsfdgfkl/;/j0f{gd\

Surroundings of Manakamana

Appendix dgMsfdgf:tf]qd\

Prayer to Manakamana

Preface Śrimanaḥkāmanā-Māhātmyam is a descriptive Purāṇa (legend) written in Sanskrit in modern

times. However, the story and tradition of this legend is an ancient one.

While translating the text, the name Manaḥkāmanā has been spelt as Manakamana, although

the correct form is the former one. The latter form is used in the translation just in order to

make it sound the same as it is pronounced by the people in general. The translation is meant

for a general reader, not an academician.

Goddess Manakamana has been worshipped by people of all sects of Hindu, Buddhist, Sikh

and other religions in South Asia. Manakamana is a Shaktipitha (Temple of the Goddess of

Power). The legend of the deity is related to King Rama Shaha who ruled around 1606-1636 in

Gorkha. The word Gorkha is derived from Sanskrit Go-raksha (Protection of the Cows), a

traditional duty of the Hindu kings and society in general.

King Prithvinarayan Shaha, who ruled during 1742-1775, unified the mountain principalities

including the Kathmandu valley kingdoms thus laying the foundation of modern Nepal.

According to the popular legend, he was blessed by Manakamana for his successful unification

campaign.

About a million people from Nepal, India and overseas go on a respectful visit to the

Manakamana temple every year. This number is increasing thanks to the cable car built by

Manakamana Darshan Private Limited that has reduced the time just to 10 minutes from the

bank of the sacred Trisuli River to the temple. Earlier, the trek would take about 5 hours on a

steep mountain.

I would like to thank Rev. Casper Miller, S. J. who read the English translation before it was

sent to the press. I would also like to thank Mr. Lakshman Babu Shrestha who built the cable

car and asked me tor write this book.

Jayaraj Acharya

Kathmandu

January 31, 2000

ç

>Lu0f]zfo gdM ..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy k|ydf]˜WofoM ..

/fhf]jfr

of dgMsfdgfb]jL t:of dfxfTDod'Qdd\ .

>f]t'sfdf]˜l:d d] ;j{+ ;]ltxf;+ u'/f] jb .. ! ..

Veneration to Shri Ganesa

Veneration to Sri Manakamana

CHAPTER ONE

The King said:

1.1 I am interested to hear about the Glory of Manakamana. So, O respected

teacher, please tell me all about her Glory together with the history of her

appearance.

u'??jfr

dxfef/tjif{:o dWo] e'jgk"lht] .

cfof{jt{M k'0oe"ldd{Wo+ ljGWolxdfnof]M .. @ ..

The Teacher said:

1.2 Aryavarta is the sacred land situated between the Vindhya and the Himalaya

mountains in the middle of the Mahabharata region.

cfof{jt{:of]Q/:of+ lblz eflt lxdfrnM .

t:of˜l:t blIf0f] rfÍ] /fi6+« g]kfn;+1sd \ ..

ljZjl:dGg]sdfq+ ob\ lxGb"/fHoldlt >'td\ .. #..

1.3 The Himalaya Mountains gloriously glitter, standing at the northern end of the

Aryavarta. The kingdom of Nepal lies in the southern lap of the Himalaya

Mountains. It is known as the only Hindu kingdom in the world.

g]kfn/fi6«dWo:yf] uf]/vf jL/d08nM .

Gofok|bfg] :jftGœo] rf˜:t] Voftf] dxLtn] .. $ ..

1.4 In the middle of the kingdom of Nepal lies Gorkha which is well known

around the world as the land of brave people. It is also famous in the world as a

lover of JUSTICE and FREEDOM.

lqz"nLsd{bfdWo] gfgflzvl/lej[{tM .

;j[4u08sLgfgflgDgufleZr ;]ljtM ..%..

1.5 Lying between the rivers Trisuli and Karmada (Marsyangdi), this region is

covered by many mountains, and numerous rivers including Budhi Gandaki.

lxds"6fb\ ljlgu{To blIf0f] k|jxlGt ofM .

gB:tfM k'0oe"ld+ tf+ l;~rlGt k|f~hn}h{n}M ..^..

1.6 The rivers that flow from the Himalaya Mountains irrigate the sacred land of

Gorkha with crystal clear water.

uf]/vfVof] hgkbf] b|Jo;fx;'zfl;tM .

uf]ljk|of] /IfsTjfb\ wd{/If pbL/LtM ..&..

1.7 The district named Gorkha (derived from the word Go-raksha) was well ruled

first by King Dravya Shaha, and that district was known as the protector of the

cows, the Brahmanas and dharma (the law of rectitude).

b|Jokf}qf] /fd;fxf] /fd/fHoljwfosM .

Gofof] ljn'KtZr]b\ uR5]b\ uf]/vfldToVofkot\ ..*..

1.8 His grandson Rama Shaha literally established Rama-rajya (ideal kingdom)

in Gorkha. He was the one who made the proverb famous - "If justice is lost, go

to Gorkha to get it."

k[YjLgf/fo0ff] hftf] uf]/Ife"klto{bf .

k[YJof+ gf/fo0f]g}j hGd k|fKtldjfejt\ ..(..

1.9 Prithvinarayana Shaha was born into this very dynasty. When he was born, it

was just like Lord Narayana (Visnu) being born on earth.

lxGb"/fi6«dljR5]B+ ljZjljQ+ ljlwT;'gf .

t]g e"nf]skfn]g g]kfnf] ljk'nLs[t M ..!)..

åflj+zltrt'lj{zTofboM snxlk|ofM .

;j{]˜Ko]s}szf] e"kf lglh{tfM s/bLs[tfM ..!!..

1.10 That great King made Nepal greater. The quarreling small kings of the

groups called "twenty-two" and "twenty-four" mountain principalities were all

defeated and subjugated by him.

g]kfn/fi6«lgdf{0f] sf/0f+ uf]/vf˜ejt \ .

ttM k|l;4f] e'jg] uf]/vfzAb OTo;f} .. !@..

1.12 Thus Gorkha was the cause of the birth of modern Nepal. That is a reason

for the word Gorkha becoming famous in the world.

P]ltxfl;s;Gb[i6Øf dxTj+ t:o jt{t] .

ljljwfleM ;+:s[ltle:tå}lzi6\o+ dxLot] .. !#..

1.13 Gorkha has special significance in Nepal's history. Its special significance

also lies in the plurality of its cultures.

;jf{;f+ ;+:s[tLgf~r ;+xlt:t:o df}lnsd\ .

/fli6«o+ rl/t+, o]g g]kfnrl/t+ s[td\ .. !$..

1.14 The unique national character of Gorkha lies in the unity of all cultures that

are there. The same fact about the plurality of cultures has also defined Nepal's

national character today.

u'j{Ëf du/f ljk|f g]jf/fM IflqofM k|hfM .

rft'j{0o{+ ;dfkGgfM lghwd{k/fo0ffM ..!%..

1.15 The Gurungs, the Magars, the Brahmanas, the Newars, the Kshatriyas and

all the people there are organized into four main groups, and they observe their

respective traditional duties in a strict manner.

k|s[ltM zf]egf tq w/0fL z:ozflngL .

hgfZr jLo{j}bUWof Gofo:jftGœokf]ifsfM ..!^..

1.16 Nature there is beautiful . The soil is productive. The people are brave, and

they favor JUSTICE and FREEDOM.

lxds"6fT;df/Eo dxLw|]if' hn]if' r .

lgj;lGt ;'/f:tq uf]/vf/If0f] /tfM ..!&..

pQ/:of+ b'Uws'08:tLy{/fhf] lj/fht] .

>fj0of+ kf}0f{df:of+ lx eStfgfsif{og\ ax"g\ ..!*..

1.17-18 From the top of the Himalaya Mountains down to the hills and waters,

there are gods and goddesses residing there as guardians of Gorkha. In the

northern region of Gorkha there is a great lake called Dugdhakunnda (lake of

milk) which is regarded as a sacred place. This sacred place is visited by

thousands of devotees on the full moon day in the month of Shravana (July-

August).

uf]/vf/fhwfGof+ lx u'?uf]/IfuXj/d\ .

sflnsfdlGb/+ rf:t] /fhk|f;fb;lGgwf} ..!(..

1.19 There is the sacred cave of Gorakshanatha in the capital of Gorkha. There is

also the temple of Kalika (Goddess of Power) right next to the royal palace.

lj/fht] kj{t:o lzv/] ;j{sfdbf .

>LdgMsfdgf dftf ;j{nf]sk|k"lhtf ..@)..

1.20 The mother Goddess Manakamana resides on top of a mountain, fulfilling

the wishes of devotees and accepting the veneration of the entire world.

sˆofsgflDg s"6]˜l:t l>tf] du/hfltleM .

of] dgMsfdgf;+1f] u|fdf] u|fd]if' ;f]˜lu|dM ..@!..

1.21 The beautiful village called Manakamana is located on the mountain top

called Kaphyak which is inhabited mostly by the Magar people.

lbZo'Qdlu/]:t:o k"j{:of+ j[4u08sL .

blIf0f:of+ lqz"nL r jxt] k|otf ;l/t\ ..@@..

klZrdfof++ b/f}+bLlt Voftf wdf{jtL gbL .

d:of{ª\bL sd{bf tq ;dfoflt lxdfnofb\ ..@#..

o] å] gBf} ;dfuTo g}C{Tof+ lblz ;+ut] .

t] dgMsfdgfkfbf} IffnoGTofljj l:yt] ..@$..

1.20 To the east of the great mountain flows Budhigandaki. On the southern side

flows the sacred river Trisuli. On the western side flows the river Dharmavati,

also called Daraundi. The river Marsyangdi, which is also called Karmada arrives

there from the Himalaya Mountains. Those two rivers (Marsyangdi and

Daraundi) make a confluence on the south-western side of the mountain as if they

are washing the feet of Goddess Manakamana.

gB:tfM k'0o;lnnf lxdkj{tlgM;[tfM .

tf;f+ ;+ud pQfnM k'0ofTk'0ot/M :d[tM .. @%..

1.25 The rivers with clear water flowing from the Himalaya Mountains are all

sacred. But the confluence of such rivers is more sacred than all other sacred

places.

d'lUngfVo] k|b]z] tfM ;l/tM ;d'kfutfM .

k|jxlGt tt:tLy+{ b]j3§+ k|lt b|'td\ ..@^..

1.26 All those rivers mingle in a place called Muglin. From there, they run very

fast to the sacred place called Deva-ghata (the shrine of gods).

of dgMsfdgf t:of dlGb/fbltzf]egf .

b[Zot] Xo'Q/fzfof+ lxdkj{tz[Înf ..@&..

jg/flhg{bL z:oZofdnf r j;'Gw/f .

ntf cgf]sxfZr}j b[ZoGt] kmnk'ikbfM ..@*..

1.27-28 From the temple of Goddess Manakamana, one can have a very beautiful

view of the Himalaya mountain range. One can see also forests, beautiful

landscape rich with green vegetation, mainly creepers and many trees giving an

abundance of flowers and fruits.

cDaf–gf/Ë–/DefnL–kg;fd|kmnflg r .

b]JofM k|;fb¿k]0f k|fKoGt] tq ;j{bf ..@(..

1.29 Guavas, oranges, bananas, jackfruit, mangoes and other fruits are available

there as offerings to Goddess Manakamana. Or you can say that they are available

to us as prasada (blessed food) of Goddess Manakamana.

af}4}M l;Sv}Zr lxGb"leM zfSt}M z}j}/xlg{zd\ .

;f dgMsfdgf dftf lgTodf:t] k|k"lhtf ..#)..

1.30 Mother Goddess Manakamana is worshipped by all people: the Buddhists,

the Sikhs, the Shaktas (worshippers of the Goddess of power) and the Shaivas

(worshippers of Lord Shiva).

OTydEolr{tf nf]s}df{tf sf?0o¿lk0fL .

eStfgfdeofo}j /fht] /fi6«/l~hgL ..#!..

1.31 Thus worshipped by all people, Mother Manakamana the Compassionate

Goddess, Resides in her shrine for the protection of her devotees.

k|o'tfblws+ eStfM k|ltjif+{ tbx{0ffd\ .

s'j{lGt alnbfg]g k'ikdfnfkmn}/lk ..#@..

1.32 More than a million devotees worship Goddess Manakamana offering her

animal sacrifices, flowers and fruits every year.

s'Ss'6R5fudlxifx+;d]iflbsfg\ kz"g\ .

aln¿k]0f ;b\eStf b]Jo} eSTofk{olGt r ..##..

1.33 Roosters, goats, male buffaloes, ducks and rams are sacrificed almost every

day by the devotees for the satisfaction of the Goddess.

s]lrt\ ;dk{oGtLx skf]tf} hLljtfjlk .

gfl/s]nkmn+ s]lrt\ tQ[KTo} aln¿ktM ..#$..

1.34 Some devotees happily offer and release a pair of pigeons in the name of the

Goddess. Some others offer a coconut instead of the sacrificial animal.

o:t' k"hot] eSTof b]jL+ lzv/jfl;gLd\ .

tf+ dgMsfdgf+ ; :ofb\ wgwfGo;'tflGjtM ..#%..

ej]H1fgL /fhdfGof] dltdfg\ zlStdf+:tyf .

lgTo+ lg/fdoM zfGtM k|;Ggf] nf]sxif{sM ..#^..

1.35-36 Whoever worships Goddess Manakamana residing on top of the

mountain will be prosperous with food-grains and sons. He will be a

knowledgeable person honored even by the king. He will be wise, powerful,

healthy, free from ailments, beautiful, happy and pleasing to society.

oM k7]t\ >4of b]Jof dfxfTDoldbd'Qdd\ .

;f]˜lk If]ddgfKgf]lt dft'/]j k|;fbtM ..#&..

1.37 Whoever reads this auspicious Glory of Manakamana will be protected by

the compassionate Mother Goddess.

o:t' k':tsk"hf~r s/f]lt >4of ;bf ..

; dgMsfdgfb]Jof ej]t\ lk|ot/f] g/M ..#*..

1.38 Even he who worships this book with respect and devotion will also be

favored by Goddess Manakamana.

of] dgMsfdgfof lx dfxfTDodltb'Nn{ed\ .

k|bf:olt r eSt]EoM ; ej]b\ /lIft:tof ..#(..

1.39 This Śrimanaḥkāmanā-Māhātmyam (Glory of Manakamana) is extremely

difficult to obtain. So if someone gives this book to good devotees, he will always

be protected by Goddess Manakamana.

of] dgMsfdgfb]JofM k7]t\ :tf]q+ r k|Toxd\ .

; t]h:jL ej]b\ jL/f] /fhg]tf hglk|oM ..$)..

1.40 Whoever recites the Śrimanaḥkāmanā-stotra everyday will be a brilliant

and brave statesman well-respected by the people.

k|lt;fo+ k7]b\ o:t' :jhg}M kl/jfl/tM .

cWofod]sdw{ jf Znf]sfg\ sltkofg't ..$!..

t:d} ;f}efUodIf'00f+ ;'v+ ;DklQd]j r .

>LdgMsfdgf b]jL k|oR5lt g ;+zoM ..$@..

1.41-42 If someone reads a chapter, or half a chapter, or just a few verses from

this Māhātmyam every evening with his family, that wise person will be blessed

by Goddess Manakamana with good luck, happiness and prosperity. There is no

doubt about that.

;b\ledf{GoM lzjs/tg'M zÍ/:ofjtf/f]

uf]/Iff] of] ljgolt hgfn\F nf]s/Iffk|j[QM .

;j{]Eof] gf]˜lenliftbbf+ tf+ dgMsfdgf + r

uf}/L+ zZjHhglxts/LdLZj/Ldfx'/fKtfM ..$#..

1.43 Lord Gorakshanatha, the incarnation of Lord Siva, protects and disciplines

all the world. Goddess Manakamana, fulfilling the wishes of her devotees, is said

to be the eternal consort of Lord Siva in the form of Durga (the Goddess of

Power)

Olt >Ldb'Q/dxfef/t] g]kfnkj{l0f

dgMsfdgfdfxfTDo]

uf]/vfk|b]zj0f{g+ gfd k|ydf]˜WofoM ..!..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy låtLof]˜WofoM ..

/fhf]jfr

>'Tjf dgMsfdgfof dfxfTDo+ lsl~rb'Q/d\ .

>f]t'+ dgM sfdot] t:ofZrf]TklQsf/0fd\ ..!..

Veneration to Sri Manakamana

CHAPTER TWO

The King said:

2.1 Hearing a little about the Glory of Manakamana from you, my mind is curious

to know more about her origin.

u'??jfr

of b]jL ;[li6¿kf ;f huTqolxt}lif0fL .

;j{q zlSt¿k]0f dft[¿k]0f r l:ytf ..@..

g]kfn/fi6«/Iffy{+ k|fb'e{"tf lx tq ;f .

tGdgMsfdgfof:Tj+ eStf] eljt'dx{l; ..#..

The Teacher said:

2.2-3 The Goddess, assuming the form of creation, and desiring the well-being of

all the three worlds, resides everywhere in the form of power and motherhood.

The same Goddess manifested herself there in Gorkha for the creation and

protection of Nepal as a nation. So, you yourself must be a devotee of

Manakamana as well.

c:o /fi6«:o aLh+ t' ;[i6]/fbf} lx z"lngf .

pKtdf;Llbb+ /fi6«+ :ju{t'No+ ljlwT;'gf ..$..

2.4 The seed of this nation was sown by Lord Shiva at the very beginning of

creation since he desired to create a nation as beautiful as heaven on earth.

b|Jo;fxflewf] jL/M ;'zLnM Iflqoif{eM .

nDh'Ë/fhk'qf]˜;fjf;LGGofok|jw{sM ..%..

2.5 Then Dravya Shaha was born as the best kshatriya, a brave and cultured

person. The son of the King of Lamjung, he was a promoter of justice.

sfnLeStf hgfM ;j{] uf]/vfjfl;g:tbf .

Goføo+, ;'/fi6«+, :jftGœodEoniog \ ;'/f Oj ..^..

2.6 The citizens of Gorkha, devotees of Kali, wanted a state based on JUSTICE

and FREEDOM as the gods themselves would want.

cGj]ifoGt påfx+' /fhfg+ gLltsf]ljbd\ .

t]˜>[0jg\ gfd b|Jo:o ;fx;+ w}o{d]j r ..&..

tt:tblGts+ uTjf uf]/vfg[kt]M kb] .

t+ :yfklot'ldR5Gtf] t]˜a|'jg \ Iffqk"?ifd\ ..*..

2.7-8 As they were looking for a good king knowledgeable of good policies, they

heard about the name, courage and patience of Dravya Shaha. So they went to the

prince with the intention of putting him on the throne as the king of Gorkha. Then

they spoke to the Kshatriya (born to protect).

uf]/vfhfgkbf pmr'M

u'j{Ëf du/fM Iffqf a|fXd0ffu|f jo+ k|hfM .

;'zf;g+ :yfkloTjf ;Gtf]if+ b]lx gf] a'w ..(..

c:dlGgj]bg+ >'Tjf TjdfuR5 g[kf] ej .

Gofo:jtGqtfwf/] /fHo+ ;~rfno k|ef] ..(..

:jftGœo]0f ljgf nf]sM sy+ k|fk]t \ ;dfgtfd\ <

ljgf ;dfgtf+ Gofo+ k|fKg'jlGt k|hfM syd\ < ..!)..

;dfgtf s]jn+ lx e|fqf]d{Wo] ej]lGdyM .

ttf] hfgkbfg\ e|ft[g\ dTjf Tj+ zf;g+ s'? ..!!..

jo+ s'zf;sfb]j kLl8tflZr/sfntM .

;'zf;g+ TjdfuTo b]lx gM Iflqoif{e ..!@..

The citizens of Gorkha said.

2.9-12 We are the Gurungs, the Magars, the Kshatriyas led by the Brahmanas. O

wisest one, please establish a good rule in Gorkha, and please give us protection.

With our support, you can come and be our king. O Lord, establish a state that is

based on JUSTICE and FREEDOM. How can people get justice unless they are

treated as equals? And can people be treated as equals unless they are free?

Equality is found to exist only between brothers. So please love the people as

your own brothers and rule over them. Today, we are suffering from a bad ruler.

So we are here. O Kshatriya, please come, and give us good governance.

u'??jfr

OTy+ lgj]lbtf] nf]s}uf]{/vfjfl;lea'{w}M .

b|Jo;fxf]˜udb \ /fhk|f;fb+ tq ;+l:ytd\ ..!#..

uTjf˜k;fo{ ls+e"k+ /fhl;+xf;g]˜j;t \ .

uf]/vfjfl;g:t:dft\ ;'zf;gdjfKg'jg\ ..!$..

kfnloTjf ax"gAbfg\ k|hfM k'qflgjf}/;fg\ .

:ju{+ k|oftM ;f}/fHo+ bTjf k'qfo wLdt] ..!%..

The Teacher said:

2.13-15 So requested by the citizens of Gorkha, Dravya Shaha went to the royal

palace of Gorkha. He removed the bad king there, and sat on the throne. Then the

people of Gorkha had good governance from him. Having protected the people of

Gorkha like his own children for many years, King Dravya Shaha passed away

and bequeathed the stable kingdom to his son.

b|Jo;fx:o k'q:t' k"0f{;fxM ;'zf;sM.

OGb|t'Nof]˜ejQ:dft\ k'/Gb/ Olt :d[tM ..!^..

t:o k'qZ5q;fxf] Ho]i7f]˜Nkfo'a{e"j x .

slgi7f] /fd;fx:t' /fhf /fd;df]˜ejt \ ..!&..

2.16-17 The son of Dravya Shaha was Purna Shaha who was also a very good

king. Because he was considered to be like Indra, he was called Purandara Shaha.

His elder son was Chatra Shaha but he did not live long. So the younger son

Rama Shaha, who then became the king, was like King Rama indeed.

t:o GofoJoj:yf lx nf]s] ljVofltdfutf .

/fd/fHo+ uf]/vfof+ :yflkt+ t]g lgZrod\ ..!*..

2.18 The justice system of Rama Shaha was famous around the world since he

had indeed established Ramarajya (ideal kingdom) in Gorkha.

olb ljBf ljn'Ktf :oft\ sfZof+ uR5Gt' dfgjfM ..

olb Gofof] ljn'KtZr]b\ uf]/vf+ ofGt' dfgjfM ..

Olt k|l;4f nf]sf]StL /fd;fxk|zf;gft\ ..!(..

2.19 The proverb, "If knowledge is lost, go to Banaras; if justice is lost, go to

Gorkha" became well-known because of Rama Shaha's rule.

/fhf]jfr

sy+ >L/fd;fx]g Gofozf;gd'Qdd\ .

bQ+ r sLb[zL zlSt:t:d} k|fKtf˜ejt \ syd\ .

Olt d] ;j{dfVoft'dx{l; Tj+ a'wf]Qd ..@)..

The King said:

2.20 How could Rama Shaha dispense such justice? What kind of special power

did he have? How did he get it? O most knowledgeable teacher, please tell me all

about it.

u'??jfr

/fd;fx:o dlxifL ;j{nIf0f;+o'tf .

nLnfjtLlt lj1ftf gfDgf;Lb\ dlxdfjtL ..@!..

;}j /f1L rGb|d'vLTolk nf]s}M :d[tf˜ejt \ ..

cg]s}gf{dle1f{tf ;f˜e"t \ ls+ t:o sf/0fd\ .

;j{+ /fh]Gb| jIoflk ;fjwfgtof z[0f' ..@@..

The teacher said:

2.21-22 The queen of Rama Shaha was endowed with all virtues and good

qualities. Her name was Mahimavati. She was also known as Lilavati. The people

called her Chandramukhi as well. Why was she called by so many names? What

was the reason? I will tell all about it as well. O King, please listen carefully.

dxfsfnL dxfnIdL dxfk"Hof ;/:jtL .

nLnfjtLz/L/] lx lti7lGt :d dxLkt] Û

t:dfb\ /f1L nf]sdftf ax'legf{dleM :d[tf ..@#..

2.23 O King, Mahakali, the Goddess of power, Mahalakshmi, the Goddess of

wealth and the most venerable Sarasvati, the Goddess of learning -- all resided in

the body of Queen Lilavati. That was the reason for so many names of the queen

who was like the Mother of all her people.

/fd;fx;efofGt' b]Jo'kl:yltsf/0fft\ .

k|fKg'jg\ ;snf nf]sf Gofo+ lrQk|xif{sd\ ..@$..

/fd;fx;ef nf]s}M :d[tf b]j;e]lt x .

tqf;g\ b]jb]jf+zfM ;GtM l;4fZr ;fwjM ..@%..

o] ;GtM ;fwjM l;4f e[z+ Gofok|jw{sfM .

Gofof]˜e"t\ :jfy{/lxt:tfb[zf+ ;d'kl:yt]M ..@^..

2.24-26 Because of the presence of the Goddesses in the court of King Rama

Shaha, the people enjoyed JUSTICE that was satisfying to all of them. The

people regarded King Rama Shaha's court as the "court of heaven." The court had

people with divine elements, saints, sages and renouncers. Because of the

presence of such people it was easy to make JUSTICE completely selfless. The

divine elements, sages and renouncers had no personal interests of their own, so

they promoted JUSTICE only in the purest form.

k/+ g /f1L+ /fhf˜lk hfgLt] zlSt¿lk0fLd \ .

;fIff2]jL+ /fhu[x] j;GtL+ k/d]Zj/Ld\ ..@&..

s]jn+ nId0ff] yfkf h1f} l;l4an]g ;M .

uf]/Ifgfys[kof o]g l;l4M ;dfutf ..@*..

2.27-28 However, the King himself did not know that the Queen was indeed the

Goddess of Power residing in the royal palace. Only Laksmana (Lakhan) Thapa

Magar knew the truth about it since he was a Siddha (an accomplished soul) who

had been empowered by Gorakshanatha.

dxfb]jL dxfsfnL uf]/vf/If0f] /tf .

u'/f]uf]{/vgfy:o dgMk'qLlt lj>'tf ..@(..

u'?uf]{/vgfyZr uf]/Iffj|ltg+ g[kd\ .

lzIfog\ Gofosfo{] lx /Iflt :d k|hfM ;'vd\ ..#)..

2.29-30 Goddess Mahakali, who protected Gorkha, was widely believed by the

people to be the spiritual daughter of Guru Gorakshanatha. So the Guru (teacher)

also protected the people as he advised the king on how to dispense JUSTICE --

the king who was vowed to protect the earth and the cow.

/fhf]jfr

sf]˜o+ l;4f] nId0ffVo:yfkf˜;Lb \ /fhjNneM .

sy+ r t]g ;+l;l4M k|fKtf s:dft\ dxfu'/f]M ..#!..

The King said:

2.31 Who was this Siddha (accomplished) Lakshmana Thapa who was so dear to

the King? How did he achieve such power, and from whom did he get it?

u'??jfr

cf;Lt\ l;4f] nId0ffVo:yfkfj+Zof] dxfd'lgM .

nvGyfk]lt ljVoftf] b]jLeStf] hglk|oM ..#@..

The Teacher said:

2.32 The Siddha named Lakshmana, a Magar born in the Thapa family, was a

great sage. He was known to the people as Lakhan Thapa. He was a great devotee

of Goddess Durga, and he was also very much liked by the people.

u'/f]uf]{/vgfy:o s[kof l;l4dfKtjfg\ .

1fglj1fgjfg\ ljåfg\ ;j{nf]s;dfb[tM ..##..

2.33 Lakhan Thapa had obtained Siddhi (special power) by the grace of Lord

Gorakshanath. He was knowledgeable in physical and spiritual sciences, and he

was also well-respected by all the people.

Nxfof]j+Zof] nvGyfkf /fd;fx;xfosM .

du/f] /fd/fHo]˜e"t\ nId0ff] /fdeStsM ..#$..

2.34 Lakahan (Lakshmana) Thapa born in the Lhayo family of the Magars, was

such an assistant to King Rama Shaha that he was like the incarnation of

Laksmana who was a great devotee of Lord Rama in Ramarajya (the ideal

kingdom).

/f1L ;Ltf;df b]jL nId0f+ /fd;]jsd\ .

k|LTof :jeSt+ hfgLt] l;l4o'St+ ;'dlGq0fd\ ..#%..

2.35 The Queen was like Sita who regarded Lakhan Thapa like Lakshmana, the

brother and devotee of Lord Rama, as the best minister and her best devotee.

jL/f Gofolk|ofM >]i7f uf]/vfjfl;gf] hgfM .

OGy+ ;'v]g lbj;fg\ ofkolGt lg/fkbM ..#^..

2.36 Thus, the best people of Gorkha, who valued JUSTICE very highly, lived

happily and passed their days without any trouble in their life.

g tqf;Lg\ dxfdf/L b'le{If+ g}j r >'td\ .

:jwd{] lgotf nf]sf /f1f ;+/lIftfM ;bf ..#&..

2.37 There was never an epidemic in Gorkha. Famine was never heard of. The

king would always protect the people who abided by their own duties.

k/+ sfn]g lsotf /fd;fxf] dxLkltM .

:juf{/f]x0fdfrqm] /f1L tdg'ufldgL ..#*..

2.38 However, King Rama Shaha passed away after some time. The Queen also

followed the King as a Sati (who burned herself in the funeral pyre of her

husband).

wdf{jTofM sd{bfofM ;+ud] If]q;Qd] .

/fd;fx:o b]x:o lrtflUgbxg+ s[td\ ..#(..

2.39 The body of King Rama Shaha was cremated at the confluence of the two

sacred rivers, Marsyangdi and Daraundi.

k|ljzGtL+ lrtfof+ tf+ :jb]xHjngf]Btfd\ .

/f1L+ nLnfjtL+ b[i6\jf nId0ff] JonkQbf ..$)..

b]JofZ5fof+ ljgf ;j{] Xogfyf uf]/vfhgfM .

eljiofdf] dft[xLgf j/fsf afnsf Oj ..$!..

2.40-41 Seeing the Queen ready to burn herself with the dead body of the King in

the funeral pyre, Lakshmana (Lakhan) Thapa wept. He said, "Without the

protecting umbrella of the Great Queen, all of us, the people of Gorkha will be

like orphans without mother.

ljnkGt+ nvGyfkf+ b[i6\jf ;f eStjT;nf .

hufb]Ty+ dxfeSt+ l;4+ t+ ;+lztj|td\ ..$@..

yfkf, df ?lblx Tj+ t' eStf]˜l; dd jT;nM ..

k|fb'e"{tf eljiofld gfltb"/] u[xft\ tj ..$#..

2.42-43 Seeing Lakhan Thapa weep, the Queen who loved him as her devotee,

said, "O My dear Lakshmana, do not cry. I know you are my devotee. I love you.

So out of my love for you, I will appear near your house very soon."

OTo'STjf tTIf0f] b]Jof :jb]xbxg+ s[td\ .

u[x+ oftf] nvGyfkf b]jLeStf] dxfd'lgM ..$$..

2.44 Having said so, the Queen quickly burnt herself in the funeral pyre. The

great devotee of the Queen, Lakhan Thapa returned home.

lsoTsfn]g tb\u|fd] s]gf˜lk xnsif{0fd \ .

s[t+ tq}j ;Ltfofdj?4+ xn+ Xoe"t\ ..$%..

k|:t/] rfj?4+ tb\ obf lgisflzt+ xnd\ .

tbf k|:t/dWofQ' ;';|fj ?lw/+ ax' ..$^..

b]JofM k|sl6t+ ¿k+ lj1fo nId0ff] d'lgM .

;j{]iff+ k|fKo ;fxføo+ lg/dfb\ dlGb/+ If0fft\ ..$&..

ttf] dgMsfdgf ;f eStfgf+ sfdbf˜ejt \ ..$*..

2.45-48 After some time, someone was plowing his land in the village of

LakhanThapa. The plow got stuck on a rock. When the tiller of the land pulled

the plow, he saw blood flowing from the rock. Lakhan Thapa knew that it was the

promise of the Goddess fulfilled. He asked everybody for help, and he built a

rough structure of the temple right then and there. The Goddess, since she

fulfilled the wish of the devotees, was then known as Manakamana (the Wish-

Fulfilling Goddess).

cy eStf] dxft]hf nvGyfkf:t' ;]jsM .

; dgMsfdgfb]JofM k"hsf]˜e"t \ :jo+ a'wM ..$(..

2.49 Then the great devotee and servant of the Queen, the great and wise Lakhan

Thapa became the first worshipper (the priest) at the temple.

/fhf]jfr

k/+ dof >'t+ k"j+{ ob\ eStf] nId0fM ;'wLM .

b]jL+ k|fk"hot\ l;4M :jLo] u|fd] ;b}j lx ..%)..

The King said

2.50 But I had heard that Lakhan Thapa had been worshipping the Goddess of

power in his village for a long time.

u'??jfr

oR5«'t+ ejtf /fhg\ ;To+ tT;j{d]j lx .

b]JofM k"hf+ ;b}jf;fjs/f]NnId0fM ;'wLM ..%!..

k"j{+ lx dWos"6:yf dxfsfnL hufb td\ .

;fxj+z:o /fhf :ofb|fi6«}sLs/0ff]BtM ..%@..

t:o ;fkmNo;Dk|fKTo} b]jLdf/fwo lk|o .

:ju|fd] TjQkMk"t] sˆofs] z'egfds] ..%#..

Tjbf/fwg;Gt'i6f ;j{zlSt:j¿lk0fL .

;f dgMsfdgf b]jL t:d} l;l4+ k|bf:olt ..%$..

>'Tjf tb\ jrg+ b]Jof d'vfbd[t;+o'td\ .

cfuTo nId0f:yfkf k"hf+ b]JofZrsf/ r ..%%..

k|Tox+ elStefjfStM l;4M ; du/f] d'lgM .

k"hf+ b]Jof lx k|LToy{ s/f]lt :d tbf1of ..%^..

The Teacher said :

2.51-56 O King, whatever you have heard is really true. The wise scholar Lakhan

Thapa worshipped the Goddess from early on. The Goddess Mahakali in

Majhakot (Gorkha palace) had told Lakhan Thapa that a king of Gorkha would

one day try to unify a nation state. So she had asked him to worship the Goddess

in his village called Kaphyak (now called Manakamana) so that the king would

be blessed by the Goddess for success. Having heard such a wonderful instruction

from the Goddess, Lakhan Thapa, the great sage, had begun to worship the

Goddess regularly. So, as instructed by the Goddess, Lakhan Thapa, who was full

of devotion to the Goddess, worshipped her every day.

ck"hob\ oq b]jL+ eStf]˜;f} nId0ff] d'lgM .

lznf+ b]jL:j¿kf+ tf+ tq}jf:yfkot\ l:y/fd\ ..%&..

2.57 So Lakhan Thapa installed the image of Goddess Manakamana where he

had been worshipping the Goddess before.

dGqljb\ ljlwljb\ lj1M l;4f] 1fgL k|;Ggx[t\ .

nvGyfkf ;'lj1ftM ;j{nf]s;dfb[tM ..%*..

cfhLjg+ dxfb]JofM k"hf+ s[Tjf z'lrj|tM .

lgZrqmfd ; jfw{So] tLyf{6gdltd{'lgM ..%(..

sfzLk|ofus]bf//fd]zab/LZj/fM .

b[i6fM ;j{] dxfkL7f nId0f]g tkl:jgf ..^)..

Olt tLyf{lg ;jf{l0f e|ldTjf nId0fM ;'wLM .

k'gM :ju|fddfuTo :jb]x+ lj;;h{ r ..^!..

2.58-61 The sage Lakhan Thapa, who was well-known and well-respected by all,

knew all the mantras and methods of worshipping the Goddess, worshipped her

for a long time, and, in his old age, went out on pilgrimage. He went to all the

great pilgrimage sites such as Kasi (Banaras), Prayaga (Allahbad), Kedaranatha,

Badrisha, Rameshwaram etc. At the end of his pilgrimage, Lakhan Thapa came

back to his own home village and passed away.

o] dgM sfdgfb]Jof elSto'Stf:t' dfgjfM .

k"0ff{lenliftf:t] :o' gf{q sfof{ ljrf/0ff ..^@..

2.62 The people who are devotees of Manakamana will have their wish fulfilled.

There is no doubt about it.

Psflk nf]sfle?rfjg]sf:tg"M :jeStfg';[tf w/GtL .

nLnfjtL nId0f;+l>tf ;f d"Tof{ dgMsfdgof˜jtfb \ gM ..^#..

2.63 Although the Goddess is one, she appears in many forms according to the

comprehending capacity of her devotees. The Goddess assumed the form of

Queen Lilavati protecting Lakshmana Thapa for some time, and then the form of

Manakamana later on. May such a great Goddess Manakamana protect us all.

uf]/Ifgfyfb'knAwl;l4 nL{nfjtLjT;ntfdxl4{M .

hulGgoGqLldx g]boGgf]˜g'u|fxsf] nId0f cfb[tf]˜:t' ..^$..

2.66 May Lakhan Thapa be always respected -- the sage who received Siddhi (all

kinds of astral powers) from Gorakshanatha, affection from Queen Lilavati --

because he brought the Goddess to us, the Goddess who maintains the order of

the universe by her power.

Olt >Ldb'Q/dxfef/t] g]kfnkj{l0f

dgMsfdgfdfxfTDo]

dgMsfdgf]TklQgf{d låtLof]˜WofoM ..@..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy t[tLof]˜WofoM ..

/fhf]jfr

of dgMsfdgf t:of pTklQljifo] >'td\ .

u'?jo{ k'gM >f]t'dLx] dlGb/j0f{gd\ ..!..

eujTofM ;'Gb/+ tb\ dlGb/+ s]g lgld{td\ .

dlGb/] b]jtfM sfZr lti7lGt b]Jo'kl:ytfM ..@..

;j{+ ;lj:t/+ >f]t'd'Tsdl:t dgf] dd .

s[kof ef] låh>]i7 Û jSt'dx{l; ;Dk|lt ..#..

Veneration to Sri Manakamana

CHAPTER THREE

The King said:

3.1-3 I heard the story of the origin of Manakamana. Now, O my revered teacher,

I want to know about the temple itself. Who built the beautiful temple of the

Goddess that stands there today? Which gods and Goddesses reside in the temple

together with the Goddess? My mind is curious to know all about it in details. So,

O best Brahmana, please tell me all about it.

u'??jfr

k"j{d]j dof k|f]St+ /fd;fxdxLkt]M .

/f1L nLnfjtL ;fIffb\ b]jL of˜Ktf ;tLultd\ ..$..

k|fb'e"{tf k'gM ;}j e"Tjf sfdk|bf˜q lx .

sf/0f+ >"dtf+ o]g tq b]jL ;d'b\utf ..%..

The Teacher said:

3.4-5 As I said before, Queen Lilavati of King Rama Shaha was indeed the

Goddess of power, and she followed the king when he passed away. The same

Queen reappeared as Goddess Manakamana at that place. O king, please listen to

the reason for which the Goddess appeared at that place.

k|lt/fq+ ;d'Tyfo lgzLy] zogft\ ;tL .

/f1L lgu{To k|f;fbfbfsfz] tq lti7lt ..^..

oq b]j;ef t:of clk dWo] lj/fht] .

Olt k|fUnId0ff]Stf]˜lk JowflTsl~rGg e"kltM .

nAWjf k|;fb+ b]JofM ; k|zfl:t :d k|hf d'bf ..&..

3.6-7 The queen used to get up from bed at midnight and go up into the sky. She

thus went up and sat in the middle of the assembly of gods. Lakshmana Thapa

had told the king about this out the king did not do anything about it. Rather,

blessed by the Goddess and pleased with her, he ruled over his good people.

Psbf /fd;fxf]˜;f} nId0f:o u[x+ oof} .

/f1L r k|oof} tq t]g e"kltgf ;x ..*..

sˆofsgfds] u|fd] Nxfof]j+Zof] dxfd'lgM .

nvGyfkf lti7lt :d /fd;fx;xfosM ..(..

lgzLlyGof+ oyfk"j{+ /f1L tqf˜Kob[Zot .

tb]o]if g[kf] 1ft'+ tb|x:o+ k|oTgtM ..!)..

/f1L eujtL¿kf b[i6f lgh{/;+;lb .

ttf] d'bf dxLkfn:t"i0fLsM zlot+' oof} ..!!..

3.9 - 11 One day, King Rama Shaha went to the house of Lakhan Thapa. The

Queen also went along with the king. The great sage Lakhan Thapa, born into the

Lhayo family, lived in the village called Kaphyak. The Queen disappeared at

midnight there also as usual. Then the King tried to understand the mystery of

such a phenomenon. The Queen appeared there as the Goddess in the assembly of

the gods in the sky. When the King saw the Queen there, he felt happy and went

to bed.

k|ftj{Gbgsdf{y{+ /f1L /fhfgdfutf .

/fhf t' jlGbt'+ kfbf} b]Jo} gfbft\ k|zlÍtM ..!@..

ca|jLb\ e"kltb]{jL+ oQb|fqf} bbz{ ;M .

tR5|'Tjf jrg+ b]jL e"kd"r] ;'b'Mlvtf ..!#..

3.12-13 The next morning when the Queen went to greet the King by touching his

feet, the king did not let her do so as he knew who she was. Rather, he told the

Queen what he had seen at night. Hearing that, the Queen became very sad, and

she spoke to the king.

b]Jo'jfr

olb ljZjf;xLgf] df+ gfb|IoM ;'/;+;lb .

celjioZrqmjtL{ k/+ tGg lx ;Dej]t\ ..!$..

Tjb\j+zhf] lx /fHo:o lj:tf/f]˜:o sl/iolt .

s]jn+ lx ;'/fh]lt ljVoft:Tj+ eljiol; ..!%..

The Queen said:

3.14-15 "If you had not suspected anything and if you had not watched me in the

assembly of gods, you could have become a great emperor on earth. But that is

not possible now. Someone in your dynasty will expand this kingdom. You will

only be known as a good king.

u'??jfr

Olt Jofx[To ;f b]jL tq}jfGt/wLot .

>'Tjf eujtLjf0fL+ JoifLbb\ e"l/ e"kltM ..!^..

cb\e'tf 36gf Xo]iff 3l6tf tq k|fË0f] .

>LdgMsfdgfb]JofM dlGb/+ oq ljBt] ..!&..

ttM k|fs6Ødfoftf lznf¿k]0f rflDasf .

;f lznf dWoefu]˜B dlGb/:ofl:t k"lhtf ..!*..

3.16-18 Having said so, the Goddess disappeared right there. Hearing such words

from the mouth of the Goddess, the King felt sorry. That wonderful event took

place right there where the temple of Goddess Manakamana is today. Right there

appeared the Goddess in the form of a rock. Those rocks at the center of the

temple have been worshipped by the devotees ever since then until today.

dlGb/+ /fd;fx:o /fHosfn] ljlgld{td\ .

;+:sfl/t+ r tTk'q/fHosfn] tyf k'gM ..!(..

3.19 The first rough structure of the temple was built there during the reign of

King Rama Shaha. It was renovated during the reign of his son as well. It was

renovated again later on.

b|JofTdhf] dof]Stf] oM k"0f{;fxM k'/Gb/M .

tTk'qZ5q;fxf]˜e"HHo]i7f]˜Nkfo'lb{j+utM ..@).

slgi7f] /fd;fx:t' /fdt'Nof] g[kf]˜ejt \ .

t:o k'qf] 8Da/f]˜lk of]UoM k'qf] aef} lkt'M ..@!..

tTk'qM s[i0f;fxf]˜e"b \ ?b|:tTk'q Pj r .

k[YjLklt/e"b|fhf wfld{sf] nf]sk"lhtM ..@@..

t]g :jzf;g] /f1f b]Jof dlGb/d'Qdd\ .

s[t+ dgMsfdgfofM k|LTo} tq ;'zf]egd\ ..@#..

3.20-23 As I said before, the son of Dravya Shaha was Purandara Shaha. His

older son was Chatra Shaha who did not live long. The younger son Rama Shaha

was like King Rama. His son Dambara Shaha was a worthy son of his father. His

son was Krishna Shaha. His son was Rudra Shaha. His son Prithivipati Shaha was

a highly religious person and highly respected by the people. He built a beautiful

temple there for the satisfaction of Goddess Manakamana during his reign.

obB dlGb/+ rfl:t t:o}j d"nlju|xM .

k[YjLkltlIftLz]g lgld{tf]˜e"b \ dxfTdgf ..@$..

3.24 The temple that stands today was first built in that form by King Prithvipati

Shaha who had a great heart.

lgld{ltj{t{dfg:o dlGb/:o tbf˜ejt \ .

e"of] e"of] dxLkfn}M ;+:s[t+ r :jzf;g] ..@%..

;f dgMsfdgfb]jL >4o}j+ ;dlr{tf .

Ptfb[zL /If0fLof ejtf˜lk k/Dk/f ..@^..

3.25-26 The present temple was built by Prithvipati Shaha. But all the succeeding

kings continued to improve and embellish the temple during their reigns. Thus is

the Goddess worshipped and venerated. O King, you must also preserve this

tradition.

sf b]jtf:tq j;lGt dlGb/]

b]Jof dgMsfdgof ;x}j ofM .

gfdflg tf;f+ dlxdfgdr{g]

tyf k|;fb:o r j0f{g+ z[0f' ..@&..

3.27 O King, please listen, I am going to tell you about the other gods and

Goddesses who reside with Manakamana inside the temple. Listen to me telling

their names. Please listen to me as I am going to tell you also about the worship

and the special offerings that are made there.

;f dgMsfdgf b]jL ;b}j l;+xjflxgL .

obf tq l:ytf /fhg\ eStfgf+ sfdbf˜ejt \ ..@*..

tbf b]jfZr lglvnf:tqfuTo k|t'i6'j'M .

dft/+ tf+ hu4fqL+ nf]sqolxt}lif0fLd\ ..@(..

3.28-29 O King, when Manakamana, the wish fulfilling Goddess, riding a lion,

settled in that temple, the other gods and Goddesses also arrived there, settled

together with her, and began to pray to her.

u0f]zM k|yd+ k|fKo l:ytf] d"ifsjfxgM .

dft'/Í] oyf afnM k'ql:ti7lt ;j{bf ..#)..

tqf˜˜oof} s'df/L r x+;s'Ss'/jflxgL .

sflGtk'of+{ hg}of{˜˜:t] k"lhtf ax'leM ;bf ..#!..

;jfxgM ;dfuTo Zj]te}/j pQdM .

t:of eSt Oj l:yTjf eSt/Iff+ s/f]lt r ..#@..

3.30-32 First of all, Ganesha, with his mount the mouse, arrived and sat down

next to the Mother Goddess, just as a baby sits in the lap of his mother. Kumari,

the Goddess who is worshipped by the people of Kathmandu, went there with her

mounts the duck and the dog. The white Bhairava also went there as a devotee,

together with his mounts, and has been protecting his devotees as well.

b]Jof cu|] If]ds/L of]lugL eStjT;nf .

kZrflT:ytf elSto'Stf j]tfnf ci6dft[sfM ..##..

Olt b]ju0ffM ;j{] tqfuTo ;;+e|dd\ .

>LdgMsfdgfb]Jof dlGb/] ;+l:ytf d'bf ..#$..

3.33-34 Yogini, who loves her devotees, went there and sat in front of Goddess

Manakamana . On her back are the Vetalas and eight Mother Goddesses. O King,

the gods and Goddesses have thus settled there in the Manakamana temple.

cBflk ;Hhgf:tq uR5lGt k"hgfo o] .

;jf{;f+ b]jtfgf+ lx bz{g+ k|fKg'jlGt t] ..#%..

3.35 So, even today, the devotees who go there to worship Manakamana will

actually pay respect to all the other gods and Goddesses.

o] eStf elSt;DkGgf eujTofM k|k"hsfM .

t]iff+ g /f]uf bfl/b|Ø+ g}j b'Mv+ sbfrg ..#^..

3.36 The devotees who worship Goddess Manakamana with devotion will never

have to suffer disease, poverty or any kind of trouble.

of] dgMsfdgfb]Jof dfxfTDoldbd'Qdd\ .

u'Xofb\ u'Xot/+ k'0o+ b]jfgfdlk b'Nn{ed\ .

z[0f'ofb\ jf k7]b\ eSTof ; ne]t\ k/d+ ;'vd\ ..#&..

3.37 This glorious story of Manakamana is a most guarded secret and the purest

object one can ever imagine. So much so that it is very hard even for the gods to

obtain it. One who reads or listens to it, will, therefore, achieve the ultimate bliss.

sGofyL{ net] sGof+ j/+ j/fly{gL ne]t\ .

k'qfyL{ net] k'q+ wgfyL{ net] wgd\ ..#*.

3.38 If a young man is seeking a bride, he will find a good bride. If a young girl is

seeking a groom, she will find a good young man. The seeker of a son will have a

son. The seekers of wealth will achieve wealth.

nf]s}?bLl/t+ r}tR5«"ot] elStefjg}M .

Psd]j j/+ ofr]Hhgf] eStM :jhLjg] .

t+ j/+ k|fy{gfk|Ltf dftf k"/olt w|'jd\ ..#(..

3.39 It is heard from the people devoted to Manakamana that if one desires only

one wish to be fulfilled, the Goddess will definitely fulfill it.

;+:yfkgfsflns/fd;fx+

l//lIfif"g\ dlGb/d:o j+Zofg\ .

k[YjLklt+ tb\ b|9oGtd]j–

dfbz{e"k+ ;tt+ :d/fd ..$)..

3.40 So, O devoted people, may we always remember King Rama Shaha, during

whose reign the Goddess first appeared there. May we also always remember his

descendants who protected the shrine. May we also remember King Prithivipati

Shaha who built the first structure of the modern temple.

Olt >Ldb'Q/dxfef/t] g]kfnkj{l0f

dgMsfdgfdfxfTDo] dgMsfdgfdlGb/:yb]jflbj0f{g+

gfd t[tLof]˜WofoM ..#..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy rt'yf{{]˜WofoM ..

/fhf]jfr

nvGyfkf dxfl;4:tLyf{6g;d'T;'sM .

lgZrqmfd]lt ;+1ftf] ejb\j0f{gsf/0fft\ ..!..

k/+ s'q utM l;4M slt jiff{l0f rf˜e|dt \ .

dlGb/] r sbf˜˜oftM k"hfy +{ ; dxfd'lgM ..@..

cfuTo slt jiff{l0f nId0f]g s[tfr{gf <

tLyf{6glgj[Q]g ls+ s[t+ t]g of]lugf < ..#..

PtRr >"tt]˜Bflk :ju|fd+ k|fKo ;Gd'lg M .

Psl:dg\ uXj/] uTjf tq}jfGt/wLot ..$..

Olt ;To+ g jf ls+ tb\ u'?jof{lew]lx dfd\ .

ejtf]Stf+ syf+ >¦Tjf k'g/Lx] ttM k/d\ ..%..

Veneration to Sri Manakamana

CHAPTER FOUR

The King said:

4.1-5 I know from you that Lakhan Thapa, desirous of pilgrimage, went out from

home as you have already told me about it. But then, where did he go? How many

years did he go on pilgrimage? When did he return, and how many years did he

worship the Goddess after his return? What did the sage do after he came back

from his pilgrimage?

Even today, we hear from the people that the great Yogi arrived back in his

village, but disappeared in a cave instead of going back home. Is that true or not?

O my venerated teacher, please tell me that. After hearing the story told by you, I

am anxious to know more about it.

u'??jfr

t]g åfbzjiff{l0f tLy{]if' e|d0f+ s[td\ .

yfkfj+Zo]g l;4]g nId0f]g dxlif{0ff ..^..

otM d l;l4;DkGgM zlStdfg\ a'l4dfg\ g[k .

jfw{So]˜Kos/f]t \ tLy{ofqfdlk ;'b'is/fd\ ..&..

The Teacher said:

4.6-7 The great sage Lakhan Thapa went on pilgrimage for twelve years. O King,

since he had received Siddhi (special astral powers), he could go on pilgrimage

for twelve years. Because of his special power, he could go on an arduous

pilgrimage for 12 years even in his old age.

ci6l;l4;';DkGgf] nId0ff] elSt;+o'tM .

If0f]g dWos"6:y+ k|f;fbd'klti7t] ..

If0f]g b]JofM k"hfy+{ dlGb/+ rf]klti7t] ..*..

4.8 Lakhan Thapa, endowed with all the eight types of astral power, was so

powerful that he could arrive at Majhkot (the Gorkha palace) in no time. He

would then be back momentarily at the Manakamana temple to worship the

Goddess.

efuL/yL+ gbL+ gfjf t/tLh{g;+xtLM .

dWos"6:yk|f;fbfbkZot\ ; dxfd'lgM ..(..

ctf/ot\ ; :ju[xfb\ uËfof+ klttf~hgfg\ .

;efofd]sbf t:o j:q+ lsl~rT;d'lGbtd\ ..!)..

syd]tlblt k[i6M ;ef;b\leM ; ljl:dt}M .

jftf{dsyot\ l;4:t/Lb'3{6gflTdsfd\ ..!!..

hgfM sltko] t]g :jo+ gBfM ;d'4[tfM .

x:t]g ;bo+ b"/fbtf] j:q+ ;d'lGbtd\ ..!@..

df;fGt/] >'tf jftf{ t/Lb'3{6gflTdsf .

kj{tLof hgfM s]lrt\ tqf˜˜;g\ 36gf:yn] ..!#..

4.9-13 The great sage saw the people on the boat crossing River Ganga right from

the royal palace at Majhkot. He was able to rescue people who dropped in the

Ganga from the boat that flipped. One day his sleeves suddenly became wet at the

royal assembly. The people at the assembly were surprised, and they asked the

reason for the wet clothes. The sage told them about the boat accident in the

Ganga. He was kind enough to rescue several people with his own hands. So his

clothes were wet. There were several pilgrims on the boat, who had gone there

from the mountains of Nepal.

jif{}åf{bzlebL{3{} e|{dGgf;Lt\ ;elStsM .

;snfGolk tLyf{lg nvGyfkf dxfd'lgM ..!$..

4.14 Such a great sage Lakhan Thapa went on pilgrimage to all the sacred places

of India for twelve long years.

j[4f] åfbzjif{]˜lk gfoft Olt lrGtof .

t:o ;GtltleM ;j{}af{Gwj}Zr ;dfs'n}M ..!%..

sl:d+lZrblk tLy{] lx ToStb]xf] ej]lblt .

dTjf t}:t' s[tfM ;jf{M lqmof:t:of}Wj{b]lxsfM ..!^..

4.15-16 The old man did not come home even for twelve years. Thinking about

him, his family members and relatives thought that he must have passed away in

a certain sacred place. So they performed all his funeral rituals.

k/Gt' ; ;dfuR5b]sbf nId0ff] d'lgM .

l;4f] j[4:tkMk"tM :ju|fd+ :jhg}j[{td\ ..

k/+ kl/lrtf] g}j ;f]˜ejb \ ax¦leh{g}M ..!&..

4.17 But one day the old sage, purified by his penance and pilgrimage, came

back to his village that was densely inhabited by his relatives. Many people,

however, did not recognize him.

ls~r t]g >'tf rrf{ u|fddfu{] hg}M s[tf .

nvGyfkf d[t Olt e"of] g}jfuldiolt ..!*..

>[Tj}tfb[Ujr:t]g d'vft\ :ju|fdjfl;gfd\ .

cx+ u[x+ uldiofld g]lt tq}j lglZrtd\ ..!(..

ty}j lgZro+ s[Tjf ; u'xfEoGt/+ utM .

cGtwf{g+ ttM l;4M :jl;l4an;+o'tM ..@)..

4.18-20 Moreover, he overheard the people saying that Lakhan Thapa had died,

and that he would never return to his village. When he heard such words, he

decided not to go home again. So he went into a cave, and he disappeared there

through his Yogic power.

j}zfvd"l0f{dfof+ t' ; l;4f]˜Gt/wLot .

g s]gflk dg'io]0f b[i6M ;f]˜gGt/+ d'lgM ..@!..

ttf]˜e"g\ lglvn}nf]{]s} 1f{tf ……l;4u'xfÚÚ g[k .

;/x:of ttf]˜uDof˜ejt \ ;f k"lhtf u'xf ..@@..

tqfGt/] lx ljj/f} åf} dfuf{ljj ;+l:ytf} .

Psf] uf]/vfgfy:o u'xf+ k|fKgf]lt Xo'Q/] .

k/+ l;4M k'dfg]j tfdjfKt'+ lx zSg'oft\ ..@#..

4.21-23 The great sage had disappeared there on the full-moon day of Vaishakha

(April-June). No one ever saw the sage after that. Then the people began to call it

Siddha gupha (the sage’s cave) or Lakhangupha (cave). That cave is mysterious

and impossible to understand. People worship there. There are two holes leading

to two separate paths. One of the paths is believed to lead to Gorakshanatha cave

in Majhkot (Gorkha). However, only a Siddha (accomplished person like Lakhan

Thapa) can travel through it.

t:of+ u'xfof+ kltt+ kmn+ lsl~rblk b|'td\ .

uf]/IfuXj/] k|fKt+ ejtLlt hg>'ltM ..@$..

tyf lsl~rblgi6+ t' olb b]z] kltiolt .

uf]/vfsflnsf/St+ u'xfof+ b[Zot] hg}M ..@%..

4.24-25 It is believed by the people that a fruit dropped into that cave quickly

reaches the Gorakshanatha cave. Likewise, if any calamity is likely to fall on the

nation, the blood flowing from Gorkha Kalika appears in that cave.

s'nb]j+ k"holGt Nxfof]j+Zof:t' tq lx .

nvGyfkfj+zhftf j}zfvk"l0f{dflbg] ..@^..

Psbf g ;dfgLtM k"hfy{dlUg/]j t}M .

ls+ st{Joldlt If'Aw}:t}M k[i6+ t' k/:k/d\..@&..

tb}s]gf]StldTy+ ob\ nvGyfkf tkf]˜s/f]t \ .

oBq r]QbflUg:t' nEof] lgZrk|r+ ej]t\ ..@*..

OTo'STj}s]g e"df} lx lsl~rb'Tvlgt+ tbf .

k|fKtf]˜lUg:tq ;fZro{+ e:du"9M ;'/lIftM ..@(..

tl:dGgUgf} s[t+ ;j{+ xjgflbsd'Qdd\ .

Olt t] s[ts[Tof lx hftf nId0fj+zhfM ..#)..

4.26-30 The Magars of the Lhayo family, descendants of Lakhan Thapa, worship

their family god at the cave. Once they forgot to bring fire for the ritual. Then

they were shocked and asked each other what to do. One of them said, "If Lakhan

Thapa had practiced penance here, then we should be able to find the fire right

here." Having said so, one of them dug the ground just a little. Surprisingly, there

was fire covered by a layer of ash. So they performed all the sacrificial rituals

with that fire. Thus, the descendants of Lakhan Thapa felt that their duties were

fulfilled.

nvGyfkf u'xf oq ttM ;f}Gbo{zflngL .

lxdfnoflblzv/}M zf]letf b[Zot] dxL ..#!..

4.31 The place where the Lakhan Thapa cave is located has a very grand view of

the Himalayan mountain range.

uf]/vfdWos"6:yf u'xf of nf]sk"lhtf .

u'/f]uf{]/vgfy:o tkf]e"ldl/lt :d[tf ..#@..

4.32 The Gorakshanatha cave that is located and seen at Gorkha Majhkot is

worshipped by the people as a sacred place since it is believed to be the site of

penance of Lord Gorakshanatha.

kZo l;4u'xftM >Luf]/vfsflnsf+ lzjfd\ .

tq}j /fhk|f;fbf] b[Zot] ;'dgf]x/M ..##..

4.33 Goddess Gorkha Kalika, doing all the good for the world, is seen from there.

Look. The beautiful royal palace is also seen from there.

PtTkljq+ ;'dgf]x/+ :yn+

l;4]g yfkfdu/]0f rlr{td\ .

of] dfgjf] uR5lt >4oflGjtM

k|fKgf]To;f} l;4z'eflzif+ s[tL ..#$..

4.34 That most sacred and beautiful place was used by sage Lakhan Thapa

Magar. A man or woman who visits that place with respect will be blessed by the

Great Sage.

pRr}M l:yt}/fTdank|k"l/t}

h{g}o'{t+ /fi6«ldb+ a[xTsyd\ .

ej]lblt k|:km'l6tf˜q efjgf

uf]/Ifb]z:o dxLkt]x{[lb ..#%..

4.35 It was at this place that the King of Gorkha (Prithvinarayan Shaha)

wondered how his kingdom of Gorkha, inhabited by mountain people full of self-

respect and strength, would be much greater than what it was.

Olt >Ldb'Q/dxfef/t] g]kfnkj{l0f

dgMsfdgfdfxfTDo] nvGyfkftLyf{6g

l;4u'xfj0f{g+ gfd rt'yf{]˜WofoM ..$..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy k~rdf]˜WofoM .

/fhf]jfr

b]JofZrl/tdfs0o{ e"of]˜lk >f]t'd'T;'sM .

sLb[z+ rl/t+ b]Jof:tT;j{+ jb d] u'/f] Û ..!..

ls+ k|bf:olt eSt]EoM sfdbf eStjT;nf .

OTo]tT;j{dfVoft'+ Tjdx{l; ljbf+ j/ .

tbfs0o{}j d] zfGt+ eljiolt u'/f] dgM ..@..

Veneration to Sri Manakamana

CHAPTER FIVE

The King said:

5.1-2 Having heard from you so much about Goddess Manakamana, I am curious

to know more about her. O Teacher, please tell me more about the Goddess. What

does the Goddess give to her devotees? You are the most knowledgeable among

those who know. Please tell me all about it. Only after hearing all about it from

you shall my mind be at rest.

u'??jfr

;j{d]tb\ huT;[i6+ oof˜BfzlSt¿kof .

t:of eSTof hg}nf]{]s] olTsl~rblk nEot] ..#..

ob\ ob\ eSt}o{yfelSt k|fKt+ k"j+{ dxLkt] .

tlTsl~rR5«"otfdB ;+If]k]0f a|jLDoxd\ ..$..

The Teacher said:

5.3-4 One can achieve everything if one is truly devoted to the primeval Goddess

of power who created the universe. O King, please listen to me as I tell you what

the devotees have achieved so far according to their devotion. I will give you a

brief account of it.

o] oyf df+ k|kBGt] tf+:ty}j ehfDoxd\ .

Olt s[i0f]g ;Dk|f]St+ k'/f eujtf oyf ..%..

;f dgMsfdgf b]jL tyf sfdk|bf g[k Û

o] oyf tf+ k|kBGt] huTqolxt}lif0fLd\ ..

tGdgMsfdgfb]Jof eSTof˜;fWo+ g ls~rg ..^..

5.5-6 You know what Lord Krishna had said long ago, i.e., the god or goddess is

available to the devotee according to the level or quality of devotion. Just in the

same manner, you should understand that the Goddess, doing all the good for

creation, will give whatever people wish according to their devotion to her. There

is really nothing that is not possible with the grace of Goddess Manakamana.

/fd;fxf] dxfGofoL /fhf˜e"t \ nf]sjT;nM ..

//If s[kof b]jL t+ e"k+ tTk|hfZr ;f ..&..

k[YjLkltd{xLkfnM ;fxj+z;d'b\ejM .

b]jLdlGb/lgdf{tf ;j{nf]s}M k|k"lhtM ..*..

5.7-8 King Rama Shaha, for example, became a very just and loving king. The

Goddess protected the king as well as his subjects. Likewise, King Prithvipati

Shaha also became very popular among his subjects as he expressed his deep

devotion to the Goddess by constructing the original structure of the present day

temple.

k[YjLgf/fo0ff] e"kM k[YJof+ gf/fo0ff]kdM .

t]g Joj:yf k"hfy+{ dxtL ljlxtf lsn ..(..

gef]g]qfi6e";+Vo] -!*@)_ j}qmdfAb] dxLe'hf .

b]Jo} ;dlk{tf t]g a|Llxd"/LztåoL ..!)..

tb'Tkfbgkof{Kt+ hn3df{g's"lntd\ .

z]/fVod'j{/+ If]q+ jqmfËu|fd;+l:ytd\ ..!!..

;dlk{t+ t]g /f1f nf]sk"Ho]g wLdtf .

cIftf–w"k–bLkflb–g}j]Bfy{ ;elStsd\ ..!@..

5fuf åfbz dlxifZr}sf]˜e"t \ k|ltxfogd\ .

rt'df{0fldt+ wfGo+ skf]t]EoZr k|Toxd\ .

Piff Joj:yf e"k]g sfl/tf˜˜;Lb \ dxfTdgf ..!#..

5.9-13 King Prithvinarayan Shaha was like Narayana (Lord Visnu) born on earth.

He made a truly great arrangement as he established a large endowment for the

worship of Goddess Manakamana. Around 1763, the Great King, most respected

by the people, offered a good piece of land called Shera that yielded about 2 tons

of rice in a village called Bakrang. With its income the needs of the temple for the

worship of Goddess Manakamana such as rice, incense, lamp, oil, food and other

things are met. It also provides for a sacrificial goat every month, a sacrificial

male buffalo once a year, and 4 kilos of rice for the pigeons every day. Such was

the provision made by the king with a great soul.

tGdgM sfdgfb]JofM s[kof k'0osd{0ff

t]g e"kltgf /fi6«lj:tf/f] ljlxt:tbf ..!$..

>LdgMsfdgfdft'M k"hfy{+ e"o Pj ;M

k[YjLgf/fo0ff] wfGod"l/sfi6zt+ bbf} ..!%..

5.14-15 When King Prithvinarayan Shaha (1721-1775) conquered the Kathmandu

Valley kingdoms and other principalities east of Kathmandu, thus successfully

laying the foundation for modern Nepal, he offered some 8 tons of rice as a one-

time offering.

b]JofM k|;fbtf] /f1f /fi6«d]sLs[t+ b[9d\ .

b]Jof Pj k|;fbfRr /fi6«+ ;+/lIft+ ;bf ..!^..

ljZjl:dGg]sdfq+ ob\ lxGb"/fi6«ldlt >'td\ .

PtGdgMsfdgfofM k|;fbfb]j ;Dejd\ ..!&..

k[YjLgf/fo0fM ;fxf] b]Jof eStf] dxfg\ g[kM

b]jLk|;fbftM sfo{+ sl7g~rflk ;f]˜s/f]t \ ..!*..

5.16-18 We believe that King Prithvinarayan Shaha successfully brought the

warring principalities under his control and unified them, and that modern Nepal

has been a well-protected kingdom by the grace of Goddess Manakamana. Nepal

is also known as the only Hindu kingdom in the world. All of this has been

possible only by the grace of Goddess Manakamana. Prithvinarayan Shaha

became a great King because he was a great devotee of the Goddess

Manakamana. It was because of the grace of the Goddess that he was successful

in his endeavor for the unification of this country.

eSTofTo'Ts6of o'Stf g/f cBflk lgZrod\ .

l;l4+ neGt] du/f] nvGyfkf oyf k'/f ..!(..

5.19 If a person has a great devotion to the Goddess, he can achieve Siddhi (all

kinds of astral power) as did Lakhan Thapa Magar.

Ptr\ 5'«t+ hg}M k"j+{ ob]sf] a|fXd0fM z'lrM .

s[Tjf dft'M :t'lt+ ;Bf] elSto'St]g r]t;f ..@)..

l;l4+ nAWjf nvGyfkfu'xfofdfljj]z x .

ttM kmnflg rfbfo eSt]EoM k|bbf} d'bf ..@!..

5.20-21 People have heard that a pure Brahmana had prayed to Goddess

Manakamana with great devotion and had obtained Siddhi (all kinds of astral

power). He then entered into the Lakhan Thapa cave and brought back fruits from

there, and gave them to the devotees.

k/+ b'/fzf b'isfdf neGt] b08d]j r .

ctf] j/+ ;d'lrt+ z'ed]j lx sfdo]t\ ..@@..

Ps]g uf]/vfb]z] b'le{If+ k|fly{t+ k'/f .

:ju[x:y+ obGg+ d] dxf3{+ tb\ ej]lblt ..@#..

Olt :jfy{k|]l/t]g nf]eflji6]g r]t;f .

k"hf r ljlxtf dft'?krf/}:t' k~rleM ..@$..

k/+ dftf˜ejTq'm4f tfb[z] j/ofrs] .

;wfGo+ tb\u[x+ ;Bf] bUwdfsl:dsflUggf ..@%..

kZrfQfkft\ ; tf+ b]jL+ k|fy{ofdf; elSttM .

kfbof]/ktGdft'M Ifdfofrgof ttM ..@^..

5.22-26 However, if someone wants an evil wish to be fulfilled, he will instead be

punished by the Mother Goddess. So one must have only a good, positive wish.

Long ago, a wealthy man in Gorkha wished for famine in the kingdom so that his

spare grains would be sold at a much higher price. Motivated by such a selfish

and evil desire, he worshipped Mother Manakamana with all five types of

provisions. However, the Mother Goddess was angry with him. The man's house,

with all his grains, was gutted by fire even before he arrived back home from the

temple. Later, he returned to the temple and prayed to the Mother to forgive him.

He asked her to forgive him for the offense that he had committed because of his

evil mind.

>LdgMsfdgfb]JofM z[0f' ?Rof+ s[kfsyfd\ .

cf;Lb]sf] låh>]i7M ;j{zf:qljb'QdM ..@&..

ljk|]0ff]Wj{jo:o]j s[tf] bf/kl/u|xM .

efof{ rf]Wj{jof:t:o ae"j k'qsfª\lIf0fL ..@*..

;GtltM :ofGgj]lt åf} lrGtofdf;t'lZr/d\ .

>LdgMsfdgf tfEof+ b]jL ;Dk|fly{tf ;bf ..@(..

tof]e{STof k|;Ggf ;f b]jL+ tfEof+ bbf} ;'td\ ..

;'Gb/+ ;b\a'l4dGt+ :j:y+ r s'nbLksd\ ..#)..

låtLodlk ;Tk'q+ b]jL tfEof+ bbf} d'bf ..#!..

cy tf} bDktL dft'b{z{gfo ;k'qsf} .

uTjf eSTof dft'/Í] Go:tjGtfj'ef} ;'tf} ..#@..

tfEof+ lgj]lbt+ r}tb\ – ej2Qf} lx afnsf} .

/If0fLof} ejTo}j, jo+ t' z/0ffutfM ..##..

tyf k|;Ggf ;f b]jL //If r tof]M ;'tf} ..#$..

5.27-34 Listen to one more good story of the grace of Mother Manakamana.

There was a good Brahmana who was well-versed in many branches of learning.

He got married at a rather advanced age. His wife was also of advanced age, but

she wished for a son. Both the husband and wife were anxious about the

possibility of their progeny. So both of them prayed to Manakamana. Seeing their

devotion, Mother Manakamana made it possible for them to have a son who was

handsome, intelligent and bright. Because the Mother Goddess was pleased with

them, they also had a second son. Then the couple went with their two boys to

pay respect to Manakamana. They put their sons in the lap of the Mother

Goddess, and said, "O mother, these two boys have been given to us by you. So

you must also protect them from all kinds of evils. We are all under your kind

protection." Mother Manakamana is said to have been pleased with them, and

they were happy to be under her protection.

ax'Eof] ax'zf] Xo]iff syf k"j{+ >'tf hg}M .

ljZjo'4] lx k|yd] låtLo] r}j ;}lgsfM ..

g}kfnf o] d[tf:t]iff+ d[To'gfDaf˜ltb'Mlvtf ..#%..

5.35 Many people have heard from many other people about the stories of the

Gorkha soldiers who fought in the first and second World Wars. Mother

Manakamana was highly distressed by the death of those Gorkha soldiers in the

War.

e6}M sltko}M k"j{+ k|fy{gf;Lt\ s[tf g[k Û

t]iff+ /Iffef/e/fblDasf >flGtdGje"t\ ..#^..

:j]blSnGgf˜ejb \ d"lt{j{:q}M ;Dk|f]l~5tf tbf .

k|TofuTo e6}M k"hf alnbfgo'tf s[tf ..

nf]sf hfglGt tt\ ;j{+ b]JofM kl/;/] l:ytfM ..#&..

5.36-37 O King, a number of soldiers had already promised to worship Mother

Manakamana. So the Mother was under severe stress as she had to protect them

all. The people say that the stone image of the Mother Goddess was seen

perspiring and the chief priest of the temple had to wipe her sweat with a towel.

Later on, the soldiers who returned from the war worshipped as they had

promised to by offering sacrificial animals. The people lying around the temple of

the Goddess know all about it.

o+ o+ lrGtot] sfd+ t+ t+ k|fKgf]lt dfgjM .

k/df+ elStdfkGgf] b]VofM k|Lltk|;fbtM ..#*..

5.38 So a person who has a great devotion to the Goddess receives whatever he

wishes for.

dlGb/+ kl/tM z}n] j[Iffg\ k'ikfl0f rfg3fM .

;+jw{olGt r]t\ t] :o'M ;j{;f}efUozflngM ..#(..

5.39 Those who grow trees and flower plants on the mountain around the temple

of Mother Manakamana will be fortunate in every possible way.

dlGb/+ kl/tM slZrt\ kfksd{ s/f]lt r]t\ .

y"Tsf/dnd"qflb b]Jof ; bl08tf] ej]t\ ..$)..

5.40 If anyone commits any sinful act or acts such as spitting or defecating

around the temple, he or she will definitely be punished by the Goddess in a

certain way.

Ps]g Psbf j[Iff] dlGb/:oflGts] l:ytM .

l5Gg:tbf l;Wd/f]uL ;f]˜ejt \ ;B Pj lx ..$!..

5.41 Once a person felled a tree near the temple. He immediately developed

leprosy spots on his body. He died also quite soon.

s]jn+ dfgjf g}j kz'klIfd[ufBlk .

>LdgMsfdgf;Gg] j;lGt elStefjtM ..$@..

lj+zltjif{ko{Gt+ k|Tox+ sfsbDktL .

b[i6f} j[If] elSto'tf} b]JofZr/0f;]jsf} ..$#..

5.42 Not just human beings, but animals and birds live around the temple with

great devotion to Goddess Manakamana. It is said that a pair of crows lived on a

tree near the temple the whole day every day, as if expressing their devotion of

the Goddess for twenty years continuously.

kfkfTdg] eujtL b08d]j k|oR5lt .

t:dfb\ eSTof ljz'4fTdf hgf] uR5]QblGtsd\ ..$$..

5.44 Those who carry sin in their mind will definitely be punished by the

Goddess. So one must approach the Goddess only with a pure mind and soul.

>LdgMsfdgfb]JofM o] g/f elStefljtfM .

t]iff+ ;Tsfdgf k"0ff{ eljiolt g ;+zoM ..$%..

5.45 The people who are full of devotion to Goddess Manakamana will

undoubtedly find their wishes fulfilled.

dgf]˜lesfdfGbbtL+ bofn'–

df/fWo b]jL+ hutf] ljwfqLd\ .

cnf}lssL+ zlStdjfKo k[YjL–

gf/fo0ff] /fHod'¿rsf/ ..$^..

td]jdGofglk zlSteStf–

gf/fWo tf+ k"0f{dgf]˜lenfiffg \ .

sfdk|bfqL+ hggL+ ;dRo{

/fi6«k+lti7f+ jod'Ggo]d ..$&..

5.46-47 King Prithvinaraya Shaha expanded his kingdom to a great extent as he

received blessings from the compassionate Mother Goddess who was highly

pleased with him because of his devotion.

May we always remember the Great King and other devotees who have got their

wish fulfilled by the grace of the Goddess, and may we be able to raise the honor

of this nation as we worship Goddess Manakamana.

Olt >Ldb'Q/dxfef/t] g]kfnkj{l0f

dgMsfdgfdfxfTDo]

dgMsfdgfelStkmnj0f{g+ gfd k~rdf]˜WofoM ..%..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy ifi7f]˜WofoM ..

/fhf]jfr

>'t+ dof ejQf] lx b]JofZrl/td'Qdd\ .

tbrf{ljifo+ e"oM >f]t'ldR5lt d] dgM ..!..

Joj:yf sLb[zL b]JofM k"hfy{+ ljlxtf g[k}M .

k'/fe"t}h{g}e{St}M sy+ k"hf Xosfl/ j} ..@..

sy+ rfw'lgs}e{St}M k"Hot]˜:dfle/lDasf .

sy+ r ;f k"hgLof u'/f] ;j{+ a|jLt' d] ..#..

Veneration to Sri Manakamana

CHAPTER SIX

The King said:

6.1-3 I have just heard from you about the graceful acts of Goddess Manakamana.

Now, I want to listen to you telling me about the methods of worshipping the

Goddess. What kind of system of worship have the ancient kings established

there? How did the ancient devotees worship the Mother Goddess? What is the

tradition? How do the modern devotees worship the Mother? How should we

worship her? O great teacher, please tell me all about it.

u'??jfrfr

elSt/]j dxb\ j:t' eSTof ls+ gflwuDot] .

elStefjgof o'StM k'dfFNnf]s] dxLot] ..$..

The Teacher said:

6.4 The greatest thing about it is devotion. A man succeeds in achieving

everything because of his devotion. A man so devoted to the Goddess of power is

always respected by the people.

>j0f+ sLt{g+ b]JofM :d/0f+ kfb;]jgd\ .

cr{g+ jGbg+ bf:oefjdfTdlgj]bgd\ ..%..

kq+ k'ik+ kmn+ tf]o+ t:o} eSTof lgj]bo]t\ .

u[X0fflt hggL t'i6f :jfÍ] sf?0o¿lk0fL .

eSt+ lx tfb[z+ b]jL ;fg'sDk+ r /Iflt ..^..

6.5-6 There are many ways of devotion: (1) listening about the Goddess, (2)

chanting her name, (3) remembering her image, (4) sitting at her feet with respect,

(5) worshipping, (6) greeting, (7) serving her like her servant, and (8) reporting

everything (every act) to her. Thus, if one offers a leaf, flower, fruit or water to

the Goddess with devotion, she will accept it with pleasure and will take the

devotee in her lap, and will always protect such a devotee.

cxf]leg{jle:tq dxfeStf:t' s]rg .

k"hfdv08f+ s'j{lGt b]JofZr/0fof]M l>tfM ..&..

6.7 Certain great devotees stay at the temple for nine days and constantly worship

the Goddess there.

>LdgMsfdgfb]jL+ eSTofr{olt k"hsM .

nvGyfkfs'nf]TkGgf] du/M k'?iff] j|tL ..*..

k"hfJojl:yltM k|fRof ljlzi6f r k/Dk/f .

k|Tox+ k"hs]g}j lgTok"hf ljwLot] ..(..

6.8-9 Today, a pure Magar male born in the family of the first priest Lakhan

Thapa worships the Mother Goddess everyday. This tradition of worshipping the

Goddess by a Magar priest is about 400 years old. It has special significance. The

priest first worships the deity everyday, and the other devotees worship her

afterwards.

k|ftM sd{s/}M ;j{+ dlGb/+ kl/dfHo{t] .

k|IffNot] r z'4]g hn]g ;j{tM ;bf ..!)..

k|ftåf{/+ dlGb/:of]b\3f6Øt] ;Ktjfbg] .

s]jn+ k"hsf] d'Vof] b]jL+ k"hot] tbf ..!!..

k'ikfIft}w"{kbLkg}j]Bflble/r{gd\ .

s/f]lt k|Tox+ z'4f] d'VoM k"hs Pj ;M ..!@..

åf/+ lga4Ø ;f k"hf t]g}s]g ljwLot] ..!#..

6.10-13 Every morning the sweepers sweep the temple premises. Every morning

the premises are washed with clean water as well. The door to the deity is opened

at 7 o'clock in the morning. But the chief priest of the temple worships the

Goddess alone. He offers flowers, rice, incense, flame, fruits and food to Her.

When he does so, he closes the door and worships the Goddess inside.

dlGb/fEoGt/] k"hf obf t]g ljwLot] .

;f k"hf uf]kgLo]lt ærfk"hfÚÚ XolewLot] ..

k'ikfIftf ljsLo{Gt] dlGb/+ kl/t:ttM ..!$..

6.14 When the priest completes the worship of the Goddess inside the temple, he

comes out and goes around the temple scattering the sacred rice grains and

various kinds of flowers. This part of the worship is called “Cha Puja”.

ttf] dxfk|;fbf] lx k"hs]g ;dKo{t] .

b]JofM dxfk|;fb:t' ljz]ifM kl/sNKot] ..!%..

eujTofM k|;fbfo :ju[x] k"hs]g lx .

;'t08'n+ 3[tfSt+ r nj0f+ j];jf/sd\ ..!^..

Jo~hgflg ;d]To}j k"hs]g}j kRot] .

dxfk|;fbkrg] bjL{ g}j k|o'Hot] ..!&..

6.15-17 Then the priest offers what is called the Mahaprasada (great offering) to

the Goddess. This is a special offering prepared in a special way. The special

prasada (food offered to the Goddess) is cooked by the priest himself at his own

house. It contains rice, butter, water, salt, turmeric powder and vegetables all

cooked in a single pot. While cooking this prasada, he cannot use any spoon or

ladle. One cannot stir the cooking food.

k"hs:o u[xft\ :yfn] /fht] ljlgwfo lx .

cfR5fB /Stj:q]0f k|;fbf] gLot] g[k Û ..!*..

:k|i6Jof] g}j s]gflk b|i6Jof] g}j s]glrt\ .

z'4fR5'4tdf] b]Jo} k|;fbf] lx ;dKo{t] ..!(..

6.18-19 The Mahaprasada is brought to the temple from the house of the priest in

a silver plate covered with a piece of red cloth. No one should touch the special

offering except the priest. In fact no one is allowed even to see it. The great

offering has to be the purest in every sense.

otf] b]JofM :yfksZr k|ydM k"hsf] g/M .

cf;LR5«LnId0f:yfkf nvGyfk]lt lj>'tM ..@)..

t]g b]JofM k"hs:t' tå+Zof] du/f] ej]b\ .

Olt Joj:yf k|frLgf g s}lZrblk ?Wot] ..@!..

Odf+ Joj:yf+ oM slZrGg s'of{t\ kl/jlt{tfd\ .

slZrTs/f]lt d"9Zr]b\ b]Jof b08Øtdf] ej]t\ ..@@..

6.20-22 Since the first priest was Lakhan Thapa Magar about 400 years ago, it is

his descendant who has to be the priest at the temple. This is an ancient tradition

which no one can interrupt. May no one change it. If a fool, without the

knowledge of its significance, tries to change it, the Goddess will definitely give

him a severe punishment.

k'/f]lxtZr tqf˜:t] cfq]of] a|fXd0fM z'lrM .

d/x§flåhZr}j b]jLefujt+ k7]t\ ..@#..

Olt Joj:yf bf9Ø{]g /lIftf˜l:t ;gftgL .

lgaf{w¿k]0f r ;f Joj:yf Xog'kfNot] ..@$..

6.23-24 There is a pure Brahmana of Aryal (Atreya gotra) family to perform the

ritual together with the temple priest who is a Magar. There is also another

Brahmana from the Marahatta family who recites the Devibhagavatam (a sacred

text on the Glory of the Goddess). This is a very long tradition which has been

observed without any interruption.

d'Vok"hsk"hfofM kZrfb]j lx k|Toxd\ .

k"holGt dxfb]jL+ eStf cGofM ;elStsfM ..@%..

w"k+ bLk+ kmn+ k'ik+ j:qfl0f r oy]R5of .

hgfM ;f}efUoj:t"lg b]Jo} eSTofk{olGt r ..@^..

6.25-26 Regarding the daily worship by the devotees or pilgrims, they worship

the Mother Goddess only after the chief priest. They offer incense, flame, fruits,

flowers, cloth, and other auspicious items such as bangles, mirrors, tika (red mark

to be worn on the forehead) and special necklaces.

5fus'Ss'6x+;fBf dlxiff aln¿ksfM .

oyfk|lt1+ bLoGt] b]Jof:t[KTo} hg}:;bf .. @&..

k|lt1ftf] alnM ls+ jf eSt+ k[R5lt k"hsM .

tbg';[To ;+sNkjrg+ tq k7Øt] ..@*..

6.27-28 Devotees also offer uncastrated male goats, chickens, ducks and male

water buffaloes. When they offer those sacrificial animals or birds, the priests

asks them whether the animal or bird is offered as one promised before or not. He

performs the puja (worship ritual) according to the answer.

;dk{olGt s]lrQ' eStfM k~r anLg\ z'efg\ .

s'Ss'6R5fudlxifx+;d]ifflbsfg\ kz"g\ ..@(..

k"hf ljlzi6f ejlt tl:dg\ sfn] tblx{sf .

k~r}t] anoM qm]t'+ zSoGt] dlGb/flGts] ..#)..

6.29-30 Certain devotees offer all five kinds of sacrificial animals and birds such

as a chicken, a goat, a buffalo, a duck and a sheep. When all the five sacrificial

animals are offered, there is a special puja there. The five types of sacrificial

animals are available for purchase around the temple. One does to have to bring

them from home.

kzf]lx{ aln¿k:o lz/f] u[X0fflt k"hsM .

g]jf/hflteSt]EoM lz/Zr k|ltbLot] ..#!..

k/Dk/f ot:t]iff+ lz/;f] df+;eIf0fd\ .

k/+ tby{+ t}M lsl~rb\ wg+ b]o+ eljiolt ..#@..

clgof{To wg+ zLif{+ lnK;'/fklQdfKg'oft\ .

tyf s[Tjf hgM slZrb\ d[t Pj]lt >"ot] ..##..

6.31-33 The severed head of the sacrificed animal or bird offered to the Goddess

belongs to the chief priest. However, the Newar devotees get the head back since

they have a special tradition of eating the meat from the head of the animal. But

for such a special case, they have to pay a small fee to the priest. If they want the

head back without paying what is due, it is said that they will be in trouble.

Someone is said to have died immediately for the violation of this custom.

bft+' o] g}j jf~5lGt b]Jo} kz'aln+ hgfM .

s"idf08+ jf gfl/s]nkmn+ t] Tjk{olGt lx ..#$..

6.34 The devotees, who do not want to kill an animal, offer a fruit such as a gourd

or coconut instead.

w"kbLkflbg}j]Bj:qk'ikkmnflg r .

eStfM ;f}efUoj:t"lg b]Jo} bblt e"kt] Û

s]lrR5«4fnjf] eStf wlgsfM zlStzflngM .

b]Jo} ;'j0f{/hte"if0ffGok{olGt r ..#%..

6.35 The devotees also offer incense, flame, food, cloth, flowers and fruits in

general. But those who are wealthy and greater devotees offer gold and silver

jewelry also to the Goddess.

k|ft/f/Eo k"hf t' ;fo+ ko{Gtd]j lx .

lg/Gt/+ k|rnlt eStafx'Nosf/0fft\ ..#^..

k"hflj/fdM ;GWofof+ zÎ+ k|Wdfo ;"Rot] .

w"kbLkflbleM k"hf k"hs]g ;dfKot] ..#&..

;dfKtfof+ ;drf{of+ tbf åf/+ lgaWot] ..#*..

6.36-38 The worship at the temple begins in the morning and continues up to the

late evening because of the great crowd of devotees. When the time for worship is

over, it is indicated by blowing a conch. The priest concludes the daily worship

by offering light and incense to the Goddess. Then the temple door is closed.

;fodf/flqs] sfo{] kl/tM ;xeflugM .

>4of elStdGtf] lx hgf cfoflGt dlGb/] ..#(..

k|HHjnøo jlt{sf:t] b]Jof cf/flqs+ z'ed\ .

s'j{lGt z'4dg;M ;fo+sfn] ;dflxtfM ..$)..

6.39-40 In the evening, the local people join the priest to offer the concluding

worship. With pure mind and heart filled with devotion, they offer the flame

themselves as well as the priest.

s]lrb\ bLk+ HjfnolGt ;elSt+ nIfjlt{sfd\ .

;'w"kk'ikj:qflbkmnwfGofIft}o'{td\ ..$!..

6.41 Certain devotees also offer a hundred thousand-wick-lamp together with

incense, flowers, fruits and a piece of cloth.

OTy+ lx k|Tox+ k"hf b]Jof eSt}lj{wLot] .

k/+ k"hf ljz]if]0f zgf} ef}d] r jf;/] ..$@..

6.42 That is the way the worship is offered every day. However, the worship on

Tuesdays and Saturday is considered to be more fruitful. Hence the greater crowd

on those days.

ci6Dof+ jf gjDof+ jf rt'b{Zofdyflk jf .

k"hfljz]iftf]˜DafofM lqmot] tq dlGb/] ..$#..

6.43 On the eighth, ninth and fourteenth days of the lunar months, special puja

(worship) is offered to the Goddess at the temple.

k"hf >fj0f;+qmfGTof+ ;ljz]iff ljwLot] .

;fodf/flqs+ tl:dg\ lbg] r}j oyfljlw ..$$..

tTkZrfb\ tl2g] tqf]Nd'sk"hf ljwLot] .

sf08f/s:o k"hf lx nf]s] ejlt tl2g] ..$%..

6.44-45 On the first day of the month of Shravaa (July-August) there is a special

puja. On that day there is worship as usual. But then follows a special puja called

Ranko puja. In every household in the mountains, there is a special puja of

Kandaraka, the demon.

>fj0f] dfl; g hg}a{lnbfg+ ljwLot] .

tyf rflZjgdf;:o s[i0fkIf] sbflk gf] .

otf]˜;f} lkt[kIff] lx lkt[>f4fo slNktM ..$^..

6.46 There is no offering of sacrificial animals in the month of Shravana.

Likewise, there is no offer of sacrificial animals during the darker half of the

lunar month of Ashwina since that half is allocated for offering sacrifices to the

manes.

PsfbZof+ tyf bz{] lzj/fqf} ty}j r .

alnbfg+ dxfb]Jo} tq g}j ljwLot] ..$&..

6.47 One Ekadashi (the eleventh day of the lunar calendar) and on the Shivaratra

(the Night of Shiva) day, there is no offering of sacrificial animals.

PsfbzL Xofdfjf:of lbgåoldtf obf .

tbf låtLo+ lbj;+ jfo{t] tq k"hg] ..$*..

6.48 If two solar days are touched by one lunar day, which causes the counting of

two lunar days, the first of such two days is observed for the temple purpose

especially in offering the puja with a sacrificial animal.

lgTo+ ljwLot] of t' lgTok"h]lt sYot] .

tyf kj{;' of k"hf ;f ljlzi6]lt dGot] ..$(..

6.49 The daily worship is called nitya puja. The worship on special days is called

parva puja, which is special in the sense that it has additional elaboration.

ci6dLk~rdLkj{k"hf tq ljwLot] .

rt'b{zLkf}0f{df:of]M ;+qmfGTof+ ;k/Dk/fd\ .

Ptfb[s\ kj{k¨hfy{+ Joj:yf˜l:t s[tf g[k}M ..%)..

6.50 There is a special worship on the fifth and eighth days of the lunar calendar.

The fourteenth and the fifteenth days of the lunar month are also occasions for

special puja. The very first day of the twelve solar months also necessitates

special puja. This is a tradition established long ago by the kings.

rft'df{:o]if' k'0o]if' b]jLefujt+ z'ed\ .

dlGb/k|fË0f] k'0o] lgTo+ k7lt a|fXd0fM ..%!..

6.51 During Chaturmasya, the four special lunar months (from mid-August to

mid-November) the Marahatta Brahmana reads the Devibhagavatam text at the

temple every day.

z/Tsfn] dxfk"hf gj/fqf} ljwLot] .

dlxifR5fux+;fgf+ alnbfg}lj{z]iftM ..%@..

uf]/vf/fhu[xtM k"hf;fdUo|dKo{t] .

rt'ZztfAbk|frLgf XoljlR5Ggf k/Dk/f ..%#..

6.52-53 During the early autumn, a special puja is offered to the Goddess. Many

sacrificial animals such as water buffalos goats, ducks, and chickens are offered

to Her. A special provision for worship is sent from the Gorkha palace. This is a

400 year old tradition that is still maintained.

Pj+ ljz]ifk"hf˜lk r}qz'Snfi6dLltyf} .

dlxifR5fux+;flbalnbfg}lj{wLot] ..%$..

6.54 Likewise, similar puja is offered to the Goddess with sacrificial animals such

buffalos, goats, and ducks on the eighth day of the waxing moon in the month of

March-April.

k|ltjif{+ dfu{s[i0fk~rDof+ uf]li7k~rdL .

ljVoftf of kj{d]nf tq}jfof]Hot] z'ef .

uf]i7L;+:yfg]g d]nf ;f tqfof]Hot] tbf ..%%..

6.55 Every year, there is a special festival observed at the temple on the fifth day

of the waning moon in the month of November. This festival organized by Nepal

Guthi Sansthan (Nepal Trust Corporation) is called Guthi Panchami.

jif{aGwgk"hf t' lzi6}af{}4k'/f]lxt}M .

sflGtk'of{M lå/fuTo lqmot] k|ltxfogd\ ..%^..

pmh{z'Snrt'b{Zof cf/Eo jif{aGwgd\ .

ofjGdfu{zLif{z'Snk~rdL+ lqmot]˜x{0ff ..%&..

j}zfvz'SnkIf]˜lk låtLo+ jif{aGwgd \ .

rt'{b{ZofM ;df/Eo Ho]i7s[i0ffi6dLk/d\ ..%*..

OTy+ ;dx{0f+ b]JofM lqmot] jif{aGwgd\ ..%(..

6.56-59 There is yet another very special puja called Varshabandhana puja which

is performed by Buddhist priests from Kathmandu who go there to the temple

twice a year for that purpose.

One of such pujas is observed from the fourteenth day of the waxing moon in the

month of November to the fifth day of the waxing moon in the month of

December. The second one is observed on the fourteenth day of the waxing moon

in the month of April, and it runs until the eighth day of the waning moon in the

month of May. This is a very special puja indeed.

/fhf]jfr

ljwLot] sy+ k"hf b]Jof af}4}u'{efh'leM .

s]jn+ lxGbjM k"hf+ s'j{GtLlt dof >'td\ ..^)..

k/+ /x:od]t:o ;j{+ jb låhf]Qd .

>j0f]g ljgf Tjq lj/fd+ g}j d] dgM .

k|fKgf]lt t:dfb\ x] ljåg\ jb d] lj:t[tf+ syfd\ ..^!..

The King said:

6.60-61 How do the Buddhist priests offer puja to Goddess Manakamana? I had

heard that only Hindus offer puja to Her. But O best Brahmana, please explain to

the secret of the Buddhist priests offering special puja to the Mother. I cannot

remain content without knowing about it from you. So, O great scholar, please

tell me all about it in details.

u'??jfr

k[YjLgf/fo0ff] e"kM k[YJof+ gf/fo0ff]˜hlg .

g]kfn/fi6«:kmLtLs[b\ b]Jof eStf] ljrIf0fM ..^@..

The Teacher said:

6.62 You know that King Prithvinarayan Shaha was like an incarnation of Lord

Visnu, who expanded the size of Nepal.

obf sflGtk'/L t]g ljlhtf˜;LGdxfTdgf .

k"hf Go"gf˜g'e"tf˜e"b \ b]Jof tT;]gof r x ..^#..

6.63 When the king with a great soul conquered the Kathmandu Valley

kingdoms, the Goddess and her forces felt that the traditional puja was rather too

little for them.

lhtf sflGtk'/L tq o'4+ g}jfejb\ ax' .

sflGtk'/L zflGtk'/L hftf t:o kl/u|xft\ ..^$..

g}sf] hgf]˜ejB'4] sflGtk'of{+ xtfxtM .

s'df/L :jfut+ rqm] 6Lsf+ bTjf lx e"e[t] ..^%..

b]Jof andt[Kt+ ;g\ ttif{ ?lw/+ ax' ..^^..

6.64-66 When Kathmandu was conquered, there was not much fighting and

killing. In fact, it was a peaceful conquest. No one was actually killed there.

Goddess Kumari offered tika (a red mark on the forehead) to King Prithvinarayan

Shaha, and welcomed him. So the forces of the Goddess of Power that were

thirsty for blood remained thirsty, since they did not get a drop of it because there

was no killing at all.

cg]sfM 36gf hftf dlGb/+ kl/t:ttM ..

If'Awf hgf d"lR5{tfZr klttfM v]bdfl:ytfM ..^&..

hgf uTjf ttf] e"k+ 36gf+ tf+ Goj]bog\ .

g[kZr lj1fg\ k'?iffg\ tflGqsfglk k[i6jfg\ ..^*..

lsd]tb\ jf sy+ hftf 36gf tq tfb[zL <

syÍf/+ t"krf/+ lqmot] tb\ jbGt' gM ..^(..

6.67-69 Then there were many incidents around the temple. People were shocked

without reason. Some would faint for no reason. Some fell. Some felt depressed.

So the people reported it to the king. Then the king invited an assembly of

knowledgeable persons, scholars and tantrikas, and asked them about the possible

reason. He said, “What is going on there? What is the way to remedy such a

problem? Please tell me, as you know about it.”

af}4}u'{efh'le3f{]/}:tflGqs}lj{lgj]lbtd\ .

b]Jof ljz]ifk"hf lx st{Jof jif{aGwgf ..&)..

6.70 There were great Buddhist priests and tantrikas who said that Goddess

Manakamana must be offered Varshabandhana Puja which is a special way of

worshipping the Goddess.

ttf] g[kf] bbfjf1f+ tfg\ ljlzi6fg\ k'/f]lxtfg\ .

>LdgMsfdgfb]JofM k"hf+ st'{+ oyfljlw ..&!..

OTy+ e"ldkt]/f1f+ k|fKo tflGqsk"hsfM .

uf]/vf+ sflGtk'/tf] utfM k"hfk|of]hgfM ..&@..

6.71-72 Then the Buddhist priests were asked by the king to go to Manakamana,

and offer special worship to her. So the priests went there to the temple to offer

the Goddess special puja called Varshabandhana.

cf;Lb]s:tflGqs:t' ;j{l;l4;dfo'tM .

b]JofM k"hgsfo{+ ; hfgflt eSt;QdM ..&#..

k"hog\ ; dxfb]jL+ d'08dfnflje"liftfd\ .

pTkfB dfg;+ dTo{+ alnbfg+ ; rfs/f]t\ ..&$..

k/Dk/futf jftf{ >"ot]˜Bflk tfb[zL .

k/+ ttf] g/alng{}j b]Jo} k|bLot] ..&%..

6.73-75 One of the Buddhist tantrikas who went to offer puja was endowed with

special Siddhis (powers). He knew how to appease the Goddess with special puja.

He created a spiritual human being during his puja for the Goddess, and sacrificed

him to the Goddess, who was wearing a garland of human heads. It is heard that

after that incident, human sacrifice is never performed.

ttM ;df/Eo k"hf lqmot] jif{aGwgf .

j}zfv] sflt{s] af}4}lå{jf/+ k|ltxfogd\ ..&^..

zfGtf dgMsfdgf ;f jif{aGwgk"hof ..&&..

6.76-77 After that incident which took place around 1769 the Varshabandhana

Puja is offered by the Buddhist priests twice every year. Mother Manakamana is

pacified by the Varshabandhana puja as such.

Pj+ af}4f:tyf zfStfM k|Tox+ k"holGt tfd\ .

dft/+ zflGtbf+ zlSt+ ;j{sf?0o¿lk0fLd\ ..&*..

o] kzf]a{lnbfg+ t' st'{+ g]R5lGt ;flTjsfM .

gfl/s]nkmn+ b]Jo} rfk{olGt ;dx{0f] ..&(..

6.78-79 That is the reason for both Hindus and Buddhists worshipping the

Goddess who is the compassionate Mother that gives peace to everyone. Those

devotees who do not want to offer animal sacrifice, offer a coconut as a

substitute.

Pj+ k|ltlbg+ dft'j{if{ko{Gtd]j lx ..

g}kfn}ef{/tLo}Zr eSt}M k"hf ljwLot] ..*)..

6.80 In this way, hundreds of thousands of devotees from India as well as Nepal

worship the Goddess throughout the year.

wlggf] ax'd"Noe"if0f}/wgfM kqhnk|;"gs}M .

dxolGt ;elSt dft/+ ;db[i6ØflDasof ;'/lIftfM ..*!..

6.81 Worshipping the Goddess, the rich offer expensive jewellery. The poor offer

only leaves, flowers, water etc. But Mother Manakamana treats all her devotees

on an equal basis [of their devotion], and provides equal protection to all of them.

alnleM ;d'kf;t] slt kmnk'ik}M ;d'kf;t]˜k/] .

;db[u\ hggL ;'tfg\ ;dfg\ j/bfg]g s[tfy{oToxf] ..*@..

6.82 Certain devotees offer animal sacrifice; others offer only fruits as a

substitute. But the Mother Goddess treats all her devotees equally as a Mother

treats all her children on an equal basis.

Olt >Ldb'Q/dxfef/t] g]kfnkj{l0f

>LdgMsfdgfdfxfTDo] k"hfj0f{g+

gfd ifi7f]˜WofoM ..^..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy ;Ktdf]˜WofoM ..

/fhf]jfr

>LdgMsfdgfb]Jof dlGb/+ ;'dgf]x/d\ .

:tDe}M ;'sfi7}n{lnt}l/i6sflelQleb[{9d\ ..!..

;'j0f{åf/kmns+ :j0f{lnKtR5b+ z'ed\ .

dlGb/+ kl/tf] 306fM b[ZoGt] tq zf]letfM ..@..

s]g wdf{Tdgf ;j{] t] tq :yflktf u'/f] Û

ejtM >f]t'ldR5fld kljqjbgfDa'hft\ ..#..

Veneration to Sri Manakamana

CHAPTER SEVEN

The King said:

7.1-3 The structure of the temple of Goddess Manakamana is beautiful with its

beautiful brick walls, wooden pillars, and a door of gold and gold coated roof.

There are many bells around the temple. O my respected Teacher, who built all

those things and offered the special decorations? I want to hear all about them

from you.

u'??jfr

ob\ b]Jof dlGb/+ b[i6+ /fhg\ ;j{}h{g}M ;bf .

tTk|frLgtd+ ¿k+ nId0f]g ljlgld{td\ .

k/d]0f t' l;4]g du/]0f dxfTdgf ..$..

The Teacher said:

7.4 The present day temple seen by everyone was originally founded by Lakhan

Thapa Magar himself. In the beginning the structure was very crude with a stone

wall around the deities.

k/+ k[YjLktL /fhf dxfTdf wfld{sM ;'wLM .

zf]eg+ dlGb/+ tq ;b\eSTof lg/dLot ..%..

7.5 But King Prithvipati Shaha, who was a great soul, a deeply religious person

and a wise king , built a beautiful temple around 1700 A.D.

dlGb/] åf/d]s+ ob\ b[Zot] :j0f{dl08td\ .

z"/jL/]0f jL/]0f /fgfj+Zo]g lgld{td\ ..

t:o tqflen]vZr /fht] ?lr/f]˜w'gf ..^..

7.6 The golden door at the temple was built by a Magar gentleman named

Shuravira. One can read the inscription on the door for the detailed information

on it. It reads:

uf]vf{Vo] gu/] g[k:o ;ljw] h}/fh/fgf˜ejt \ .

tTk'qf] g[j/f] g[k]Gb|;lrjM >Lj+;'/fgf Xoe"t\ ..

tTk'qM ;d/]if' vl08tk/M ;+u|fdz"/M ;bf

bftf eft[snqk'q;lxtM >Lz"/jL/f]˜hlg ..&..

e|ft[leM s[i0fjL/fB}M ;lxtM ;fDk|t+ o'jf .

;'j0f{lgld{t+ åf/+ :yflkt+ b]jtfu|tM ..*..

j]bg]qd'lge"o'tzfs] r}qs[i0fz'eifli7o't]˜Ab] .

rGb|jf/;lxt] z'esfn] :yflkt+ sgsåf/db\e'td\ ..(..

7.7-9 There was Jai Raj Rana with the King of Gorkha. His son Vamsu Rana

Magar was the minister of the King. His son was Shuravira who was very good at

slaying his enemies at war. He was also very generous. He had brothers, a wife,

children and many relatives. That gentleman, together with his brothers, put a

golden door at the temple of Goddess Manakamana. This wonderful golden door

was built in the year 1724 of the Shaka Era (that is about A.D. 1802) in the month

of Chaitra (March-April) on Monday on the sixth day of the waning moon.

dlGb/fu|] tyf l;+xf] b]Jof cb\e'tjfxgM

uËfaxfb"/jL/flk{tf] jj{lt{ tq lx .

oyf t:oflen]vf]˜lk kl7t'+ zSot] hg}M ..!)..

7.10 Right in front of the temple stands an image of a lion that is the mount of the

Goddess of Power. This lion was installed by Ganga Bahadur, Chief Colonel of

the Rana Prime Ministers. His inscription can be read on the pillar on top of

which stands the lion. The inscription reads:

æ>Ldb\uËfaxfb"/ Olt ;'s[ltgf rLkms0f{]ngfDgf .

df;]˜l:dg\ j}qmdfAb] /;j;'gje";+ldt] rflZjg]˜4f .

k|LTo} l;+xf] Goj]lb lqhult lx dgMsfdg] t] dof˜o+

eSt+ bLg+ j/]K;+' r/0fz/0fu+ kflx dft/\ gd:t] ..!!..

rLkm\ s0f{]n egL a8f eut >LuËfaxfb"/n]

p08}:;f} / 5ofl; ;+jtdxfF ck{0f\ u/]+ elStn] ..

x] dftf dgsfdgf xh'/sf l;+x} r/0f\df /xf];\ .

j/\ OR5f ul/ eSt 5" r/0fdf /Iff ;bf ug'{xf];\ ..!@..

7.11-12 Chief Colonel Ganga Bahadur was a great devotee of Manakamana. So

he offered a metal image of a lion at the feet of the Goddess in the year 1986 of

Vikrama Era (A.D. 1929). “O Goddess, may this poor devotee, who wishes his

desires to be fulfilled, be blessed and protected by you all the time and

everywhere.”

;lGt aXJo:tq 306fZrflk{tfM ax'leh{g}M .

p§lÍtflg gfdflg b[ZoGt] 3l06sf;' r ..!#..

7.13 There are also many bells offered by many devotees whose names are

inscribed on the bells.

k[YjLgf/fo0ff] e"kf] 306f+ /Dofdltli7kt\ .

:yfgfkGgf˜l:t efUgfof 306fof:t:o e"kt]M ..!$..

7.14 A beautiful bell was also offered by King Prithvinarayan Shaha, but it was

broken, and has been replaced now.

OTy+ r >"ot] k[YjLgf/fo0fdxLkltM .

dxf/f¡ofM s0f{kfz:j0f{+ ;Dd]No uh'{/d\ ..!%..

>LdgMsfdgfb]Jof dlGb/:o R5b]˜s/f]t \ .

sLb[Zof;LGg' tb\elStb]{Jof Olt k|tLot] ..

sLb[s\ r t:o ;fkmNo+ b]Jof j/k|;fbtM ..!^..

7.15-16 It is also heard from the people who know the history of the temple that

King Prithvinarayan Shaha mixed the gold from the ear-ring of his queen with the

gold from which the golden steeple of the temple was made. That shows what

devotion he had for the Goddess Manakamana, and how she blessed him with

success in his endeavor.

/fhf]jfr

>LdgMsfdgfb]Jof b"/] eSt}M ;'k"lhtd\ .

jqm]Zj/dxflnË+ >"ot] lj6k}j{[td\ ..!&..

>f]t'ldR5fld dfxfTDo+ t:o lnË:o ef] u'/f] .

a|"lx tt\ s[kof ljåg\ df+ ;j{+ ;j{ljQd ..!*..

The King said:

7.17-18 It is heard that there is a great Shiva linga called Vakreshwara a mile

away in the north from the temple of Manakamana, and that the linga has been

under the cover of a dense forest. O Teacher, please tell me about this linga a

well. You are the most knowledgeable among those who know.

u??jfr

;fw' k[i6+ dxf/fh Û elSto'St]g r]t;f .

jqm]Zj/dxflnËljifo] ejtf˜w'gf ..

a|jLDox+ tb\ljifo] ejGt+ elStefljtd\ ..!(..

The King said:

7.19 Whatever you ask about the Vakreshwara linga with a devoted mind is good.

O king, because you have asked the question with such devotion, I will tell you

about it.

>LdgMsfdgfb]Jof pQ/:of+ lblz l:yt] .

qmf]zb"/]˜l:t g[kt] Xo'Rr}M kj{td:ts] ..@)..

jqm]Zj/dxflnË+ lznf¿k]0f rf]lTytd\ .

lznf:j¿kf tq}j l:ytf jqm]Zj/L z'ef ..@!..

jqm]Zj/fVof˜l:t z'ef gfltb"/l:ytf b/L .

Psf] of]uL lgj;t] tq lgToflUg;]jsM ..@@..

7.20-23 To the north of the temple of Manakamana, about a mile away, there is a

great Shivalinga in the form of an erect rock. There is also the Goddess

Vakreshwari near the linga. To the left of the linga at a short distance there is a

cave called Vakreshwara. There lives a Yogi with fire as his only company.

nId0ffo bbf} l;l4+ u'?uf]/If OTolk .

>"ot] t]g tT:yfg+ k"Ho+ l;l4o't+ dtd\ ..@#..

cjfu\ olx{ ej]b\ afnf] ax'sfndlk :jtM .

jqm]Zjof{ bz{g]g jfrfnf] ejlt :km'6d\ . @$..

7.24-25 That is the place where Lord Gorakshanatha gave Siddhi (all astral

powers) to Lakhan Thapa. That is the reason the place is considered to be sacred.

That place is said to have special power. If a child does not speak for long, people

take him/her to the deity since it is believed that the child will speak after a visit

to the deity.

efb|z'Snt[tLofof+ d]nf ejlt zf]egf .

k"hf+ s'j{lGt dlxnfM kfj{tLk/d]Zj/f} ..@%..

7.26 There is a special festival there on the third day of the waxing moon called

teej in the month of August. Women worship Lord Siva and Parvati

(Vakrashwari) there particularly on that day.

lzj/fqf} r ;b\eStf:tqTofM ;j{hftoM .

jqm]Zj/dxflnËdr{lGt hfu/j|tfM ..@^..

7.27 On the day of Shivaratri, devotees from all castes and creed go there, and

keep a vigil at night with devotion to Lord Shiva (Vakreshwara).

jqm]Zj/+ gfd lzjf]?lnËs+

l;4]g yfkfdu/]0f k"lhtd\ .

k|k"Ho eStf] net] ;'t+ wg+

ljBf+ ozM ;j{hg}/eLlK;td\ ..@&..

7.28 The great Shivalinga called Vakreshwara was worshipped by the great sage

Lakhan Thapa. If one worships the same linga, he will have sons, wealth, learning

(education) and fame as desired by everyone.

Olt >Ldb'Q/dxfef/t] g]kfnkj{l0f

dgMsfdgfdfxfTDo] dgMsfdgfkl/;/j0f{g+

gfd ;Ktdf]˜WofoM ..&..

ç

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

>LdgMsfdgf:tf]qd\ ..

zdolt s?0ff t] sf/0f+ sf/0ffgfd\

eujlt ejtfkfb]lt eQmZr d'lQmd\ .

b[u'lbtdw'/fef–efhg+ ;+ljwft'+

kbgtlz/;+ df+ dft/Lzflg kZo ..!..

hult dl0fl/jfef›fd;fxJoj:yf

ljnl;tgog'Gg+ oRr uf]/If/fi6«d\ .

ljljwa'wjrf]lej{l0f{t+ /fd/fHo+

Xo'kldtdlk t]g TjTs[k}jfq x]t'M ..@..

Obdhlg ;'/fi6«+ TjTs[kfof lgbfgf

bljtdljty+ t] :g]xk"0f}{M s6fIf}M .

ljsl;tdlk e"oft\ TjTs[kftf] ejflg

jodlk ;jo:of hfu[ofdf˜q /fi6«] ..#..

joldx gokfnfM :df]˜lvnf:TjQg"hf–

Zr/0fz/0fuf:t] k|fy{gf ;f}dg:ofM ..

Ot/ljlxt/fi6«e|i6sfo{ lgxTo

ljt/ anddf]3+ /fi6«lgdf{0fo1] ..$..

hult ob'knAw+ ef] dgMsfdg]˜Da

tblvnddn:t]˜g'u|x:o}j kfsM .

k|0fdlt r/0ff} t] afnsf] elQmk"0f{

:Tjdt'ndltzQmL d] k|bft'+ bo:j ..%..

Olt >Lho/fhfrfo{s[t+

dgMsfdgf:tf]q+ ;dfKtd\ ..

>LdgMsfdgfdfxfTDod\

>Lho/fhfrfo{lj/lrtd\

lxGbL cg¦jfb;lxtd\

lxGbL efiffg¦jfbs

8f= ;"o{gfy uf]k

lxGbL ljefu cWoIf, lqe¦jg ljZjljBfno

ljifo ;"rL

cWofo ! uf]/vfk|b]zj0f{gd\

-uf]/vf k|b]z sf j0f{g_

cWofo @ dgMsfdgf]TklQj0f{gd\

-dgsfdgf sL pTklQ sf j0f{g_

cWofo # dgMsfdgfdlGb/:yb]jflbj0f{gd\

-dgsfdgf d+lb/ s] b]jtfcf]+ sf j0f{g_

cWofo $ nvGykftLyf{6gl;4u'xfj0f{gd\

-nvg yfkf sf tLyf{6g cf}/ l;4 u'kmf sf j0f{g_

cWofo % dgMsfdgfelQmkmnj0f{{gd\

-dgsfdgf elQm sf kmn j0f{g_

cWofo ^ dgMsfdgfk"hfj0f{gd\

-dgsfdgf k"hf sf j0f{g_

cWofo & dgMsfdgfkl/;j0f{gd\

-dgsfdgf If]q sf j0f{g_

kl/lzi6d\ dgMsfdgf:tf]qd\

-dgsfdgf :tf]q_

cg'jfbs sL cf]/ ;]

g]kfn ljZj d]+ Ps dfq 3f]lift lxGb" /fi6« x} . n]lsg ;j{ljlbt x} ls lxGb'cf]+ sL ;a ;] a8L

;+Vof ef/t d]+ x} . g]kfn cf}/ ef/t s] sO{ tLy{:yn ;eL lxGb'cf]+ s] lnP ;dfg kljq cf}/

k"Ho x}+ . eujfg\ kz'kltgfy s] bz{g s/g] x]t' c;+Vo ef/tLo lxGb" g]kfn cft] x}+ . p;L

t/x g]kfn ;] sO{ xhf/f]+ eQmhg sfzL ljZjgfy, /fd]Zj/d\, ab/Lz, s]bf/ cflb rf/ wfd

tLy{ofqf s] lnP ef/t hft] x}F .

g]kfn s] dWo eful:yt uf]/vf lhn] s] Ps kj{t sL rf]6L k/ ;fIfft\ dgsfdgf b]jL sf

:yfg Ps P];f hfu[t kL7 x} hxfF x/ ;fn g]kfn cf}/ ef/t ;] bz nfv eQmhg b]jL sL

k"hf s] lnP kx'Frt] x}+ . OGxL eujtL s] dxfg\ eQm >L % a8f dxf/fhflw/fh k[YjLgf/fo0f

;fx g] lxGb" /fi6« g]kfn sf ;kmn PsLs/0f lsof yf .

kxn] dftf dgsfdgf sL k"hf s] lnP pFr] kxf8 sL rf]6L d]+ cjl:yt pgs] d+lb/ ts

kx'Frgf sl7g yf . ca sl7g gxL+ x} . dgsfdgf bz{g k|f=ln= g] jxfF ts kxF¦rg] s] lnP

s]a'n sf/ agf lbof x} . cTofw'lgs k|ljlw ;] agf x'cf ox s]a'n sf/ Plzof sf ;a ;]

nDaf sf/ x} . ca kfFr 5x 3+6] sL kxf8L ofqf s]a'n sf/ ;] bz ldg6 d]+ to sL hftL x}

. afns, a[4, jlgtf ;eL nf]u cf;fgL ;] d+lb/ tx kx'Fr ;st] x} . s]a'n sf/ sf :6]zg

k|l;4 k[YjL/fhdfu{ k/ xL x}, hxfF ;] ;}s8f]+ a; cf}/ cGo k|sf/ sL ufl8ofF x/ lbg u'h/t] x}+

.

cfk s] xfyf]+ d]+ hf] ox >LdgMsfdgfdfxfTDo sf k':ts x} O; ;] dgsfdgf b]jL s] af/] d]+

sfkmL 1fg k|fKt xf] ;stf x} . cfzf x} ox dfxfTDo ckgL cg]s ljz]iftfcf]+ s] sf/0f ;+:s[t

Pj+ lxGbL kf7sf]+ åf/f ;dfg ¿k ;] k9f hfPuf . ox u|+y b]jL dgsfdgf sL s[kf sf k|;fb x}

hf] eQmf]+ Pj+ cf/fwsf]+ s] b'Mv b"/ s/g] sf ;fwg x} . kf7su0f cg'ej s/]+u] ls O; u|+y s]

kf7 s/g] ;] dg d]+ elQm sL kfjg wf/f k|jflxt xf]g] nutL x} . O;] lxGbL d]+ cg'jfb s/

lxGbL kf7sf]+ cf}/ eQmhgf]+ ts kx'Frgf xL d]/f p2]Zo gxL+ /xf x} . j/g\ dftf dgsfdgf sL

c;Ld s[kf k|flKt x]t' nf]uf]+ sf] k|oTg s/g] s] lnP k|]l/t s/gf eL O; cg'jfb s] kL5] d]/f

p2]Zo /xf x} .

d}g] ho/fh cfrfo{åf/f lj/lrt O; u|+y s] oyfzSo d"n:j¿k cf}/ efj sf] lxGbL d]+ nfg] sf

k|of; lsof x} . hfg] cghfg] cyjf d]/L c1fgtfjz sf]O{ q'l6 /x uO{ xf] tf] dftf dgsfdgf

Ifdf s/]+, ho/fh cfrfo{ hL Ifdf s/]+ cf}/ cfk Ifdf s/]+ .

8f= ;"o{gfy uf]k

ç

>Lu0f]zfo gdM ..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy k|ydf]˜WofoM ..

/fhf]jfr

of dgMsfdgfb]jL t:of dfxfTDod'Qdd\ .

>f]t'sfdf]˜l:d d] ;j{+ ;]ltxf;+ u'/f] jb .. ! ..

/fhf g] sxf– b]jL dgsfdgf sf dfxfTDo ;'gg] sf] d}+ pT;'s x"F . ctM x] u'?,

Oltxf; ;lxt j] ;eL dfxfTDo d'em] atfg] sL s[kf s/]+ .

u'??jfr

dxfef/tjif{:o dWo] e'jgk"lht] .

cfof{jt{M k'0oe"ldd{Wo+ ljGWolxdfnof]M .. @ ..

u'? g] sxf– ;+;f/ e/ d]+ k"hgLo dxfef/tjif{ s] aLr d]+ l:yt lxdfno cf}/

ljGWofrn s] aLr s] k|b]z sf] k'0oe"ld cfof{jt{ sxf hftf x} .

cfof{jt{:of]Q/:of+ lblz eflt lxdfrnM .

t:of˜l:t blIf0f] rfÍ] /fi6+« g]kfn;+1sd \ ..

ljZjl:dGg]sdfq+ ob\ lxGb"/fHoldlt >'td\ .. #..

cfof{jt{ s] pQ/ efu d]+ lxdfno kj{t zf]efodfg x} . blIf0f t/km lh;sL uf]b d]+

g]kfn gfd sf /fi6« x} hf] ljZj d]+ Ps dfq lxGb" /fi6« s] ¿k d]+ k|l;4 x} .

g]kfn/fi6«dWo:yf] uf]/vf jL/d08n M .

Gofok|bfg] :jftGœo] rf˜:t] Voftf] dxLtn] .. $ ..

g]kfn /fi6« s] dWo efu d]+ cjl:yt jL/ k'?iff]+ sf uf]/vf lhNnf ljZj e/ d]+

k|l;4 x} tyf Gofo k|bfg s/g] cf}/ :jt+qtf s] ljifo d]+ eL k[YjL e/ d]+ k|Voft x}

.

lqz"nLsd{bfdWo] gfgflzvl/lej[{tM .

;j[4u08sLgfgflgDgufleZr ;]ljtM .. %..

lqz"nL cf}/ d:of{ª\bL glbof]+ s] dWo cg]s kxfl8of] cf}/ 3g] h+unf]+ ;f] l3/f ox

k|b]z a"9L u08sL cflb gfds cGo sO{ glbof]+ ;] l;+lrt x} .

lxds"6fb\ ljlgu{To blIf0f] k|jxlGt ofM .

gB:tfM k'0oe"ld+ tf+ l;~rlGt k|f~hn}h{n}M ..^..

lxdfno s] lzv/ ;] lgsn blIf0f sL cf]/ axg] jfnL hf] glbofF x}+ j] k'0oe"ld

uf]/vf sf] ;fkm kfgL ;] ;L+rtL x}+ .

uf]/vfVof] hgkbf] b|Jo;fx;'zfl;tM .

uf]ljk|of] /IfsTjfb\ wd{/If pbL/LtM ..&..

b|Jo ;fx ;] pQd zf;g k|fKt uf]/vf k|b]z ufo cf}/ a|fXd0f sf /Ifs xf]g] s]

sf/0f wd{ s] /Ifs s] ¿k d]+ hfgf hftf yf .

b|Jokf}qf] /fd;fxf] /fd/fHoljwfosM .

Gofof] ljn'KtZr]b\ uR5]b\ uf]/vfldToVofkot\ ..*..

b|Jo ;fx s] kf}q /fd ;fx g] tf] O;] /fd/fHo xL agf lbof cf}/ p;L s] sf/0f

æGofo g ldn] tf] uf/vf hfcf]ÚÚ ox plQm k|l;4 x'O{ .

k[YjLgf/fo0ff] hftf] uf]/Ife"klto{bf .

k[YJof+ gf/fo0f]g}j hGd k|fKtldjfejt\ ..(..

uf]/vf s] /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f sf ha hGd x'cf tf] nutf yf h};] k[YjL k/ gf/fo0f

g] xL hGd lnof xf] .

lxGb"/fi6«dljR5]B+ ljZjljQ+ ljlwT;'gf .

t]g e"nf]skfn]g g]kfnf] ljk'nLs[t M ..!)..

åflj+zltrt'lj{zTofboM snxlk|ofM .

;j{]˜Ko]s}szf] e"kf lglh{tfM s/bLs[tfM ..!!..

Ps ljZjk|l;4 cf}/ cljR5]B lxGb" /fi6« agfg] sL OR5f ;] k|]l/t p;L dxfg /fhf

g] g]kfn sf] lj:t[t agfof . ;bf cfk;L snx d]+ lnKt /xg] jfn] …afO{;LÚ …rf}aL;LÚ

h};] 5f]6]–5f]6] /fhfcf]+ sf] hLts/ tyf pGx]+ s/bftf agf jz d]+ lsof .

g]kfn/fi6«lgdf{0f] sf/0f+ uf]/vf˜ejt \ .

ttM k|l;4f] e'jg] uf]/vfzAb OTo;f} .. !@..

O; k|sf/ cfw'lgs g]kfn /fi6« s] lgdf{0f d]+ uf]/vf xL sf/0f agf . O;L ;] ljZj

e/ d]+ xL ox æuf]/vfÚÚ gfds zAb k|l;4 x'cf x} .

P]ltxfl;s;Gb[i6Øf dxTj+ t:o jt{t] .

ljljwfleM ;+:s[ltle:tå}lzi6\Ø+ dxLot] .. !#..

P]ltxfl;s b[li6 ;] uf]/vf sf ljz]if dxTj x} . ljljw ;+:s[ltof]+ s] sf/0f eL p;sL

ljz]iftf x} .

;jf{;f+ ;+:s[tLgf~r ;+xlt:t:o df}lnsd\ .

/fli6«o+ rl/t+, o]g g]kfnrl/t+ s[td\ .. !$..

;eL ;+:s[ltof]+ sf ;fd"lxs ¿k xL uf]/vf sf df}lns /fi6«Lo rl/q x} . ctM jxL

g]kfn s] df}lns /fi6«Lo rl/q sf] eL kl/eflift s/tf x} .

u'j{Ëf du/f ljk|f g]jf/fM IflqofM k|hfM .

rft'j{0o{+ ;dfkGgfM lghwd{k/fo0ffM ..!%..

jxfF u'?ª, du/, a|fXd0f, g]jf/, Iflqo cflb ;eL k|sf/ sL hgtf rt'j{0f{ d]+ ljeQm

xf]s/ ckg]–ckg] wd{ k/ b[9 x} .

k|s[ltM zf]egf tq w/0fL z:ozflngL .

hgfZr jLo{j}bUWof Gofo:jftGœokf]ifsfM ..!^..

jxfF sf k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ /Do x} . w/tL wg–wfGoo'Qm x} . hgtf jL/ xf]g] s] ;fy

Gofo cf}/ :jt+qtf sf k|j4{g s/tL x} .

lxds"6fT;df/Eo dxLw|]if' hn]if' r .

lgj;lGt ;'/f:tq uf]/vf/If0f] /tfM ..!&..

pQ/:of+ b'Uws'08:tLy{/fhf] lj/fht] .

>fj0of+ kf}0f{df:of+ lx eStfgfsif{og\ ax"g\ ..!*..

jxfF lxdfno s] lzv/f]+, cGo kj{t sL rf]l6of]+ cf}/ kfgL d]+ eL b]jtfu0f jf; s/t]

x}+ cf}/ ;b}j uf]/vf sL /Iff s/t] x}+ . pQ/ lbzf d]+ b"ws'+8 gfds dxfg\ tLy{ x}

hxfF :gfg s/g] x]t' ;fjg sL k"l0f{df sf] eQmf]+ sL eL8 nutL x} .

uf]/vf/fhwfGof+ lx u'?uf]/IfuXj/d\ .

sflnsfdlGb/+ rf:t] /fhk|f;fb;lGgwf} ..!(..

uf]/vf sL /fhwfgL d]+ xL uf]/vgfy sL u'kmf x} cf}/ jxL+ /fhb/af/ s] ;fy–;fy

sflnsf sf d+lb/ eL x} .

lj/fht] kj{t:o lzv/] ;j{sfdbf .

>LdgMsfdgf dftf ;j{nf]sk|k"lhtf ..@)..

;+k"0f{ nf]s åf/f k"lht cf}/ ;af]+ sL sfdgf k"/L s/g] jfnL dgsfdgf dftf sf

d+lb/ eL kj{t lzv/ k/ zf]efodfg x} .

sˆofsgflDg s"6]˜l:t l>tf] du/hfltleM .

of] dgMsfdgf;+1f] u|fdf] u|fd]if' ;f]˜lu|dM ..@!..

ax';+Vos du/ hflt sL al:tof]+ jfn] sˆofs gfds p; kxf8 s] lzv/ k/

dgsfdgf gfds hf] ufFj x} jx ;eL ufFjf]+ d]+ ;jf]{Qd x} .

lbZo'Qdlu/]:t:o k"j{:of+ j[4u08sL .

blIf0f:of+ lqz"nL r jxt] k|otf ;l/t\ ..@@..

klZrdfof++ b/f}+bLlt Voftf wdf{jtL gbL .

d:of{ª\bL sd{bf tq ;dfoflt lxdfnofb\ ..@#..

o] å] gBf} ;dfuTo g}C{Tof+ lblz ;+ut] .

t] dgMsfdgfkfbf} IffnoGTofljj l:yt] ..@$..

p; pQd kj{t sL k"j{ lbzf d]+ a"9L u08sL tyf blIf0f lbzf d]+ kljq lqz"nL

glbofF axtL x}+ . klZrd sL cf]/ b/f}+bL gfd ;] k|rlnt wdf{jtL gbL x} . p;;] eL

klZrd d:of{ª\bL sxL hfg] jfnL sd{bf gbL lxdfno ;] axs/ cftL x} . j] bf]

glbofF hf] dgsfdgf sL g}C{To lbzf ;] cfs/ ldntL x}+ j] b]jL s] bf]gf]+ kf+j

k|Ifflnt s/tL–;L k|tLt xf]tL x}+ .

gB:tfM k'0o;lnnf lxdkj{tlgM;[tfM .

tf;f+ ;+ud pQfnM k'0ofTk'0ot/M :d[tM .. @%..

lxdfno kj{t ;] lgM;[t :jR5 hn jfnL glbofF j};] xL kljq xf]tL x}+, p; k/ eL

glbof]+ sf ;+ud tf] cf}/ eL kljq dfgf hftf x} .

d'lUngfVo] k|b]z] tfM ;l/tM ;d'kfutfM .

k|jxlGt tt:tLy{+ b]j3§+ k|lt b|'td\ ..@^..

pNn]lvt j] ;f/L glbofF d'lUng gfds :yfg d]+ cfs/ ldntL x}+ cf}/ jxfF ;] a8]

j]u ;] b]j3f6 gfds kljq tLy{ sL cf]/ k|jflxt xf]tL x}+ .

of dgMsfdgf t:of dlGb/fbltzf]egf .

b[Zot] Xo'Q/fzfof+ lxdkj{tz[Înf ..@&..

jg/flhg{bL z:oZofdnf r j;'Gw/f .

ntf cgf]sxfZr}j b[ZoGt] kmnk'ikbfM ..@*..

dgsfdgf b]jL s] d+lb/ sL pQ/ lbzf d]+ cToGt ;'Gb/ lxdfno kj{t sL >[+vnf

lbvtL x} . p;L k|sf/ rf/f]+ cf]/ jg sL k+lQm, gbL, dgdf]xs cf}/ pj{/ e"ld, cg]s

k|sf/ s] kmn–km"n k|bfg s/g] jfnL ntfPF Pj+ ljljw k|sf/ s] j[If eL lbvfO{ k8t]

x}+ .

cDaf–gf/Ë–/DefnL–kg;fd|kmnflg r .

b]JofM k|;fb¿k]0f k|fKoGt] tq ;j{bf ..@(..

cd?b, ;+t/f, s]nf, s6xn, cfd cflb kmn b]jL sL s[kf ;] jxfF ;b}j ldnt] x}+ .

af}4}M l;Sv}Zr lxGb"leM zfSt}M z}j}/xlg{zd\ .

;f dgMsfdgf dftf lgTodf:t] k|k"lhtf ..#)..

jx dftf dgsfdgf af}4, l;v, lxGb", zfQm, z}j ;af]+ s] åf/f /ft–lbg k"hL hftL

x}F .

OTydEolr{tf nf]s}df{tf sf?0o¿lk0fL .

eStfgfdeofo}j /fht] /fi6«/l~hgL ..#!..

O; k|sf/ b'lgof åf/f cToGt xL k"lht s?0ff¿lk0fL dftf eQmf]+ sf] ceo k|bfg

s/g] cf}/ /fi6« sf] cfgGb b]]g] x]t' kj{t sL rf]6L k/ jf; s/tL x}+ .

k|o'tfblws+ eStfM k|ltjif{+ tbx{0ffd\ .

s'j{lGt alnbfg]g k'ikdfnfkmn}/lk ..#@..

k|To]s jif{ bz nfv ;] clws eQmhg aln, kmnkm"n cflb clk{t s/ dftf sL k"hf

s/t] x}F .

5fuf cg]sf x+;fZr s'Ss'6f dlxiff:tyf .

cKo{Gt] aln¿k]0f b]Jof:t[KTo} g[leM ..##..

cg]sf}+ as/], aQv, s'Ss'6, e}+;] b]jL sL t[lKt s] lnP aln s] ¿k d]+ g/–gf/L åf/f

r9fP hft] x}+ .

s]lrt\ ;dk{oGtLx skf]tf} hLljtfjlk .

gfl/s]nkmn+ s]lrt\ tQ[KTo} aln¿ktM ..#$..

oxFf sf]O{ eQm hLljt sa"t/f]+ sL hf]8L tf] sf]O{ b]jL s] lnP aln s] ¿k d]+

gfl/on s] kmn eL r9ft] x}+ .

o:t' k"hot] eSTof b]jL+ lzv/jfl;gLd\ .

tf+ dgMsfdgf+ ; :ofb\ wgwfGo;'tflGjtM ..#%..

ej]H1fgL /fhdfGof] dltdfg\ zlStdf+:tyf .

lgTo+ lg/fdoM zfGtM k|;Ggf] nf]sxif{sM ..#^..

kj{t lzv/ k/ jf; s/g] jfnL dgsfdgf b]jL sL hf] elQmk"j{s k"hf s/tf x} jx

dg'io wgwfGoo'Qm xf]g] s] ;fy–;fy k'qo'Qm xf]tf x} . 1fgL, /fhdfGo, a'l4dfg,

zlQmzfnL, lgTo lg/f]uL, zf+t, k|;Gg cf}/ nf]uf]+ sf] v'z s/g] jfnf xf]tf x} .

oM k7]t\ >4of b]Jof dfxfTDoldbd'Qdd\ .

;f]˜lk If]ddgfKgf]lt dft'/]j k|;fbtM ..#&..

dgsfdgf b]jL s] dfxfTDo sf hf] >4f ;] kf7 s/tf x} p;L dftf sL s[kf ;]

p;sf eL sNof0f xf]tf x} .

o:t' k':tsk"hf~r s/f]lt >4of ;bf ..

; dgMsfdgfb]Jof ej]t\ lk|ot/f] g/M ..#*..

>4fk"j{s hf] O; k':ts sL ;bf k"hf s/tf x} jx g/ eL b]jL dgsfdgf sf

cToGt lk|o xf] hftf x} .

of] dgMsfdgfof lx dfxfTDodltb'Nn{ed\ .

k|bf:olt r eSt]EoM ; ej]b\ /lIft:tof ..#(..

ox dgsfdgf sf dfxfTDo cToGt b'n{e x} . O;LlnP ;Rr] eQmf]+ sf] hf] ox k|bfg

s/tf x} j};] JolQm sf] b]jL ;+/If0f k|bfg s/tL x}+ .

of] dgMsfdgfb]JofM k7]t\ :tf]q+ r k|Toxd\ .

; t]h:jL ej]b\ jL/f] /fhg]tf hglk|oM ..$)..

hf] b]jL dgsfdgf s] :tf]q sf k|lt lbg kf7 s/tf x} jx dg'io t]h:jL, jL/ cf}/

nf]s åf/f cfb/ k|fKt /fhg]tf xf]tf x} .

k|lt;fo+ k7]b\ o:t' :jhg}M kl/jfl/tM .

cWofod]sdw{ jf Znf]sfg\ sltkofg't ..$!..

t:d} ;f}efUodIf'00f+ ;'v+ ;DklQd]j r .

>LdgMsfdgf b]jL k|oR5lt g ;+zoM ..$@..

ckg] kl/jf/ s] ;fy a}7s/ x/]s ;+Wof hf] Ps jf cfwf cWofo cyjf s'5 Znf]s

xL k9tf x} tf] P];] dg'io sf] b]jL dgsfdgf cIf'00f ;f}efUo, ;'v cf}/ ;DklQ

k|bfg s/tL x}+ . O; d]+ sf]O{ z+sf gxL+ x} .

;b\ledf{GoM lzjs/tg'M zÍ/:ofjtf/f]

uf]/Iff] of] ljgolt hgfn\F nf]s/Iffk|j[QM .

;j{]Eof] gf]˜lenliftbbf+ tf+ dgMsfdgf r

uf}/L+ zZjHhglxts/LdLZj/Ldfx'/fKtfM ..$#..

sNof0fsf/s z/L/o'Qm z+s/ s] cjtf/ eujfg\ uf]/vgfy hf] nf]s/Iff s] p2]Zo ;]

dg'iof]+ sf] ;bf cg'zfl;t agft] x} jx ;b}j cR5] dg'iof]+ åf/f cfb/ lsP hft] /x]

x}+ p;L k|sf/ dgf]jf+l5t kmn k|bfg s/g] jfnL dgsfdgf dfO{ eL k|dfl0fs ljåfgf]+

åf/f xd]zf hglxtsfl/0fL b'uf{ eujtL s] ¿k d]+ atfoL uO{ x}+ .

Olt >Ldb'Q/dxfef/t] g]kfnkj{l0f

dgMsfdgfdfxfTDo]

uf]/vfk|b]zj0f{g+ gfd k|ydf]˜WofoM ..!..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy låtLof]˜WofoM ..

/fhf]jfr

>'Tjf dgMsfdgfof dfxfTDo+ lsl~rb'Q/d\ .

>f]t'+ dgM sfdot] t:ofZrf]TklQsf/0fd\ ..!..

/fhf g] k"5f – dgsfdgf dfO{ sL dlxdf yf]8f ;'gg] s] kZrft\ d]/] dg d]+ cf}/ eL

;'gg] sL OR5f xf] /xL x} . d'em] pgsL pTklQ s] af/] d]+ atfPF .

u'??jfr

of b]jL ;[li6¿kf ;f huTqolxt}lif0fL .

;j{q zlSt¿k]0f dft[¿k]0f r l:ytf ..@..

g]kfn/fi6«/Iffy{+ k|fb'e{"tf lx tq ;f .

tGdgMsfdgfof:Tj+ eStf] eljt'dx{l; ..#..

u'? g] sxf – tLgf]+ nf]sf]+ sf lxt rfxg] jfnL ;[li6 ¿kL b]jL hf] ;j{q zlQm Pj+

dftf s] ¿k d]+ ljBdfg x}, jxL b]jL g]kfn /fi6« sL /Iff s] lnP jxfF cjtl/t x'O{

x}+ . O; lnP x] /fhg\, cfk eL pgsL elQm s/]+ .

c:o /fi6«:o aLh+ t' ;[i6]/fbf} lx z"lngf .

pKtdf;Llbb+ /fi6«+ :ju{t'No+ ljlwT;'gf ..%..

O; /fi6« sf aLh jkg sfo{ tf] ;[li6 s] cflb sfn d]+ :jo+ eujfg\ lzj g] xL

lsof yf, Sof]+ls O;] :ju{ s] ;dfg agfg] sL pgsL OR5f yL .

b|Jo;fxflewf] jL/M ;'zLnM Iflqoif{eM .

nDh'Ë/fhk'qf]˜;fjf;LGGofok|jw{sM ..^..

b|Jo ;fx gfds Ps pQd Iflqo jL/ x'P . jx ax't ;'zLn y] . jx ndh'ª s]

/fhs'df/ y] cf}/ /fhsfh d]+ Gofo sf] a9fjf b]t] y] .

sfnLeStf hgfM ;j{] uf]/vfjfl;g:tbf .

Goføo+, ;'/fi6«+, :jftGœodEoniog \ ;'/f Oj ..&..

p; ;do eL uf]/vfjf;L, hf] ;eL sfnL s] eQm y], b]jtfcf]+ sL t/x Gofo k/

cfwfl/t Ps cR5f /fi6« cf}/ :jt+qtf s] OR5's y] .

cGj]ifoGt påfx+' /fhfg+ gLltsf]ljbd\ .

t]˜>[0jg\ gfd b|Jo:o ;fx;+ w}o{d]j r .

tt:tblGts+ uTjf uf]/vfg[kt]M kb] .

t+ :yfklot'ldR5Gtf] t]˜a|'jg \ Iffqk"?ifd\ ..*..

Ps zlQmzfnL cf}/ Gofolk|o /fhf j] vf]h /x] y] . ta pGx]+ b|Jo ;fx s] gfd,

;fx; cf}/ w}o{ s] af/] d]+ 1ft x'cf . O;L sf/0f uf]/vf s] /fhkb k/ :yflkt s/g]

sL OR5f n]s/ j] nf]u Iflqo /fhs'df/ b|Jo;fx s] ;dIf pkl:yt x'P cf}/ pg;]

sxf –

uf]/vfhfgkbf pmr'M

u'j{Ëf du/fM Iffqf a|fXd0ffu|f jo+ k|hfM .

;'zf;g+ :yfkloTjf ;Gtf]if+ b]lx gf] a'w ..(..

c:dlGgj]bg+ >'Tjf TjdfuR5 g[kf] ej .

Gofo:jtGqtfwf/] /fHo+ ;~rfno k|ef] ..!)..

:jftGœo]0f ljgf nf]sM sy+ k|fk]t \ ;dfgtfd\ <

ljgf ;dfgtf+ Gofo+ k|fKg'jlGt k|hfM syd\ < ..!!..

;dfgtf s]jn+ lx e|fqf]d{Wo] ej]lGdyM .

ttf] hfgkbfg\ e|ft[g\ dTjf Tj+ zf;g+ s'? ..!@..

jo+ s'zf;sfb]j kLl8tflZr/sfntM .

;'zf;g+ TjdfuTo b]lx gM Iflqoif{e ..!#..

xd u'?ª, du/, Iflqo cflb ckg] ;fy a|fXd0f sf] n]s/ cfo] x}+ . x] ljj]sL, O;

uf]/vf sf zf;g–ef/ cfk u|x0f s/]+ cf}/ ckg] ;'zf;g åf/f xd]+ ;+tf]if k|bfg s/]+ .

x] k|e', cfk Gofo cf}/ :jt+qtf k/ cfwfl/t /fHo sL :yfkgf s/]+ . :jt+qtf lagf

;dfgtf s};] xf]uL » cf}/ ;dfgtf lagf hgtf sf] Gofo s};] ldn]uf » b'lgof d]+

;dfgtf tf] s]jn efOof]+ d]+ xL xf] ;stL x} . O;L lnP hgtf sf] ckg] efO{ ;dfg

;dems/ zf;g sLlhP . xd nf]u ax't ;do ;] s'zf;s ;] kLl8t x}+ . x] Iflqo

>]i7, cfk cfs/ ;'zf;g k|bfg s/]+ .

u'??jfr

OTy+ lgj]lbtf] nf]s}uf]{/vfjfl;lea'{w}M .

b|Jo;fxf]˜udb \ /fhk|f;fb+ tq ;+l:ytd\ ..!$..

uTjf˜k;fo{ ls+e"k+ /fhl;+xf;g]˜j;t \ .

uf]/vfjfl;g:t:dft\ ;'zf;gdjfKg'jg\ ..!%..

kfnloTjf ax"gAbfg\ k|hfM k'qflgjf}/;fg\ .

:ju{+ k|oftM ;f}/fHo+ bTjf k'qfo wLdt] ..!^..

u'? g] sxf – O; k|sf/ uf]/vf sL a'l4dfg hgtf åf/f lgj]bg lso] hfg] s]

kZrft\ b|Jo ;fx jxfF s] /fhk|f;fb uo] cf}/ jxfF s] b'i6 /fhf sf] x6fs/

l;+xf;gf¿9 x'P . p;s] afb uf]/vf jfl;of]+ sf] pgsf ;'zf;g k|fKt x'cf . lkm/

pGxf]+g] cg]s jiff{] ts k|hf sf] k'qjt\ k|]d k|bfg s/t] x'P pgsf kfng lsof cf}/

ckgf jx ;'l:y/ /fhkf6 ckg] a'l4dfg k'q sf] 5f]8s/ :ju{ l;wf/] .

b|Jo;fx:o k'q:t' k"0f{;fxM ;'zf;sM.

OGb|t'Nof]˜ejQ:dft\ k'/Gb/ Olt :d[tM ..!&..

t:o k'qZ5q;fxf] Ho ]i7f]˜Nkfo'a{e"j x .

slgi7f] /fd;fx:t' /fhf /fd;df]˜ejt \ ..!*..

b|Jo ;fx s] k'q k"0f{ ;fx x'P hf] a8] cR5] zf;s y] . OGb| s] ;dfg xf]g] s] sf/0f

pGx]+ nf]u k'/Gb/ ;fx sxs/ :d/0f s/t] x}+ . pgs] a8] k'q 5q ;fx x'P hf]

cNkfo' d]+ u'h/ uo] . p;s] afb slgi7 /fd ;fx /fhf ag] hf] /fhf /fd s] h};] xL

y] .

t:o GofoJoj:yf lx nf]s] ljVofltdfutf .

/fd/fHo+ uf]vfof+ :yflkt+ t]g lgZrod\ ..!(..

/fd ;fx sf Gofo b"/–b"/ ts k|l;4 x'cf, Sof]+ls pGxf]+g] uf]/vf d]+ tf] lglZrt ¿k

d]+ /fd/fHo sL :yfkgf s/ bL .

olb ljBf ljn'Ktf :oft\ sfZof+ uR5Gt' dfgjfM ..

olb Gofof] ljn'KtZr]b\ uf]/vf+ ofGt' dfgjfM ..

Olt k|l;4f nf]sf]StL /fd;fxk|zf;gft\ ..@)..

…ljBf s] lnP sfzL cf}/ Gofo s] lnP uf]/vf hfcf]Ú – ox nf]sf]lQm /fd ;fx s]

zf;g sfn ;] xL k|l;4 x'O{ yL .

/fhf]jfr

sy+ >L/fd;fx]g Gofozf;gd'Qdd\ .

bQ+ r sLb[zL zlSt:t:d} k|fKtf˜ejt \ syd\ .

Olt d] ;j{dfVoft'dx{l; Tj+ a'wf]Qd ..@!..

/fhf g] k"5f– /fd ;fx sf j};f pQd Gofo zf;g s};] ;+ej x'cf < pGx]+ s};L

zlQm k|fKt yL cf}/ jx ls; k|sf/ k|fKt x'O{ yL < a'l4dfgf]+ d]+ ;jf{]Qd x] u'?, o]

;f/L aft]+ cfk a'em] atfPF .

u'??jfr

/fd;fx:o dlxifL ;j{nIf0f;+o'tf .

nLnfjtLlt lj1ftf gfDgf;Lb\ dlxdfjtL ..@@..

;}j /f1L rGb|d'vLTolk nf]s}M :d[tf˜ejt \ ..

cg]s}gf{dle1f{tf ;f˜e"t \ ls+ t:o sf/0fd\ .

;j{+ /fh]Gb| jIoflk ;fjwfgtof z[0f' ..@#..

u'? sxt] x}+ – /fd ;fx sL dxf/fgL ;+k"0f{ nIf0ff]+ ;] o'Qm yL . pgsf gfd

dlxdfjtL yf cf}/ jx nLnfjtL s] gfd ;] eL hfgL hftL yL+ . p; /fgL sf]

rGb|d'vL s] gfd ;] eL nf]u hfgt] y] . O; k|sf/ cg]s gfd ;] jx Sof]+ hfgL uO{

cf}/ p;sf sf/0f Sof yf, jx ;a d}+ atftf x"F . x] /fhg\, Wofg b]s/ ;'lgo] .

dxfsfnL dxfnIdL dxfk"Hof ;/:jtL .

nLnfjtLz/L/] lx lti7lGt :d dxLkt] Û

t:dfb\ /f1L nf]sdftf ax'legf{dleM :d[tf ..@$..

x] /fhg\, dxfsfnL, dxfnIdL cf}/ cToGt k"Hof ;/:jtL tLgf]+ b]ljof]+ sf nLnfjtL

s] z/L/ d]+ jf; yf . ;f/L k|hf åf/f dtf ;dfg dfgL hfg] s] sf/0f pgs] cg]s

gfd k8 uo] y] .

/fd;fx;efofGt' b]Jo'kl:yltsf/0fft\ .

k|fKg'jg\ ;snf nf]sf Gofo+ lrQk|xif{sd\ ..@%..

/fd;fx;ef nf]s}M :d[tf b]j;e]lt x .

tqf;g\ b]jb]jf+zfM ;GtM l;4fZr ;fwjM ..@^..

o] ;GtM ;fwjM l;4f e[z+ Gofok|jw{sfM .

Gofof]˜e"t\ :jfy{/lxt:tfb[zf+ ;d'kl:yt]M ..@&..

/fd ;fx sL ;ef d]+ p; b]jL sL pkl:ylt s] sf/0f ;f/L k|hf plrt cf}/ ;xL

Gofo kfs/ v'z yL . /fd ;fx sL ;ef tf] b]j ;ef xL x}, k|hf oxL dfgtL yL .

p; ;ef d]+ b]jtfcf]+ s] c+z k|fKt dfGo JolQmof]+, ;+tf]+, l;4f]+ cf}/ ;fw'cf]+ sL eL

pkl:ylt /xtL yL . j};] JolQmof]+ sL pkl:ylt ;] ;xL Gofo s/g] d]+ ;xof]u

ldntf yf . b]jf+z ;fw'cf]+ cf}/ l;4f]+ sf sf]O{ JolQmut :jfy{ g xf]g] s] sf/0f

pgs] åf/f ;xL Gofo sf] xL a9fjf ldntf yf .

k/+ g /f1L+ /fhf˜lk hfgLt] zlSt¿lk0fLd \ .

;fIff2]jL+ /fhu[x] j;GtL+ k/d]Zj/Ld\ ..@*..

s]jn+ nId0ff] yfkf h1f} l;l4an]g ;M .

uf]/Ifgfys[kof o]g l;l4M ;dfutf ..@(..

n]lsg zlQm ¿k d]+ ;fIfft\ b]jL xL /fhb/af/ d]+ a}7L x'O{ k/d]Zj/L x}+ ox tYo

/fhf sf] eL 1ft gxL+ yf . nId0f yfkf -du/_ gfd s] /fd ;fx s] d'Vo dGqL g]

uf]/vgfy ;] l;l4 k|fKt sL yL, p;L l;l4 s] an ;] s]jn jxL j] ;f/L aft]+ hfgt]

y] .

dxfb]jL dxfsfnL uf]/vf/If0f] /tf .

u'/f]uf]{/vgfy:o dgMk'qLlt lj>'tf ..#)..

u'?uf]{/vgfyZr uf]/Iffj|ltg+ g[kd\ .

lzIfog\ Gofosfo{] lx /Iflt :d k|hfM ;'vd\ ..#!..

dxfb]jL dxfsfnL hf] uf]/vf sL /Iff s/tL x}+ jx uf]/vgfy sL dfg;k'qL x}+, ox

aft nf]uf]+ d]+ k|rlnt yL . u'? uf]/vgfy eL uf] cf}/ k[YjL sL /Iff s/g] sf j|t

n]g]jfn] /fhf sf] Gofo s};] ;+kfbg s/gf rflxP ox aft l;vft] x'P nf]s sL /Iff

s/ /x] y] .

/fhf]jfr

sf]˜o+ l;4f] nId0ffVo:yfkf˜;Lb \ /fhjNneM .

sy+ r t]g ;+l;l4M k|fKtf s:dft\ dxfu'/f]M ..#@..

/fhf g] k"5f – sf}g y] ox nId0f gfd s] l;4 yfkf hf] /fhf s] cToGt lk|o y] <

s};] cf}/ ls; dxfu'? ;] pGxf]+g] l;l4 k|fKt sL <

u'??jfr

cf;Lt\ l;4f] nId0ffVo:yfkfj+Zof] dxfd'lgM .

nvGyfk]lt ljVoftf] b]jLeStf] hglk|oM ..##..

u'? g] atfof– nId0f gfd s] l;4 yfkf j+z d]+ hGd] a8] d'lg y] . nf]uf]+ s] aLr

jx nvg yfkf gfd ;] k|l;4 y] . jx b]jL s] k/d eQm y] cf}/ ax't nf]slk|o y] .

u'/f]uf]{/vgfy:o s[kof l;l4dfKtjfg\ .

1fglj1fgjfg\ ljåfg\ ;j{nf]s;dfb[tM ..#$..

nvg yfkf g] u'? uf]/vgfy sL s[kf ;] l;l4 kfoL yL . jx 1fg cf}/ lj1fg bf]gf]+

s] 1ftf y] tyf ;eL nf]uf]+ s] aLr cfb/0fLo y] .

Nxfof]j+Zof] nvGyfkf /fd;fx;xfosM .

du/f] /fd/fHo]˜e"t \ nId0ff] /fdeStsM ..#%..

Nxfof] j+z d]+ hGd] nvg yfkf -nId0f yfkf_ du/ jf:tj d]+ /fd ;fx s] P];]

;xfos y] h};] /fd /fHo d]+ eujfg\ /fd s] eQm xf]s/ hGd n]g] jfn] pgs] 5f]6]

efO{ nId0f y] .

/f1L ;Ltf;df b]jL nId0f+ /fd;]jsd\ .

k|LTof :jeSt+ hfgLt] l;l4o'St+ ;'dlGq0fd\ ..#^..

/fd ;fx sL dxf/fgL eL ;Ltf h};L yL . jx /fd s] ;]js efO{ nId0f ;dfg

nvg yfkf sf] l;l4 k|fKt cR5] dGqL cf}/ ckg] k/d eQm s] ¿k d]+ sb/ s/tL

yL .

jL/f Gofolk|ofM >]i7f uf]/vfjfl;gf] hgfM .

OGy+ ;'v]g lbj;fg\ ofkolGt lg/fkbM ..#&..

O; k|sf/ jL/, Gofok|]dL cf}/ ;af]+ ;] >]i7 uf]/vfjf;L hgtf lglj{£g ;'vk"j{s /xt]

y] .

g tqf;Lg\ dxfdf/L b'le{If+ g}j r >'td\ .

:jwd{] lgotf nf]sf /f1f ;+/lIftfM ;bf ..#*..

uf]/vf d]+ seL sf]O{ dxfdf/L gxL+ cfO{ . csfn sf tf] gfd eL gxL+ ;'gf . /fhf

jxfF ckg] wd{ k/ b[9 hgtf sf ;b}j ;+/If0f s/t] y] .

k/+ sfn]g lsotf /fd;fxf] dxLkltM .

:juf{/f]x0fdfrqm] /f1L tdg'ufldgL ..#(..

n]lsg s'5 ;do afb /fd ;fx sf :juf{/f]x0f xf] uof . /fgL eL /fhf s] ;fy ;tL

xf]g] kL5]–kL5] rn k8L .

wdf{jTofM sd{bfofM ;+ud] If]q;Qd] .

/fd;fx:o b]x:o lrtflUgbxg+ s[td\ ..$)..

wdf{jtL -b/f}+bL_ cf}/ sd{bf -d:of{ª\bL_ gbL s] ;+ud–:yn h};] pQd If]q d]+ /fd

;fx s] kfly{j z/L/ sf] lrtf sL clUg d]+ clk{t s/ lbof uof .

k|ljzGtL+ lrtfof+ tf+ :jb]xHjngf]Btfd\ .

/f1L+ nLnfjtL+ b[i6\jf nId0ff] JonkQbf ..$!..

b]JofZ5fof+ ljgf ;j{] Xogfyf uf]/vfhgfM .

eljiofdf] dft[xLgf j/fsf afnsf Oj ..$@..

ckgL b]x sf] bxg s/g] sf] tTk/ lrtf d]+ k|j]z s/tL /fgL nLnfjtL sf] b]vs/

tTIf0f nId0f -nvg yfkf_ ljnfk s/g] nuf . pGxf]+g] sxf – xd ;a uf]/vf sL

hgtf dxf/fgL nLnfjtL sL 5q5fof lagf ca dft[xLg cgfy afns sL t/x xf]

hfo]+u] .

ljnkGt+ nvGyfkf+ b[i6\jf ;f eStjT;nf .

hufb]Ty+ dxfeSt+ l;4+ t+ ;+lztj|td\ ..$#..

yfkf, df ?lblx Tj+ t' eStf]˜l; dd jT;nM ..

k|fb'e"{tf eljiofld gfltb"/] u[xft\ tj ..$$..

O; k|sf/ ckg] dxfeQm tyf pQd j|tL l;4 nvg yfkf sf] ljnfk s/t] b]v

dxf/fgL af]nL – x] nId0f yfkf dt /f]cf] . t'd tf] d]/] lk|o eQm xf], O;L lnP

t'Dxf/] 3/ ;] yf]8L xL b"/L k/ d}+ k'gM k|s6 xf]pmFuL .

OTo'STjf tTIf0f] b]Jof :jb]xbxg+ s[td\ .

u[x+ oftf] nvGyfkf b]jLeStf] dxfd'lgM ..$%..

Otgf sxs/ /fgL lrtf sL clUg d]+ k|j]z s/ e:d xf] uO{ . b]jLeQm dxfd'lg

nvg yfkf eL ckg] 3/ uP .

lsoTsfn]g tb\u|fd] s]gf˜lk xnsif{0fd \ .

s[t+ tq}j ;Ltfofdj?4+ xn+ Xoe"t\ ..$^..

k|:t/] rfj?4+ tb\ obf lgisflzt+ xnd\ .

tbf k|:t/dWofQ' ;';|fj ?lw/+ ax' ..$&..

b]JofM k|sl6t+ ¿k+ lj1fo nId0ff] d'lgM .

;j{]iff+ k|fKo ;fxføo+ lg/dfb\ dlGb/+ If0fft\ ..$*..

ttf] dgMsfdgf ;f eStfgf+ sfdbf˜ejt \ ..$(..

s'5 ;do kZrft\ pgs] ufFj sf sf]O{ JolQm xn hf]t /xf yf ls lz/] d]+ xn c6s

uof . kTy/ d]+ nus/ c6sf x'cf jx xn ha p;g] lgsfnf tf] p; kTy/ s]

aLr efu ;] sfkmL /St k|jflxt x'cf . b]jL O; ¿k d]+ k|s6 x'O{ x}, ox aft

nId0f d'lg ;dem uo] cf}/ ;af]+ sL dbb ;] pgs] lnP d+lb/ agfof . jxL b]jL

eQmf]+ sL OR5f k"/L s/g] s] lnP dgsfdgf b]jL x'O{ .

cy eStf] dxft]hf nvGyfkf:t' ;]jsM .

; dgMsfdgfb]JofM k"hsf]˜e"t \ :jo+ a'wM ..%)..

lkm/ /fgL s] k/d eQm dxf–t]h:jL a'l4dfg nvg yfkf :jo+ xL dgsfdgf s]

k'hf/L ag] .

/fhf]jfr

k/+ dof >'t+ k"j+{ ob\ eStf] nId0fM ;'wLM .

b]jL+ k|fk"hot\ l;4M :jLo] u|fd] ;b}j lx ..%!..

/fhf g] k"5f – n]lsg d}+g] tf]+ ;'gf yf ls eQm nId0f yfkf ljåfg\ y] cf}/ jx

xd]zf ckg] ufFj d]+ b]jL sL k"hf s/t] cfo] y] .

u'??jfr

oR5«'t+ ejtf /fhg\ ;To+ tT;j{d]j lx .

b]JofM k"hf+ ;b}jf;fjs/f]NnId0fM ;'wLM ..%@..

k"j{+ lx dWos"6:yf dxfsfnL hufb td\ .

;fxj+z:o /fhf :ofb|fi6«}sLs/0ff]BtM ..%#..

t:o ;fkmNo;Dk|fKTo} b]jLdf/fwo lk|o .

:ju|fd] TjQkMk"t] sˆofs] z'egfds] ..%$..

Tjbf/fwg;Gt'i6f ;j{zlSt:j¿lk0fL .

;f dgMsfdgf b]jL t:d} l;l4+ k|bf:olt ..%%..

>'Tjf tb\ jrg+ b]Jof d'vfbd[t;+o'td\ .

cfuTo nId0f:yfkf k"hf+ b]JofZrsf/ r . %^..

k|Tox+ elStefjfStM l;4M ; du/f] d'lgM .

k"hf+ b]Jof lx k|LToy+{ s/f]lt :d tbf1of ..%&..

u'? g] sxf – x] /fhg\ cfkg] hf] s'5 ;'gf yf jx ;a ;To x} ls ljåfg\ nId0f

yfkf ;b}j b]jL sL k"hf s/t] cfP y] . Sof]+ls dfemsf]6 sL dxfsfnL g] pGx]+ kxn]

xL ox sxf yf ls zfxj+z s] Ps /fhf /fi6« s] PsLs/0f x]t' cleofg s/]+u] .

pgsL ;kmntf s] lnP t'd b]jL sL cf/fwgf s/f] . sˆofs gfds t'Dxf/] kljq

ufFj d]+ t'Dxf/L cf/fwgf ;] ;+t'i6 xf]s/ ;j{zlQm:j¿lk0fL b]jL dgsfdgf pGx]+

;kmntf k|bfg s/]+uL . b]jL s] d'v ;] cd[t ;dfg p; dL7] jrg sf] ;'gs/

nId0f yfkf cfs/ b]jL sL k"hf s/g] nuf yf . O; k|sf/ /fgL sL cf1f ;] du/

d'lg l;4 nId0f yfkf elQmk"0f{ dg ;] b]jL sL ;+t'li6 s] lnP x/]s lbg k"hf s/tf

yf .

ck"hob\ oq b]jL+ eStf]˜;f} nId0ff] d'lgM .

lznf+ b]jL:j¿kf+ tf+ tq}jf:yfkot\ l:y/fd\ ..%*..

O;L sf/0f hxfF kxn] nId0f d'lg k"hf lsof s/t] y] p;L :yn k/ b]jL s] :j¿k

d]+ k|sl6t l:y/ lznf sL eL :yfkgf sL uO{ .

dGqljb\ ljlwljb\ lj1M l;4f] 1fgL k|;Ggx[t\ .

nvGyfkf ;'lj1ftM ;j{nf]s;dfb[tM ..%(..

cfhLjg+ dxfb]JofM k"hf+ s[Tjf z'lrj|tM .

lgZrqmfd ; jfw{So] tLyf{6gdltd{'lgM ..^)..

sfzLk|ofus]bf//fd]zab/LZj/fM .

b[i6fM ;j{] dxfkL7f nId0f]g tkl:jgf ..^!..

Olt tLyf{lg ;jf{l0f e|ldTjf nId0fM ;'wLM .

k'gM :ju|fddfuTo :jb]x+ lj;;h{ r ..^@..

jxfF cg]s d+q–ljlw s] 1ftf, ;b}j k|;Gglrt, hg–hg s] kl/lrt, ;eL s]

cfb/0fLo, l;4 Pj+ 1fgL nvg yfkf g] kljq j|t n]s/ cfhLjg b]jL sL k"hf sL .

j[4fj:yf k|fKt xf]g] k/ jx tLyf{6g x]t' lgsn] . sfzL, k|ofu, s]bf/, /fd]Zj/, ab|L

cflb ;eL dxfkL7f]+ sf tk:jL nId0f yfkf g] bz{g lsof . O; k|sf/ ;eL tLyf{]

sf e|d0f s/ dxfg\ ljrf/s nId0f yfkf k'gM ckg] ufFj nf}6 cfP cf}/ jxL+ z/L/

lj;h{g lsof .

o] dgM sfdgfb]Jof elSto'Stf:t' dfgjfM .

k"0ff{lenliftf:t] :o' gf{q sfof{ ljrf/0ff ..^$..

b]jL dgsfdgf sL elQm s/g] jfn] dg'io sL OR5f k"/L xf]tL x}, O;d]+ sf]O{ ;+b]x

sf :yfg gxL+ x} .

Psflk nf]sfle?rfjg]sf:tg"M :jeStfg';[tf w/GtL .

nLnfjtL nId0f;+l>tf ;f d"Tof{ dgMsfdgof˜jtfb \ gM ..^%..

eujtL b]jL jf:tj d]+ Ps xL xf]s/ eL nf]uf]+ sL ?lr cg';f/ cg]s x'O{ x}+ tyf

ckg] eQmf]+ sL OR5f s] cg';f/ ljleGg d"lt{ofF -¿kf]+ sf]_ wf/0f s/tL x}+ . p;L

k|sf/ b]jL g] /fgL nLnfjtL cf}/ nId0f yfkf sL OR5f cg';f/ hf] ¿k lnof jxL

dgsfdgf x} . p;L d"lt{ ¿k d]+ b]jL xdf/L /Iff s/]+ .

uf]/Ifgfyfb'knAwl;l4 nL{nfjtLjT;ntfdxl4{M .

hulGgoGqLldx g]boGgf]˜g'u|fxsf] nId0f cfb[tf]˜:t' ..^^..

eujfg\ uf]/Ifgfy ;] l;l4 k|fKt, /fgL nLnfjtL ;] k|fKt jfT;No sf] ;a;] a8L

;d[l4 ;demg] jfnf, hut\ lh;s] lgoGq0f d]+ x} P];L b]jL sf] xdf/] ;dIf nfg]

jfnf pksf/L nId0f yfkf du/ sf xd ;a cfb/ s/]+ .

Olt >Ldb'Q/dxfef/t] g]kfnkj{l0f

dgMsfdgfdfxfTDo]

dgMsfdgf]TklQgf{d låtLof]˜WofoM ..@..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy t[tLof]˜WofoM ..

/fhf]jfr

of dgMsfdgf t:of pTklQljifo] >'td\ .

u'?jo{ k'gM >f]t'dLx] dlGb/j0f{gd\ ..!..

eujTofM ;'Gb/+ tb\ dlGb/+ s]g lgld{td\ .

dlGb/] b]jtfM sfZr lti7lGt b]Jo'kl:ytfM ..@..

;j{+ ;lj:t/+ >f]t'd'Tsdl:t dgf] dd .

s[kof ef] låh>]i7 Û jSt'dx{l; ;Dk|lt ..#..

/fhf g] k"5f – dgsfdgf b]jL sL pTklQ s] ljifo d]+ d}+n] ;'gf . ca x] u'?j/, d}+

p; d+lb/ sf j0f{g ;'ggf rfxtf xF" . eujtL s] p; ;'Gb/ d+lb/ sf] ls;g] agfof,

b]jL s] ;lGgs6 xL d+lb/ eLt/ cf}/ sf}g–sf}g ;] b]jtf lj/fht] x}+, Og ;eL aftf]+

sf] ;'gg] s] lnP d]/f dg pTs+l7t xf] /xf x} . ctM x] afXd0f>]i7, s[kof j] ;f/L

aft]+ d'em] ceL xL atf b]+ .

u'??jfr

k"j{d]j dof k|f]St+ /fd;fxdxLkt]M .

/f1L nLnfjtL ;fIffb\ b]jL of˜Ktf ;tLultd \ ..$..

k|fb'e"{tf k'gM ;}j e"Tjf sfdk|bf˜q lx .

sf/0f+ >"dtf+ o]g tq b]jL ;d'b\utf ..%..

u'? g] sxf – d}+ kxn] xL atf r'sf x"F ls /fhf /fd ;fx sL /fgL nLnfjtL ;fIfft\

b]jL yL+ hf] pgs] ;fy xL ;tL xf] uO{ yL . dgsfdgf s] ¿k d]+ jxL b]jL lkm/

k|s6 x'O{ . x] /fhg\, jx sf/0f ;'g]+ lh;;] b]jL jxfF k|s6 x'O{ .

k|lt/fq+ ;d'Tyfo lgzLy] zogft\ ;tL .

/f1L lgu{To k|f;fbfbfsfz] tq lti7lt ..^..

oq b]j;ef t:of clk dWo] lj/fht] .

Olt k|fUnId0ff]Stf]˜lk JowflTsl~rGg e"kltM .

nAWjf k|;fb+ b]JofM ; k|zfl:t :d k|hf d'bf ..&..

x/]s dWo/flq sf] /fgL la:t/ ;] p7s/ /fhb/af/ ;] lgsntL x} cf}/ cfsfz d]+

hftL x}+ hxfF b]j;ef nutL x} . jx b]j;ef d]+ eL a}7tL x}+ . O; aft sf nId0f

yfkf g] /fhf s] ;dIf kxn] xL lgj]bg lsof yf . lkm/ eL /fhf g] O; cf]/ sf]O{

Wofg gxL+ lbof yf . alNs b]jL sL cg'sDkf kfs/ /fhf v'z yf cf}/ ckgL g]s

k|hf k/ zf;g s/t] x'P lglZr+t yf .

Psbf /fd;fxf]˜;f} nId0f:o u[x+ oof} .

/f1L r k|oof} tq t]g e"kltgf ;x ..*..

sˆofsgfds] u|fd] Nxfof]j+Zof] dxfd'lgM .

nvGyfkf lti7lt :d /fd;fx;xfosM ..(..

lgzLlyGof+ oyfk"j{+ /f1L tqf˜Kob[Zot .

tb]o]if g[kf] 1ft'+ tb|x:o+ k|oTgtM ..!)..

/f1L eujtL¿kf b[i6f lgh{/;+;lb .

ttf] d'bf dxLkfn:t"i0fLsM zlot+' oof} ..!!..

P];] d]+ xL Ps lbg /fd ;fx nId0f yfkf s] 3/ uo] . /fgL eL pgs] ;fy uO{ .

Nxfof] j+z d]+ pTkGg dxfd'lg nvg yfkf sˆofs gfds ufFj d]+ /xt] y] . jxfF eL

/fgL kxn] sL xL t/x /flq sf] cb[Zo xf] uO{ cf}/ /fhf g] p;sf /x:o hfgg] sf

k|oTg lsof . jxfF /fgL eujtL s] ¿k d]+ b]jtfcf]+ sL ;ef d]+ lbvfO{ k8L+ . ox

b]vs/ v'zL s] ;fy /fhf r'krfk lkm/ ;f]g] rn] uo] .

k|ftj{Gbgsdf{y{+ /f1L /fhfgdfutf .

/fhf t' jlGbt'+ kfbf} b]Jo} gfbft\ k|zlÍt M ..!@..

ca|jLb\ e"kltb]{jL+ oQb|fqf} bbz{ ;M .

tR5'Tjf jrg+ b]jL e"kd"r] ;'b'Mlvtf ..!#..

b";/] lbg k|fKtM sfn dxf/fgL /fhf sf r/0f :kz{ s/g] cfoL tf] /fhf g] ;z+lst

xf]s/ kfFj ;d]6 lnof cf}/ pGx]+ r/0f :kz{ gxL+ s/g] lbof . /fhf g] /flq sf] hf]

b]vf yf jx ;a dxf/fgL sf] atf lbof . jx ;'gs/ dxf/fgL ax't b'MvL x'O{{ cf}/

/fhf ;] hf] sxg] nuL+, /fhg\, jx d}+ ;'gftf x"F .

b]Jo'jfr

olb ljZjf;xLgf] df+ gfb|IoM ;'/;+;lb .

celjioZrqmjtL{ k/+ tGg lx ;Dej]t\ ..!$..

Tjb\j+zhf] lx /fHo:o lj:tf/f]˜:o sl/iolt .

s]jn+ lx ;'/fh]lt ljVoft:Tj+ eljiol; ..!%..

dxf/fgL g] sxf – olb cljZjf; s/s] b]j;ef d]+ cfkg] d'em] emf+ss/ b]vg] sf

k|of; g lsof xf]tf tf] cfk rqmjtL{ ;d|f6 xf]t] . n]lsg ca jx ;+ej gxL+ x} .

cfksf sf]O{ j+zh O; /fHo sf lj:tf/ s/]uf . ca cfksf] s]jn Ps cR5] /fhf

s] ¿k d]+ Voflt k|fKt xf]uL .

u'??jfr

Olt Jofx[To ;f b]jL tq}jfGt/wLot .

>'Tjf eujtLjf0fL+ JoifLbb\ e"l/ e"kltM ..!^..

cb\e'tf 36gf Xo]iff 3l6tf tq k|fË0f] .

>LdgMsfdgfb]JofM dlGb/+ oq ljBt] ..!&..

ttM k|fs6Ødfoftf lznf¿k]0f rflDasf .

;f lznf dWoefu]˜B dlGb/:ofl:t k"lhtf ..!*..

u'? g] sxf – Otgf sx s/ eujtL jxL+ c+twf{g xf] uO{ . eujtL s] d'Fx ;] ox

aft ;'g s/ /fhf lvGg xf] uo] . jx cb\e't 36gf p;L cfFug d]+ x'O{ yL hxfF ceL

b]jL dgsfdgf sf d+lb/ x} . p;L hux k/ afb d]+ lznf -kTy/_ ¿k d]+ dftf k|s6

x'O{ . jx lznf xL cfh d+lb/ s] dWo efu d]+ l:yt x} cf}/ k"hL hftL x} .

dlGb/+ /fd;fx:o /fHosfn] ljlgld{td\ .

;+:sfl/t+ r tTk'q/fHosfn] tyf k'gM .. !(..

d+lb/ /fd ;fx s] /fHo sfn d]+ lgld{t x'cf yf . pgs] k'q s] /fHosfn d]+ sO{ af/

p;sf hL0ff{]4f/ x'cf . O;L k/+k/f ;] p;sf hL0ff{]4f/ xf]tf /xf .

tTk'qZ5q;fxf]˜e"HHo]i7f]˜Nkfo'lb{j+utM ..@).

slgi7f] /fd;fx:t' /fdt'Nof] g[kf]˜ejt \ .

t:o k'qf] 8Da/f]˜lk of]UoM k'qf] aef} lkt'M ..@!..

tTk'qM s[i0f;fxf]˜e"b \ ?b|:tTk'q Pj r .

k[YjLklt/e"b|fhf wfld{sf] nf]sk"lhtM ..@@..

t]g :jzf;g] /f1f b]Jof dlGb/d'Qdd\ .

s[t+ dgMsfdgfofM k|LTo} tq ;'zf]egd\ ..@#..

d}+ kxn] xL sx r'sf x"F ls b|Jo ;fx s] k'q k'/+b/ ;fx x'P . pgs] Ho]i7 k'q 5q

;fx cNkfo' d]+ xL lbj+ut x'P . 5f]6] k'q /fd ;fx /fd s] ;dfg xL /fhf x'P .

pgs] k'q 8Da/ ;fx ckg] lktf s] of]Uo k'q y] . pgs] k'q s[i0f ;fx y] . lhgs]

k'q ?b| ;fx x'P . ?b| ;fx s] k'q k[YjLklt ;fx a8] wfld{s cf}/ nf]s d]+ cfb/0fLo

x'P . pGxf]+g] ckg] zf;g sfn d]+ b]jL dgsfdgf sL k|;Ggtf s] lnP cToGt ;'Gb/

d+lb/ sf jxL+ lgdf{0f lsof .

obB dlGb/+ rfl:t t:o}j d"nlju|xM .

k[YjLkltlIftLz]g lgld{tf]˜e"b \ dxfTdgf ..@$..

cfh hf] d+lb/ x} p;s] d"n :j¿k sL /rgf dxfg\ /fhf k[YjLklt ;fx g] sL yL .

b|JofTdhf] dof]Stf] oM k"0f{;fxM k'/Gb/M .

lgld{ltj{t{dfg:o dlGb/:o tbf˜ejt \ .

e"of] e"of] dxLkfn}M ;+:s[t+ r :jzf;g] ..@%..

;f dgMsfdgfb]jL >4o}j+ ;dlr{tf .

Ptfb[zL /If0fLof ejtf˜lk k/Dk/f ..@^..

jt{dfg d+lb/ sf lgdf{0f pGxL+ s] åf/f x'cf yf . j};] afb s] /fhfcf]+ s] zf;g sfn

d]+ p;] cf}/ eL ;'Gb/ agfg] sf sfd x'cf x} . O; k|sf/ eujtL >4fk"j{s k"lht

xf]tL cfO{ x}+ . P];L k/+k/f sL ;/sf/ åf/f eL /Iff xf]gL rflxP .

sf b]jtf:tq j;lGt dlGb/]

b]Jof dgMsfdgof ;x}j ofM .

gfdflg tf;f+ dlxdfgdr{g]

tyf k|;fb:o r j0f{g+ z[0f' ..@&..

b]jL dgsfdgf s] ;fy d+lb/ d]+ cGo sf}g–sf}g ;] b]jtf cjl:yt x}+ pgs] gfd

tyf b]jL k"hf sL dlxdf cf}/ k|;fb sf j0f{g eL ;'lgP .

;f dgMsfdgf b]jL ;b}j l;+xjflxgL .

obf tq l:ytf /fhg\ eStfgf+ sfdbf˜ejt \ ..@*..

tbf b]jfZr lglvnf:tqfuTo k|t'i6'j'M .

dft/+ tf+ hu4fqL+ nf]sqolxt}lif0fLd\ ..@(..

x] /fhg\, ha l;+x s] ckg] jfxg k/ ;jf/ dgsfdgf b]jL jxfF l:y/ xf] uO{ cf}/

eQmf]+ sL OR5f k"/L s/g] nuL+ tf] ;eL b]jtf jxfF cfP cf}/ pgsL :t'lt s/g] nu]

.

u0f]zM k|yd+ k|fKo l:ytf] d"ifsjfxgM .

dft'/Í] oyf afnM k'ql:ti7lt ;j{bf ..#)..

tqf˜˜oof} s'df/L r x+;s'Ss'/jflxgL .

sflGtk'of+{ hg}of{˜˜:t] k"lhtf ax'leM ;bf ..#!..

;jfxgM ;dfuTo Zj]te}/j pQdM .

t:of eSt Oj l:yTjf eSt/Iff+ s/f]lt r ..#@..

h};] dftf sL uf]b d]+ k'q ;b}j z/0f kftf x} p;L k|sf/ ;j{k|yd >Lu0f]z jxfF

cfs/ /xg] nu] . jQv cf}/ s'Ss'/jflxgL s'df/L eL cfO{ hf] sf+ltk'/ -sf7df+8"_ sL

hgtf åf/f ax't k"lht x}+ . jxL+ >]i7 eQm s] ¿k d]+ Zj]te}/j jfxg ;lxt cfs/

/xg] nu], hf] eQmf]+ sL /Iff eL s/t] x}+ .

b]Jof cu|] If]ds/L of]lugL eStjT;nf .

kZrflT:ytf elSto'Stf j]tfnf ci6dft[sfM ..##..

Olt b]ju0ffM ;j{] tqfuTo ;;+e|dd\ .

>LdgMsfdgfb]Jof dlGb/] ;+l:ytf d'bf ..#$..

eQmf]+ sf] k|]d s/g] jfnL of]lugL eL b]jL s] cfu] cfs/ l:yt x'O{ . kL5] sL cf]/

elQmk"j{s j]tfn tyf ci6dft[sfPF x}+ . O; k|sf/ b]ju0f cljn+a jxfF cfs/

dgsfdgf b]jL s] d+lb/ d]+ v'zL ;fy /x /x] x}+ .

cBflk ;Hhgf:tq uR5lGt k"hgfo o] .

;jf{;f+ b]jtfgf+ lx bz{g+ k|fKg'jlGt t] ..#$..

O;L lnP cfh eL hf] eQm jxfF k"hf s/g] hft] x}+ pGx]+ ;eL b]jtfcf]+ sf bz{g

k|fKt xf]tf x} .

o] eStf elSt;DkGgf eujTofM k|k"hsfM .

t]iff+ g /f]uf bfl/b|Ø+ g}j b'Mv+ sbfrg ..#^.

hf] eQm elQmk"0f{ efj ;] eujtL sL cR5L t/x k"hf s/tf x} p;] g tf] sf]O{ /f]u

nutf x}, g bfl/b|Ø xL 5" kftf x} cf}/ g seL sf]O{ b'Mv xf]tf x} .

of] dgMsfdgfb]Jof dfxfTDoldbd'Qdd\ .

u'Xofb\ u'Xot/+ k'0o+ b]jfgfdlk b'Nn{ed\ .

z[0f'ofb\ jf k7]b\ eSTof ; ne]t\ k/d+ ;'vd\ ..#&..

dgsfdgf b]jL sf ox pQd dfxfTDo cToGt uf]kgLo cf}/ kljq x} . oxfF ts ls

b]jtfcf]+ s] lnP eL ox b'n{e x} . O;sf] hf] elQmk"j{s ;'gtf cyjf k9tf x} jx

k/d ;'v k|fKt s/tf x} .

sGofyL{ net] sGof+ j/+ j/fly{gL ne]t\ .

k'qfyL{ net] k'q+ wgfyL{ net] wgd\ ..#*.

ljjfx s] lnP sf]O{ o'js olb pQd sGof vf]htf x} tf] p;] j};L sGof k|fKt xf]uL

. sf]O{ o'jtL olb pQd j/ rfxtL x} tf] p;] pQd j/ sL k|flKt xf]uL . k'q s]

cfsf+IfL sf] k'q k|fKt xf]uf . wg sL OR5f /vg] jfn] sf] wg k|fKt xf]uf .

nf]s}?bLl/t+ r}tR5«"ot] elStefjg}M .

Psd]j j/+ ofr]Hhgf] eStM :jhLjg] .

t+ j/+ k|fy{gfk|Ltf dftf k"/olt w'jd\ ..#(..

elQm efj ;] k"0f{ nf]uf]+ sf syg x} ls sf]O{ eQm ckg] hLjg d]+ olb Ps xL j/

df+utf x} tf] dftf p;sf jx j/ cjZo k"/f s/tL x}+ .

;+:yfkgfsflns/fd;fx+ l//lIfif"g\ dlGb/d:o j+Zofg\ .

k[YjLklt+ tb\ b|9oGtd]jdfbz{e"k+ ;tt+ :d/fd ..$)..

d+lb/ ;+:yfkgfsfn s] /fhf /fd ;fx, p;s] afb d+lb/ sf] ;+/lIft s/t] pgs]

j+zhf]+ cf}/ p; d+lb/ sf] ;'b[9 ¿k ;] agfg] jfn] /fhf k[YjLklt ;fx ;bf ;j{bf

:d/0fLo x}+ .

Olt >Ldb'Q/dxfef/t] g]kfnkj{l0f

dgMsfdgfdfxfTDo] dgMsfdgfdlGb/:yb]jflbj0f{g+

gfd t[tLof]˜WofoM ..#..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy rt'yf{{]˜WofoM ..

/fhf]jfr

nvGyfkf dxfl;4:tLyf{6g;d'T;'sM .

lgZrqmfd]lt ;+1ftf] ejb\j0f{gsf/0fft\ ..!..

k/+ s'q utM l;4M slt jiff{l0f rf˜e|dt \ .

dlGb/] r sbf˜˜oftM k"hfy{ + ; dxfd'lgM ..@..

cfuTo slt jiff{l0f nId0f]g s[tfr{gf <

tLyf{6glgj[Q]g ls+ s[t+ t]g of]lugf < ..#..

PtRr >"tt]˜Bflk :ju|fd+ k|fKo ;Gd'lg M .

Psl:dg\ uXj/] uTjf tq}jfGt/wLot ..$..

Olt ;To+ g jf ls+ tb\ u'?jof{lew]lx dfd\ .

ejtf]Stf+ syf+ >¦Tjf k'g/Lx] ttM k/d\ ..%..

/fhf g] k"5f – tLy{ e|d0f s] lnP 3/ ;] lgsn] nvg yfkf sL aft cfks] åf/f xL

jl0f{t xf]g] ;] ;dem d]+ cfO{, k/+t' jx l;4 sxfF–sxfF uP, lstg] jiff{] ts tLyf{] sf

e|d0f lsof, k"hf s] lnP d+lb/ d]+ sa nf}6], jfk; cfs/ lstg] jiff{] ts k"hf sL

cyjf tLyf{6g ;] cfg] s] pk/f+t p; of]uL g] Sof–Sof sfd lsof <

cfh eL P];f ;'gf hftf x} ls jx pQd d'lg ckg] ufFj cfs/ Ps u'kmf d]+ uP

cf}/ jxL+ c+twf{g xf] uo] . jx aft ;To x} ls gxL+ < x] u'?j/, d'em] jx aft atfPF

. cfks] åf/f jx syf ;'gs/ d'em] cf}/ eL ;'gg] sL OR5f xf] /xL x} .

u'??jfr

t]g åfbzjiff{l0f tLy{]if' e|d0f+ s[td\ .

yfkfj+Zo]g l;4]g nId0f]g dxlif{0ff ..^..

otM d l;l4;DkGgM zlStdfg\ a'l4dfg\ g[k .

jfw{So]˜Kos/f]t \ tLy{ofqfdlk ;'b'is/fd\ ..&..

u'? g] sxf – yfkf j+z d]+ pTkGg l;4 nId0f dxlif{ -nvg yfkf_ g] af/x jiff{] tx

tLyf{] sf e|d0f lsof . x] /fhg, l;l4 k|fKt xf]g] s] sf/0f jx j[4 xf]s/, eL ;zQm

Pj+ a'l4dfg y] tyf a'9fk] d]+ eL ptgL sl7g tLy{ofqf s/ ;s] y] .

ci6l;l4;';DkGgf] nId0ff] elSt;+o'tM .

If0f]g dWos"6:y+ k|f;fbd'klti7t] ..

If0f]g b]JofM k"hfy{ dlGb/+ rf]klti7t] ..*..

ci6 l;l4 k|fKt eQm nId0f P];] y] ls Ps xL If0f d]+ dfemsf]6 -uf]/vf b/af/_

kx'Frt] y] cf}/ Ps xL If0f d]+ b]jL dgsfdgf dfO{ sL k"hf s/g] dlGb/ kx'Frt] y] .

efuL/yL+ gbL+ gfjf t/tLh{g;+xtLM .

dWos"6:yk|f;fbfbkZot\ ; dxfd'lgM ..(..

ctf/ot\ ; :ju[xfb\ uËfof+ klttf~hgfg\ .

;efofd]sbf t:o j:q+ lsl~rT;d'lGbtd\ ..!)..

syd]tlblt k[i6M ;ef;b\leM ; ljl:dt}M .

jftf{dsyot\ l;4:t/Lb'3{6gflTdsfd\ ..!!..

hgfM sltko] t]g :jo+ gBfM ;d'4[tfM .

x:t]g ;bo+ b"/fbtf] j:q+ ;d'lGbtd\ ..!@..

df;fGt/] >'tf jftf{ t/Lb'3{6gflTdsf .

kj{tLof hgfM s]lrt\ tqf˜˜;g\ 36gf:yn] ..!#..

efuL/yL gbL sf] gfj k/ r9s/ kf/ s/t] hg;d"x sf] jx dxfd'lg uf]/vf

dfemsf]6 s] b/af/ ;] xL b]vt] y] . u+uf d]+ 8"at] cfbdL sf] jx 3/ a}7] xL arf

n]t] y] . Ps lbg /fh;ef d]+ pgs] z/L/ k/ sf j:q s'5 eL+u uof . rlst

;ef;bf]= g] k"5f ls P];f Sof]+ x'cf . ta p; l;4 g] sxf ls u+uf d]+ gfj b'3{6gf

xf] uO{ x} cf}/ pGxf]+g] bof s/s] lstg] xL nf]uf]+ sf] ckg] xL xfyf]+ ;] gbL ;] afx/

lgsfnf x} . O;L sf/0f pgsf j:q eL+u uof x} . kxf8 ;] uo] sO{ tLy{ofqL p;

36gf d]+ k8 uo] y] O; sf/0f arfg] uo] y] .

jif{}åf{bzlebL{3{} e|{dGgf;Lt\ ;elStsM .

;snfGolk tLyf{lg nvGyfkf dxfd'lgM ..!$..

P];] l;4 nvg yfkf af/x jiff{] ts ;eL tLyf{] d]+ elQmk"j{s 3"dt] /x] y] .

j[4f] åfbzjif{]˜lk gfoft Olt lrGtof .

t:o ;GtltleM ;j{}af{Gwj}Zr ;dfs'n}M ..!%..

sl:d+lZrblk tLy{] lx ToStb]xf] ej]lblt .

dTjf t}:t' s[tfM ;jf{M lqmof:t:of}Wj{b]lxsfM ..!^..

n]lsg af/x jiff{] ts g cfg] s] sf/0f pgsL ;+tfgf]+ cf}/ aGw'afGwjf]{ sf] nuf yf

ls zfob pGxf]+g] ls;L cR5] tLy{ d]+ ckgL b]x sf Tofu s/ lbof xf]uf . ox

;f]rs/ pg nf]uf]+ g] nvg yfkf sf lqmof sd{ eL s/ lbof .

k/Gt' ; ;dfuR5b]sbf nId0ff] d'lgM .

l;4f] j[4:tkMk"tM :ju|fd+ :jhg}j[{td\ ..

k/+ kl/lrtf] g}j ;f]˜ejb \ ax¦leh{g}M ..!&..

n]lsg Ps lbg j[4fj:yf sf] k|fKt jx kljq l;4 nId0f d'lg ha 3gL cfjfbL

jfn] ckg] ufFj k'gM nf}6] tf] clwst/ cfbdL pgsf] ca kxrfgt] g y] .

ls~r t]g >'tf rrf{ u|fddfu{] hg}M s[tf .

nvGyfkf d[t Olt e"of] g}jfuldiolt ..!*..

>[Tj}tfb[Ujr:t]g d'vft\ :ju|fdjfl;gfd\ .

cx+ u[x+ uldiofld g]lt tq}j lglZrtd\ ..!(..

ty}j lgZro+ s[Tjf ; u'xfEoGt/+ utM .

cGtwf{g+ ttM l;4M :jl;l4an;+o'tM ..@)..

p; k/ eL ox rrf{ ls nvg yfkf d/ uo] ca nf}6s/ gxL+ cfo]+u], pGxf]+g] ufFj s]

/f:t] d]+ ;'gL . ckg] ufFj s] nf]uf]+ s] d'x ;] P];] jrg ;'gs/ pGxf]+g] ca 3/ g

hfg] sf lgZro lsof . O; lgZro s] ;fy jx Ps u'kmf s] eLt/ k|j]z s/ uo]

cf}/ ckgL l;l4 s] an ;] jx l;4 jxL+ c+twf{g xf] uo] .

j}zfvd"l0f{dfof+ t' ; l;4f]˜Gt/wLot .

g s]gflk dg'io]0f b[i6M ;f]˜gGt/+ d'lgM ..@!..

ttf]˜e"g\ lglvn}nf]{]s} 1f{tf ……l;4u'xfÚÚ g[k .

;/x:of ttf]˜uDof˜ejt \ ;f k"lhtf u'xf ..@@..

tqfGt/] lx ljj/f} åf} dfuf{ljj ;+l:ytf} .

Psf] uf]/vfgfy:o u'xf+ k|fKgf]lt Xo'Q/] .

k/+ l;4M k'dfg]j tfdjfKt'+ lx zSg'oft\ ..@#..

j}zfv k"l0f{df s] lbg jx l;4 jxfF c+twf{g x'P y] . p;s] afb ls;L cfbdL g] eL

pgsf] gxL+ b]vf . ta ;] xL nf]u p; u'kmf sf] …l;4 u'kmfÚ sxg] nu] . jx /x:ok"0f{

cf}? cuDo u'kmf kljq dfgL hftL x} jxfF k"hf sL hftL x} p;s] eLt/ bf] ;'/+u

h};] dfu{ x}+ . Ps dfu{ ;] pQ/ lbzf sL cf]/ hfg] k/ uf]/vgfy sL u'kmf ts

kx'Frf hf ;stf x} . n]lsg jxfF ts l;4 k'?if xL p; dfu{ ;] kxF'r ;stf x} .

t:of+ u'xfof+ kltt+ kmn+ lsl~rblk b|'td\ .

uf]/IfuXj/] k|fKt+ ejtLlt hg>'ltM ..@$..

tyf lsl~rblgi6+ t' olb b]z] kltiolt .

uf]/vfsflnsf/St+ u'xfof+ b[Zot] hg}M ..@%..

p; u'kmf d]+ olb sf]O{ kmn lu/] tf] jx tLj| j]u ;] uf]/vgfy sL u'kmf d]+ xL hfs/

c6stf x}, P];L ls+jb+tL x} . ;fy xL b]z d]+ sf]O{ clgi6 sL ;+efjgf xf]g] k/

uf]/vf sflnsf -b]jL :yfg_ ;] axs/ cfof /Qm jxfF eL lbvtf x}, P];f ;demf

hftf x} .

s'nb]j+ k"holGt Nxfof]j+Zof:t' tq lx .

nvGyfkfj+zhftf j}zfvk"l0f{dflbg] ..@^..

Psbf g ;dfgLtM k"hfy{dlUg/]j t}M .

ls+ st{Joldlt If'Aw}:t}M k[i6+ t' k/:k/d\..@&..

tb}s]gf]StldTy+ ob\ nvGyfkf tkf]˜s/f]t \ .

oBq r]QbflUg:t' nEof] lgZrk|r+ ej]t\ ..@*..

OTo'STj}s]g e"df} lx lsl~rb'Tvlgt+ tbf .

k|fKtf]˜lUg:tq ;fZro{+ e:du"9M ;'/lIftM ..@(..

tl:dGgUgf} s[t+ ;j+{ xjgflbsd'Qdd\ .

Olt t] s[ts[Tof lx hftf nId0fj+zhfM ..#)..

j}zfv k"l0f{df s] lbg Nxfof] j+zLo nvg yfkf s] j+zh du/ nf]u jxL+ s'nb]jtf

sL k"hf s/t] x}+ . Ps af/ j] nf]u k"hf s] lnP cfu nfgf e"n uo] . lkm/ ha ofb

cfof tf] ;eL lr+ltt xf]s/ ca Sof lsof hfo af]nt] x'P Ps—b";/] ;] k"5g] nfu] .

ta pGxL+ nf]uf] d]+ ;] Ps JolQm g] sxf – æolb nvg yfkf g] oxfF tk:of sL x} tf]

oxfF lgZro xL cfu ldngL rflxP .ÚÚ Otgf sxgf yf ls Ps JolQm g] hdLg s]

cGb/ vf]bf tf] /fv ;] 9sL cfu ;'/lIft ldnL . lkm/ tf] p;L clUg s] åf/f pg

nf]uf]+ g] xjg cflb pQd sfo{ ;+kGg lsof . O; k|sf/ nId0f yfkf s] j] ;eL

j+zh s[ts[To x'P .

nvGyfkf u'xf oq ttM ;f}Gbo{zflngL .

lxdfnoflblzv/}M zf]letf b[Zot] dxL ..#!..

hxfF nvg yfkf sL u'kmf x} jxfF ;] lxdfno tyf cGo kj{tf]+ sL rf]l6ofF cToGt

dgf]x/ lbvfoL k8tL x}+ .

uf]/vfdWos"6:yf u'xf of nf]sk"lhtf .

u'/f]uf{]/vgfy:o tkf]e"ldl/lt :d[tf ..#@..

uf]/vf dfemsf]6 d]+ cjl:yt k"hgLo cf}/ k|l;4 u'? uf]/vgfy sL u'kmf pgsL

tfkf]e"ld dfgL hftL x} .

kZo l;4u'xftM >Luf]/vfsflnsf+ lzjfd\ .

tq}j /fhk|f;fbf] b[Zot] ;'dgf]x/M ..##..

l;4 u'kmf ;] sNof0fsfl/0fL >L uf]/vf sflnsf lbvfO{ k8tL x}+, b]vf] Û jxL+ cToGt

;'Gb/ /fhk|f;fb eL lbvfoL k8tf x} .

PtTkljq+ ;'dgf]x/+ :yn+

l;4]g yfkfdu/]0f rlr{td\ .

of] dfgjf] uR5lt >4oflGjtM

k|fKgf]To;f} l;4z'eflzif+ s[tL ..#$..

ox cToGt kljq cf}/ /d0fLo l;4 yfkf du/ åf/f clr{t x} . hf] JolQm p; :yn

k/ >4fk"j{s hftf x} p; efUojfg\ sf]] l;4 sf z'e cfzLjf{b k|fKt xf]tf x} .

pRr}M l:yt}/fTdank|k"l/t}

h{g}o'{t+ /fi6«ldb+ a[xTsyd\ .

ej]lblt k|:km'l6tf˜q efjgf

uf]/Ifb]z:o dxLkt]x{[lb ..#%..

O; pmFrfO{k/ jf; s/g] jfn], cfTdan ;] k"0f{ hgtf jfn] uf]/vf s] /fhf s] x[bo

d]+ O; /fi6« sf j[xt\ :j¿k s};] lgdf{0f xf]uf, O; efjgf sf k|:km'6g oxL+ x'cf yf

.

Olt >Ldb'Q/dxfef/t] g]kfnkj{l0f

dgMsfdgfdfxfTDo] nvGyfkftLyf{6g–

l;4u'xfj0f{g+ gfd rt'yf{]˜WofoM ..$..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy k~rdf]˜WofoM .

/fhf]jfr

b]JofZrl/tdfs0o{ e"of]˜lk >f]t'd'T;'sM .

sLb[z+ rl/t+ b]Jof:tT;j{+ jb d] u'/f] Û ..!..

ls+ k|bf:olt eSt]EoM sfdbf eStjT;nf .

OTo]tT;j{dfVoft'+ Tjdx{l; ljbf+ j/ .

tbfs0o{}j d] zfGt+ eljiolt u'/f] dgM ..@..

/fhf g] k"5f – b]jL dgsfdgf sf rl/q ;'gs/ d}+ cf}/ eL pT;'s x'cf x"F . u'?b]j,

b]jL sf rl/q Sof x} d'em] ;lj:tf/ atfPF . eQmf]+ k/ :g]x /vg] jfnL b]jL ckg]

eQmf]+ sf] Sof–Sof k|bfg s/tL x}+ < ;f/L aftf]+ sf 1fg /xg] jfnf] d]+ cfk ;j{>]i7

x}+, ctM d'em] atfg] sL s[kf s/]+ . ;f/L aft]+ ;'gg] s] afb xL d]/L lh1f;f zf+t

xf]uL .

u'??jfr

;j{d]tb\ huT;[i6+ oof˜BfzlSt¿kof .

t:of eSTof hg}nf]{]s] olTsl~rblk nEot] ..#..

ob\ ob\ eSt}o{yfelSt k|fKt+ k"j{+ dxLkt] .

tlTsl~rR5«"otfdB ;+If]k]0f a|jLDoxd\ ..$..

u'? g] sxf – lh; cflb zlQm¿lk0fL b]jL g] O; ;f/] hut\ sL ;[li6 sL x} pgsL

elQm s/g] ;] ;a s'5 kfof hf ;stf x} . x] /fhg\, elQm cg';f/ eQmf]+ g] O;s]

k"j{ hf]–hf] k|fKt lso] x}+ cfh pgs] af/] d]+ yf]8f–;f ;'lgP . d}+ ;+If]k d]+ s'5 s]

af/ d]+ atftf x"F .

o] oyf df+ k|kBGt] tf+:ty}j ehfDoxd\ .

Olt s[i0f]g ;Dk|f]St+ k'/f eujtf oyf ..%..

;f dgMsfdgf b]jL tyf sfdk|bf g[k Û

o] oyf tf+ k|kBGt] huTqolxt}lif0fLd\ ..

tGdgMsfdgfb]Jof eSTof˜;fWo+ g ls~rg ..^..

lh; k|sf/ eujfg\ s[i0f g] ax't k"j{ ox sxf yf ls d]/] kf; hf] lh; k|sf/ sL

OR5f ;] cftf x} p;] d}+ p;L ¿k d]+ k|fKt xf]tf x"F . p;L k|sf/ hf] p; tLgf]+ nf]sf]+

sf lxt rfxg] jfnL eujtL sL h};L ;]jf cf}/ elQm s/tf x} jx dgsfdgf b]jL

eL p;] p;L k|sf/ ;] kmn k|bfg s/tL x}+ . dgsfdgf b]jL sL elQm s/g] ;] s'5

eL c;Dej gxL+ /x hftf, cyf{t\ ;a s'5 ;+ej x} .

/fd;fxf] dxfGofoL /fhf˜e"t \ nf]sjT;nM ..

//If s[kof b]jL t+ e"k+ tTk|hfZr ;f ..&..

k[YjLkltd{xLkfnM ;fxj+z;d'b\ejM .

b]jLdlGb/lgdf{tf ;j{nf]s}M k|k"lhtM ..*..

/fd ;fx a8] GofoL cf}/ k|hf sf] k|]d s/g] jfn] /fhf x'P . p; /fhf cf}/ pgsL

k|hf sL eL b]jL /Iff s/tL /xL yL+ . ;fx j+z d]]+ pTkGg k[YjLklt gfd s] /fhf g]

b]jL sf d+lb/ agfof yf cf}/ jx nf]s d]+ cToGt cfb/0fLo /fhf x'P .

k[YjLgf/fo0ff] e"kM k[YJof+ gf/fo0ff]kdM .

t]g Joj:yf k"hfy{+ dxtL ljlxtf lsn ..(..

gef]g]qfi6e";+Vo] -!*@)_ j}qmdfAb] dxLe'hf .

b]Jo} ;dlk{tf t]g a|Llxd"/LztåoL ..!)..

tb'Tkfbgkof{Kt+ hn3df{g's"lntd\ .

z]/fVod'j{/+ If]q+ jqmfËu|fd;+l:ytd\ ..!!..

;dlk{t+ t]g /f1f nf]sk"Ho]g wLdtf .

cIftf–w"k–bLkflb–g}j]Bfy{ ;elStsd\ ..!@..

5fuf åfbz dlxifZr}sf]˜e"t \ k|ltxfogd\ .

rt'df{0fldt+ wfGo+ skf]t]EoZr k|Toxd\ .

Piff Joj:yf e"k]g sfl/tf˜˜;Lb \ dxfTdgf ..!#..

/fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f ;fx k[YjL k/ pTkGg gf/fo0f ;dfg y] . pGxf]+g] dgsfdgf dfO{

sL k"hf s] lnP ;rd'r d]+ a8L Joj:yf sL . ljqmd ;+jt\ !*@) d]+ /fhf g] @))

d'/L -jt{dfg s] d]l6«s k|0ffnL cg';f/ !^) lSj+6n s] nueu_ wfg b]jL dgsfdgf

sf] clk{t lsof . nf]uf]+ s] åf/f cfb/ k|fKt p; a'l4dfg /fhf g] d+lb/ sf] :yfoL

cfo x]t' ptgf wfg pkhfg] nfos tyf w"k cf}/ kfgL sL b[li6 ;] ;'ljwfo'Qm

jqmfª ufFj sL z]/f gfd sL pj{/ e"ld eL ck{0f sL . /fhf g] elQmk"j{s b]jL s]

x]t' hf] ox Joj:yf sL p; d]+ cIft, w"k, bLk, g}j]B cf}/ k|To]s jif{ !@ as/], !

e}+;f -aln x]t'_ tyf sa"t/f]+ sf] k|ltlbg lvnfg] s] lnP $ dfgf -@ lsnf]_ wfg sf

:ki6 pNn]v p; dxfg /fhf g] ]s/jfof yf .

tGdgM sfdgfb]JofM s[kof k'0osd{0ff

t]g e"kltgf /fi6«lj:tf/f] ljlxt:tbf ..!$..

>LdgMsfdgfdft'M k"hfy{+ e"o Pj ;M

k[YjLgf/fo0ff] wfGod"l/sfi6zt+ bbf} ..!%..

P];] k'0o sd{ s/g] jfn] /fhf g] ha dgsfdgf dfO{ sL s[kf ;] ;kmntfk"j{s /fi6«

sf lj:tf/ lsof tf] b]jL dgsfdgf sL k"hf s/ k'gM *)) d'/L -^$) lSj+6n_ wfg

clk{t lsof .

b]JofM k|;fbtf] /f1f /fi6«d]sLs[t+ b[9d\ .

b]Jof Pj k|;fbfRr /fi6«+ ;+/lIft+ ;bf ..!^..

ljZjl:dGg]sdfq+ ob\ lxGb"/fi6«ldlt >'td\ .

PtGdgMsfdgfofM k|;fbfb]j ;Dejd\ ..!&..

k[YjLgf/fo0fM ;fxf] b]Jof eStf] dxfg\ g[kM

b]jLk|;fbftM sfo{+ sl7g~rflk ;f]˜s/f]t \ ..!*..

b]jL sL s[kf ;] /fhf g] /fi6« sf ;'b[9Ls/0f cf}/ PsLs/0f lsof . b]jL sL xL s[kf

;] ox /fi6« ;+/lIft eL x} cf}/ ljZj d]+ cs]nf lxGb" /fi6« s] ¿k d]+ kl/lrt eL x} .

ox ;a dgsfdgf dftf sL s[kf ;] xL ;+ej x'cf x} . k[YjL gf/fo0f b]jL s] k/d

eQm y] cf}/ O;L lnP Otg] a8] /fhf x'P . pGxf]+g] b]jL sL xL s[kf ;] /fi6«

PsLs/0f sf sl7g sfo{ eL ;DkGg lsof .

eSTofTo'Ts6of o'Stf g/f cBflk lgZrod\ .

l;l4+ neGt] du/f] nvGyfkf oyf k'/f ..!(..

lh; k|sf/ k|frLg sfn d]+ nvg yfkf du/ g] l;l4 k|fKt sL yL cfh eL a8L

elQm s/g] jfn] nf]u lgZro xL j};L xL l;l4 k|fKt s/ ;st] x}+ .

Ptr\ 5'«t+ hg}M k"j+{ ob]sf] a|fXd0fM z'lrM .

s[Tjf dft'M :t'lt+ ;Bf] elSto'St]g r]t;f ..@)..

l;l4+ nAWjf nvGyfkfu'xfofdfljj]z x .

ttM kmnflg rfbfo eSt]EoM k|bbf} d'bf ..@!..

nf]uf]+ g] ;'gf x} ls kxn] seL Ps a|fDx0f g] cToGt elQmo'Qm kljq lrQ ;] dftf

dgsfdgf sL :t'lt s/ tTsfn l;l4 k|fKt sL yL cf}/ nvg yfkf sL u'kmf d]+

k|j]z lsof yf . jxfF ;] dL7] kmn nfs/ v'zL ;fy eQmf]+ d]+ af+6f eL yf .

k/+ b'/fzf b'isfdf neGt] b08d]j r .

ctf] j/+ ;d'lrt+ z'ed]j lx sfdo]t\ ..@@..

Ps]g uf]/vfb]z] b'le{If+ k|fly{t+ k'/f .

:ju[x:y+ obGg+ d] dxf3{+ tb\ ej]lblt ..@#..

Olt :jfy{k|]l/t]g nf]eflji6]g r]t;f .

k"hf r ljlxtf dft'?krf/}:t' k~rleM ..@$..

k/+ dftf˜ejTq'm4f tfb[z] j/ofrs] .

;wfGo+ tb\u[x+ ;Bf] bUwdfsl:dsflUggf ..@%..

kZrfQfkft\ ; tf+ b]jL+ k|fy{ofdf; elSttM .

kfbof]/ktGdft'M Ifdfofrgof ttM ..@^..

n]lsg hf] b'i6tfk"0f{ cfzf of b'i6tfk"0f{ OR5f /vtf x} jx dftf ;] bl08t xf]tf x}

. O;L lnP cR5] cf}/ plrt j/ sL xL OR5f s/gL rflxP . ax't kxn] Ps wgL

JolQm g] uf]/vf k|b]z d]+ b'le{If -csfn_ k8] P];L k|fy{gf sL . p;sL OR5f yL ls

P];f xf]g] ;] p;s] 3/ d]+ ;+lrt cGg sfkmL dxFuf las]uf . O; k|sf/ s] nf]e cf}/

:jfy{ ;] lnKt dg ;] p;g] dftf dgsfdgf sL k~rf]krf/ ljlw ;] k"hf sL .

n]lsg dftf dgsfdgf j/bfg df+ug] jfn] p; JolQm ;] cToGt qm'4 x'O{ . p;

JolQm s] wfg ;lxt s] ;eL 3/ t'/+t cfu nu s/ gi6 xf] uo] . afb d]+ p;g]

kZrfQfk s/t] x'P lkm/ ;] dftf s] r/0ff+] k/ lu/ s/ k|fy{gf sL cf}/ sxf ls

dftf d'em ;] ck/fw xf] uof, d]/f ox ck/fw Ifdf s/f] . dftf g] bof s/ yf]8] xL

lbgf]+ d]+ p;] k"j{jt\ wgL agf lbof . dftf dgsfdgf ptgL xL bofn' eL x}+ .

>LdgM sfdgfb]JofM z[0f' ?Rof+ s[kfsyfd\ .

cf;Lb]sf] låh>]i7M ;j{zf:qljb'QdM ..@&..

ljk|]0ff]Wj{jo:o]j s[tf] bf/kl/u|xM .

efof{ rf]Wj{jof:t:o ae"j k'qsfª\lIf0fL ..@*..

;GtltM :ofGgj]lt åf} lrGtofdf;t'lZr/d\ .

>LdgM sfdgf tfEof+ b]jL ;Dk|fly{tf ;bf ..@(..

tof]e{STof k|;Ggf ;f b]jL+ tfEof+ bbf} ;'td\ ..

;'Gb/+ ;b\a'l4dGt+ :j:y+ r s'nbLksd\ ..#)..

låtLodlk ;Tk'q+ b]jL tfEof+ bbf} d'bf ..#!..

cy tf} bDktL dft'b{z{gfo ;k'qsf} .

uTjf eSTof dft'/Í] Go:tjGtfj'ef} ;'tf} ..#@..

tfEof+ lgj]lbt+ r}tb\ – ej2Qf} lx afnsf} .

/If0fLof} ejTo}j, jo+ t' z/0ffutfM ..##..

tyf k|;Ggf ;f b]jL //If r tof]M ;'tf} ..#$..

b]jL dgsfdgf sL s[kf sL Ps cR5L syf ;'gf] . cg]s zf:qf]+ sf 1ftf Ps pQd

a|fDx0f yf . p;g] sfkmL pd| aLt hfg] s] kZrft\ ljjfx lsof . p;sL kTgL eL

sfkmL pd| sL yL hf] k'q k|flKt sL OR5f /vtL yL . pg bf]gf]+ sf] ;+tfg kfg] sL

k|an OR5f xf]t] x'P eL, ckgL pd| s] sf/0f b'ljwf yL cf}/ bf]gf]+ O;L lnP lr+ltt

y] . O; sf/0f sfkmL ;do ts bf]gf]+ g] lgTo dgsfdgf dfO{ ;] k|fy{gf sL . pgsL

elQm ;] k|;Gg xf]s/ b]jL g] pGx]+ ax't ;'Gb/, :j:y, pQd a'l4o'Qm tyf s'n sf]

pHHjn s/g] jfnf b]bLKodfg k'q lbof . b]jL g] v'z xf]s/ pGx]+ Ps cf}/ pQd k'q

lbof .

tb'k/f+t klt–kTgL bf]gf]+ g] xL ckg] bf]gf]+ k'qf]+ sf] dftf sL uf]b d]+ /vs/ ox

k|fy{gf sL – ……dftf o] bf]gf]+ afns cfk xL sL s[kf ;] xd]+ k|fKt x'P x}F cf}/ cfk xL

sf] OgsL /Iff eL s/gL k8]uL . xd nf]u tf] ;eL cfksL xL z/0f d]+ cfP x}FÚÚ ox

;'gs/ k|;Gg b]jL dgsfdgf pgs] bf]gf]+ k'q sL /Iff s/ /xL x}+ .

ax'Eof] ax'zf] Xo]iff syf k"j{+ >'tf hg}M .

ljZjo'4] lx k|yd] låtLo] r}j ;}lgsfM ..

g}kfnf o] d[tf:t]iff+ d[To'gfDaf˜ltb'Mlvtf ..#$..

cg]s nf]uf]+ ;] ox aft ;'gL x} ls k|yd cf}/ låtLo ljZjo'4 d]+ hf] g]kfnL ;}lgs

df/] uo] pgsL d[To' ;] dgsfdgf b]jL ax't b'MvL x'O{ .

e6}M sltko}M k"j{+ k|fy{gf;Lt\ s[tf g[k Û

t]iff+ /Iffef/e/fblDasf >flGtdGje"t\ ..#^..

:j]blSnGgf˜ejb \ d"lt{j{:q}M ;Dk|f]l~5tf tbf .

k|TofuTo e6}M k"hf alnbfgo'tf s[tf ..

nf]sf hfglGt tt\ ;j{+ b]JofM kl/;/] l:ytfM ..#&..

x] /fhg\, lstg] xL l;kflxof]+ g] tf] b]jL sL dGgt dfgL yL . O; sf/0f pgsL /Iff

s/g] s] qmd d]+ cTolws >d s] sf/0f dftf sf] ysfj6 sf cg'ej x'cf cf}/ dftf

sL d"lt{ ¿k k;Lgf ;] eL+u uO{ yL . lh; sf/0f p; ;do dftf sL d"lt{ sf] sk8]

;] kf]+5gf k8f yf . afb d]+ j] l;kfxL ha nf}6s/ cfP tf] aln cflb r9fs/ pg

;af]+ g] dftf sL k"hf sL . dgsfdgf dfO{ s] d+lb/ s] cf;kf; /xg] jfn] ;eL

nf]u j] ;a aft]+ hfgt] x}+ .

o+ o+ lrGtot] sfd+ t+ t+ k|fKgf]lt dfgjM .

k/df+ elStdfkGgf] b]VofM k|Lltk|;fbtM ..#*..

k/d elQmo'Qm dg'io ;] dftf ;bf k|;Gg /xtL x}+ . O;L lnP j};f dg'io hf] eL

OR5f dg d]+ /vtf x} jx k"/L xf]tL x} .

dlGb/+ kl/tM z}n] j[Iffg\ k'ikfl0f rfg3fM .

;+jw{olGt r]t\ t] :o'M ;j{;f}efUozflngM ..#(..

dgsfdgf dfO{ s] d+lb/ s] cf;kf; j[If cf}/ km"nf]+ s] kf}w] nufg] jfn] dg'iof]+ sf

x/ k|sf/ ;] efUo ;fy b]tf x} .

dlGb/+ kl/tM slZrt\ kfksd{ s/f]lt r]t\ .

y"Tsf/dnd"qflb b]Jof ; bl08tf] ej]t\ ..$)..

d+lb/ s] cf;kf; olb sf]O{ kfksd{ s/tf x} cyjf y"sg], k]zfa s/g] of zf}r

cflb s/g] sf sfd s/tf x} tf] p;] b]jL sf]O{ g sf]O{ b08 jf ;hf cjZo b]tL x}+ .

Ps]g Psbf j[Iff] dlGb/:oflGts] l:ytM .

l5Gg:tbf l;Wd/f]uL ;f]˜ejt \ ;B Pj lx ..$!..

Ps af/ Ps JolQm g] d+lb/ kf; s] Ps j[If sf] sf6 lbof cf}/ kl/0ffd:j¿k p;]

t'/+t Zj]t s'i7 xf] uof .

s]jn+ dfgjf g}j kz'klIfd[ufBlk .

>LdgMsfdgf;Gg] j;lGt elStefjtM ..$@..

lj+zltjif{ko{Gt+ k|Tox+ sfsbDktL .

b[i6f} j[If] elSto'tf} b]JofZr/0f;]jsf} ..$#..

s]jn d'gio xL gxL+, kz', kIfL, d[uflb eL jxfF b]jL dgsfdgf sL elQm s/t] x}+| .

sxfF hftf x} ls Ps sf}P sL hf]8 x/]s lbg nuftf/ aL; aiff{] ts lbg e/ Ps

k]8 k/ a}7 s/ elQmk"j{s b]jL s] r/0ff]+ sL ;]jf s/tL kfoL uoL yL .

kfkfTdg] eujtL b08d]j k|oR5lt .

t:dfb\ eSTof ljz'4fTdf hgf] uR5]QblGtsd\ ..$$..

lh;s] dg d]+ kfk x}, eujtL p;] b08 xL b]tL x}+ . O;L lnP elQmk"j{s z'4 cfTdf

;] dg'io sf] b]jL s] ;dLk hfgf rflxP .

>LdgMsfdgfb]JofM o] g/f elStefljtfM .

t]iff+ ;Tsfdgf k"0ff{ eljiolt g ;+zoM ..$%..

dgsfdgf b]jL sL elQm s/g] jfnf hf] eL dg'io x} p;sL ;RrL sfdgf cjZo

k"/L xf]tL x} . O;d]+ sf]O{ z+sf gxL+ x} .

dgf]˜lesfdfGbbtL+ bofn'–

df/fWo b]jL+ hutf] ljwfqLd\ .

cnf}lssL+ zlStdjfKo k[YjL–

gf/fo0ff] /fHod'¿rsf/ ..$^..

td]jdGofglk zlSteStf–

gf/fWo tf+ k"0f{dgf]˜lenfiffg \ .

sfdk|bfqL+ hggL+ ;dRo{

/fi6«k+lti7f+ jod'Ggo]d ..$&..

dg d]+ ;+slNkt sfdgf sf] k"/f s/g] jfnL, ljZj sL /rgf s/g] jfnL tyf bofn'

b]jL sL cf/fwgf åf/f cnf}lss zlQm k|fKt s/ k[YjLgf/fo0f ;fx g] ckg] /fHo sf]

ljzfn agfof . p; /fhf sf] tyf b]jL sL cf/fwgf s/ ckgL clenfiffcf]+ sf] k"/f

s/g] jfn] b]jL eQmf]+ sf] xd :d/0f s/]+ tyf dg sL OR5f k"/L s/g] jfnL

dgsfdgf sL k"hf s/ xd nf]u eL /fi6« sL k|lti7f sf] pGgt s/]+ .

Olt >Ldb'Q/dxfef/t] g]kfnkj{l0f

dgMsfdgfdfxfTDo]

dgMsfdgfelStkmnj0f{g+ gfd k~rdf]˜WofoM ..%..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy ifi7f]˜WofoM ..

/fhf]jfr

>'t+ dof ejQf] lx b]JofZrl/td'Qdd\ .

tbrf{ljifo+ e"oM >f]t'ldR5lt d] dgM ..!..

Joj:yf sLb[zL b]JofM k"hfy{+ ljlxtf g[k}M .

k'/fe"t}h{g}e{St}M sy+ k"hf Xosfl/ j} ..@..

sy+ rfw'lgs}e{St}M k"Hot]˜:dfle/lDasf .

sy+ r ;f k"hgLof u'/f] ;j{+ a|jLt' d] ..#..

/fhf g] sxf – cfk ;] d}+g] b]jL sf pQd rl/q ;'gf . ca d]/] dg d]+ b]jL sL k"hf

s] ljifo d]+ ;'gg] sL OR5f x} . k|frLg sfn s] /fhfcf]+ g] b]jL sL k"hf sL s};L

Joj:yf s/ /vL yL < kxn] s] eQm nf]u s};] k"hf s/t] y] < s};L k/+k/f yL <

cfh s] xd eQm nf]u dftf sL k"hf s};] s/]+ < b]jL sL k"hf s};L xf]gL rflxP < x]

u'?b]j, d'em] ;eL aft]+ atfPF .

u'??jfrfr

elSt/]j dxb\ j:t' eSTof ls+ gflwuDot] .

elStefjgof o'StM k'dfFNnf]s] dxLot] ..$..

u'? g] sxf – ;a;] a8L aft tf] elQm xL x} . elQm ;] P];f Sof x} hf] gxL+ kfof

hf ;stf < cyf{t\ elQm ;] ;a s'5 k|fKt lsof hf ;stf x} . ;Rrf eQm tf] ;f/L

b'lgofF d]+ k"Ho xf]tf x} .

>j0f+ sLt{g+ b]JofM :d/0f+ kfb;]jgd\ .

cr{g+ jGbg+ bf:oefjdfTdlgj]bgd\ ..%..

kq+ k'ik+ kmn+ tf]o+ t:o} eSTof lgj]bo]t\ .

u[X0fflt hggL t'i6f :jfÍ] sf?0o¿lk0fL .

eSt+ lx tfb[z+ b]jL ;fg'sDk+ r /Iflt ..^..

b]jL sL syf >j0f s/gf, gfd sLt{g s/gf, b]jL sf] ;bf dg d]+ :d/0f s/gf, b]jL

s] r/0ff]+ sL ;]jf s/gf, k"hf s/gf, >4fk"j{s gtd:ts xf]s/ k|0ffd s/gf, bf;

sL t/x ;]jf s/gf cf}/ b]jL ;dIf cfTd;dk{0f s/gf – oxL ;a elQm x} .

elQmk"j{s hf] dftf sf] hn, kq–k'ik cf}/ kmn r9ftf x} j] ;eL rLh]+ dftf ;+t'i6

xf]s/ u|x0f s/tL x} . P];] eQm s] pmk/ b]jL bof s/s] p;sL ;'/Iff eL s/tL x}+ .

cxf]leg{jle:tq dxfeStf:t' s]rg .

k"hfdv08f+ s'j{lGt b]JofZr/0fof]M l>tfM ..&..

sf]O{–sf]O{ dxfg\ eQm gf} lbgf]+ ts cv08 k"hf s/t] x}+ cf}/ b]jL s] r/0ff]+ d]+ cf>o

n]s/ a}7t] x}+ .

>LdgMsfdgfb]jL+ eSTofr{olt k"hsM .

nvGyfkfs'nf]TkGgf] du/M k'?iff] j|tL ..*..

k"hfJojl:yltM k|fRof ljlzi6f r k/Dk/f .

k|Tox+ k"hs]g}j lgTok"hf ljwLot] ..(..

nvg yfkfj+z d]+ pTkGg cf}/ z'4 lgod sf kfng s/g] jfnf Ps du/ k'?if dfF

dgsfdgf sL k|ltlbg k"hf s/tf x} . dgsfdgf sL k"hf Joj:yf k|frLg k/+k/f

cg';f/ cf}/ ljlzi6 k|sf/ sL x} . k'hf/L k|lt lbg …lgTo k"hfÚ s/t] x}+ .

k|ftM sd{s/}M ;j{+ dlGb/+ kl/dfHo{t] .

k|IffNot] r z'4]g hn]g ;j{tM ;bf ..!)..

k|ftåf{/+ dlGb/:of]b\3f6Øt] ;Ktjfbg] .

s]jn+ k"hsf] d'Vof] b]jL+ k"hot] tbf ..!!..

k'ikfIft}w"{kbLkg}j]Bflble/r{gd\ .

s/f]lt k|Tox+ z'4f] d'VoM k"hs Pj ;M ..!@..

åf/+ lga4Ø ;f k"hf t]g}s]g ljwLot] ..!#..

kxn] ;j]/]–;j]/] ;]jsf+] åf/f d+lb/ s] kl/;/ sL ;kmfO{ sL hftL x} . lgTo k|ftM

d+lb/ s] kmz{ cf}/ kl/;/ sf] z'4 hn ;] kvf/f hftf x} . ;'ax ;ft ah] d+lb/ sf

k6 vf]nf hftf x} . n]lsg p; ;do km"n, cIft, w"k, bLk, g}j]B cflb r9fs/ b]jL

s] d'Vo k'hf/L xL k"hf s/t] x}+ . O; k|sf/ d'Vo k'hf/L åf/f k"hf sL hfg] s] ;do

åf/ eLt/ ;] aGb s/ lnof hftf x} . p; ;do d'Vo k'hf/L cs]n] k"hf s/t] x}+

cf}/ cGo sf]O{ eL JolQm k|j]z gxL+ s/tf .

dlGb/fEoGt/] k"hf obf t]g ljwLot] .

;f k"hf uf]kgLo]lt ærfk"hfÚÚ XolewLot] ..

k'ikfIftf ljsLo{Gt] dlGb/+ kl/t:ttM ..!$..

d+lb/ s] eLt/ a}7s/ d'Vo k'hf/L Pslgi7 efj ;] ha Psf+t d]+ k"hf s/t] x}+ tf]

p; uf]kgLo k"hf sf] ……rfk"hfÚÚ sxt] x}+ . p;s] afb d+lb/ s] afx/ rf/f]+ cf]/ cIft

cf}/ km"nf]+ ;] jx clelifQm s/t] x}+ .

ttf] dxfk|;fbf] lx k"hs]g ;dKo{t] .

b]JofM dxfk|;fb:t' ljz]ifM kl/sNKot] ..!%..

eujTofM k|;fbfo :ju[x] k"hs]g lx .

;'t08'n+ 3[tfSt+ r nj0f+ j];jf/sd\ ..!^..

Jo~hgflg ;d]To}j k"hs]g}j kRot] .

dxfk|;fbkrg] bjL{ g}j k|o'Hot] ..!&..

tTkZrft\ jx dgsfdgf b]jL sf] dxfk|;fb r9ft] x}+ . b]jL sf dxfk|;fb ljz]if

ls:d ;] t}of/ lsof hftf x} . b]jL sf jx k|;fb k'hf/L ckg] xL 3/ d]+ cR5] ls:d

s] dxLg rfjn, z'4 b]zL 3L 8fns/ p;d]+ gds, xNbL, ;lAhofF eL p;L d]+

ldnfs/ k"hf/L sf] xL :jo+ ksfgf k8tf x} . ox dxfk|;fb ksft] ;do sn5L,

8f]O{ cflb sf lagf k|of]u lso] ksfgf k8tf x} .

k"hs:o u[xft\ :yfn] /fht] ljlgwfo lx .

cfR5fB /Stj:q]0f k|;fbf] gLot] g[k Û ..!*..

:k|i6Jof] g}j s]gflk b|i6Jof] g}j s]glrt\ .

z'4fR5'4tdf] b]Jo} k|;fbf] lx ;dKo{t] ..!(..

k'hf/L s] 3/ ;] rfFbL s] yfn d]+ /v nfn j:q ;] 9s s/ dxfk|;fb sf] d+lb/ d]+

nfof hftf x} . p; k|;fb sf] cGo ls;L sf] eL g tf] b]vg] cf}/ g :kz{ s/g]

lbof hftf x} . O; k|sf/ z'4 ;] z'4 k|;fb b]jL sf] r9fof hftf x} .

otf] b]JofM :yfksZr k|ydM k"hsf] g/M .

cf;LR5«LnId0f:yfkf nvGyfk]lt lj>'tM ..@)..

t]g b]JofM k"hs:t' tå+Zof] du/f] ej]b\ .

Olt Joj:yf k|frLgf g s}lZrblk ?Wot] ..@!..

Odf+ Joj:yf+ oM slZrGg s'of{t\ kl/jlt{tfd\ .

slZrTs/f]lt d"9Zr]b\ b]Jof b08Øtdf] ej]t\ ..@@..

b]jL s] ;+:yfks k|yd k'hf/L nvg yfkf s] gfd ;] k|rlnt nId0f yfkf xf]g] s]

sf/0f dgsfdgf b]jL s] k'hf/L pGxL+ s] j+zh xf]+u], P];L Joj:yf /xL x} . O;

k|frLg Joj:yf sf] sf]O{ eL gxL+ /f]s ;stf . sf]O{ d"v{ olb lagf hfg]–;dem] O;]

abngf rfx] tf] b]jL p;] s7f]/ b08 b]+uL, ox lglZrt x} .

k'/f]lxtZr tqf˜:t] cfq]of] a|fXd0fM z'lrM .

d/x§flåhZr}j b]jLefujt+ k7]t\ ..@#..

Olt Joj:yf bf9Ø{]g /lIftf˜l:t ;gftgL .

lgaf{w¿k]0f r ;f Joj:yf Xog'kfNot] ..@$..

jxfF s] k'/f]lxt ljz'4 cfq]o uf]q a|fXd0f x}+ . d/x§f a|fXd0f -d/7f a|fXd0f_ jxfF

b]jL efujt sf kf7 s/t] x}+ . ox ;'b[9 Joj:yf k"j{sfn ;] xL rnL cf /xL x} cf}/

ox Joj:yf lagf ls;L afwf jf Jojwfg s] kfng sL hftL /xL x} .

d'Vok"hsk"hfofM kZrfb]j lx k|Toxd\ .

k"holGt dxfb]jL+ eStf cGofM ;elStsfM ..@%..

w"k+ bLk+ kmn+ k'ik+ j:qfl0f r oy]R5of .

hgfM ;f}efUoj:t"lg b]Jo} eSTofk{olGt r ..@^..

d'Vo k'hf/L åf/f k"hf s/ lnP hfg] s] kZrft\ xL elQmdfg cGo eQmf]+ sf] k"hf

s/g] sf cj;/ ldn kftf x} . w"k, bLk, kmn, km"n, j:q ckgL z'l4 cg';f/

;f}efUo j:t'PF -r"8L, P]gf, 6Lsf, kf]t cflb_ eL eQmhg b]jL sf] clk{t s/t] x}+ .

5fus'Ss'6x+;fBf dlxiff aln¿ksfM .

oyfk|lt1+ bLoGt] b]Jof:t[KTo} hg}:;bf .. @&..

k|lt1ftf] alnM ls+ jf eSt+ k[R5lt k"hsM .

tbg';[To ;+sNkjrg+ tq k7Øt] ..@*..

ckgL dfgtf cg';f/ b]jL sL t[lKt s] lnP nf]u v'zL ;fy as/f, d'uf{, aQv, e}+;f

cflb sL aln b]t] x}+ . aln b]t] ;do k'hf/L eQm ;] k"5t] x}+ ls cfkg] sf]O{ dfgtf

s/ /vL x} of gxL+ cf}/ pgs] pQ/ cg';f/ xL jx ;+sNk jrg k9t] x}+ .

;dk{olGt s]lrQ' eStfM k~r anLg\ z'efg\ .

s'Ss'6R5fudlxifx+;d]ifflbsfg\ kz"g\ ..@(..

k"hf ljlzi6f ejlt tl:dg\ sfn] tblx{sf .

k~r}t] anoM qm]t'+ zSoGt] dlGb/flGts] ..#)..

s'5 eQm tf] d'uf{, as/f, e}+;f, avt, e]8 cflb ;lxt c;nL k~r aln xL r9ft]

x}+ . j};L k~r aln r9ft] ;do aln s] lnP xL pko'Qm ljz]if k"hf xf]tL x} . k~r

aln d]+ pNn]lvt ;eL ;fdu|L d+lb/ s] cf;kf; eL v/LbL hf ;stL x} .

kzf]lx{ aln¿k:o lz/f] u[X0fflt k"hsM .

g]jf/hflteSt]EoM lz/Zr k|ltbLot] ..#!..

k/Dk/f ot:t]iff+ lz/;f] df+;eIf0fd\ .

k/+ tby{+ t}M lsl~rb\ wg+ b]o+ eljiolt ..#@..

clgof{To wg+ zLif{+ lnK;'/fklQdfKg'oft\ .

tyf s[Tjf hgM slZrb\ d[t Pj]lt >"ot] ..##..

aln r9fo] uo] kz' sf lz/ k'hf/L sf] k|fKt xf]tf x} . g]jf/ hflt s] eQmf]+ sf] aln

kz' sf lz/ eL jfk; s/ lbof hftf x} Sof]+ls pg nf]uf]+ sL k/+k/f d]+ lz/ s] efu

sf df+; vfg] sL k|yf x} . k/+t' O; k|sf/ lz/ eL jfk; n]g] s] lnP pGx]+ k'hf/L

sf] s'5 k};] b]gf clgjfo{ x} . jx b]g lagf lbo] olb sf]O{ alnbfg s] kz' sf lz/

n] hftf x} tf] p; k/ lgZro xL sf]O{ a8L cfklQ cf k8tL x} . sxt] x}+ ls P];f

s/g] jfnf Ps cfbdL tf] tTsfn xL d/ uof yf .

bft+' o] g}j jf~5lGt b]Jo} kz'aln+ hgfM .

s"idf08+ jf gfl/s]nkmn+ t] Tjk{olGt lx ..#$..

hf] eQm b]jL sf] kz' aln gxL+ b]gf rfxt] j] s'Dx8f of gfl/on kmn xL r9ft] x}+ .

w"kbLkflbg}j]Bj:qk'ikkmnflg r .

eStfM ;f}efUoj:t"lg b]Jo} bblt e"kt] Û

s]lrR5«4fnjf] eStf wlgsfM zlStzflngM .

b]Jo} ;'j0f{/hte"if0ffGok{olGt r ..#%..

w"k, bLk, g}j]B, j:q, km"n, kmn cf}/ ;f}efUo–j:t'PF eL eQm nf]u b]jL sf] r9ft] x}+

. k/+t' s'5 >4fn' eQm hg, hf] wgL cf}/ zlQm ;+kGg x}+, j] :j0f{ jf rfFbL s]

cfe"if0f eL r9ft] x}+ .

k|ft/f/Eo k"hf t' ;fo+ko{Gtd]j lx .

lg/Gt/+ k|rnlt eStafx'Nosf/0fft\ ..#^..

k"hflj/fdM ;GWofof+ zÎ+ k|Wdfo ;"Rot] .

w"kbLkflbleM k"hf k"hs]g ;dfKot] ..#&..

;dfKtfof+ ;drf{of+ tbf åf/+ lgaWot] ..#*..

k"hf k|ftM sfn ;] z'¿ xf]s/ ;+Wof ts lg/+t/ rntL /xtL x} cf}/ eQmf]+ sL eL8

nuL /xtL x} . zfd xf] hfg] k/ z+v ahf s/ k"hf sfo{ aGb s/g] sL ;"rgf bL

hftL x} . k'hf/L w"k bLk lbvfs/ k"hf ;dfKt s/t] x}+ . k"hf s] ;dfKt xf]t] xL

d+lb/ sf åf/ eL aGb s/ lbof hftf x} .

;fodf/flqs] sfo{] kl/tM ;xeflugM .

>4of elStdGtf] lx hgf cfoflGt dlGb/] ..#(..

k|HHjnøo jlt{sf:t] b]Jof cf/flqs+ z'ed\ .

s'j{lGt z'4dg;M ;fo+sfn] ;dflxtfM ..$)..

zfd sL cf/tL d]+ cf;kf; /xg] jfn] >4fn' eQm hg ;xefuL xf]g] cft] x}+ . z'4

x[bo s] o] >4fn' hg zfd sf] hdf xf]s/ :jo+ eL bLo] hnf s/ b]jL sL z'e

cf/tL ptf/t] x}+ .

s]lrb\ bLk+ HjfnolGt ;elSt+ nIfjlt{sfd\ .

;'w"kk'ikj:qflbkmnwfGofIft}o'{td\ ..$@..

sO{ cR5] eQm hg tf] elQmk"j{s w"k, km"n, j:q, kmn, wfGo cIft cflb ;] k"hf s]

;fy nfv aQL eL hnft] x}+ .

OTy+ lx k|Tox+ k"hf b]Jof eSt}lj{wLot] .

k/+ k"hf ljz]if]0f zgf} ef}d] r jf;/] ..$#..

O; k|sf/ eQm hg b]jL sL k"hf tf] k|ltlbg s/t] x}F, k/ zlgjf/ cf}/ d+unjf/ sL

k"hf ljz]if xf]tL x}+ .

ci6Dof+ jf gjDof+ jf rt'b{Zofdyflk jf .

k"hfljz]iftf]˜DafofM lqmot] tq dlGb/] ..$$..

ci6dL, gjdL cf}/ rt'b{zL s] lbg d+lb/ d]+ dgsfdgf dfO{ sL k"hf ljz]if k|sf/ ;]

xf]tL x} .

k"hf >fj0f;+qmfGTof+ ;ljz]iff ljwLot] .

;fodf/flqs+ tl:dg\ lbg] r}j oyfljlw ..$%..

tTkZrfb\ tl2g] tqf]Nd'sk"hf ljwLot] .

sf08f/s:o k"hf lx nf]s] ejlt tl2g] ..$^..

>fj0f dxLg] sL ;+qmflGt sf] ljz]if k"hf xf]tL x} . ;f+em sL cf/tL p; lbg eL

xd]zf sL t/x xf]tL x}, n]lsg p; lbg /f+sf] -dzfn_ sL eL k"hf sL hftL x} cf}/

sf08f/s -/fIf; ljz]if_ sL k"hf sL hftL x} -tyf clUg :km'lnË km]+s] hft] x}+_ .

sf08f/s gfds /fIf; s] clgi6 ;] /Iff x]t' ox ljlw sL hftL x} . lh; d]+ p;s]

k|tLs:j¿k Ps ntf, lh;] g]kfn d]+ d;fnf d]+ eL k|of]u s/t] x}+, p;sL k"hf sL

hft x} .

>fj0f] dfl; g hg}a{lnbfg+ ljwLot] .

tyf rflZjgdf;:o s[i0fkIf] sbflk gf] .

otf]˜;f} lkt[kIff] lx lkt[>f4fo slNktM ..$&..

>fj0f dxLgf e/ d+lb/ d]+ alnbfg gxL+ lbof hftf . p;L k|sf/ cflZjg dxLgf s]

s[i0f kIf d]+ eL alnbfg gxL+ lbof hftf . Sof]+ls O; d]+ lkt/f]+ sf >f4 lso] hfg]

s] sf/0f O;] lkt[kIf dfgf uof x} .

PsfbZof+ tyf bz{] lzj/fqf} ty}j r .

alnbfg+ dxfb]Jo} tq g}j ljwLot] ..$*..

PsbzL, cdfj:of ltlyof]+ sf] cf}/ p;L k|sf/ lzj/flq sf] eL b]jL sf] jxfF aln

gxL+ bL hftL .

PsfbzL Xofdfjf:of lbgåoldtf obf .

tbf låtLo+ lbj;+ jfo{t] tq k"hg] ..$(..

PsfbzL cyjf cdfj:of sL ltlyofF olb bf] lbg k8 hfo tf] b";/] lbg sf] 5f]8

lbof hftf x} . cyf{t\ kxn] lbg aln gxL+ bL hftL, n]lsg b";/] lbg aln bL hftL

x} .

lgTo+ ljwLot] of t' lgTok"h]lt sYot] .

tyf kj{;' of k"hf ;f ljlzi6]lt dGot] ..%)..

k|lt lbg sL hfg] jfnL k"hf sL ælgTok"hfÚÚ sxt] x}+ . p;L k|sf/ kj{ s] lbgf]+ d]+

sL hfg] jfnL k"hf sf] æljz]if kj{k"hfÚÚ sxt] x}+ .

ci6dLk~rdLkj{k"hf tq ljwLot] .

rt'b{zLkf}0f{df:of]M ;+qmfGTof+ ;k/Dk/fd\ .

Ptfb[s\ kj{k¨hfy{+ Joj:yf˜l:t s[tf g[k}M ..%!..

ci6dL cf}/ k+rdL sf] kj{k"hf sL hftL x} . rt'b{zL, k"l0f{df cf}/ ;+qmflGt sf] eL

k/+k/f cg';f/ kj{ k"hf xf]tL x} . P];L k"hf s] lnP kxn] s] /fhfcf]+ g] cnu ;]

;DklQ u'7L -6«:6_ s/s] kof{Kt Joj:yf s/ /vL x} .

rft'df{:o]if' k'0o]if' b]jLefujt+ z'ed\ .

dlGb/k|fË0f] k'0o] lgTo+ k7lt a|fXd0fM ..%@..

kljq rt'df{; -;fjg, efbf], cflZjg, sflt{s_ dxLg] d]+ b]jL d+lb/ s] k|f+u0f d]+

a|fXd0f åf/f b]jL efujt sf kf7 lsof hftf x} .

z/Tsfn] dxfk"hf gj/fqf} ljwLot] .

dlxifR5fux+;fgf+ alnbfg}lj{z]iftM ..%#..

uf]/vf/fhu[xtM k"hf;fdUo|dKo{t] .

rt'ZztfAbk|frLgf XoljlR5Ggf k/Dk/f ..%$..

z/t\sfn s] gj/fq e/ b]jL sL dxfk"hf sL hftL x} . e}+;f, as/f, aQv cflb sL

aln b]s/ ljz]if k"hf xf]tL x} . uf]/vf b/af/ ;] k"hf ;fdu|L ;dlk{t sL hftL x} .

rf/ ;f} jif{ k'/fgL ox k/+k/f cfh ts c6"6 ¿k ;] rnL cf /xL x} .

Pj+ ljz]ifk"hf˜lk r}qz'Snfi6dLltyf} .

dlxifR5fux+;flbalnbfg}lj{wLot] ..%%..

O;L k|sf/ r}q z'Sn ci6dL ltly sf] eL e}+;f, as/f, aQv, cflb sL aln b]s/

ljz]if k"hf sL hftL x} .

k|ltjif{+ dfu{s[i0fk~rDof+ uf]li7k~rdL .

ljVoftf of kj{d]nf tq}jfof]Hot] z'ef .

uf]i7L;+:yfg]g d]nf ;f tqfof]Hot] tbf ..%^..

k|lt jif{ dfu{ s[i0f k+rdL ltly sf] u'7Lk+rdL s] gfd ;] k|l;4 kj{ k/ hf] d]nf

nutf x} p;sf cfof]hg jxfF u'7L ;+:yfg -;/sf/L wfld{s 6«:6_ xL s/tf x} .

jif{aGwgk"hf t' lzi6}af{}4k'/f]lxt}M .

sflGtk'of{M lå/fuTo lqmot] k|ltxfogd\ ..%&..

pmh{z'Snrt'b{Zof cf/Eo jif{aGwgd\ .

ofjGdfu{zLif{z'Snk~rdL+ lqmot]˜x{0ff ..%*..

j}zfvz'SnkIf]˜lk låtLo+ jif{aGwgd \ .

rt'{b{ZofM ;df/Eo Ho]i7s[i0ffi6dLk/d\ ..%(..

OTy+ ;dx{0f+ b]JofM lqmot] jif{aGwgd\ ..^)..

b";/L Ps ljz]if k"hf xf]tL x} lh;] æjif{aGwg k"hfÚÚ sxt] x}+ . ox k"hf sf7df+8" ;]

cfP ljlzi6 af}4 k'/f]lxt -u'efh'_ nf]u s/t] x}F, hf] jxfF k|ltjif{ bf] af/ cft] x}F .

Ps æjif{aGwg k"hfÚÚ sflt{s z'Sn rt'b{zL ;] z'¿ s/ dfu{ -cu|x0f_ z'Sn k+rdL

ts sL hftL x} . b";/L æjif{aGwg k"hfÚÚ j}zfv z'Sn kIf d]+ sL hftL x} . ox k"hf

j}zfv z'Sn rt'b{zL ;] z'¿ xf]s/ Ho]i7 s[i0ffi6dL ts xf]tL x} . O; k|sf/ b]jL

sL æjif{aGwg k"hfÚÚ sL hftL x} .

/fhf]jfr

ljwLot] sy+ k"hf b]Jof af}4}u'{efh'leM .

s]jn+ lxGbjM k"hf+ s'j{GtLlt dof >'td\ ..^!..

k/+ /x:od]t:o ;j{+ jb låhf]Qd .

>j0f]g ljgf Tjq lj/fd+ g}j d] dgM .

k|fKgf]lt t:dfb\ x] ljåg\ jb d] lj:t[tf+ syfd\ ..^@..

/fhf g] k"5f – dgsfdgf b]jL sL k"hf af}4 u'efh'cf]+ åf/f s};] sL hftL x} < s]jn

lxGb" nf]u xL k"hf s/t] x}+, P];f d}Fg]] ;'gf yf . k/+t' x] a|fXd0ff]+ d]+ >]i7 u'?b]j, O;

af}4 k"hf s] ;eL /x:o d'em] atfPF . O; ljifo d]+ lagf ;'g] d]/] dg sf] lj>fd

gxL+ ldn]uf . ctM x] ljåfg\, d'em] jx ;a lj:tf/ ;] sx]+ .

u'??jfr

k[YjLgf/fo0ff] e"kM k[YJof+ gf/fo0ff]˜hlg .

g]kfn/fi6«:kmLtLs[b\ b]Jof eStf] ljrIf0fM ..^#..

u'? g] sxf – g]kfn /fi6« sf lj:tf/ s/g] jfn] /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f ;fx k[YjL k/

gf/fo0f s] ¿k d]+ hGd] y] . jx b]jL s] eQm cf}/ cToGt a'l4dfg y] .

obf sflGtk'/L t]g ljlhtf˜;LGdxfTdgf .

k"hf Go"gf˜g'e"tf˜e"b \ b]Jof tT;]gof r x ..^$..

ha p; dxfg\ cfTdf jfn] /fhf g] sf+ltk'/ ljho sL tf] dgsfdgf b]jL g] cf}/

pgs] u0ff]+ g] eL ckgL k"hf sd xf]g] sL aft cg'ej sL .

lhtf sflGtk'/L tq o'4+ g}jfejb\ ax' .

sflGtk'/L zflGtk'/L hftf t:o kl/u|xft\ ..^%..

g}sf] hgf]˜ejB'4] sflGtk'of{+ xtfxtM .

s'df/L :jfut+ rqm] 6Lsf+ bTjf lx e"e[t] ..^^..

b]Jof andt[Kt+ ;g\ ttif{ ?lw/+ ax' ..^&..

sf+ltk'/L hLt nL uO{ . p;d]+ clws o'4 gxL+ x'cf . pgs] åf/f hLt n]g] s] kZrft\

sf+ltk'/L Psbd zf+ltk'/L xf] uO{ . p; o'4 d]+ Ps eL cfbdL xtfxt gxL+ x'cf .

s'df/L g] 6Lsf nufs/ /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f ;fx sf :jfut lsof . O; sf/0f b]jL s]

u0f ct[Kt /x uo] y] cf}/ /Qm s] Kof;] y] .

cg]sfM 36gf hftf dlGb/+ kl/t:ttM ..

If'Awf hgf d"lR5{tfZr klttfM v]bdfl:ytfM ..^*..

hgf uTjf ttf] e"k+ 36gf+ tf+ Goj]bog\ .

g[kZr lj1fg\ k'?iffg\ tflGqsfglk k[i6jfg\ ..^(..

lsd]tb\ jf sy+ hftf 36gf tq tfb[zL <

syÍf/+ t"krf/+ lqmot] tb\ jbGt' gM ..&)..

p;s] afb dgsfdgf d+lb/ s] cf;kf; cg]s 36gfPF xf]g] nuL+ . nf]uf]+ sf]

3a/fx6, d"5f{, n8v8fs/ lu/ k8gf, ls+st{Joljd"9 xf]s/ a}7 /xgf cflb cgxf]gL

aft]+ xf]g] nuL+ . p;s] afb hgtf /fhf s] ;dIf O; 36gf s] ;+a+w d]+ lgj]bg

s/g] kx'FrL . lkm/ /fhf g] eL k+l8t, cf]emf tyf tf+lqsf]+ ;] k"5f – ox Sof x'cf x}

cf}/ jxfF P];L 36gfPF Sof]+ 36 /xL x} < p;sf pkrf/ Sof x} < ;f/L aft]+ d'em]

aftfPF .

af}4}u'{efh'le3f{]/}:tflGqs}lj{lgj]lbtd\ .

b]Jof ljz]ifk"hf lx st{Jof jif{aGwgf ..&!..

tGq ljBf s] >]i7 1ftf hf] af}4 u'efh' nf]u y] pGxf]+g] sxf ls b]jL sL jif{aGwg

gfds ljz]if k"hf s/gL k8]uL .

ttf] g[kf] bbfjf1f+ tfg\ ljlzi6fg\ k'/f]lxtfg\ .

>LdgMsfdgfb]JofM k"hf+ st'{+ oyfljlw ..&@..

OTy+ e"ldkt]/f1f+ k|fKo tflGqsk"hsfM .

uf]/vf+ sflGtk'/tf] utfM k"hfk|of]hgfM ..&#..

p;s] afb /fhf g] pg ljlzi6 k'/f]lxtf]+ -af}4 u'efh' nf]uf]+_ sf] t'/+t dgsfdgf

dfO{ sL ljlwk"j{s k"hf s/g] sL cf1f bL . O; k|sf/ /fhf sL cf1f kfs/

dgsfdgf b]jL sL k"hf s/g] x]t' j] tf+lqs k'hf/L nf]u sf+ltk'/ ;] uf]/vf uo] .

cf;Lb]s:tflGqs:t' ;j{l;l4;dfo'tM .

b]JofM k"hgsfo{+ ; hfgflt eSt;QdM ..&$..

k"hog\ ; dxfb]jL+ d'08dfnflje"liftfd\ .

pTkfB dfg;+ dTo{+ alnbfg+ ; rfs/f]t\ ..&%..

k/Dk/futf jftf{ >"ot]˜Bflk tfb[zL .

k/+ ttf] g/alng{}j b]Jo} k|bLot] ..&^..

pgd]+ Ps tf+lqs tf] ;Dk"0f{ l;l4 ;] o'Qm y] . eQmf]+ d]+ ;jf{]Qd jxL b]jL sL k"hf

enL ef+lt s/gf hfgt] y] . d'08nLdfnflje"lift dxfb]jL sL k"hf s/t]–s/t]

pGxf]+g] dfg; dg'io k}bf s/s] alnbfg eL lsof . p; k/+k/fut aft sL rrf{

cfh ts ;'gg] d]+ cftL x} . n]lsg p;s] afb b]jL sf] g/aln seL gxL+ bL uO{ .

ttM ;df/Eo k"hf lqmot] jif{aGwgf .

j}zfv] sflt{s] af}4}lå{jf/+ k|ltxfogd\ ..&&..

zfGtf dgMsfdgf ;f jif{aGwgk"hof ..&*..

p; ;do ;] k|ltjif{ af}4 u'efh'cf]+ åf/f a}zfv cf}/ sflt{s dxLg] d]+ bf] af/

æjif{aGwg k"hfÚÚ sL hftL x} . p; k|sf/ sL æjif{aGwg k"hfÚÚ ;] dgsfdgf dfO{

zf+t x'O{ .

Pj+ af}4f:tyf zfStfM k|Tox+ k"holGt tfd\ .

dft/+ zflGtbf+ zlSt+ ;j{sf?0o¿lk0fLd\ ..&(..

O; k|sf/ af}4 tyf zfQmf]+ åf/f k|ltlbg zf+ltbflogL, zlQmbflogL, s?0ff¿lk0fL

dftf dgsfdgf sL k"hf xf]tL x} .

o] kzf]a{lnbfg+ t' st'{+ g]R5lGt ;flTjsfM .

gfl/s]nkmn+ b]Jo} rfk{olGt ;dx{0f] ..*)..

hf] ;flTjs eQm hg kz' alnbfg s/gf gxL+ rfxt] x} j] nf]u b]jL sf] gfl/on kmn

eL ck{0f s/t] x}F .

Pj+ k|ltlbg+ dft'j{if{ko{Gtd]j lx ..

g}kfn}ef{/tLo}Zr eSt}M k"hf ljwLot] ..*!..

O; k|sf/ jif{ e/ k|To]s lbg g]kfn cf}/ ef/t s] xhf/f]+ eQm elQmo'Qm xf]s/

b]jLsL k"hf s/t] x}+ .

wlggf] ax'd"Noe"if0f}/wgfM kqhnk|;"gs}M .

dxolGt ;elSt dft/+ ;db[i6ØflDasof ;'/lIftfM ..*@..

alnleM ;d'kf;t] slt kmnk'ik}M ;d'kf;t]˜k/] .

;db[u\ hggL ;'tfg\ ;dfg\ j/bfg]g s[tfy{oToxf] ..*#..

dft[:j¿kf b]jL sL k"hf wgL nf]u elQmk"j{s ax'd"No cfe"if0f r9fs/ tyf u/Lj

nf]u kQL, hn, km"n ;] s/t] x}+ . k/+t' pg ;af]+ k/ dftf ;dfg b[li6 /vtL x}+

cf}/ ;+/If0f s/tL x}+ .

s'5 aln r9fs/ tf] s'5 kmn–km"n xL r9fs/ dft[:j¿kfb]jL sL k"hf tyf

pkf;gf s/t] x}+ . ;db[li6 jfnL dftf ;af]+ sf] ckgL ;+tfg s] ;dfg dfgtL x}+

cf}/ j/bfg b]s/ s[tfy{ s/tL x}+

Olt >Ldb'Q/dxfef/t] g]kfnkj{l0f

>LdgMsfdgfdfxfTDo] k"hfj0f{g+

gfd ifi7f]˜WofoM ..^..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy ;Ktdf]˜WofoM ..

/fhf]jfr

>LdgMsfdgfb]Jof dlGb/+ ;'dgf]x/d\ .

:tDe}M ;'sfi7}n{lnt}l/i6sflelQleb[{9d\ ..!..

;'j0f{åf/kmns+ :j0f{lnKtR5b+ z'ed\ .

dlGb/+ kl/tf] 306fM b[ZoGt] tq zf]letfM ..@..

s]g wdf{Tdgf ;j{] t] tq :yflktf u'/f] Û

ejtM >f]t'ldR5fld kljqjbgfDa'hft\ ..#..

/fhf g] k|Zg lsof – dgsfdgf b]jL s] cToGt dgf]x/ d+lb/ s] dgf]/d :tDe cR5]

sfi7 s], bLjf/]+ O{6f]+ ;] lgld{t dha"t, åf/ s] k6 :j0f{ s] tyf 5t ;f]g] sL agL

x'O{ ;eL ax't xL ;'Gb/ x}+ . d+lb/ s] afx/–eLt/ ;'Gb/ 3+6] zf]efodfg xf]t] lbvfO{

k8 /x] x}+ . x] u'?, ls; wdf{Tdf g] pg ;a rLhf]+ sf] jxfF :yflkt lsof < cfks]

kljq d'vf/ljGb ;] ;'ggf rfxtf xF" .

u'??jfr

ob\ b]Jof dlGb/+ b[i6+ /fhg\ ;j{}h{g}M ;bf .

tTk|frLgtd+ ¿k+ nId0f]g ljlgld{td\ .

k/d]0f t' l;4]g du/]0f dxfTdgf ..$..

u'? g] sxf – x] /fhg\, b]jL sf d+lb/ hf] ;bf ;] nf]u b]vt] /x] x}+ . p;sf

k|frLgtd ¿k k/d l;4 dxfTdf nId0f yfkf du/ åf/f lgld{t yf .

k/+ k[YjLktL /fhf dxfTdf wfld{sM ;'wLM .

zf]eg+ dlGb/+ tq ;b\eSTof lg/dLot ..%..

n]lsg /fhf k[YjLklt ;fx dxfTdf, wfld{s cf}/ ljåfg xf]g] s] sf/0f pGxf]+g]

elQmk"j{s p;L :yfg k/ afb d]+ ;'Gb/ d+lb/ agfof .

dlGb/] åf/d]s+ ob\ b[Zot] :j0f{dl08td\ .

z"/jL/]0f jL/]0f /fgfj+Zo]g lgld{td\ ..

t:o tqflen]vZr /fht] ?lr/f]˜w'gf ..^..

d+lb/ d]+ hf] Ps ;'j0f{ lgld{t åf/ lbvfoL b]tf x}, jx tf] z"/jL/ gfd s] /fgf j+z

s] Ps du/ g] agfof yf . jxfF p;sf clen]v ceL eL k9f hf ;stf x} .

uf]vf{Vo] gu/] g[k:o ;ljw] h}/fh/fgf˜ejt \ .

tTk'qf] g[j/f] g[k]Gb|;lrjM >Lj+;'/fgf Xoe"t\ ..

tTk'qM ;d/]if' vl08tk/M ;+u|fdz"/M ;bf

bftf eft[snqk'q;lxtM >Lz"/jL/f]˜hlg ..&..

e|ft[leM s[i0fjL/fB}M ;lxtM ;fDk|t+ o'jf .

;'j0f{lgld{t+ åf/+ :yflkt+ b]jtfu|tM ..*..

j]bg]qd'lge"o'tzfs] r}qs[i0fz'eifli7o't]˜Ab] .

rGb|jf/;lxt] z'esfn] :yflkt+ sgsåf/db\e'td\ ..(..

uf]/vf gfds gu/ d]+ /fhf s] ;fy h}/fh /fgf y] . pgs] k'q j+;' /fgf /fhf s]

;lrj -d+qL_ x'P hf] sfkmL cR5] JolQm y] . pgs] k'q z"/jL/ gfd s] x'P hf] n8fO{

d]+ ;b}j zq' sf] df/g] jfn] ;+u|fdz"/ s] ¿k hfg] hft] y] . jx a8] bfgL y] . pgs]

efO{, kTgL, k'q ;eL y] . p;L o'jf g] s[i0fjL/ cflb gfds ckg] efOof]+ ;lxt b]jL

k|lt elQm cf}/ >4f;lxt :j0f{ lgld{t åf/ sf] :yflkt lsof . zs ;+jt\ !&@$

;fn r}q s[i0f ifi7L ;f]djf/ s] lbg z'e sfn d]+ O; cb\e't\ :j0f{ åf/ sf] pGxf]+n]

:yflkt lsof .

dlGb/fu|] tyf l;+xf] b]Jof cb\e'tjfxgM

uËfaxfb"/jL/flk{tf] jj{lt{ tq lx .

oyf t:oflen]vf]˜lk kl7t'+ zSot] hg}M ..!)..

p;L k|sf/ d+lb/ s] cfu] b]jL sf cb\e't jfxg l;+x hf] zf]efodfg xf] /xf x} p;]

u+ufaxfb'/ jL/ g] clk{t lsof yf . o; ;+a+w d]+ clen]v jxfF k9f hf ;stf x} .

æ>Ldb\uËfaxfb"/ Olt ;'s[ltgf rLkms0f{]ngfDgf .

df;]˜l:dg\ j}qmdfAb] /;j;'gje";+ldt] rflZjg]˜4f .

k|LTo} l;+xf] Goj]lb lqhult lx dgMsfdg] t] dof˜o+

eSt+ bLg+ j/]K;+' r/0fz/0fu+ kflx dft/\ gd:t] ..!!..

rLkm\ s0f{]n egL a8f eut >LuËfaxfb"/n]

p08}:;f} / 5ofl; ;+jtdxfF ck{0f\ u/]+ elStn] ..

x] dftf dgsfdgf xh'/sf l;+x} r/0f\df /xf];\ .

j/\ OR5ful/ eSt 5" r/0fdf /Iff ;bf ug'{xf];\ ..!@..

;lGt aXJo:tq 306fZrflk{tfM ax'leh{g}M .

p§lÍtflg gfdflg b[ZoGt] 3l06sf;' r ..!#..

jxfF cg]s nf]uf]+ åf/f ck{0f lso] uo] 306] eL x}F+ cf}/ k|To]s k/ 3+6f k|bfg s/g]

jfn] b]jL s] eQm sf gfd c+lst x} .

k[YjLgf/fo0ff] e"kf] 306f+ /Dofdltli7kt\ .

:yfgfkGgf˜l:t efUgfof 306fof:t:o e"kt]M ..!$..

/fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f ;fx g] Ps ;'Gb/ 3+6f clk{t lsof yf . k/+t' pgs] åf/f clk{t

jx 3+6f afb d]+ km"6 uof yf . ctM p;s] :yfg k/ gof 3+6f ceL jxfF x} .

OTy+ r >"ot] k[YjLgf/fo0fdxLkltM .

dxf/f¡ofM s0f{kfz:j0f{ ;Dd]No uh'{/d\ ..!%..

>LdgMsfdgfb]Jof dlGb/:o R5b]˜s/f]t \ .

sLb[Zof;LGg' tb\elStb]{Jof Olt k|tLot] ..

sLb[s\ r t:o ;fkmNo+ b]Jof j/k|;fbtM ..!^..

ox eL ;'gg] d]+ cftf x} ls /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f ;fx g] dxf/fgL s] s0f{kfz -sfg s]

cfe"if0f_ sf ;f]gf cGo :j0f{ s] ;fy ldnfs/ :j0f{ uh'/ -:j0f{ snz_ agjfof

cf}/ p;] dgsfdgf b]jL s] d+lb/ sL 5t k/ ;elQm :yflkt lsof yf . b]jL

dgsfdgf k|lt k[YjLgf/fo0f ;fx sL cf;Ld elQm sf O;L ;] ktf rntf x} . ;fy

xL pGx]+ dgsfdgf b]jL s] k|;fb ;] ldnL ;kmntf eL k|sflzt xf]tL x} .

/fhf]jfr

>LdgMsfdgfb]Jof b"/] eSt}M ;'k"lhtd\ .

jqm]Zj/dxflnË+ >"ot] lj6k}j{[td\ ..!&..

>f]t'ldR5fld dfxfTDo+ t:o lnË:o ef] u'/f] .

a|"lx tt\ s[kof ljåg\ df+ ;j{+ ;j{ljQd ..!*..

/fhf g] k"5f – ;'gt] x}+ ls dgsfdgf b]jL ;] s'5 xL b"/L k/ eQmf]+ åf/f cToGt

k"lht jqm]Zj/ gfds dxfg\ kljq lnË x} hf] j[Iff]+ s] aLr 9sf x'cf x} . x] u'?b]j,

d}+ p; lnËsf dfxfTDo ;'ggf rfxtf x"F . ;f/L aft]+ hfgsf/L /vg]jfnf]+ d]+ cfk

>]i7 x}+ . O;LlnP x] ljåfg\, cfk j] ;f/L aft]+ d'em] atfPF .

u??jfr

;fw' k[i6+ dxf/fh Û elSto'St]g r]t;f .

jqm]Zj/dxflnËljifo] ejtf˜w'gf ..

a|jLDox+ tb\ljifo] ejGt+ elStefljtd\ .. !(..

u'? g] sxf – /fhg\ ckg] elQmo'Qm lrQ ;] ceL hf] jqm]Zj/ dxflnË s] ;+a+w d]+

lh1f;f e/f k|Zg lsof x}, jx clt pQd x} . /fhg\, cfk elQm efj ;] o'Qm x[bo

jfn] JolQm x}F . O;lnP d}F p; ljifo d]+ cfksf] atftf x"F .

>LdgMsfdgfb]Jof pQ/:of+ lblz l:yt] .

qmf]zb"/]˜l:t g[kt] Xo'Rr}M kj{td:ts] ..@)..

jqm]Zj/dxflnË lznf¿k]0f rf]lTytd\ .

lznf:j¿kf tq}j l:ytf jqm]Zj/L z'ef ..@!..

jqm]Zj/fVof˜l:t z'ef gfltb"/l:ytf b/L .

Psf] of]uL lgj;t] tq lgToflUg;]jsM ..@#..

x] /fhg\ b]jL dgsfdgf sL pQ/ lbzf d]+ jxfF ;] Ps sf]; b"/ pmFr] kj{t s] lzv/

k/ jqm]Zj/ dxflnË lznf ¿k d]+ v8] x}+ . jxL+ p;L lnË s] ;dLk lznf ¿kd]+

jqm]Zj/L eL x}+ . jxL+ yf]8L b"/ cfu] hfg] k/ jqm]Zj/ u'kmf eL ldntL x} hxfF Ps

of]uL lgTo w'gL hnfs/ /xt] x}+ .

nId0ffo bbf} l;l4+ u'?uf]/If OTolk .

>"ot] t]g tT:yfg+ k"Ho+ l;l4o't+ dtd\ ..@$..

cjfu\ olx{ ej]b\ afnf] ax'sfndlk :jtM .

jqm]Zjof{ bz{g]g jfrfnf] ejlt :km'6d\ . @%..

sxt] x}+ ls nId0f yfkf -nvg yfkf_ sf] u'? uf]/vfgfy g] jxL+ l;l4 k|bfg sL yL

. O;LlnP jx :yfg k"Ho cf}/ l;l4o'Qm dfgf hftf x} . olb sf]O{ afns sfkmL

;do aLt hfg] k/ eL :jtM gxL+ af]n] tf] P];L wf/0ff x} ls jqm]Zj/L s] bz{g ;]

jx af]ng] nutf x} .

efb|z'Snt[tLofof+ d]nf ejlt zf]egf .

k"hf+ s'j{lGt dlxnfM kfj{tLk/d]Zj/f} ..@^..

jxfF efb| z'Sn t[tLof -tLh_ sf] a8f d]nf nutf x} . dlxnfPF lzj–kfj{tL sL jxfF

k"hf s/tL x}+ .

lzj/fqf} r ;b\eStf:tqTofM ;j{hftoM .

jqm]Zj/dxflnËdr{lGt hfu/j|tfM ..@&..

lzj/flq sf] eL p; If]q d]+ /xg] jfn] ;eL hflt s] ;b\eQm hg /flq–hfu/0f s/

jqm]Zj/ dxflnË sL k"hf s/t] x}+ .

jqm]Zj/+ gfd lzjf]?lnËs+

l;4]g yfkfdu/]0f k"lhtd\ .

k|k"Ho eStf] net] ;'t+ wg+

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ç

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ç

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cy k|ydf]ŕWofoM ..

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eGg] plSt k|l;4 eof] .

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t]g e"nf]skfn]g g]kfnf] ljk'nLs[t M ..!)..

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lht]/ s/ a'emfpg' kg{] u/L ltgnfO{ jzdf NofP .

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cfŔgf] wd{df c8]/ /x]sf 5g \ .

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:jtGqtfnfO{ k|jw{g ub{5g\ .

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lgj;lGt ;'/f:tq uf]/vf/If0f] /tfM ..!&..

pQ/:of+ b'Uws'08:tLy{/fhf] lj/fht] .

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b]jtfx¿ jf; u5{g\ / ;b}j uf]/vfsf] /Iff u5{g\ . pQ/df b'ws'08 -b¨wkf]v/L_ gfds

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uf]/vfsf] /fhwfgLdf g} uf]/vfysf] u'kmf 5 . / ToxL+ g] /fhb/af/sf] ;fy} sflnsfsf]

dlGb/ klg 5 .

lj/fht] kj{t:o lzv/] ;j{sfdbf .

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lzv/df zf]efodfg 5g\ .

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h'g /fd|f] ufpF 5 Tof] ufpFx¿df ;jf{]Qd ufpF xf] .

lbZo'Qdlu/]:t:o k"j{:of+ j[4u08sL .

blIf0f:of+ lqz"nL r jxt] k|otf ;l/t\ ..@@..

klZrdfof++ b/f}+bLlt Voftf wdf{jtL gbL .

d:of{ª\bL sd{bf tq ;dfoflt lxdfnofb\ ..@#..

o] å] gBf} ;dfuTo g}C{Tof+ lblz ;+ut] .

t] dgMsfdgfkfbf} IffnoGTofljj l:yt] ..@$..

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.

gB:tfM k'0o;lnnf lxdkj{tlgM;[tfM .

tf;f+ ;+ud pQfnM k'0ofTk'0ot/M :d[tM .. @%..

lxdfno kj{tb]lv lgl:sPsf :jR5 hn ePsf gbLx¿ :jtM kljq x'G5g\ . To;df

klg gbLx¿sf] ;+ud t emg\ kljq eGbf klg kljq dflgG5 .

d'lUngfVo] k|b]z] tfM ;l/tM ;d'kfutfM .

k|jxlGt tt:tLy{+ b]j3§+ k|lt b|'td\ ..@^..

tL ;f/f dfly gfd pNn]v ul/Psf gbLx¿ d'lUng gfds :yfgdf cfP/ ldN5g\ /

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of dgMsfdgf t:of dlGb/fbltzf]egf .

b[Zot] Xo'Q/fzfof+ lxdkj{tz[Înf ..@&..

jg/flhg{bL z:oZofdnf r j;'Gw/f .

ntf cgf]sxfZr}j b[ZoGt] kmnk'ikbfM ..@*..

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kmn / km"nx¿ lbg] nx/f / j[Ifx¿ klg b]lvG5g\ .

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af}4}M l;Sv}Zr lxGb"leM zfSt}M z}j}/xlg{zd\ .

;f dgMsfdgf dftf lgTodf:t] k|k"lhtf ..#)..

tL dftf dgsfdgf af}4 , l;v, lxGb", zfSt, z}j ;j}n] /ftlbg k"hf ul/g'x'G5 .

OTydEolr{tf nf]s}df{tf sf?0o¿lk0fL .

eStfgfdeofo}j /fht] /fi6«/l~hgL ..#!..

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nflu / /fi6«nfO{ cfgGb lbgsf nflu kj{tsf] 6fs'/fdf jf; ug'{x'G5 .

k|o'tfblws+ eStfM k|ltjif{+ tbx{0ffd\ .

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ub{5g\ .

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r9fOG5g\ .

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klg sNof0f x'G5 .

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; dgMsfdgfb]Jof ej]t\ lk|ot/f] g/M ..#*..

h;n] >4fk¨j{s o; k':tssf] k"hf ;Fw}+ g} ub{5, Tof] klg b]jL dgsfdgfsf] emg\ lk|o

x'g hfg]5 .

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To;nfO{ b]jLn] ;+/If0f ub{l5g\ .

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h;n] b]jL dgsfdgfsf] :tf]q lbglbg} kf7 ub{5, Tof] dflg; t]h:jL, jL/ / b'lgofn]

cfb/ u/]sf] /fhg]tf x'G5 .

k|lt;fo+ k7]b\ o:t' :jhg}M kl/jfl/tM .

cWofod]sdw{ jf Znf]sfg\ sltkofg't ..$!..

t:d} ;f}efUodIf'00f+ ;'v+ ;DklQd]j r .

>LdgMsfdgf b]jL k|oR5lt g ;+zoM ..$@..

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dfq klg k9\5 eg], To:tf] dflg;nfO{ b]jL dgsfdgfn] cIf'00f ;f}efUo, ;'v, ;DklQ

k|bfg ub{l5g\ . o;df s'g} zÍf 5}g .

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ljåfg\x¿n] xd]zf hglxtsfl/0fL b'uf{ eujtL egL eGb5g\ .

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cy låtLof]ŕWofoM ..

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klg ;'Gg] OR5f eof] . dnfO{ ltgsf] pTklQsf] sf/0f ;'Gg dg nfu]sf] 5 .

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;j{q zlSt¿k]0f dft[¿k]0f r l:ytf ..@..

g]kfn/fi6«/Iffy{+ k|fb'e{"tf lx tq ;f .

tGdgMsfdgfof:Tj+ eStf] eljt'dx{l; ..#..

u'?n] eGg'eof] Ŗ ;[li6¿ksL h'g b]jL ltg} nf]ssf] lxt ug{ rfxlG5g\ tL t ;j{q

zlStsf ¿kdf / dftfsf ¿kdf /x]s} 5g\ . tL b]jL g]kfn /fi6«sf] /Iffsf nflu ToxfF

pTkGg ePsL x'g\ . To;sf/0f, x] /fhg\ ltdL] klg ltgsf] eSt x'g' kb{5 .

c:o /fi6«:o aLh+ t' ;[i6]/fbf} lx z"lngf .

pKtdf;Llbb+ /fi6«+ :ju{t'No+ ljlwT;'gf ..$..

of] /fi6«sf] aLh t ;[li6s} cflbsfndf eujfg\ lzjn] /f]k]sf lyP . lsgls pgnfO{ of]

/fi6« :ju{ ;dfgsf] agfpg] OR5f lyof] .

b|Jo;fxflewf] jL/M ;'zLnM Iflqoif{eM .

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b|Jo;fx gfds Ps pQd Iflqo jL/ lyP . tL a8f] ;'zLn lyP . ltgL nDh'ª\sf

/fhs'df/ lyP / /fhsfhdf GofonfO{ a9fjf lbGy] .

sfnLeStf hgfM ;j{] uf]/vfjfl;g:tbf .

Goføo+, ;'/fi6«+, :jftGœodEoniog\ ;'/f Oj ..^..

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Ps c;n /fi6« / :jtGqtfsf] rfxgf /fv]sf lyP .

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t]ŕ>[0jg \ gfd b|Jo:o ;fx;+ w}o{d]j r ..&..

tt:tblGts+ uTjf uf]/vfg[kt]M kb] .

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ltgLx¿n] Ps zlStzfnL / Gofolk|o /fhf vf]Hb} lyP / b|Jo;fxsf] gfd, ;fx; /

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uf]/vfhfgkbf pmr'M

u'j{Ëf du/fM Iffqf a|fXd0ffu|f jo+ k|hfM .

;'zf;g+ :yfkloTjf ;Gtf]if+ b]lx gf] a'w ..(..

c:dlGgj]bg+ >'Tjf TjdfuR5 g[kf] ej .

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ljgf :jtGqtf+ nf]sM sy+ k|fk]t\ ;dfgtfd\ <

ljgf ;dfgtf+ Gofo+ k|fKg'jlGt k|hfM syd\ < ..!!..

;dfgtf s]jn+ lx e|fqf]d{Wo] ej]lGdyM .

ttf] hfgkbfg\ e|ft[g\ dTjf Tj+ zf;g+ s'? ..!@..

jo+ s'zf;sfb]j kLl8tflZr/sfntM .

;'zf;g+ TjdfuTo b]lx gM Iflqoif{e ..!#..

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kfpnfg\ < ;dfgftf ljgf hgtfn] Gofo s;/L kfpF5g\ < Ps cfk;sf] ;dfgtf t

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xfdLnfO{ ;'zf;g lbg'xf];\ .

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b|Jo;fx:o k'q:t' k"0f{;fxM ;'zf;sM.

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t:o k'qZ5q;fxf] Ho]i7f]ŕNkfo'a{e"j x .

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. To; kl5 /fhf ag]sf sfG5f /fd;fx t /fhf /fd h:t} g} eP .

t:o GofoJoj:yf lx nf]s] ljVofltdfutf .

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¿kdf /fd/fHo g} :yfkgf u/] .

olb ljBf ljn'Ktf :oft\ sfZof+ uR5Gt' dfgjfM ..

olb Gofof] ljn'KtZr]b\ uf]/vf+ ofGt' dfgjfM ..

Olt k|l;4f nf]sf]StL /fd;fxk|zf;gft\ ..@)..

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nf]sf]lSt /fd;fxsf] k|zf;gaf6 g} k|l;4 ePsf] xf] .

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sy+ >L/fd;fx]g Gofozf;gd'Qdd\ .

bQ+ r sLb[zL zlSt:t:d} k|fKtfŕejt \ syd\ .

Olt d] ;j{dfVoft'dx{l; Tj+ a'wf]Qd ..@!..

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s:tf] zlSt k|fKt ePsf] lyof] / s;/L k|fKt ePsf] lyof] < a'l4dfg\x¿ dWo] ;jf{]Qd

x] u'?, of] ;j} s'/f tkfO{Fn] dnfO{ eGg'k¥of] .

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nLnfjtLlt lj1ftf gfDgf;Lb\ dlxdfjtL ..@@..

;}j /f1L rGb|d'vLTolk nf]s}M :d[tfŕejt \ ..

cg]s}gf{dle1f{tf ;fŕe"t \ ls+ t:o sf/0fd\ .

;j{+ /fh]Gb| jIoflk ;fjwfgtof z[0f' ..@#..

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t:dfb\ /f1L nf]sdftf ax'legf{dleM :d[tf ..@$..

x] /fhg\, dxfsfnL, dxfnIdL / cToGt k"Hof ;/:jtL tLg} j6L b]jLx¿ nLnfjtLsf]

z/L/df j;]sf lyP . To;}n] ;f/f k|hfsL cfdf h:tL ePsL /fgLsf] w]/} gfd k|l;4

ePsf] xf] .

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k|fKg'jg\ ;snf nf]sf Gofo+ lrQk|xif{sd\ ..@%..

/fd;fx;ef nf]s}M :d[tf b]j;e]lt x .

tqf;g\ b]jb]jf+zfM ;GtM l;4fZr ;fwjM ..@^..

o] ;GtM ;fwjM l;4f e[z+ Gofok|jw{sfM .

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dfGby] . To; ;efdf b]jtfsf c+z kfPsf JolStx¿, ;Gtx¿, l;4x¿ / ;fw'x¿

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x'GYof] . b]jf+z ;fw'x¿ l;4x¿sf] s'g} JolStut :jfy{ gx'gfn] pgLx¿ GofonfO{ dfq

cufl8 a9fpFy] .

k/+ g /f1L+ /fhfŕlk hfgLt] zlSt¿lk0fLd \ .

;fIff2]jL+ /fhu[x] j;GtL+ k/d]Zj/Ld\ ..@*..

s]jn+ nId0ff] yfkf h1f} l;l4an]g ;M .

uf]/Ifgfys[kof o]g l;l4M ;dfutf ..@(..

t/ zlSt¿k lnPsL ;fIfft\\ b]jL g} /fhb/af/df a;]sL k/d]Zj/L x'g\ eGg] s'/f

/fhfnfO{ klg yfxf lyPg . /fd;fxsf d'Vo dGqL nId0f yfkf -du/_ n] uf]/vgfyaf6

l;l4 k|fKt u/]sf x'gfn], ToxL l;l4sf ann] s]jn pgL dfq Tof] ;j} s'/f hfGby] .

dxfb]jL dxfsfnL uf]/vf/If0f] /tf .

u'/f]uf]{/vgfy:o dgMk'qLlt lj>'tf ..#)..

u'?uf]{/vgfyZr uf]/Iffj|ltg+ g[kd\ .

lzIfog\ Gofosfo{] lx /Iflt :d k|hfM ;'vd\ ..#!..

dxfb]jL dxfsfnL hf] uf]/vfsf] /Iff ul5{g\ tL u'? uf]/vgfysL dfg; k'qL x'g\ eGg]

nf]sdf k|l;l4 lyof] . u'? uf]/vgfy klg ufO{ / k[YjLsf] /Iff ug{] j|t lnPsf /fhfnfO{

s;/L Gofo ;Dkfbg ug'{ k5{ eGg] s'/f l;sfpFb} b'lgofsf] /Iff ub{y] .

/fhf]jfr

sf]ŕo+ l;4f] nId0ffVo:yfkfŕ;Lb \ /fhjNneM .

sy+ r t]g ;+l;l4M k|fKtf s:dft\ dxfu'/f]M ..#@..

/fhfaf6 ;f]wgL eof] Ŗ sf] x'g\ oL nId0f gfd u/]sf l;4 yfkf hf] /fhfsf ;fx|} lk|o

/x]5g\ < s;/L s'g dxfu'?af6 ltgn] l;l4 k|fKt u/] <

u'??jfr

cf;Lt\ l;4f] nId0ffVo:yfkfj+Zof] dxfd'lgM .

nvGyfk]lt ljVoftf] b]jLeStf] hglk|oM ..##..

u'?n] eGg'eof] Ŗ nId0f gfd u/]sf l;4 yfkfj+zdf hGd]sf 7"nf d'lg lyP . nf]sdf

ltgL nvGyfkf eg]/ k|l;4 lyP . tL b]jLsf k/d eSt lyP / Hofb} nf]slk|o klg lyP

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u'/f]uf]{/vgfy:o s[kof l;l4dfKtjfg\ .

1fglj1fgjfg\ ljåfg\ ;j{nf]s;dfb[tM ..#$..

nvGyfkfn] u'? uf]/vgfysf] s[kfaf6 l;l4 kfPsf lyP . ltgL 1fg / lj1fg b'j}sf

1ftf ljåfg\ / ;j} hgtfn] cfb/ ul/Psf lyP .

Nxfof]j+Zof] nvGyfkf /fd;fx;xfosM .

du/f] /fd/fHo]ŕe"t \ nId0ff] /fdeStsM ..#%..

Nxfof] j+zdf hlGdPsf nvGyfkf -nId0f yfkf_ du/ jf:tjdf /fd;fxsf o:tf

;xfos lyP ls dfgf]+ pgL /fd/fHodf eujfg\ /fdsf eSt eP/ hlGdPsf pgsf efO{

nId0fsf] cjtf/ h:t} lyP .

/f1L ;Ltf;df b]jL nId0f+ /fd;]jsd\ .

k|LTof :jeSt+ hfgLt] l;l4o'St+ ;'dlGq0fd\ ..#^..

/fd;fxsL dxf/fgL klg ;Ltf h:tL lyOg\ . /fdsf ;]js efO{ nId0f h:tf

nvGyfkfnfO{ l;l4 k|fKt u/]sf] Hofb} c;n dGqL / cfŔgf] k/d eSt eg]/ pgn]

lrg]sL lyOg\ .

jL/f Gofolk|ofM >]i7f uf]/vfjfl;gf] hgfM .

OGy+ ;'v]g lbj;fg\ ofkolGt lg/fkbM ..#&..

o;/L jL/, Gofok|]dL / ;j}eGbf >]i7 uf]/vfjf;L hgtf ljgf s'g} cfklQ ;'v;+u lbg

latfpFy] .

g tqf;Lg\ dxfdf/L b'le{If+ g}j r >'td\ .

:jwd{] lgotf nf]sf /f1f ;+/lIftfM ;bf ..#*..

uf]vf{df slxNo} s'g} dxfdf/L ePg . clgsfnsf] t s'/} ;'lgPg . cfŔgf] :jwd{df

c8]sf hgtfnfO{ /fhfn] ToxfF ;b}j ;+/If0f u/]sf lyP .

k/+ sfn]g lsotf /fd;fxf] dxLkltM .

:juf{/f]x0fdfrqm] /f1L tdg'ufldgL ..#(..

t/ s]xL ;do kl5 /fhf /fd;fxsf] :juf{/f]x0f eof] . /fgL klg /fhfsf] ;tL eP/ ;+u}

g} kl5nfUg'eof] .

wdf{jTofM sd{bfofM ;+ud] If]q;Qd] .

/fd;fx:o b]x:o lrtflUgbxg+ s[td\ ..$)..

wdf{jtL -b/f}+bL_ / sd{bf -d:of{ª\bL_ gbLsf] ;+ud cToGt pQd If]qdf /fd;fxsf]

b]xnfO{ lrtfsf] clUgn] bxg ul/of] .

k|ljzGtL+ lrtfof+ tf+ :jb]xHjngf]Btfd\ .

/f1L+ nLnfjtL+ b[i6\jf nId0ff] JonkQbf ..$!..

b]JofZ5fof+ ljgf ;j{] Xogfyf uf]/vfhgfM .

eljiofdf] dft[xLgf j/fsf afnsf Oj ..$@..

cfŔgf] b]xbxg ug{ tof/ eO{ lrtfdf k:g yfn]sL /fgL nLnfjtLnfO{ b]v]/ Toltv]/

nId0f -nvGyfkf_ n] ljnfk u/] . pgn] eg] Ŗ dxf/fgL nLnfjtLsf] 5fxf/L ljgf xfdL

;j} uf]/vfsf hgtf cfdf gePsf 6'x'/f afnsx¿ h:tf x'g]eof}+ .

ljnkGt+ nvGyfkf+ b[i6\jf ;f eStjT;nf .

hufb]Ty+ dxfeSt+ l;4+ t+ ;+lztj|td\ ..$#..

yfkf, df ?lblx Tj+ t' eStf]ŕl; dd jT;nM ..

k|fb'e"{tf eljiofld gfltb"/] u[xft\ tj ..$$..

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dxfeSt, 7"nf j|tL l;4nfO{ o;/L elgg\ . x] nId0f yfkf, g /f]pm . ltdL t d]/f

eSt xf} . d]/f lk|o 5f} . To;}n] ltd|f] 3/af6 s]xL dfq b"/Ldf d k'gM k|s6 x'g]5' .

OTo'STjf tTIf0f] b]Jof :jb]xbxg+ s[td\ .

u[x+ oftf] nvGyfkf b]jLeStf] dxfd'lgM ..$%..

olt eg]/ /fgLn] tTsfn cfŔgf] b]x bxg ul/g \ . b]jLsf eSt dxfd'lg nvGyfkf klg

3/ uP .

lsoTsfn]g tb\u|fd] s]gfŕlk xnsif{0fd \ .

s[t+ tq}j ;Ltfofdj?4+ xn+ Xoe"t\ ..$^..

k|:t/] rfj?4+ tb\ obf lgisflzt+ xnd\ .

tbf k|:t/dWofQ' ;';|fj ?lw/+ ax' ..$&..

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ttf] dgMsfdgf ;f eStfgf+ sfdbfŕejt \ ..$(..

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w]/} /ut aUof] . nId0f d'lgn] b]jLsf] ¿k k|s6 ePsf] a'em] / To;sf nflu ;j}sf]

dbt kfP/ tTsfn dlGb/ agfP . kl5 uP/, ltg} b]jL eStx¿sf OR5f k"/f ug{]

dgsfdgf b]jL eOg\ .

cy eStf] dxft]hf nvGyfkf:t' ;]jsM .

; dgMsfdgfb]JofM k"hsf]ŕe"t \ :jo+ a'wM ..%)..

clg /fgLsf k/d eSt ;]js dxft]h:jL a'l4dfg\ nvg yfkf cfFkm} g} dgsfdgf

k'hf/L eP .

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k/+ dof >'t+ k"j+{ ob\ eStf] nId0fM ;'wLM .

b]jL+ k|fk"hot\ l;4M :jLo] u|fd] ;b}j lx ..%!..

/fhfaf6 ;f]wgL eof] Ŗ t/ d}n] t ;'g]sf] lyPF ls eSt nId0f yfkf ljåfg\ lyP / tL

l;4n] ;+w} g} cfŔgf] ufpFdf b]jLsf] k"hf ul//x]sf lyP .

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oR5«'t+ ejtf /fhg\ ;To+ tT;j{d]j lx .

b]JofM k"hf+ ;b}jf;fjs/f]NnId0fM ;'wLM ..%@..

k"j{+ lx dWos"6:yf dxfsfnL hufb td\ .

;fxj+z:o /fhf :ofb|fi6«}sLs/0ff]BtM ..%#..

t:o ;fkmNo;Dk|fKTo} b]jLdf/fwo lk|o .

:ju|fd] TjQkMk"t] sŔofs] z'egfds] ..%$..

Tjbf/fwg;Gt'i6f ;j{zlSt:j¿lk0fL .

;f dgMsfdgf b]jL t:d} l;l4+ k|bf:olt ..%%..

>'Tjf tb\ jrg+ b]Jof d'vfbd[t;+o'td\ .

cfuTo nId0f:yfkf k"hf+ b]JofZrsf/ r . %^..

k|Tox+ elStefjfStM l;4M ; du/f] d'lgM .

k"hf+ b]Jof lx k|LToy+{ s/f]lt :d tbf1of ..%&..

u'?n] eGg' eof] Ŗ x] /fhg\ xh"/n] h'g s'/f ;'Gg' ePsf] lyof] Tof] ;j} ;To xf] . oL

ljåfg\ nId0f yfkf b]jLsf] k"hf ;b}j ub{y] . lsgls klxn] g} dfemsf]6df /x]sL

dxfsfnLn] pgnfO{ eg]sL lyOg\ ls ;fxj+zsf /fhfn] /fi6«sf] PsLs/0fsf nflu pBf]u

ug{]l5g\ . ltgsf] ;kmntfsf nflu ltdLn] b]jLsf] cf/fwgf u/ . sŔofs gfd u/]sf]

ltd|f] c;n ufpFdf ltd|f] cf/fwgfaf6 ;Gt'i6 ePsL ;j{zlSt:j¿klk0fL b]jL

dgsfdgfn] ltgnfO{ ;kmntf k|bfg ug{]l5g\ . b]jLsf] d'vaf6 cd[t h:tf] dL7f] Tof]

s'/f ;'g]/ nId0f yfkfn] cfP/ b]jLsf] k"hf ug{ yfn]5g\ . To;/L /fgLsf] cf1fn] tL

du/ d'lg l;4 nId0f yfkf elStn] dg el/P/ b]jLsf] ;Gt'li6sf nflu x/]s lbg k"hf

ub{y] .

ck"hob\ oq b]jL+ eStf]ŕ;f} nId0ff] d'lgM .

lznf+ b]jL:j¿kf+ tf+ tq}jf:yfkot\ l:y/fd\ ..%*..

To;sf/0f hxfF klxnf nId0f d'lgn] k"hf ub{y] ToxL 7fpFdf b]jLsf] :j¿kdf k|s6

ePsf] l:y/ lznfnfO klg :yfkgf u/] .

dGqljb\ ljlwljb\ lj1M l;4f] 1fgL k|;Ggx[t\ .

nvGyfkf ;'lj1ftM ;j{nf]s;dfb[tM ..%(..

cfhLjg+ dxfb]JofM k"hf+ s[Tjf z'lrj|tM .

lgZrqmfd ; jfw{So] tLyf{6gdltd{'lgM ..^)..

sfzLk|ofus]bf//fd]zab/LZj/fM .

b[i6fM ;j{] dxfkL7f nId0f]g tkl:jgf ..^!..

Olt tLyf{lg ;jf{l0f e|ldTjf nId0fM ;'wLM .

k'gM :ju|fddfuTo :jb]x+ lj;;h{ r ..^@..

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ug{], l;4 , 1fgL nvGyfkfn] kljq j|t lnO{ cfhLjg b]jLsf] k"hf u/] / pgL a'9];

sfndf tLy{ e|d0f ug{ eg]/ lg:s] . sfzL, k|ofu, s]bf/, /fd]Zj/, ab/Lz, cflb

ul/Psf ;j} dxfkL7x¿sf] tk:jL nId0fn] bz{g u/] . o;/L ;j} tLy{x¿ 3'd]/ c;n

a'l4 ePsf nId0f km]l/ cfŔg} ufpFdf cfP/ cfŔgf] b]x lj;h{g klg u/] .

o] dgM sfdgfb]Jof elSto'Stf:t' dfgjfM .

k"0ff{lenliftf:t] :o' gf{q sfof{ ljrf/0ff ..^$..

b]jL dgsfdgfsf] elSt ug{] hf] dflg; 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] OR5f k"/f x'G5 . o;df s'g}

;Gb]x ug{] 7fpFdf g} 5}g .

Psflk nf]sfle?rfjg]sf:tg"M :jeStfg';[tf w/GtL .

nLnfjtL nId0f;+l>tf ;f d"Tof{ dgMsfdgofŕjtfb \ gM ..^%..

eujtL b]jL jf:tjdf Ps ePklg dflg;x¿sf] ?lr cg';f/ cg]s ePsL 5g\ /

cfŔgf eStx¿sf] OR5f cg ';f/ ljleGg d"lt{ wf/0f ub{l5g\, To:tL b]jLn] nLnfjtL

/fgL / nId0f yfkfsf] OR5fdf Pp6f ¿k lnOg\ . Tof] d"lt{ dgsfdgf xf] . ToxL

d"lt{åf/f pgL xfd|f] /Iff u¿g\ .

uf]/Ifgfyfb'knAwl;l4 nL{nfjtLjT;ntfdxl4{M .

hulGgoGqLldx g]boGgf]ŕg'u|fxsf] nId0f cfb [tf]ŕ:t' ..^^..

eujfg\ uf]/Ifgfyaf6 l;l4 k|fKt u/]sf, nLnfjtL /fgLaf6 k|fKt jfT;No g} cfŔgf]

7"nf] ;dl4 ePsf, hut\nfO{ cfŔgf] lgoGq0fdf /fVg] b]jLnfO{ g} xfd|f ;fd" NoflbP/

xfdL ;j}sf] pksf/ lgufx ug{] nId0f yfkf du/sf] xfdL ;j}n] cfb/ u/f}+ .

Olt >Ldb'Q/dxfef/t] g]kfnkj{l0f

dgMsfdgfdfxfTDo]

dgMsfdgf]TklQgf{d låtLof]ŕWofoM ..@..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy t[tLof]ŕWofoM ..

/fhf]jfr

of dgMsfdgf t:of pTklQljifo] >'td\ .

u'?jo{ k'gM >f]t'dLx] dlGb/j0f{gd\ ..!..

eujTofM ;'Gb/+ tb\ dlGb/+ s]g lgld{td\ .

dlGb/] b]jtfM sfZr lti7lGt b]Jo'kl:ytfM ..@..

;j+{ ;lj:t/+ >f]t'd'Tsdl:t dgf] dd .

s[kof ef] låh>]i7 Û jSt'dx{l; ;Dk|lt ..#..

/fhfaf6 ;f]wgL eof]Ŗ h'g dgsfdgf b]jL 5g\ ltgsf] pTklQ ljifodf ;'g]+ . ca x]

u'?j/, d To; dlGb/sf] j0f{g g} ;'Gg rfxG5' . eujtLsf] h'g ;'Gb/ dlGb/ 5 Tof]

s;n] agfPsf] xf] < b]jLsf] ;fydf dlGb/ leq s'g s'g b]jtf pkl:yt eP/ /x]sf

5g\ < of] ;j} s'/f lj:t[t ¿kdf ;'Gg d]/f] dg pTsl07t ePsf] 5 . To; sf/0f, x]

a|fXd0f>]i7, s[kof dnfO{ Tof] s'/f clxn] g} atfOlbgf];\ .

u'??jfr

k"j{d]j dof k|f]St+ /fd;fxdxLkt]M .

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k|fb'e"{tf k'gM ;}j e"Tjf sfdk|bfŕq lx .

sf/0f+ >"dtf+ o]g tq b]jL ;d'b\utf ..%..

u'?n] eGg'eof] Ŗ d}n] klxn] g} elg;s]+ ls /fhf /fd;fxsL /fgL nLnfjtL ;fIfft\ b]jL

lyOg\ / hf] ;tLsf] ultdf k'lug\ . km]l/ tL b]jL k|s6 eP/ ToxL+ dgsfdgfsf ¿kdf

/lxg\ . x] /fhg\, Tof] sf/0f ;'Gg'xf];\ h;n] ubf{ ToxfF b]jL k|s6 eOg\ .

k|lt/fq+ ;d'Tyfo lgzLy] zogft\ ;tL .

/f1L lgu{To k|f;fbfbfsfz] tq lti7lt ..^..

oq b]j;ef t:of clk dWo] lj/fht] .

Olt k|fUnId0ff]Stf]ŕlk JowflTsl~rGg e"kltM .

nAWjf k|;fb+ b]JofM ; k|zfl:t :d k|hf d'bf ..&..

x/]s /ft dWo/flqdf lj:t/faf6 p7]/ /fhb/af/af6 /fgL lg:slG5g\ / cfsfzdf

hflG5g\ hxfF b]j;ef x'G5 . pgL b]j;efsf] klg aLrdf al:5g\ . of] s'/f nId0f

yfkfn] klxn] g} eg]sf lyP tfklg /fhfn] s]xL u/]sf lyPgg\ . j? b]jLsf] lgufx kfP/

v'zL ePsf /fhfn] cfŔgf c;n k|hfnfO{ zf;g u/]/ a;]s} lyP .

Psbf /fd;fxf]ŕ;f} nId0f:o u[x+ oof} .

/f1L r k|oof} tq t]g e"kltgf ;x ..*..

sŔofsgfds] u|fd] Nxfof]j+Zof] dxfd'lgM .

nvGyfkf lti7lt :d /fd;fx;xfosM ..(..

lgzLlyGof+ oyfk"j{+ /f1L tqfŕKob[Zot .

tb]o]if g[kf] 1ft'+ tb|x:o+ k|oTgtM ..!)..

/f1L eujtL¿kf b[i6f lgh{/;+;lb .

ttf] d'bf dxLkfn:t"i0fLsM zlot+' oof} ..!!..

o:t}df Ps lbg /fd;fx nId0f yfkfsf] 3/ uP . /fgL klg /fhf ;+u;+u} ToxL+ uOg\ .

Nxfof]j+zdf hGd]sf dxfd'lg nvGyfkf sŔofs gfd u/]sf] ufpFdf a:ty] . ToxfF klg

klxn] h:t} /ftdf /fgL cnk eOg\ . clg /fhfn] To;sf] /x:o a'‰g k|oTg u/] . ToxfF

/fgL eujtLsf] ¿kdf b]jtfsf] ;efdf b]lvOg\ . clg /fhfn] /fgLnfO{ To;/L b]v] /

v'zL ;fy r"k nfu]/ ;'Tg uP .

k|ftj{Gbgsdf{y{+ /f1L /fhfgdfutf .

/fhf t' jlGbt'+ kfbf} b]Jo} gfbft\ k|zlÍtM ..!@..

ca|jLb\ e"kltb{]jL+ oQb|fqf} bbz{ ;M .

tR5|'Tjf jrg+ b]jL e"kd¨r] ;'b'Mlvtf .. !#..

ef]lnkN6 ljxfg p7]/ dxf/fgL /fhfnfO{ 9f]Ug cfPsL lyO{g\ , t/ /fhfn] ;zlÍt eP/

/fgLnfO{ kfp 9f]Ug lbPgg\ . /fhfn] /ftdf h] b]v] Tof] s'/f dxf/fgLnfO{ eg] . Tof]

;'g]/ dxf/fgL a8f] b'Mlvt eO{ /fhfnfO{ eGg yflng\ .

b]Jojfr

olb ljZjf;xLgf] df+ gfb|IoM ;'/;+;lb .

cleljioZrqmjtL{ k/+ tGg lx ;Dej]t\ ..!$..

Tjb\j+zhf] lx /fHo:o lj:tf/f]ŕ:o sl/iolt .

s]jn+ lx ;'/fh]lt ljVoft:Tj+ eljiol; ..!%..

dxf/fgLn] elgg\ Ŗ olb cljZjf; u/]/ b]j;efdf dnfO{ lrof] gu/]sf] eP xh"/

rqmjtL{ xf]OalS;GYof] . t/ ca Tof] ;+ej 5}g . xh"/sf] s'g} j+zhn] o; /fHosf]

lj:tf/ ug{]5 . xh"/ t s]jn c;n /fhf eGg] Voflt dfq k|fKt ug'{x'g]5 .

u'??jfr

Olt Jofx[To ;f b]jL tq}jfGt/wLot .

>'Tjf eujtLjf0fL+ JoifLbb\ e"l/ e"klt M ..!^..

cb\e'tf 36gf Xo]iff 3l6tf tq k|fË0f] .

>LdgMsfdgfb]JofM dlGb/+ oq ljBt] ..!&..

ttM k|fs6Ødfoftf lznf¿k]0f rflDasf .

;f lznf dWoefu]ŕB dlGb/:ofl:t k"lhtf ..!*..

u'?n] eGg'eof] Ŗ olt eg]/ eujtL ToxL+ g} cGtwf{g eO{g\ . eujtLsf] d'vaf6 ;f]

s'/f ;'g]/ /fhf lvGg eP . Tof] cb\e't 36gf ToxL cfFugdf ePsf] lyof] hxfF xfn

b]jL dgsfdgfsf] dlGb/ 5 . ToxL 7fpFdf kl5 uP/ lznf -kTy/_ sf ¿kdf dftf

k|s6 eO{g\ . ToxL lznf g} cfh dlGb/sf] dWoefudf k"lht eP/ /x]sf] 5 .

dlGb/+ /fd;fx:o /fHosfn] ljlgld{td\ .

;+:sfl/t+ r tTk'q/fHosfn] tyf k'gM .. !(..

dlGb/ /fd;fxsf] /fHosfndf lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] . pgsf 5f]/fsf] /fHosfndf /

km]l/km]l/ klg hL0ff{]4f/ ul/of] . o:t} k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 .

b|JofTdhf] dof]Stf] oM k"0f{;fxM k'/Gb/M .

tTk'qZ5q;fxf]ŕe"HHo]i7f]ŕNkfo'lb{j+utM ..@).

slgi7f] /fd;fx:t' /fdt'Nof] g[kf]ŕejt \ .

t:o k'qf] 8Da/f]ŕlk of]UoM k'qf] aef} lkt'M ..@!..

tTk'qM s[i0f;fxf]ŕe"b \ ?b|:tTk'q Pj r .

k[YjLklt/e"b|fhf wfld{sf] nf]sk"lhtM ..@@..

t]g :jzf;g] /f1f b]Jof dlGb/d'Qdd\ .

s[t+ dgMsfdgfofM k|LTo} tq ;'zf]egd\ ..@#..

d}n] klxNo} elg;s]+ ls b|Jo;fxsf 5f]/f k'/Gb/;fx eP . ltgsf h]7f k'q 5q;fx

cNkfo' eO{ lbj+ut eP . sfG5f /fd;fx rfxL+ /fd h:t} /fhf eP . ltgsf 5f]/f

8Da/;fx cfŔgf lktfsf of]Uo k'q eP . ltgsf k'q s[i0f;fx eP . ltgsf 5f]/f

¿b|;fx . ltgsf 5f]/f k[YjLklt;fx a8f wfld{s / b'lgofn] cfb/ u/]sf eP . pgn]

cfŔgf] zf;gsfndf b]jL dgsfdgfsf] k|;Ggtfsf nflu ;fx|} /fd|f] dlGb/ ToxL+

agfPsf x'g\ .

obB dlGb/+ rfl:t t:o}j d"nlju|xM .

k[YjLkltlIftLz]g lgld{tf]ŕe"b \ dxfTdgf ..@$..

cfh h'g dlGb/ 5 To;sf] d"n :j¿ksf] /rgf dxfg\ cfTdf ePsf /fhf k[YjLklt

;fxn] agfPsf] xf] .

lgld{ltj{t{dfg:o dlGb/:o tbfŕejt \ .

e"of] e"of] dxLkfn}M ;+:s[t+ r :jzf;g] ..@%..

;f dgMsfdgfb]jL >4o}j+ ;dlr{tf .

Ptfb[zL /If0fLof ejtfŕlk k/Dk/f ..@^..

jt{dfg dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f Toltv]/ ePsf] xf] . kl5 kl5 klg /fhfx¿n] cfŔgf

zf;gsfndf To;nfO{ cem /fd|f] agfpg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L eujtL >4fn] k"lht

ePsL 5g\ . o:tf] k/Dk/fnfO{ ;/sf/af6 klg /Iff x'g'k5{ .

sf b]jtf:tq j;lGt dlGb/]

b]Jof dgMsfdgof ;x}j ofM .

gfdflg tf;f+ dlxdfgdr{g]

tyf k|;fb:o r j0f{g+ z[0f' ..@&..

b]jL dgsfdgfsf ;fy}df To; dlGb/df s'g s'g b]jtf jf; ub{5g\ eGg] s'/f /

ltgsf gfdx¿, b]jLsf] k"hfsf] dlxdf / k|;fbsf] klg j0f{g ;'lgaS:of];\ .

;f dgMsfdgf b]jL ;b}j l;+xjflxgL .

obf tq l:ytf /fhg\ eStfgf+ sfdbfŕejt \ ..@*..

tbf b]jfZr lglvnf:tqfuTo k|t'i6'j'M .

dft/+ tf+ hu4fqL+ nf]sqolxt}lif0fLd\ ..@(..

x] /fhg\, ;b}j l;+xsf] jfxgdf r9]sL tL dgsfdgf b]jL ha ToxfF /lxg\ / eStx¿sf]

OR5f k"/f ul/lbg] eOg\ ta ;f/f b]jtfx¿ ToxFf cfP/ pgsf] :t'lt ug{ yfn] .

u0f]zM k|yd+ k|fKo l:ytf] d"ifsjfxgM .

dft'/Í] oyf afnM k'ql:ti7lt ;j{bf ..#)..

tqfŕŕoof} s'df/L r x+;s'Ss'/jflxgL .

sflGtk'of+{ hg}of{ŕŕ:t] k"lhtf ax'leM ;bf ..#!..

;jfxgM ;dfuTo Zj]te}/j pQdM .

t:of eSt Oj l:yTjf eSt/Iff+ s/f]lt r ..#@..

;j{k|yd d";f] jfxg ;lxt >Lu0f]z ToxfF cfP/ j;] h;/L cfŔgL cfdfsf] sfvdf 5f]/f]

;b}j j:5 . xfF; / s's'/ jfxg ePsL s'df/L klg klg cfOg\ hf] sflGtk'/sf w]/}

hgtfaf6 k"lht 5g\ . ToxL+ c;n eSt em}+ Zj]te}/j jfxg ;lxt cfO{ j;]/

eStx¿sf] /Iff klg u5{g\ .

b]Jof cu|] If]ds/L of]lugL eStjT;nf .

kZrflT:ytf elSto'Stf j]tfnf ci6dft[sfM ..##..

Olt b]ju0ffM ;j{] tqfuTo ;;+e|dd\ .

>LdgMsfdgfb]Jof dlGb/] ;+l:ytf d'bf ..#$..

b]jLsf cufl8 cfP/ eStnfO{ k|]d ug{ of]lugL a;]sL 5g\ . k5fl8 kl§ elStk"j{s

j]tfn, ci6dft[sfx¿ 5g\ . o;/L b]ju0f ;j} ToxfF em6k6 u/L cfP/ dgsfdgf

b]jLsf dlGb/df v'zL;fy j;]sf 5g\ .

cBflk ;Hhgf:tq uR5lGt k"hgfo o] .

;jf{;f+ b]jtfgf+ lx bz{g+ k|fKg'jlGt t] ..#%..

To;}n] cfh klg hf] eStx¿ ToxfF k"hf ug{ hfG5g\ ltgn] tL ;j} b]jtfx¿sf] bz{g

kfpF5g\ .

o] eStf elSt;DkGgf eujTofM k|k"hsfM .

t]iff+ g /f]uf bfl/b|Ø+ g}j b'Mv+ sbfrg ..#^..

hf] eStx¿ elStk"0f{ eP/ eujtLsf] k"hf /fd|f] ;+u ub{5g\ ltgnfO{ g /f]u nfU5, g

bfl/b|Øn] 5'G5, g t slxNo} b'Mv g} x'G5 .

of] dgMsfdgfb]Jof dfxfTDoldbd'Qdd\ .

u'Xofb\ u'Xot/+ k'0o+ b]jfgfdlk b'Nn{ed\ .

z[0f'ofb\ jf k7]b\ eSTof ; ne]t\ k/d+ ;'vd\ ..#&..

dgsfdgf b]jLsf] of] pQd dfxfTDo cToGt uf]Ko / kljq 5 . oxfF;Dd ls

b]jtfx¿sf nflu klg of] b'n{e 5 . o;nfO{ h;n] elStk"j{s ;'G5 cyjf k9\5 To;n]

k/d ;'v k|fKt ub{5 .

sGofyL{ net] sGof+ j/+ j/fly{gL ne]t\ .

k'qfyL{ net] k'q+ wgfyL{ net] wgd\ ..#*..

s'g} o'jsn] ljjfxsf nflu c;n sGof vf]h]sf] 5 eg] To;n] sGof kfpF5 . s'g}

o'jltn] c;n j/ vf]h]sL 5 eg] To;n] c;n j/ kfpF5] . 5f]/f] kfpg rfxg]n] 5f]/f]

kfpF5 . wg rfxg]n] wg kfpF5 .

nf]s}?bLl/t+ r}tR5«"ot] elStefjg}M .

Psd]j j/+ ofr]Hhgf] eStM :jhLjg] .

t+ j/+ k|fy{gfk|Ltf dftf k"/olt w'jd\ ..#(..

elStn] kl/k"0f{ ePsf dflg;x¿n] eg]sf] ;'lgG5 ls eSthgn] cfŔgf] hLjgdf Ps

dfq j/ dfUg' k5{ . dftfn] To;sf] j/ kSsf k"/f ul5{g\ .

;+:yfkgfsflns/fd;fx+

l//lIfif"g\ dlGb/d:o j+Zofg\ .

k[YjLklt+ tb\ b|9oGtd]jŖ

dfbz{e"k+ ;tt+ :d/fd ..$)..

b]jLsf] :yfkgf sfnsf /fhf /fd;fxnfO{, To; kl5 dlGb/nfO{ hf]ufO/fVg k|oTgzLn

pgsf j+zsf ;Gtfgx¿nfO{ / To; dlGb/nfO{ dha"t t'NofO{ agfpg] cfbz{ /fhf

k[YjLklt ;fxnfO{ ;bf ;j{bf ;+emf}+ .

Olt >Ldb'Q/dxfef/t] g]kfnkj{l0f

dgMsfdgfdfxfTDo] dgMsfdgfdlGb/:yb]jflbj0f{g+

gfd t[tLof]ŕWofoM ..#..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy rt'yf{{]ŕWofoM ..

/fhf]jfr

nvGyfkf dxfl;4:tLyf{6g;d'T;'sM .

lgZrqmfd]lt ;+1ftf] ejb\j0f{gsf/0fft\ ..!..

k/+ s'q utM l;4M slt jiff{l0f rfŕe|dt \ .

dlGb/] r sbfŕŕoftM k"hfy{ + ; dxfd'lgM ..@..

cfuTo slt jiff{l0f nId0f]g s[tfr{gf <

tLyf{6glgj[Q]g ls+ s[t+ t]g of]lugf < ..#..

PtRr >"tt]ŕBflk :ju|fd+ k|fKo ;Gd'lg M .

Psl:dg\ uXj/] uTjf tq}jfGt/wLot ..$..

Olt ;To+ g jf ls+ tb\ u'?jof{lew]lx dfd\ .

ejtf]Stf+ syf+ >¦Tjf k'g/Lx] ttM k/d\ ..%..

/fhfaf6 ;f]wgL eof] Ŗ tLy{ e|d0f ug{ pT;'s nvGyfkf 3/af6 lg:s] eGg] t s'/f t

tkfO{Fn] g} j0f{g u/]sf sf/0fn] a'lemof] . t/ tL l;4 sxfF sxfF uP < slt jif{ ;Dd

tLyf{6g u/] < k"hfsf nflu dlGb/df km]l/ slxn] kmls{P < cfP/ slt jif{ ;Dd ltgn]

k"hf u/] < cyjf tLyf{6g u/]/ kmls{Psf tL of]uLn] s] sfd u/] < cfh klg o:tf]

;'lgG5 ls tL c;n d'lg cfŔgf] ufpFdf k'u]/ Pp6f u'kmfdf uP / ToxL+ g} cGtwf{g

eP . Tof] s'/f ;To xf] ls xf]Og < x] u'?j/, dnfO{ Tof] s'/f eGgf];\ . tkfO{Fn] eg]sf]

syf ;'g]/ d cem c? klg ;'Gg rfxG5' .

u'??jfr

t]g åfbzjiff{l0f tLy{]if' e|d0f+ s[td\ .

yfkfj+Zo]g l;4]g nId0f]g dxlif{0ff ..^..

otM d l;l4;DkGgM zlStdfg\ a'l4dfg\ g[k .

jfw{So]ŕKos/f]t \ tLy{ofqfdlk ;'b'is/fd\ ..&..

u'?n] eGg'eof] Ŗ yfkf j+zdf hlGdPsf l;4 nId0f dxlif{ -nvGyfkf_ n] afx| jif{ ;Dd

tLy{e|d0f u/]sf x'g\ . x] /fhg\, l;l4 kfPsf x'gfn] tL a"9f zlStdfg\ a'l4dfg\ lyP /

a'9];sfndf klg lgs} g} ufx|f] tLy{ofqf ltgn] u/] .

ci6l;l4;';DkGgf] nId0ff] elSt;+o'tM .

If0f]g dWos"6:y+ k|f;fbd'klti7t] ..

If0f]g b]JofM k"hfy{ dlGb/+ rf]klti7t] ..*..

ci6 l;l4 kfPsf eSt nId0f yfkf s:tf lyP eg] Ps} l5gdf dfemsf]6 -uf]/vf

b/af/_ df k'Uby] . Ps} l5gdf b]jL dgsfdgf dfO{sf] k"hf ug{ dlGb/df k'Uby] .

efuL/yL+ gbL+ gfjf t/tLh{g;+xtLM .

dWos"6:yk|f;fbfbkZot\ ; dxfd'lgM ..(..

ctf/ot\ ; :ju[xfb\ uËfof+ klttf~hgfg\ .

;efofd]sbf t:o j:q+ lsl~rT;d'lGbtd\ ..!)..

syd]tlblt k[i6M ;ef;b\leM ; ljl:dt}M .

jftf{dsyot\ l;4:t/Lb'3{6gflTdsfd\ ..!!..

hgfM sltko] t]g :jo+ gBfM ;d'4[tfM .

x:t]g ;bo+ b"/fbtf] j:q+ ;d'lGbtd\ ..!@..

df;fGt/] >'tf jftf{ t/Lb'3{6gflTdsf .

kj{tLof hgfM s]lrt\ tqfŕŕ;g\ 36gf:yn] ..!#..

efuL/yL gbLnfO{ gfpmdf r9]/ tl/x]sf hg;d"xnfO{ tL dxfd'lgn] uf]/vf dfemsf]6sf]

/fhb/af/af6} b]Vy] . uËfdf v;]sf dflg;x¿nfO{ 3/}af6 ptfl/lbGy] . Ps lbg

/fh;efdf g} ltgsf] n'uf s]xL leHof] . rlst eP/ ;ef;bx¿n] s;/L o:tf] eof]

egL pgnfO{ ;f]w] . clg uËfdf gfpm b'3{6gf ePsf] s'/f tL l;4n] atfP . ltgn] bof

u/]/ sltko dflg;nfO{ cfFkm} g} xftxfn]/ gbLaf6 lems]sf lyP . To;sf/0f pgsf]

n'uf leh]sf] lyof] . sltko kxf8af6 uPsf tLy{ofqLx¿ Tof] 36gf:yndf lyP /] .

jif{}åf{bzlebL{3{} e|{dGgf;Lt\ ;elStsM .

;snfGolk tLyf{lg nvGyfkf dxfd'lgM ..!$..

To:tf l;4 dxfd'lg nvGyfkf w]/} nfdf afx| jif{ ;Dd ;sn tLy{x¿ elStk"j{s

3'Db}/x] .

j[4f] åfbzjif{]ŕlk gfoft Olt lrGtof .

t:o ;GtltleM ;j{}af{Gwj}Zr ;dfs'n}M ..!%..

sl:d+lZrblk tLy{] lx ToStb]xf] ej]lblt .

dTjf t}:t' s[tfM ;jf{M lqmof:t:of}Wj{b]lxsfM ..!^..

t/ a"9f afx| jif{ e};Sof] cfPgg\ eg]/ lrGtfn] cfs'n ePsf ltgsf ;Gtfgx¿n] /

;a} aGw'afGwjx¿n] 7fg] ls s'g} /fd|f] tLy{df pgn] b]xTofu u/] xf]nfg\ . o:tf] ;f]r]/

ltgLx¿n] nvGyfkfsf] sfhlqmof ;j} yf]s u/] .

k/Gt' ; ;dfuR5b]sbf nId0ff] d'lgM .

l;4f] j[4:tkMk"tM :ju|fd+ :jhg}j[{td\ ..

k/+ kl/lrtf] g}j ;f]ŕejb \ ax¦leh{g}M ..!&..

t/ Ps lbg tL l;4 j[4 / tk:ofn] kljq ePsf nId0f d'lg cfŔgf dflg;x¿n]

el/Psf] ufpFdf k'g M kmls{P . t/ w]/} dflg;x¿n] pgnfO{ ca lrGb}gy] .

ls~r t]g >'tf rrf{ u|fddfu{] hg}M s[tf .

nvGyfkf d[t Olt e"of] g}jfuldiolt ..!*..

>[Tj}tfb[Ujr:t]g d'vft\ :ju|fdjfl;gfd\ .

cx+ u[x+ uldiofld g]lt tq}j lglZrtd\ ..!(..

ty}j lgZro+ s[Tjf ; u'xfEoGt/+ utM .

cGtwf{g+ ttM l;4M :jl;l4an;+o'tM ..@)..

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af6f]df rrf{ u/]sf] ltgn] ;'g] . cfŔgf ufpFsf jfl;Gbfx¿sf] d'vaf6 o:tf] jrg

;'g]/ ltgn] ca d 3/ hfGg egL ToxL+ g} lgwf] u/] . To;/L lgwf] u/]/ tL Ps u'kmfsf]

leq uP . / cfŔgf] l;l4sf] ann] tL l;4 ToxL+ g} cGtwf{g eP .

j}zfvd"l0f{dfof+ t' ; l;4f]ŕGt/wLot .

g s]gflk dg'io]0f b[i6M ;f]ŕgGt/+ d'lgM ..@!..

ttf]ŕe"g \ lglvn}nf]{]s} 1f{tf ……l;4u'xfÚÚ g[k .

;/x:of ttf]ŕuDofŕejt \ ;f k"lhtf u'xf ..@@..

tqfGt/] lx ljj/f} åf} dfuf{ljj ;+l:ytf} .

Psf] uf]/vfgfy:o u'xf+ k|fKgf]lt Xo'Q/] .

k/+ l;4M k'dfg]j tfdjfKt'+ lx zSg'oft\ ..@#..

j}zfv k"l0f{dfsf lbgdf tL l;4 ToxLF cGtwf{g ePsf lyP . To;kl5 s'g} dflg;n]

klg tL d'lgnfO{ b]v]g . To; kl5 Tof] u'kmfnfO{ ;f/f dflg;x¿n] æl;4u'kmfÚÚ eGg

yfn] . Tof] /x:ok"0f{ / cuDo u'kmf kljq dflgG5 / ToxFf k"hf ul/G5 . To; leq b'O{

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u'kmfdf k'luG5 . t/ l;4 k'?if dfq To;/L ToxfF k'Ug ;S5

t:of+ u'xfof+ kltt+ kmn+ lsl~rblk b|'td\ .

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tyf lsl~rblgi6+ t' olb b]z] kltiolt .

uf]/vfsflnsf/St+ u'xfof+ b[Zot] hg}M ..@%..

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;fy} b]zdf s'g} clgi6 kg{ cfF6Øf] eg] uf]/vfsflnsfaf6 au]/ cfPsf] /ut ToxfF klg

b]lvG5 eG5g\ .

s'nb]j+ k"holGt Nxfof]j+Zof:t' tq lx .

nvGyfkfj+zhftf j}zfvk"l0f{dflbg] ..@^..

Psbf g ;dfgLtM k"hfy{dlUg/]j t}M .

ls+ st{Joldlt If'Aw}:t}M k[i6+ t' k/:k/d\..@&..

tb}s]gf]StldTy+ ob\ nvGyfkf tkf]ŕs/f]t \ .

oBq r]QbflUg:t' nEof] lgZrk|r+ ej]t\ ..@*..

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k|fKtf]ŕlUg:tq ;fZro{+ e:du"9M ;'/lIftM ..@(..

tl:dGgUgf} s[t+ ;j{+ xjgflbsd'Qdd\ .

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j}zfvk"l0f{dfsf lbgdf Nxfof] j+zsf nvGyfkfsf j+zh du/x¿ ToxL+ g} s'nb]jtfsf]

k"hf ub{5g\ . Ps kN6 ltgLx¿n] k"hfsf] nflu cfuf] g} NofPg5g\ . clg t em;Ë

eP/ ltgLx¿n] cfk;df s] ug{] eg]/ ;f]w] . clg Ps hgfn] o;f] eg]5 Ŗ æolb

nvGyfkfn] oxfF tk:of u/]sf x'g\ eg] t oxfF cfuf] lgZro g} kfOg' k5{ .ÚÚ o;f] eg]/

Ps hgfn] hdLgdf s]xL vGof] . a8f] cfZor{sf ;fy ToxfF v/fgLn] k'l/Psf] cfuf]

;'/lIft kfOof] . clg ToxL cfuf]df ltgLx¿n] xjg cflb pQd sfo{x¿ u/] . o;/L

nId0f yfkfsf j+zhx¿ s[ts[To eP .

nvGyfkf u'xf oq ttM ;f}Gbo{zflngL .

lxdfnoflblzv/}M zf]letf b[Zot] dxL ..#!..

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.

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pgsf] tkf]e"ld xf] elgG5 .

kZo l;4u'xftM >Luf]/vfsflnsf+ lzjfd\ .

tq}j /fhk|f;fbf] b[Zot] ;'dgf]x/M ..##..

l;4 u'kmfaf6 sNof0fsfl/0fL >Luf]/vfsflnsf b]lvlG5g\, x]/ . ToxL+ g} Hofb} /fd|f] /fh

b/af/ klg b]lvG5 .

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l;4]g yfkfdu/]0f rlr{td\ .

of] dfgjf] uR5lt >4oflGjtM

k|fKgf]To;f} l;4z'eflzif+ s[tL ..#$..

of] cToGt kljq / /d0fLo :yn l;4 yfkf du/n] rlr{Psf lyP . h'g dflg; To;

:yndf >4fk"j{s hfG5 To; efUodfgLn] l;4sf] z'e cfzLif kfpF5 .

pRr}M l:yt}/fTdank|k"l/t}Ŗ

h{g}o'{t+ /fi6«ldb+ a[xTsyd\ .

ej]lblt k|:km'l6tfŕq efjgf

uf]/Ifb]z:o dxLkt]x{[lb ..#%..

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xf]nf eGg] efjgf uf]/vfsf /fhfsf] x[bodf oxL 7fpFdf k|:km'l6t ePsf] lyof] .

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dgMsfdgfdfxfTDo] nvGyfkftLyf{6gŖ

l;4u'xfj0f{g+ gfd rt'yf{]ŕWofoM ..$..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy k~rdf]ŕWofoM .

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b]JofZrl/tdfs0o{ e"of]ŕlk >f]t'd'T;'sM .

sLb[z+ rl/t+ b]Jof:tT;j{+ jb d] u'/f] Û ..!..

ls+ k|bf:olt eSt]EoM sfdbf eStjT;nf .

OTo]tT;j{dfVoft'+ Tjdx{l; ljbf+ j/ .

tbfs0o{}j d] zfGt+ eljiolt u'/f] dgM ..@..

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u'??jfr

;j{d]tb\ huT;[i6+ oofŕBfzlSt¿kof .

t:of eSTof hg}nf]{]s] olTsl~rblk nEot] ..#..

ob\ ob\ eSt}o{yfelSt k|fKt+ k"j{+ dxLkt] .

tlTsl~rR5«"otfdB ;+If]k]0f a|jLDoxd\ ..$..

u'?n] eGg'eof] Ŗ h'g cfBf zlSt¿k b]jLn] of] ;f/f hut\ g} ;[li6 ul/g\ ltgsf]

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k|fKt u/] cfh clnslt To; jf/]df ;'Gg'xf];\ . d ;+If]kdf s]xL eGb5' .

o] oyf df+ k|kBGt] tf+:ty}j ehfDoxd\ .

Olt s[i0f]g ;Dk|f]St+ k'/f eujtf oyf ..%..

;f dgMsfdgf b]jL tyf sfdk|bf g[k Û

o] oyf tf+ k|kBGt] huTqolxt}lif0fLd\ ..

tGdgMsfdgfb]Jof eSTofŕ;fWo+ g ls~rg ..^..

hf] dsxfF h'g ¿kdf cfpF5, To;nfO{ d To;} ¿kdf k|fKt x'G5' egL h;/L eujfg\

>Ls[i0fn] w]/} cl3 eGg'ePsf] lyof] To;} u/L h;n] tL tLg} nf]ssf] lxt rfxg]

eujtLsf] ;]jf elSt ub{5g\ ltgnfO{ dgsfdgf b]jLn] klg To;} u/L kmn lblG5g\ .

dgsfdgf b]jLsf] elStaf6 ;+ej gx'g] eg]sf] s'/f s]xL klg 5}g .

/fd;fxf] dxfGofoL /fhfŕe"t \ nf]sjT;nM ..

//If s[kof b]jL t+ e"k+ tTk|hfZr ;f ..&..

k[YjLkltd{xLkfnM ;fxj+z;d'b\ejM .

b]jLdlGb/lgdf{tf ;j{nf]s}M k|k"lhtM ..*..

/fd;fx a8f] GofoL / b'lgofnfO{ k|]d ug{] /fhf eP . tL /fhf / ltgsf k|hfnfO{ klg

b]jLn] /Iff u/]sL lyO{g\ . ;fxj+zdf hlGdPsf k[YjLklt gfd u/]sf /fhfn] b]jLsf]

dlGb/ agfPsf lyP / tL ;f/f b'lgofn] cfb/ ul/Psf /fhf eP .

k[YjLgf/fo0ff] e"kM k[YJof+ gf/fo0ff]kdM .

t]g Joj:yf k"hfy+{ dxtL ljlxtf lsn ..(..

gef]g]qfi6e";+Vo] -!*@)_ j}qmdfAb] dxLe'hf .

b]Jo} ;dlk{tf t]g a|Llxd"/LztåoL ..!)..

tb'Tkfbgkof{Kt+ hn3df{g's"lntd\ .

z]/fVod'j{/+ If]q+ jqmfËu|fd;+l:ytd\ ..!!..

;dlk{t+ t]g /f1f nf]sk"Ho]g wLdtf .

cIftfŖw"kŖbLkflbŖg}j]Bfy{ ;elStsd\ ..!@..

5fuf åfbz dlxifZr}sf]ŕe"t \ k|ltxfogd\ .

rt'df{0fldt+ wfGo+ skf]t]EoZr k|Toxd\ .

Piff Joj:yf e"k]g sfl/tfŕŕ;Lb \ dxfTdgf ..!#..

/fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f ;fx k[YjLdf hlGdPsf gf/fo0f ;dfg lyP . pgn] dgsfdgf

dfO{sf] k"hfsf] lgldQ ;fFRr} 7"nf] Joj:yf u/] . ljqmd ;+jt\ !*@) df /fhfn] @))

d'/L wfg b]jL dgsfdgfnfO{ r9fP . Tolt wfg pAhf ug{ k'Ug], /fd|f] kfgL / 3fd

nfUg] jqmfª ufpFdf /x]sf] z]/f gfds pj{/ v]t nf]sn] cfb/ ul/Psf a'l4dfg\ tL

/fhfn] ;dk{0f u/] . elStk"j{s cIftf, w"k, bLk, g}j]B r9fpg / k|To]s jif{ !@ af]sf,

! /fFuf] / k/]jfx¿nfO{ k|ltlbg $ dfgf wfg lbg] u/L o:tf] Joj:yf tL dxfg\ cfTdf

ePsf /fhfn] u/] .

tGdgM sfdgfb]JofM s[kof k'0osd{0ff

t]g e"kltgf /fi6«lj:tf/f] ljlxt:tbf ..!$..

>LdgMsfdgfdft'M k"hfy{+ e"o Pj ;M

k[YjLgf/fo0ff] wfGod"l/sfi6zt+ bbf} ..!%..

o:tf k'0osd{ u/]sf /fhfn] dgsfdgf dfO{sf] s[kfn] ubf{ ha ;kmntfk"j{s /fi6«sf]

lj:tf/ u/] clg b]jL dgsfdgfsf] k"hfdf k[YjLgf/fo0f ;fxn] *)) d'/L wfg km]l/ klg

ck{0f u/] .

b]JofM k|;fbtf] /f1f /fi6«d]sLs[t+ b[9d\ .

b]Jof Pj k|;fbfRr /fi6«+ ;+/lIft+ ;bf ..!^..

ljZjl:dGg]sdfq+ ob\ lxGb"/fi6«ldlt >'td\ .

PtGdgMsfdgfofM k|;fbfb]j ;Dejd\ ..!&..

k[YjLgf/fo0fM ;fxf] b]Jof eStf] dxfg\ g[kM

b]jLk|;fbftM sfo+{ sl7g~rflk ;f]ŕs/f]t \ ..!*..

b]jLsf] s[kfn] /fhfn] /fi6«sf] b[9 PsLs/0f u/] . b]jLsf] s[kfn] g} of] /fi6« ;bf ;+/lIft

klg 5 . ljZjdf Ps dfq lxGb"/fi6« egL lrlgPsf] 5 . of] ;j dgsfdgf dftfsf]

s[kfn] g} ;Dej ePsf] xf] . k[YjLgf/fo0f ;fx b]jLsf k/d eSt x'gfn] g} 7"nf /fhf

eP . b]jLs} s[kfn] pgn] /fi6« PsLs/0fsf] sl7g sfo{ klg ;DkGg u/] .

eSTofTo'Ts6of o'Stf g/f cBflk lgZrod\ .

l;l4+ neGt] du/f] nvGyfkf oyf k'/f ..!(..

Hofb} 7"nf] elSt ug{] dflg;x¿ cfh klg lgZro g} To:t} l;l4 k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\

h:tf] ls k|frLg sfndf nvGyfkf du/n] k|fKt u/]sf lyP .

Ptr\ 5|'«t+ hg}M k"j{+ ob]sf] a|fXd0fM z'lrM .

s[Tjf dft'M :t'lt+ ;Bf] elSto'St]g r]t;f ..@)..

l;l4+ nAWjf nvGyfkfu'xfofdfljj]z x .

ttM kmnflg rfbfo eSt]EoM k|bbf} d'bf ..@!..

dflg;x¿n] ;'g]sf 5g\ ls klxn] Ps kljq a|fXd0fn] cToGt elSto'St lrQn] dftf

dgsfdgfsf] :t'lt u/]/ tTsfn l;l4 k|fKt u/] / nvGyfkf u'kmfdf g} k;] /] .

ToxfFaf6 kmnx¿ NofP/ v'zL;fy eStx¿nfO{ afF8] /] .

k/+ b'/fzf b'isfdf neGt] b08d]j r .

ctf] j/+ ;d'lrt+ z'ed]j lx sfdo]t\ ..@@..

Ps]g uf]/vfb]z] b'le{If+ k|fly{t+ k'/f .

:ju[x:y+ obGg+ d] dxf3{+ tb\ ej]lblt ..@#..

Olt :jfy{k|]l/t]g nf]eflji6]g r]t;f .

k"hf r ljlxtf dft'?krf/}:t' k~rleM ..@$..

k/+ dftfŕejTq'm4f tfb[z] t¦ j/fly{g] .

;wfGo+ tb\u[x+ ;Bf] bUwdfsl:dsflUggf ..@%..

kZrfQfkft\ ; tf+ b]jL+ k|fy{ofdf; elSttM .

kfbof]/ktGdft'M Ifdfofrgof ttM ..@^..

t/ h;n] b'i6 cfzf of b'i6 OR5f /fv]sf] 5 To;n] t dftfaf6 b08 kfpF5 .

To;sf/0f /fd|f] / plrt j/sf] dfq OR5f ug"{ . plxn] Ps hgf wgLn] uf]/vf k|b]zdf

b'le{If -csfn_ xf];\ eg]/ k|fy{gf u¥of] . To;f] eP d]/f] 3/sf] h'g cGg 5 Tof] dxFuf]

xf]nf eGg] p;sf] rfxgf lyof] . o:tf] :jfy{n] k|]l/t / nf]en] lnKt lrQn] p;n] dftf

dgsfdgfsf] k~rf]krf/ k"hf u¥of] . t/ dftf dgsfdgf To:tf] j/ dfUg] dflg;l;t

l/;fpg'eof] . To; dflg;sf] wfg ;lxtsf] 3/ t'?Gt cfunfuL eP/ 89Øf] . kl5

uP/ p;n] km]l/ dftfsf] kfpmdf k/]/ k|fy{gf u¥of] . d}n] u/]sf] of] d]/f] ck/fw Ifdf

u/ eg]/ To;n] Ifdf dfUof] .

>LdgMsfdgfb]JofM z[0f' ¿Rof+ s[kfsyfd\ .

cf;Lb]sf] låh>]i7M ;j{zf:qljb'QdM ..@&..

ljk|]0ff]Wj{jo:o]j s[tf] bf/kl/u|xM .

efof{ rf]Wj{jof:t:o ae"j k'qsfª\lIf0fL ..@*..

;GtltM :ofGgj]lt åf} lrGtofdf;t'lZr/d\ .

>LdgMsfdgf tfEof+ b]jL ;Dk|fly{tf ;bf ..@(..

tof]e{STof k|;Ggf ;f b]jL+ tfEof+ bbf} ;'td\ ..

;'Gb/+ ;b\a'l4dGt+ :j:y+ r s'nbLksd\ ..#)..

låtLodlk ;Tk'q+ b]jL tfEof+ bbf} d'bf ..#!..

cy tf} bDktL dft'b{z{gfo ;k'qsf} .

uTjf eSTof dft'/Í] Go:tjGtfj'ef} ;'tf} ..#@..

tfEof+ lgj]lbt+ r}tb\ Ŗ ej2Qf} lx afnsf} .

/If0fLof} ejTo}j, jo+ t' z/0ffutfM ..##..

tyf k|;Ggf ;f b]jL //If r tof]M ;'tf} ..#$..

b]jL dgsfdgfsf] Ps csf{] /fd|f] s[kfsyf ;'g . Ps hgf pQd a|fXd0f lyof] h;n]

w]]/} zf:q hfg]sf] lyof] . To;n] lgs} pd]/ ePkl5 dfq ljjfx u¥of] . To;sL kTgL

klg lgs} pd]/ ePsL lyO{ hf] 5f]/f] k}bf xf];\ eGg] rfxGyL . tL b'j}nfO{ xfd|f] ;Gtfg

xf]nf gxf]nf eGg] lrGtf lyof] . To;sf/0f tL b'j}n] dgsfdgf dfO{sf] ;b}j k|fy{gf u/]

. ltgLx¿sf] elStb]lv v'zL eP/ b]jLn] ltgLx¿nfO{ a8f] /fd|f], c;n a'l4 ePsf],

:j:y / s'n} pHofnf] kfg{] bLk h:tf] 5f]/f] lbg'eof] . b]jL v'zL eP/ ltgLx¿nfO{ bf];|f]

klg c;n k'q lbg'eof] . clg tL b'O{ bDktL b'j} 5f]/fx¿ lnP/ dgsfdgf dfO{sf]

bz{g ug{ uP / tL b'j} 5f]/fx¿nfO{ elStk"j{s dftfsf] sfvdf /fv]/ b'j}n] ljGtL u/]

Ŗ ædftf, oL b'a} afns xh"/n] lbPsf x'g\ / xh"/n] g} oL b'O{sf] /Iff ug'{k5{ . xfdLx¿

t ;j} g} xh"/sf] z/0fdf cfPsf 5f}+ .ÚÚ Tof] ;'g]/ k|;Gg ePsL b]jL dgsfdgfn] tL

b'O{sf k'qx¿ / ltgsf ;GtfgnfO{ ;d]t /If0f ub{l5g\ /] .

ax'Eof] ax'zf] Xo]iff syf k"j{+ >'tf hg}M .

ljZjo'4] lx k|yd] låtLo] r}j ;}lgsfM ..

g}kfnf o] d[tf:t]iff+ d[To'gfDafŕltb'Mlvtf ..#$..

w]/} dflg;n] w]/} hgfaf6 w]/} kN6 of] s'/f ;'g]sf 5g\ . k|yd / låtLo ljZjo'4df hf]

g]kfnL ;}lgsx¿ dfl/P, ltgsf] d[To'af6 dftf dgsfdgf b]jLn] Hofb} b'Mv dfGg'eof] .

e6}M sltko}M k"j{+ k|fy{gf;Lt\ s[tf g[k Û

t]iff+ /Iffef/e/fblDasf >flGtdGje"t\ ..#^..

:j]blSnGgfŕejb \ d"lt{j{:q}M ;Dk|f]l~5tf tbf .

k|TofuTo e6}M k"hf alnbfgo'tf s[tf ..

nf]sf hfglGt tt\ ;j{+ b]JofM kl/;/] l:ytfM ..#&..

x] /fhg\, slt l;kfxLx¿n] t klxn] g} b]jLsf] efsn u/]sf lyP . To;sf/0f

ltgLx¿sf] /Iff ug'{ kg{] sfdsf] ef/n] dftfnfO{ ysfO{sf] cg'ej eof] /] . dftfsf]

d"lt{ kl;gfn] leHof] / Toltv]/ sk8fn] k'5\g k¥of] . kl5 cfP/ l;kfxLx¿n] aln

;d]t r9fP/ k"hf u/] . dgsfdgf dfO{sf] dlGb/ j/k/ a:g] ;f/f dflg;x¿ Tof] ;j

s'/f hfGb5g\ .

o+ o+ lrGtot] sfd+ t+ t+ k|fKgf]lt dfgjM .

k/df+ elStdfkGgf] b]VofM k|Lltk|;fbtM ..#*..

k/d elSt u/]sf] dflg;l;t b]jL v'zL x'g] x'gfn] To:tf] dflg;n] h] OR5f dgdf

/fVof] Tof] kfpg ;S5 .

dlGb/+ kl/tM z}n] j[Iffg\ k'ikfl0f rfg3fM .

;+jw{olGt r]t\ t] :o'M ;j{;f}efUozflngM ..#(..

dgsfdgf dfO{sf] dlGb/ j/k/ 8fF8fdf ?vx¿ / km"nx¿ x'sf{pg] c;n

dflg;x¿nfO{ ;j} lsl;dsf] efUon] ;fy lbG5 .

dlGb/+ kl/tM slZrt\ kfksd{ s/f]lt r]t\ .

y"Tsf/dnd"qflb b]Jof ; bl08tf] ej]t\ ..$)..

dlGb/ j/k/ s;}n] kfk sfd u5{ of y'Sg], lb;f, lk;fa ug{] sfd u5{ eg] To;nfO{

b]jLn] s'g} g s'g} b08 ;hfo cjZo lbg'x'G5 .

Ps]g Psbf j[Iff] dlGb/:oflGts] l:ytM .

l5Gg:tbf l;Wd/f]uL ;f]ŕejt \ ;B Pj lx ..$!..

Ps kN6 Ps hgfn] dlGb/sf] guLrsf] ¿v sf6]5 . To;nfO{ t'?Gt} kf08'/f]u -5fnf

7fpFŖ7fpFdf ;]tf] x'g] /f]u, b'aL_ eof] .

s]jn+ dfgjf g}j kz'klIfd[ufBlk .

>LdgMsfdgf;Gg] j;lGt elStefjtM ..$@..

lj+zltjif{ko{Gt+ k|Tox+ sfsbDktL .

b[i6f} j[If] elSto'tf} b]JofZr/0f;]jsf} ..$#..

s]jn dflg;x¿ dfq xf]Og, kz', kIfL, d[uflb klg ToxfF b]jL dgsfdgfsf] elSt u/]/

a:b5g\ . elgG5 ls nuftf/ jL; jif{ ;Dd sfusf Ps hf]8L x/]s lbg ¿vdf

lbge/ j;]/ elStk"j{s b]jLsf] r/0fsf] ;]jf u/]sf] klg b]lvof] .

kfkfTdg] eujtL b08d]j k|oR5lt .

t:dfb\ eSTof ljz'4fTdf hgf] uR5]QblGtsd\ ..$$..

dgdf kfk ePsfnfO{ eujtLn] b08 g} lbg'x'G5 . To;sf/0f elStk"j{s z'4 cfTdf

ePsf] dflg; eujtLsf] ;dLkdf hfcf];\ .

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t]iff+ ;Tsfdgf k"0ff{ eljiolt g ;+zoM ..$%..

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s'g} zÍf 5}g .

dgf]ŕlesfdfGbbtL+ bofn'Ŗ

df/fWo b]jL+ hutf] ljwfqLd\ .

cnf}lssL+ zlStdjfKo k[YjLŖ

gf/fo0ff] /fHod'¿rsf/ ..$^..

td]jdGofglk zlSteStfŖ

gf/fWo tf+ k"0f{dgf]ŕlenfiffg \ .

sfdk|bfqL+ hggL+ ;dRo{

/fi6«k+lti7f+ jod'Ggo]d ..$&..

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cnf}lss zlSt kfPsf k[YjLgf/fo0f ;fxn] cfŔgf] /fHo ljzfn agfP . tL /fhfnfO{

tyf b]jLsf] cf/fwgf u/]/ cfŔgf clenfiffx¿ k"/f ug{] c? klg b]jLeStx¿nfO{ ;+em]/

/ dgsf] OR5f k"/f ul/lbg] dgsfdgfsf] k"hf u/]/ xfdLx¿ klg /fi6«sf] k|lti7f pGgt

u/f}+ .

Olt >Ldb'Q/dxfef/t] g]kfnkj{l0f

dgMsfdgfdfxfTDo]

dgMsfdgfelStkmnj0f{g+ gfd k~rdf]ŕWofoM ..%..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy ifi7f]ŕWofoM ..

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tbrf{ljifo+ e"oM >f]t'ldR5lt d] dgM ..!..

Joj:yf sLb[zL b]JofM k"hfy{+ ljlxtf g[k}M .

k'/fe"t}h{g}e{St}M sy+ k"hf Xosfl/ j} ..@..

sy+ rfw'lgs}e{St}M k"Hot]ŕ:dfle/lDasf .

sy+ r ;f k"hgLof u'/f] ;j{+ a|jLt' d] ..#..

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k"hfsf ljifodf ;'Gg OR5f ub{5 . k'/fgf /fhfx¿n] b]jLsf] k"hf ug{] s:tf] Joj:yf

u/]sf lyP < klxnfsf eSthgx¿n] s;/L k"hf ub{y] < s:tf] k/Dk/f 5 < xfdL

cfhsf eStx¿n] dftfsf] k"hf s;/L ug{] < b]jLsf] k"hf s;/L x'g' kg{] xf] < x] u'?b]j,

dnfO{ ;a} s'/f eGgf];\ .

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elSt/]j dxb\ j:t' eSTof ls+ gflwuDot] .

elStefjgof o'StM k'dfFNnf]s] dxLot] ..$..

u'?af6 cf1f eof] Ŗ ;j} eGbf 7"nf] s'/f] elSt g} xf] . elStaf6 s] kfOGg / < / c;n

eSt dflg; t b'lgofdf g} k"Ho x'G5 .

>j0f+ sLt{g+ b]JofM :d/0f+ kfb;]jgd\ .

cr{g+ jGbg+ bf:oefjdfTdlgj]bgd\ ..%..

kq+ k'ik+ kmn+ tf]o+ t:o} eSTof lgj]bo]t\ .

u[X0fflt hggL t'i6f :jfÍ] sf?0o¿lk0fL .

eSt+ lx tfb[z+ b]jL ;fg'sDk+ r /Iflt ..^..

b]jLsf] syf ;'Gg] , gfd sLt{g ug{], b]jLnfO{ dgdf ;b}j ;Demg], b]jLsf] r/0fsf] ;]jf

ug{], k"hf ug{], 9f]Ug], b]jLsf] bf; h:tf] u/L ;]jf ug{], / b]jLsf] ;dIf cfTd;dk{0f

kft, km"n, kmn, kfgL r9fpF5 tL ;j} s'/f dftfn] ;Gt'i6 eP/ cfŔgf] sfvdf g}

lng'x'G5 . To:tf] eStnfO{ b]jLn] bof u/]/ ;'/Iff klg ug'{x'G5 .

cxf]leg{jle:tq dxfeStf:t' s]rg .

k"hfdv08f+ s'j{lGt b]JofZr/0fof]M l>tfM ..&..

sf]xL dxfg\ eStx¿ gf} lbg ;Dd cv08 k"hf ub{5g\ . / b]jLsf] r/0fdf cf>o lnP/

a:5g\ .

>Ldgsfdgfb]jL+ eSTofr{olt k"hsM .

nvGyfkfs'nf]TkGgf] du/M k'?iff] j|tL ..*..

k"hfJojl:yltM k|fRof ljlzi6f r k/Dk/f .

k|Tox+ k"hs]g}j lgTok"hf ljwLot] ..(..

nvGyfkfsf] j+zdf hlGdPsf / z'4 lgoddf a;]sf Ps du/ k'?ifn] dftf

dgsfdgfsf] elStk"j{s k"hf ub{5g\ . dgsfdgfsf] hf] k"hfJoj:yf 5 Tof] k|frLg

k/Dk/f xf] . / Tof] k/Dk/f ljlzi6 vfnsf] 5 . k'hf/Ln] k|ltlbg lgTok"hf ub{5g\ .

k|ftM sd{s/}M ;j{+ dlGb/+ kl/dfHo{t] .

k|IffNot] r z'4]g hn]g ;j{tM ;bf ..!)..

k|ftåf{/+ dlGb/:of]b\3f6Øt] ;Ktjfbg] .

s]jn+ k"hsf] d'Vof] b]jL+ k"hot] tbf ..!!..

k'ikfIft}w"{kbLkg}j]Bflble/r{gd\ .

s/f]lt k|Tox+ z'4f] d'VoM k"hs Pj ;M ..!@..

åf/+ lga4Ø ;f k"hf t]g}s]g ljwLot] ..!#..

klxnf ljxfg sfdbf/x¿ åf/f dlGb/ j/k/ ;j} ;kmf ul/G5 . ;Fw} ljxfg dlGb/sf]

j/k/ rf]vf] kfgLn] kvflnG5 . ljxfg ;ft ah] dlGb/sf] 9f]sf p3fl/G5 . t/ Tolt

v]/ b]jLsf] d'Vo k'hf/Ln] dfq k"hf ub{5g\ . km"n, cIftf, w"k, bLk, g}j]B cflb r9fP/

d'Vo k'hf/Ln] g} k"hf ub{5g\ . o;/L pgn] k"hf ubf{ 9f]sf y'g]/ pgL PSn}n] dfq k"hf

ub{5g\ .

dlGb/fEoGt/] k"hf obf t]g ljwLot] .

;f k"hf uf]kgLo]lt ærfk"hfÚÚ XolewLot] ..

k'ikfIftf ljsLo{Gt] dlGb/+ kl/t:ttM ..!$..

dlGb/ leq a;]/ pgL PSn}n] ha k"hf ub{5g\ Tof] k"hf uf]Ko x'gfn] To;nfO{ rfk"hf

elgG5 . To; kl5 dlGb/ j/k/ cIftf k"mnx¿ 5l/G5 .

ttf] dxfk|;fbf] lx k"hs]g ;dKo{t] .

b]JofM dxfk|;fb:t' ljz]ifM kl/sNKot] ..!%..

eujTofM k|;fbfo :ju[x] k"hs]g lx .

;'t08'n+ 3[tfSt+ r nj0f+ j];jf/sd\ ..!^..

Jo~hgflg ;d]To}j k"hs]g}j kRot] .

dxfk|;fbkrg] bjL{ g}j k|o'Hot] ..!&..

To; kl5 ltgn] dgsfdgf b]jLnfO{ dxfk|;fb r9fpF5g\ . b]jLsf] dxfk|;fb ljz]if

lsl;dsf] agfOG5 . b]jLsf] Tof] k|;fb k'hf/Lsf] cfŔg} 3/df /fd|f] rfdn, 3Lp xfn]/ /

g"g, j];f/, t/sf/Lx¿ ;d]t Ps} 7fpFdf ld;fP/ k'hf/Ln] g} ksfpF5g\ . of] dxfk|;fb

ksfpFbf 8f8'ŖkGo'sf] k|of]u gu/Lsg g} ksfOG5 .

k"hs:o u[xft\ :yfn] /fht] ljlgwfo lx .

cfR5fB /Stj:q]0f k|;fbf] gLot] g[k Û ..!*..

:k|i6Jof] g}j s]gflk b|i6Jof] g}j s]glrt\ .

z'4fR5'4tdf] b]Jo} k|;fbf] lx ;dKo{t] ..!(..

k'hf/Lsf] 3/af6 rfFbLsf] yfndf /fv]/ /ftf] j:qn] 5f]k]/ k|;fb dlGb/df NofOG5 . Tof]

k|;fb s;}n] 5'g x'Fb}g / s;}n] b]Vg klg x'Fb}g . o;/L z'4 eGbf klg z'4 k|;fb

b]jLnfO{ r9fOG5 .

otf] b]JofM :yfksZr k|ydM k"hsf] g/M .

cf;LR5«LnId0f:yfkf nvGyfk]lt lj>'tM ..@)..

t]g b]JofM k"hs:t' tå+Zof] du/f] ej]b\ .

Olt Joj:yf k|frLgf g s}lZrblk ?Wot] ..@!..

Odf+ Joj:yf+ oM slZrGg s'of{t\ kl/jlt{tfd\ .

slZrTs/f]lt d"9Zr]b\ b]Jof b08Øtdf] ej]t\ ..@@..

b]jLsf] ;+:yfks / k|yd k'hf/L nvGyfkf eg]/ lrlgPsf nId0f yfkf x'gfn] dgsfdgf

b]jLsf k'hf/L pg}sf j+zsf du/ x'g]5g\ . of] k|frLg Joj:yf s;}n] klg /f]Sg ;St}g .

o; Joj:yfnfO{ s;}n] klg kl/jt{g gu/f];\ . s'g} d"v{n] gaem]/ o;df kl/jt{g ug{

vf]Hof] eg] To;nfO{ b]jLn] s7f]/ b08 lbg'x'g] lglZrt 5 .

k'/f]lxtZr tqfŕ:t] cfq]of] a|fXd0fM z'lrM .

d/x§flåhZr}j b]jLefujt+ k7]t\ ..@#..

Olt Joj:yf bf9Ø{]g /lIftfŕl:t ;gftgL .

lgaf{w¿k]0f r ;f Joj:yf Xog'kfNot] ..@$..

ToxfFsf] k'/f]lxt rf]vf cof{n a|fXf0f 5g\ . d/x§f a|fXd0fn] rfFxL b]jLefujt k9\5g\ .

o:tf] ;'b[9 Joj:yf ;bfsfn b]lv rn]/ cfPsf] 5 . / ;f] Joj:yf s'g} afwf Jojwfg

ljgf kfngf ul//flvPsf] 5 .

d'Vok"hsk"hfofM kZrfb]j lx k|Toxd\ .

k"holGt dxfb]jL+ eStf cGofM ;elStsfM ..@%..

w"k+ bLk+ kmn+ k'ik+ j:qfl0f r oy]R5of .

hgfM ;f}efUoj:t"lg b]Jo} eSTofk{olGt r ..@^..

d'Vo k'hf/Ln] k"hf ul/;s]kl5 dfq elStdfg\ cGo eSthgx¿n] dxfb]jLsf] k"hf ug{

kfpF5g\ . w"k, bLk, kmn, km"n, j:q cfŔgf] a'l4 cg';f/ ;f}efUo j:t'x¿ -r'/f, P]gf,

6Lsf, kf]t] cflb_ klg eSthgn] b]jLnfO{ ck{0f ub{5g\ .

s'Ss'6R5fux+;fBf dlxiff aln¿ksfM .

oyfk|lt1+ bLoGt] b]Jof:t[KTo} hg}:;bf .. @&..

k|lt1ftf] alnM ls+ jf eSt+ k[R5lt k"hsM .

tbg';[To ;+sNkjrg+ tq k7Øt] ..@*..

s'v'/f, af]sf, xfF;, /fFuf cflb efsn cg';f/ alnsf ¿kdf v'zL;fy b]jLsf] t[lKtsf

nflu dflg;x¿n] ck{0f ub{5g\ . aln lb+bf efsn u/]sf] xf] ls xf]Og egL k'hf/Ln]

;f]W5g\ / ;f]xL cg';f/ ;+sNk jrg k9\5g\ .

;dk{olGt s]lrQ' eStfM k~r anLg\ z'efg\ .

s'Ss'6R5fudlxifx+;d]ifflbsfg\ kz"g\ ..@(..

k"hf ljlzi6f ejlt tl:dg\ sfn] tblx{sf .

k~r}t] anoM qm]t'+ zSoGt] dlGb/flGts] ..#)..

s]xL eStx¿ t s'v'/f], af]sf], /fFuf], xfF; / e]8f] cflb ;lxtsf c;nL k~r aln g}

r9fpF5g\ . To;/L k~r aln r9fpg] j]nfdf alns} nflu nfos ljz]if k"hf x'G5 . tL

k~r alnx¿ dlGb/ j/k/ g} lsGg klg ;lsG5g\ .

kzf]lx{ aln¿k:o lz/f] u[X0fflt k"hsM .

g]jf/hflteSt]EoM lz/Zr k|ltbLot] ..#!..

k/Dk/f ot:t]iff+ lz/;f] df+;eIf0fd\ .

k/+ tby{+ t}M lsl~rb\ wg+ b]o+ eljiolt ..#@..

clgof{To wg+ zLif{+ lnK;'/fklQdfKg'oft\ .

tyf s[Tjf hgM slZrb\ d[t Pj]lt >"ot] ..##..

aln lbPsf] kz'sf] 6fpsf] k'hf/Lsf] x'G5 . g]jf/ hfltsf eStx¿nfO{ eg] 6fpsf] klg

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b:t"/ glbO{ lng rfXØf] eg] To;nfO{ lgZro g} 7"nf] cfkt\ cfOkg{]5 . To;f] ug{] Ps

hgf t tTsfn} d¥of] eGg] klg ;'lgG5 .

bft+' o] g}j jf~5lGt b]Jo} kz'aln+ hgfM .

s"idf08+ jf gfl/s]nkmn+ t] Tjk{olGt lx ..#$..

hf] eStx¿ b]jLnfO{ kz'sf] aln lbg rfxFb}gg\ ltgn] t s'le08f] of gl/jnsf] kmn g}

r9fpF5g\ .

w"kbLkflbg}j]Bj:qk'ikkmnflg r .

eStfM ;f}efUoj:t"lg b]Jo} bblt e"kt] Û

s]lrR5«4fnjf] eStf wlgsfM zlStzflngM .

b]Jo} ;'j0f{/hte"if0ffGok{olGt r ..#%..

w"k, bLk, g}j]B, j:q, km"n, kmn / ;f}efUo j:t'x¿ klg eStx¿n] b]jLnfO{ r9fpF5g\ .

t/ s]xL >4fn' eStx¿ hf] wgL / zlStzfnL 5g\ ltgn] t b]jLnfO{ ;¦g, rFfbLsf

uxgf klg r9fpF5g\ .

k|ft/f/Eo k"hf t' ;foDko{Gtd]j lx .

lg/Gt/+ k|rnlt eStafx'Nosf/0fft\ ..#^..

k"hflj/fdM ;GWofof+ zÎ+ k|Wdfo ;"Rot] .

w"kbLkflbleM k"hf k"hs]g ;dfKot] ..#&..

;dfKtfof+ ;drf{of+ tbf åf/+ lgaWot] ..#*..

ljxfg b]lv z'? eP/ k"hf t ;fFem ;Dd g} lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 . lsgls eStx¿sf]

eL8 nflu/xG5 . ;fFem k/]kl5 k"hf /f]lsPsf] s'/f zÎ ahfP/ ;"lrt ul/G5 . k'hf/Ln]

w"k bLk u/]/ k"hf ;dfKt ub{5g\ . ha k"hf ;lsG5 ta dlGb/sf] 9f]sf klg aGb

ul/G5 .

;fodf/flqs] sfo{] kl/tM ;xeflugM .

>4of elStdGtf] lx hgf cfoflGt dlGb/] ..#(..

k|HHjnøo jlt{sf:t] b]Jof cf/flqs+ z'ed\ .

s'j{lGt z'4dg;M ;fo+sfn] ;dflxtfM ..$)..

;fFemsf] cf/tLdf j/k/sf >4fn' eSthgx¿ dlGb/df ;xefuL x'g cfpF5g\ . z'4 dg

ePsf tL >4fn'x¿ ;fFemdf hDdf eO{ cfFkm} klg aQL afn]/ b]jLsf] z'e cf/tL u5{g\

.

s]lrb\ bLk+ HjfnolGt ;elSt+ nIfjlt{sfd\ .

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slt c;n eStx¿n] elStk"j{s w"k, km"n, j:q, kmn, wfGo, cIftf cflbsf ;fy nfv

aQL klg afN5g\ .

OTy+ lx k|Tox+ k"hf b]Jof eSt}lj{wLot] .

k/+ k"hf ljz]if]0f zgf} ef}d] r jf;/] ..$#..

o;/L eStx¿n] b]jLsf] k"hf t k|ltlbg g} u5{g\ . t/ zlgjf/ / d+unjf/sf] k"hf

ljz]if x'G5 .

ci6Dof+ jf gjDof+ jf rt'b{Zofdyflk jf .

k"hfljz]iftf]ŕDafofM lqmot] tq dlGb/] ..$$..

ci6dL, gjdL / rt'b{zLsf] lbg klg dlGb/df dgsfdgf dfO{sf] k"hf ljz]if lsl;dn]

x'G5 .

k"hf >fj0f;+qmfGTof+ ;ljz]iff ljwLot] .

;fodf/flqs+ tl:dg\ lbg] r}j oyfljlw ..$%..

tTkZrfb\ tl2g] tqf]Nd'sk"hf ljwLot] .

sf08f/s:o k"hf lx nf]s] ejlt tl2g] ..$^..

;fpg dxLgfsf] ;+qmflGtdf ljz]if k"hf x'G5 . ;fFemsf] cf/tL To; lbg klg ;fljs

adf]lhd x'G5 . t/ To; kl5 Tof] lbg /fFsf] k"hf klg ul/G5 . nf]sdf rfxL+ Tof] lbg

sf08f/ssf] k"hf ul/G5 -/ n'tf] kmflnG5_ .

>fj0f] dfl; g hg}a{lnbfg+ ljwLot] .

tyf rflZjgdf;:o s[i0fkIf] sbflk gf] .

otf]ŕ;f} lkt[kIff] lx lkt[>f4fo slNktM ..$&..

>fj0f dlxgfdf dlGb/df alnbfg ul/+b}g . To;} u/L cflZjg dlxgfsf] s[i0fkIfdf klg

aln lbOFb}g . lsgls of] kIfnfO{ lkt[x¿sf] >f4 ul/g] egL lkt[kIf dflgPsf] 5 .

PsfbZof+ tyf bz{] lzj/fqf} ty}j r .

alnbfg+ dxfb]Jo} tq g}j ljwLot] ..$*..

PsfbzL / cf}+;Ldf, / To;} uL lzj/flqdf klg b]jLnfO{ ToxfF aln lbOb}+g .

PsfbzL Xofdfjf:of lbgåoldtf obf .

tbf låtLo+ lbj;+ jfo{t] tq k"hg] ..$(..

PsfbzL jf cf}+;L b'O{ lbg k/]sf] 5 eg] bf];|f] lbgnfO{ 5f]l8G5 . cyf{t\ cl3Nnf] lbg

alnbfg ul/+b}g . kl5Nnf] lbg ul/G5 .

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nId0ffo bbf} l;l4+ u'?uf]/If OTolk .

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cjfu\ olx{ ej]b\ afnf] ax'sfndlk :jtM .

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efb|z'Snt[tLofof+ d]nf ejlt zf]egf .

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k"hf ub{5g\ .

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ç

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zdolt s?0ff t] sf/0f+ sf/0ffgfd\

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g]kfnefiffof cg¦jfbgfkF

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ljifo ;"rL

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cWofo & dgMsfdgfkl/;j0f{gd\

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Bf]ts vM . Yj HjnGt pbfx/0f ljZjjf;L ;sn hg;dfh+ cg's/0f ofo\ jxM h" .

tRjs+ uf}/jofu' ljifo vM Yj .

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clts+ si6ofgfM dgsfdgfofu' kljq If]qo\ ofqf ofO . Yj vF emL;F d:o"u' dv' . ljleGg

yf;; RjFlk+ eSthgto\u' x[bo] dfO{of pk/] cTolws dfqf+ cf:yf, lgi7f b"u'ln+ y'hf]u'

b'MvŖsi6oft 5F' kjf{x g dt . ps]F yg Yj ljifono\ cKjM s'n]Ŗpn] dfy]F dRjF . dfO{ofu'

pk/] ckf/ elQmefjgf b' w}u' vF :jtM ;':ki6 h" .

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z'elrGts eb| efh'do\h'lklgu' ;Dd'v] wGotf j s[t1tf 1fkg ofo\u' lhu' st{Jo vM .

cy] x] yg ofgfRjgf .

cGto\ g]kfnefif+ ¿k lxn]u' Yj lxtsf/s Hof lh cNk1 dg'v+ ofgfu' h"u'ln+ q'l6t bO .

plsof nflu ax'1 ljrIf0fju{ ljj]sk"j{s ædfO{ofu' elQmhs vMÚÚ wsfM Ifdf laoflbO

w}u' dg+t'gf .

Ŗ P]Zjo{w/ zdf{

ç

>Lu0f]zfo gdM ..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy k|ydf]ŕWofoM ..

/fhf]jfr

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h'h'+ k|Zg ofgflaHoft

x] u'?b]j Û dgsfdgf dfO{ofu' dfxfTDo Gog]u' pT;'stf h'ofRjg . ps]F

j;kf]nofu' Oltxf;gfk+u' bSj dfxfTDo g lht M sgflaHofx'F .

u'??jfr

dxfef/tjif{:o dWo] e'jgk"lht] .

cfof{jt{M k'0oe"ldd{Wo+ ljGWolxdfnof]M .. @ ..

u'?+ cf1f bo\sflaHoft

;f/f ;+;f/o\ k"Ho dfg]h"u' dxfg\ ef/tjif{of dWoefuo\ Rj+u' lxdfn j

ljGWofrnof laro\ofu' efuoft k'0oe"ld cfof{jt{ wsf M wfO .

cfof{jt{:of]Q/:of+ lblz eflt lxdfrnM .

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ljZjl:dGg]sdfq+ ob\ lxGb"/fHoldlt >'td\ .. #..

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lxdfnokj{tofu' d'no\ g]kfM w}u' b] b', ;+;f/o\ u'u' b] 5u' x] hs lxGb"/fi6« wsfM

Gogfu' b' .

g]kfn/fi6«dWo:yf] uf]/vf jL/d08nM .

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g]kfM b]of laro\ Rj+u' jL/to\u' uf]/vf lhNnf ;f/f ;+;f/o\ k|l;4u' lhNnf vM .

Goflg;fkm k|bfg ofo\u' j :jtGqtfof ljifono\ g+ uf]/vf lhNnf e"tno\ gf+hfu'

lhNnf vM .

lqz"nLsd{bfdWo] gfgflzvl/lej[{tM .

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lqz"nL gbL j d:of{ª\bL gbLofu' laro\ cfkfn+ 8fF8fsfF8f+ JofKt h"u' Yj k|b]z

a"9L u08sL cflb gfF b}Rj+u' gbLto\;+ l;+lrt e"ld vM .

lxds"6fb\ ljlgu{To blIf0f] k|jxlGt ofM .

gB:tfM k'0oe"ld+ tf+ l;~rlGt k|f~hn}h{n}M ..^..

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uf]/vfVof] hgkbf] b|Jo;fx;'zfl;tM .

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a|fXd0fju{of /Ifs h"u'ln+ wd{/Ifs wsfM sxn]h'n .

b|Jokf}qf] /fd;fxf] /fd/fHoljwfosM .

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b|Jozfxof 5o\ /fdzfx h'h'+ nf uf]/vflhNnfoft /fd/fHo x] ag]ofgflaHoft .

ps]F pan]lg;]+ æGofo n'Kt h'n wf;f uf]/vfo\ xF'ÚÚ w}u' wfk' k|l;4 h'n .

k[YjLgf/fo0ff] hftf] uf]/Ife"klto{bf .

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u'an] uf]/vfo\ h'h' k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx hGd] h'n, pan] nf dfgf] k[YjLtno\

gf/fo0f x] hGd h"u' y]F h'n .

lxGb"/fi6«dljR5]B+ ljZjljQ+ ljlwT;'gf .

t]g e"nf]skfn]g g]kfnf] ljk'nLs[tM ..!)..

åflj+zltrt'lj{zTofboM snxlk|ofM .

;j{]ŕKo]s}szf] e"kf lglh{tfM s/bLs[tfM ..!!..

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g]kfMoft ljzfn¿ko\ lj:tf/ ofgflaHoft . yMyM Njfo\u'lnO hs nu]h'lk+ yLyL

lrlrw+lk+ afO;L rf}aL;L h'h'lkGt qmdzM TofsfM s/ k'n]dfu' ofgfM ;f/f

h'h'lkGt yMu' jz] xn .

g]kfn/fi6«lgdf{0f] sf/0f+ uf]/vfŕejt \ .

ttM k|l;4f] e'jg] uf]/vfzAb OTo;f} .. !@..

y'u'sy+ cfw'lgs g]kfMb]ofu' lgdf{0fo\ uf]/vf x] sf/0f h'n . ps]F ljZjo\ …uf]/vfÚ

w}u' Yj zAb k|l;4 h"u' vM .

P]ltxfl;s;Gb[i6Øf dxTj+ t:o jt{t] .

ljljwfleM ;+:s[ltle:tå}lzi6\Ø+ dxLot] .. !#..

P]ltxfl;s b[li6+ uf]/vfofu' ljz]if dxŒj b' . yLyL ;+:s[ltof sf/0f+ ofgfM

uf]/vfofu' ljz]iftf b"u' vM .

;jf{;f+ ;+:s[tLgf~r ;+xlt:t:o df}lnsd\ .

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g]kfMb]ofu' df}lns /fli6«o rl/qoft g kl/eflift ofu' b' .

u'j{Ëf du/f ljk|f g]jf/fM IflqofM k|hfM .

rft'j{0o+{ ;dfkGgfM lghwd{k/fo0ffM ..!%..

cg u'?ª, du/, a|fXd0f, g]jfM, Iflqo cflb ;sn nf]s KoË' j0f{o\ ljeflht

h'ofM yMyMu' wd{o\ k|j[Q h'of+Rju' b' .

k|s[ltM zf]egf tq w/0fL z:ozflngL .

hgfZr jLo{j}bUWof Gofo:jftGœokf]ifsfM ..!^..

cgofu' k|fs[lts ;f}bo{ afFnf h¨ . w/tL wgwfGozfnL vM . hgtf z"/jL/ vM .

Gofo j :jtGqtfoft k|j4{g ofOlk+g+ vM .

lxds"6fT;df/Eo dxLw|]if' hn]if' r .

lgj;lGt ;'/f:tq uf]/vf/If0f] /tfM ..!&..

pQ/:of+ b'Uws'08:tLy{/fhf] lj/fht] .

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cg lxdfno kj{tlzv/+lg;]+ sofM d]d]u' kj{tof Rjsfo\ j nvo\ gfk+ b]jb]jLu0f

lj/fhdfg b' . j;kf]nlk;+ uf]/vfoft /Iff ofgfRj+u' b' . pQ/kfv] b"ws'08 w}u'

tLy{/fh b' . cg :gfgbfg ofo\t u'gk¦lXg v'Xg' d]nf x] nu] h'O .

uf]/vf/fhwfGof+ lx u'?uf]/IfuXj/d\ .

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uf]/vfofu' /fhwfgLO uf]/vfgfyofu' u'kmf b' . cg;+t'+ /fhb/jf/of lnSs

sflnsf dfO{ofu' dlGb/ b' .

lj/fht] kj{t:o lzv/] ;j{sfdbf .

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;sn nf]s+ ;'k"lht h'oflaHofXd, ;Dk"0f{ eSthgto\u' dgjfl~5t kmn k"0f{

ofgflaHofOXd dgsfdgfdfO{ kxf8ofu' Rjsfo\ zf]efodfg h'ofM lj/fhdfg

h'oflaHofu' b' .

sŔofsgflDg s"6]ŕl:t l>tf] du/hfltleM .

of] dgMsfdgf;+1f] u|fdf] u|fd]if' ;f]ŕlu|dM ..@!..

du/hflto\u' cfknF j:tL b"u' sŔofs w}u' kxf8of Rjsfo \ ædgsfdgfÚÚ w}u'

u'u' afFnfu' ufF b', j ufF, ufFdWo] ;jf{]Qdu' ufF vM .

lbZo'Qdlu/]:t:o k"j{:of+ j[4u08sL .

blIf0f:of+ lqz"nL r jxt] k|otf ;l/t\ ..@@..

klZrdfof++ b/f}+bLlt Voftf wdf{jtL gbL .

d:of{ª\bL sd{bf tq ;dfoflt lxdfnofb\ ..@#..

o] å] gBf} ;dfuTo g}C{Tof+ lblz ;+ut] .

t] dgMsfdgfkfbf} IffnoGTofljj l:yt] ..@$..

Yj ufFofu' kxf8of k"j{lbzfo\ a"9L u08sL b' . blIf0f lbzfkl§ kljq lqz"nL gbL

au]h'ofRj+u' b' . klZrd lbzfkfv] b/f}FbL w}u' wdf{jtL gbL b' . cgg

klZrdkfv] d:of{ª\bL w}u' sd{bf gbL lxdfnok{t+lg;]+ au]h'ofRj+u' b' . Yj lgu'

v';L dgsfdgf dfO{of g}CTosf]0fo\ -blIf0f j klZrd sf]0f_ Yo+sf M dfgf]

dfO{ofu' lgkf t'tL l;sfAo"u' y]F efg h"jM .

gB:tfM k'0o;lnnf lxdkj{tlgM;[tfM .

tf;f+ ;+ud pQfnM k'0ofTk'0ot/M :d[tM .. @%..

lxdfn kj{tlg;]+ au]h"u' lgd{n hn+ hfMu' gbLt cy]+ x] kljq vM . plsdWo]

cem eNen] h"u' gbLto\u' ;+udoft nf clws kljqtd dfg]ofO .

d'lUngfVo] k|b]z] tfM ;l/tM ;d'kfutfM .

k|jxlGt tt:tLy+{ b]j3§+ k|lt b|'td\ ..@^..

Rjo\ plNnlvt bSj k'0osf/s pQd gbLt d'lUng w}u' yf;; Yo+sfM k/:k/o\

ldn]h'O . cn] clt tLj| j]uF b]j3f6 w}u' tLy{kfv] ;nn au]h'O .

of dgMsfdgf t:of dlGb/fbltzf]egf .

b[Zot] Xo'Q/fzfof+ lxdkj{tz[Înf ..@&..

jg/flhg{bL z:oZofdnf r j;'Gw/f .

ntf cgf]sxfZr}j b[ZoGt] kmnk'ikbfM ..@*..

dgsfdgf dfO{ofu¦ b]un+ pQ/kfv] clt ;'Gb/ lxdfnL z[ª\vnft vg] b' . cy] t'+

5rfMlvn+ yLyL l;df+ hfu' u'F, gbL, dgdf]xs pj{/ e"ld, cg]s k|sf/ofu'

kmnkm"nF el/k"0f{ nx/f j l;dft g cNofv vg] b' .

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cg cdfl;, ;'Gtnf, s]/f, s6x/, cF cflb yLyL kmnkm"nofu' hfltt dfO{ofu'

s[kfF ;bf+ x] k|fKt h'ofRjlg .

af}4}M l;Sv}Zr lxGb"leM zfSt}M z}j}/xlg{zd\ .

;f dgMsfdgf dftf lgTodf:t] k|k"lhtf ..#)..

j;kf]n dfO{ dgsfdgfoft af}4, l;v, lxGb" zfSt j z}j eQmhglk;+

elQmk"j{s clxlg{z -/ftlbg_ cr{g ofO .

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ceo j g]kfM b]oft cfgGb aLu' nflu kxf8of Rjsfo\ lj/fhdfg h'oflaHofu'

b' .

k|o'tfblws+ eStfM k|ltjif{+ tbx{0ffd\ .

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bFo\b;F lemu' nfvl;g cKjM eQmhglkG;F alnbfg laofM :jfF, :jfFdf, kmnkm"n

5fofM dfO{ofu' k"hf ofO .

5fuf cg]sf x+;fZr s'Ss'6f dlxiff:tyf .

cKo{Gt] aln¿k]0f b]Jof:t[KTo} g[leM ..##..

c;+Vo b'u', x]F vf, d] cflb dfO{oft t[Kt ofo\u' nflu aln¿ko\ ld;f, ldh+

;sl;g+ elQmk"j{s ck{0f ofO .

s]lrt\ ;dk{oGtLx skf]tf} hLljtfjlk .

gfl/s]nkmn+ s]lrt\ tQ[KTo} aln¿ktM ..#$..

u'ln+ eQmhglk;+ Djflk+ av'Fhf] -efn]Ŗkf]yL_ 5hf] rw]ofO . u'lnl;g+ dfO{oft

alnof ¿ko\ g+SofUjM ck{0f ofO .

o:t' k"hot] eSTof b]jL+ lzv/jfl;gLd\ .

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ofgflaHoft .

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JolQm+ k/d ;'v k|fKt ofO .

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tLy{ofqf j]snF ofgflbn .

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pu' 36gf:yno\ u'lnv] tLy{ofqL t kxf8F jMlkF b"u' h'ofRj+u' h'n .

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;dlk{t+ t]g /f1f nf]sk"Ho]g wLdtf .

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5fuf åfbz dlxifZr}sf]ŕe"t \ k|ltxfogd\ .

rt'df{0fldt+ wfGo+ skf]t]EoZr k|Toxd\ .

Piff Joj:yf e"k]g sfl/tfŕŕ;Lb \ dxfTdgf ..!#..

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx h'h' dfgf] k[YjLnf]so\ hGd] h'oflaHofXd gf/fo0f ;dfgXd

h'h' vM . j;kf]n+ dgsfdgf dfO{ofu' k"hfof nflu wfTy]F x] tM w+u' Joj:yf

ofgflaHoft . ljqmd ;+jt\ !*@) ;fno\ h'h'+ @)) d'/L jf dfO{oft rw]

ofgflaHoft . pln x] jf pAhg ofo\t kof{Kt h"u' nM j lgefnF vMu' aqmfª

w}u' ufdo\ Rj+u' z]/f w}u' pj{/f e"ld nf]s+ cfb/ ofXd a'l4dfg\ j;kf]n h'h'+

dfO{oft ck{0f ofgflaHoft . elQm;fy cfv], w'kfFo\, OTffM g}j]B rw] ofo\t b]FbF;F

b'u' Xd !@, d]Xd ! j av'Fto\t lXglXgO gs]t KoDgf jf aLu' Joj:yf g

j;kf]n dxfTdf h'h'+ ofgflaHoft .

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k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxg+ *)) d'/L jf xfsg+ ck{0f ofgflaHoft .

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dfO{ofu' s'kf+ x] Yj /fi6« ;bf ;+/lIft g h'n . ljZjo\ 5u'hs lxGb"/fi6« wsfM

kl/lrt h'n . Yj km'SsF dfO{ofu' s[kf+ x] ;Dej h"u' vM . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx

dfO{ofu' k/d eQm h"u'lnF x] tMwXd h'h' h'n . dfO{ofu' x] s[kf+ j;kf]n+

/fi6«oft PsLs/0fofo\u' sl7g cleofg g ;DkGg ofgflaHoft .

eSTofTo'Ts6of o'Stf g/f cBflk lgZrod\ .

l;l4+ neGt] du/f] nvGyfkf oyf k'/f ..!(..

k/fk"j{ sfno\ nvg yfkf du/+ uy] l;l4 k|fKt ofgfbLu' vM, cy] x] dfO{ofu'

clt k/d elQm ofOlk;+ yf}+sXg] g lgZrog l;l4 k|fKt ofgfRj+u' b' .

Ptr\ 5'«t+ hg}M k"j+{ ob]sf] a|fXd0fM z'lrM .

s[Tjf dft'M :t'lt+ ;Bf] elSto'St]g r]t;f ..@)..

l;l4+ nAWjf nvGyfkfu'xfofdfljj]z x .

ttM kmnflg rfbfo eSt]EoM k|bbf} d'bf ..@!..

5u' vF dg"to\;+ GogftMu' b' ls Ŗ Xgfkf 5Xd z'4 a|fXd0f+ clt elQmo'Qm lrQ+

dfO{ dgsfdgfofu' :t'lt ofgfM tTsfn l;l4 k|flKt oft . cn] nvg yfkfofu'

u'kmfo\;F b'xfF laHoft xF . cgFln j x] u'kmfF kmnkm"nt HjgfM no\oftfM ;sn

eQmhgo\t OgflaHoft xF .

k/+ b'/fzf b'isfdf neGt] b08d]j r .

ctf] j/+ ;d'lrt+ z'ed]j lx sfdo]t\ ..@@..

Ps]g uf]/vfb]z] b'le{If+ k|fly{t+ k'/f .

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k"hf r ljlxtf dft'?krf/}:t' k~rleM ..@$..

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kfbof]/ktGdft'M Ifdfofrgof ttM ..@^..

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. Yj jofu' OR5f vM . y'u'syFu' :jfy{+ k|]l/t tyf nf]e+ lnKt lrQ+ j wgLXd

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dg" vgfM q'm4 h'oflaHoft . pXd wgLofu' 5]F RjFu' wgwfGo bSj t'/Gt

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låtLodlk ;Tk'q+ b]jL tfEof+ bbf} d'bf ..#!..

cy tf} bDktL dft'b{z{gfo ;k'qsf} .

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tfEof+ lgj]lbt+ r}tb\ Ŗ ej2Qf} lx afnsf} .

/If0fLof} ejTo}j, jo+ t' z/0ffutfM ..##..

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dgsfdgf dfO{ofu' lgTo k|fy{gf ofgflaHoft . j;kf]nlklgu' elQm vgfM b]jL

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5Xd laoflaHoft . dfO{ v'zL h'ofM xfsg+ d]Xd ;'zLnXd sfo\drfg

laoflaHoft .

cn] j;kf]nlk;+ lgXd sfo\drf HjgfM dfO{ofu' bz{g:kz{g ofgflaHoft . lgXd

sfo\drfoft dfO{ofu d'no\ tofM elQmkj̈{s lgj]bg ofgflaHoft Ŗ x] dftf Û Yj

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ax'Eof] ax'zf] Xo]iff syf k"j{+ >'tf hg}M .

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ljZjo'4o\ u'lng+ g]kfMb]of ;}lgs of]4f t l;t, j d[To'+ dgsfdgf dfO{ cToGt

b'Mv tfoflaHoft .

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t]iff+ /Iffef/e/fblDasf >flGtdGje"t\ ..#^..

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nf]sf hfglGt tt\ ;j{+ b]JofM kl/;/] l:ytfM ..#&..

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dfO{ofu' d"lt{O rMltg jn xF . pu' avto\ sfkn+ rMlt x] x'Odfn . cn]

l;kfxLto\;+ aln;d]t laofM dfO{ofu' k"hf oft . dgsfdgfdlGb/ofu' ;dLk;

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o+ o+ lrGtot] sfd+ t+ t+ k|fKgf]lt dfgjM .

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sfdgf dfO{ofu' lgufxg k|fKt h'O . cyf{t\ dg+t'gfu' 5' vM, pu' kfj] h'O .

dlGb/+ kl/tM z}n] j[Iffg\ k'ikfl0f rfg3fM .

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dlGb/+ kl/tM slZrt\ kfksd{ s/f]lt r]t\ .

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kfkfTdg] eujtL b08d]j k|oR5lt .

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elQmefjk"j{s z'4 cfTdf b'lk+ JolQm hs eujtL dgsfdgf dfO{of ;kLk;

jg]dfM .

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t]iff+ ;Tsfdgf k"0ff{ eljiolt g ;+zoM ..$%..

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ofgfM ljzfn¿k laoflaHoft . h'h'oft tyf dfO{ofu' cf/fwgfåf/f yMu'

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cy ifi7f]ŕWofoM ..

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sy+ rfw'lgs}e{St}M k"Hot]ŕ:dfle/lDasf .

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dh'O < le+lk+ eQmhg nf nf]so\ x] k"hgLo h'O .

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. phf]lk+ eQmhgto\t dfO{+ s[kfkj̈{s ;'/Iff g k|bfg ofgflaHofO .

cxf]leg{jle:tq dxfeStf:t' s]rg .

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sofM Rjlg .

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lgodk"j{s lgTok"hf ofO .

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k|ftåf{/+ dlGb/:of]b\3f6Øt] ;Ktjfbg] .

s]jn+ k"hsf] d'Vof] b]jL+ k"hot] tbf ..!!..

k'ikfIft}w"{kbLkg}j]Bflble/r{gd\ .

s/f]lt k|Tox+ z'4f] d'VoM k"hs Pj ;M ..!@..

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h'O . lgTo ;'yo\ b]uMof 5rflvnF gLnv+ Rjo\s]u' Hof g+ h'O . ;'yl;of

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hs k"hf ofgflbO . :jfF, hfls, w'kfFo\, OtfM, g}j]B cflb ck{0f ofgfM d"n k'hf/L+

x] k"hf ofgflbO . y'u'syF j]sn+ k"hf ofgflbOjn] d"n'vf ltgfM j]sM ofsMrf+hs

dfO{ofu' k"hf ofgflbO .

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;f k"hf uf]kgLo]lt ærfk"hfÚÚ XolewLot] ..

k'ikfIftf ljsLo{Gt] dlGb/+ kl/t:ttM ..!$..

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uf]Ko h"u'ln+ ærfk"hfÚÚ wsfM wfO . cn] k'hf/L+ b]uMofu' kl/;/; hfls+, :jfFg+

k"hf ofgflbO .

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eujTofM k|;fbfo :ju[x] k"hs]g lx .

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cy rt'yf{{]˜WofoM ..

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ejtf]Stf+ syf+ >¦Tjf k'g/Lx] ttM k/d\ ..%..

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t]g åfbzjiff{l0f tLy{]if' e|d0f+ s[td\ .

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ci6l;l4;';DkGgf] nId0ff] elSt;+o'tM .

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efuL/yL+ gbL+ gfjf t/tLh{g;+xtLM .

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ctf/ot\ ; :ju[xfb\ uËfof+ klttf~hgfg\ .

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syd]tlblt k[i6M ;ef;b\leM ; ljl:dt}M .

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hgfM sltko] t]g :jo+ gBfM ;d'4[tfM .

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df;fGt/] >'tf jftf{ t/Lb'3{6gflTdsf .

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jif{}åf{bzlebL{3{} e|{dGgf;Lt\ ;elStsM .

;snfGolk tLyf{lg nvGyfkf dxfd'lgM ..!$..

j[4f] åfbzjif{]˜lk gfoft Olt lrGtof .

t:o ;GtltleM ;j{}af{Gwj}Zr ;dfs'n}M ..!%..

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k/Gt' ; ;dfuR5b]sbf nId0ff] d'lgM .

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ls~r t]g >'tf rrf{ u|fddfu{] hg}M s[tf .

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cx+ u[x+ uldiofld g]lt tq}j lglZrtd\ ..!(..

ty}j lgZro+ s[Tjf ; u'xfEoGt/+ utM .

cGtwf{g+ ttM l;4M :jl;l4an;+o'tM ..@)..

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nvGyfkf u'xf oq ttM ;f}Gbo{zflngL .

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tq}j /fhk|f;fbf] b[Zot] ;'dgf]x/M ..##..

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k[YjLkltd{xLkfnM ;fxj+z;d'b\ejM .

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k[YjLgf/fo0ff] e"kM k[YJof+ gf/fo0ff]kdM .

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b]Jo} ;dlk{tf t]g a|Llxd"/LztåoL ..!)..

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l;l4+ neGt] du/f] nvGyfkf oyf k'/f ..!(..

Ptr\ 5'«t+ hg}M k"j{+ ob]sf] a|fXd0fM z'lrM .

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l;l4+ nAWjf nvGyfkfu'xfofdfljj]z x .

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nf]sf hfglGt tt\ ;j{+ b]JofM kl/;/] l:ytfM ..#&..

o+ o+ lrGtot] sfd+ t+ t+ k|fKgf]lt dfgjM .

k/df+ elStdfkGgf] b]VofM k|Lltk|;fbtM ..#*..

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l5Gg:tbf l;Wd/f]uL ;f]˜ejt \ ;B Pj lx ..$!..

s]jn+ dfgjf g}j kz'klIfd[ufBlk .

>LdgMsfdgf;Gg] j;lGt elStefjtM ..$@..

lj+zltjif{ko{Gt+ k|Tox+ sfsbDktL .

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kfkfTdg] eujtL b08d]j k|oR5lt .

t:dfb\ eSTof ljz'4fTdf hgf] uR5]QblGtsd\ ..$$..

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df/fWo b]jL+ hutf] ljwfqLd\ .

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dgMsfdgfelStkmnj0f{g+ gfd k~rdf]˜WofoM ..%..

>LdgMsfdgfo} gdM ..

cy ifi7f]˜WofoM ..

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cxf]leg{jle:tq dxfeStf:t' s]rg .

k"hfdv08f+ s'j{lGt b]JofZr/0fof]M l>tfM ..&..

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k|IffNot] r z'4]g hn]g ;j{tM ;bf ..!)..

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k'ikfIft}w"{kbLkg}j]Bflble/r{gd\ .

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dlGb/fEoGt/] k"hf obf t]g ljwLot] .

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k'ikfIftf ljsLo{Gt] dlGb/+ kl/t:ttM ..!$..

ttf] dxfk|;fbf] lx k"hs]g ;dKo{t] .

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k"hs:o u[xft\ :yfn] /fht] ljlgwfo lx .

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z'4fR5'4tdf] b]Jo} k|;fbf] lx ;dKo{t] ..!(..

otf] b]JofM :yfksZr k|ydM k"hsf] g/M .

cf;LR5«LnId0f:yfkf nvGyfk]lt lj>'tM ..@)..

t]g b]JofM k"hs:t' tå+Zof] du/f] ej]b\ .

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lgaf{w¿k]0f r ;f Joj:yf Xog'kfNot] ..@$..

d'Vok"hsk"hfofM kZrfb]j lx k|Toxd\ .

k"holGt dxfb]jL+ eStf cGofM ;elStsfM ..@%..

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k|lt1ftf] alnM ls+ jf eSt+ k[R5lt k"hsM .

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kzf]lx{ aln¿k:o lz/f] u[X0fflt k"hsM .

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k/+ tby{+ t}M lsl~rb\ wg+ b]o+ eljiolt ..#@..

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tyf s[Tjf hgM slZrb\ d[t Pj]lt >"ot] ..##..

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