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![Page 1: Journal: Define totalitarianism and describe how WWI lead to such radical changes in Russia. Today’s question: What were the characteristics of a.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022110402/56649e3a5503460f94b2c695/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Journal: Define totalitarianism and describe
how WWI lead to such radical changes in Russia.
Today’s question: What were the characteristics of a Fascist state? How and why did Italy become the first Fascist state?
April 9, 2012
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Unit 7: The Rise of Radical
Governments after WWI
Big Idea: Radical change often occurs during times of economic, social and political turmoil.
Essential Question: Why did radical new governments come to power in Europe after WWI, and what were
the effects on the citizens of these countries?
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What countries would you consider to be
“losers” of WWI? Would any country on the Allied side fit this description?
Quick question….
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Countries with new, radical governments (1917-1939)
Russia (Communism)
Germany (Fascism)
Italy (Fascism)
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Russia moves towards Communism…..
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Socialism
• Economic theory that begins to gain acceptance during Industrial Revolution
• Focus on the good of society as a whole. Believed capitalism only served few & created gap between rich and poor
• Means of production shared by all people• $, factories, resources, land
• Equal distribution of wealth, profit was not primary objective
• Set the stage for Communism of the 20th Century.
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Karl Marx
• 1818: Born in Trier, Prussia (Now Germany)• Attended Berlin University, introduced to writings of
G.W.F. Hegel and group of his followers• Theory of evolving process of history
• 1842-45: Bounces around Europe• Becomes editor of Liberal Newspapers & Journals- Get him
in trouble with authorities• Introduced to socialists, begins attending meetings• Sees working-class struggles and poverty• Meets Friedrich Engels, son of a wealthy factory owner
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The Communist Manifesto
• 1848: Marx & Engels publish The Communist Manifesto• Communism: A form of socialism that sees class struggle
between employers and employees as unavoidable • Goal: Take away the power to buy the labor of others by
having collective ownership over means of production
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Marx’s Theory on Human History
• All history is the history of class struggles• Economic conditions are what drives change & moves
history forward (Materialist)• Each period of history is divided by constantly clashing
economic/social classes• Ruling class (Haves) vs. Ruled class (Have-nots)• Ruling: Own means of production & make $ from labor of
others• Ruled: Exploited by ruling class for economic gain
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Marx’s 5 Periods of Human History
• Communism would end of the cycle of human history.
• 1.Pre-history; People shared things• 2.Ancient society; distinct class appear, Slave vs. Owner• 3.Feudal Society; Lords vs. Serfs• 4.Bourgeois (Capitalist) Society; • Bourgeoisie (capitalists) vs. Proletariat (workers)
• 5. Communist Society (Marx’s final stage);• No social/economic classes• End of history, full development of human existence
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How does Marx see Communism taking over ?
• Violent revolution inevitable -- Workers have nothing to lose
• Must occur first in fully-industrialized country• “Dictatorship of Proletariat” = Period where people are
educated to work cooperatively• Eventually government disappears.
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So, why did it happen in Russia?
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Lenin & New Russian Flag
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Russian Civil War
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Lenin’s Russia
• 1922: Communist’s produce Constitution• Mix democracy with socialism• Means of production go to workers & peasants
• United most of old Russian Empire• U.S.S.R aka Soviet Union• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics• Used army & secret police as enforcement
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Map of U.S.S.R
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Lenin’s Death: 1924 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEASIT9oOWM
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Trotsky vs. Stalin
• 1924: Lenin dies of stroke*• Trotsky vs. Stalin• Joseph Stalin “Man of Steel”: Ex-Convict & Bolshevik
Secretary• Leon Trotsky: Leader of Bolshevik Army (Red) in Civil
War• Supported worldwide revolution• 1929: Fled Russia 1940: Murdered in Mexico
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Totalitarian Governments; 1. Single-party dictatorship 2. State control of economy 3.Use of constant fear/terror (Police spies, concentration
camps….) 4. Strict censorship and government control of media 5. Use of schools & media to indoctrinate citizens 6. Unquestioning obedience to a single leader
Nationalism: A strong sense of pride in one’s country/nation*. People who share a common history, culture
Totalitarianism
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Governments in WWII
Allies United States
(Democracy)
France (Democracy)
Great Britain (Democracy)
Soviet Union (Communist-Totalitarian)
Axis Powers Germany (Fascist-
Totalitarian)
Italy (Fascist-Totalitarian)
Japan (Ultra-nationalist Democracy)
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In order to get a better idea of what Fascism
actually was, we will start by looking at Italy, where the term originated.
Take about 15 minutes to read section 30-3 and complete the handout.
Work by yourself or with a partner
Today’s activity
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Go back to your journal and answer
yesterday’s questions: What were the characteristics of a Fascist state? How and why did Italy become the first Fascist state?
Or, if you prefer: Knock Knock Who’s there? Mussolini How and why did he get there? Hahahaha
April 10, 2012
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Today’s question: How did Hitler rise to power
in Germany? Why were people originally willing to support him?
Today we will: Analyze the problems faced by the Weimar
Republic (Germany) Explain the conditions in Germany that allowed
for the rise of Hitler.
Today’s lesson
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1919: Joined small extremist Nazi party&
quickly becomes leader Organized fighting squads: “Storm Troopers” Attempted “Beer Hall Putsch” – sent to jail &
wrote Mein Kampf Extreme nationalism, anti-Semitism & anti-
Communist Germany must expand under a great leader
(Fuhrer)
Adolf Hitler
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War guilt clause hurt nationalism
$$$Heavy reparations economic disaster Couldn’t pay France occupy coal-rich Ruhr
Valley Workers strike Government prints $$ INFLATION!!!
Treaty of Versailles
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Weimar Republic- Parliament lead by
Chancellor- Many small parties in Parliament
including Communist and Nazi Blamed for signing Versailles Treaty German Jews as scapegoats for hard times Political leaders feared Communism- Hitler
was alternative
Weak Government
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1929: Global Economic Collapse
Revived memories
Unemployment Nazi membership growth
Remembered Hitler’s promise: end reparations, create jobs, re-arm Germany
People willing to give up personal freedoms for stability
1924: 3% 1932: 33%- controlled parliament
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQwH2tpuCxc
Great Depression
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A: Megan, Peter, Jin, Lauren, Sara B: Nicole C, Kyon, Grace, Amanda, Chris C: Tyler, Sarah K, Mike, Nicole S, Sean D: Kurt, Patrycja, Heather, Noah, Neha E: Josh, Evan, Nicole L, Ashley, Dmitriy
Use what you learned yesterday to answer the essential question; How did Hitler rise to power in Germany? Why were people originally willing to support him?
Groups & Journal
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Today’s essential question; How did Hitler
maintain power & support in Germany while leading the country into WWII?
April 11, 2012
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Today, you will be working together to analyze the
policies of the German government (Third Reich) that helped Hitler to maintain power after 1933.
First, work in your reading groups to determine the key ideas from your text & how this policy helped Hitler maintain his power.
Next, we will mix members from each group. Each of you will be responsible for teaching the members of your new group about your information.
In the end, everyone should have a similar-looking organizer to help them answer today’s essential question.
Today’s Activity
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-cSheuzEij8
Triumph of the Will
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Use what you’ve learned over the last two
lessons to answer the essential question.
How did Hitler maintain power & support in Germany while leading the country into WWII?
List the Nazi policies we’ve discussed and provide an explanation for how each contributed to Hitler’s power in Germany.
April 13, 2012
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Once you’ve finished your quiz, take one of
the two assignments.
1. Read primary source quotes and answer questions.
2. Read the article and create a timeline detailing the actions taken by Italy and Germany in the 1930’s and the international reactions to what they were doing.
Activity
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April 23, 2012: Use your homework to explain the meaning of this political
cartoon drawn by Dr. Seuss (Yes, I am aware that this is not a question).
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Giving in to the demands of an
aggressor in order to keep the peace.
Pacifism: Opposition to all war.
Appeasement
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Japanese ultra-nationalists seek empire 1931: Invade Manchuria (China), withdraw from
League of Nations 1937: Japanese conquer areas of Eastern China
1935: Italy invades Ethiopia- Addis Ababa King Haile Selassie appeals to L.O.N, ineffective
1935-1939: Germany violates Treaty of Versailles Re-arm, Conquest Rhineland, Sudetenland (area
of Czechoslovakia), Czechoslovakia Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
Axis Powers Look to Expand
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German Expansion
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Read your article, and note the main points on
your graphic organizer
Once everyone in your group has finished, teach one another about your topic and complete the rest of the organizer.
Group Activity
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Yesterday’s essential question: How did
Hitler implement his radical ideas of race/anti-Semitism into German society leading into WW2?
Today’s essential question: Summarize the international scene leading into Hitler’s invasion of Poland
April 24, 2012
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Anschluss: Union of Germany and Austria in 1938
Czechoslovakia 1 of 2 Democracies in Eastern Europe France & GB unwilling to risk war
Sept. 1938; Munich Conference- “Peace for our time” declared by British Prime Minister Chamberlain
August 1939; Nazi-Soviet Pact Stalin promised parts of Poland
Important Events Leading to WW2
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Important although Spanish did not fight in WW2
Popular Front vs. National Front Popular- Communists, socialists, republicans National- Nationalists etc.
Popular: Protected by Socialist/Communist countries USSR/Stalin
National: Lead by general Francisco Franco Helped by Germany & Italy
Spanish Civil War
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Today’s essential question: Summarize WWII
before U.S. entry. (Once again, not a question)
April 26, 2012
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Sept. 1, 1939
Germany from West, Soviet Union from East
Blitzkrieg: “Lightning War” Nazi bombing plan
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIsQBgvcaeA
Hitler Invades Poland
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Air Power More effective bombs, submarines etc. Radar- Detect airplanes Sonar- Detect Subs Medical advances to treat wounds
New Technology
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April, 1940: Hitler launches Blitzkrieg, takesNorway & Denmark
June 22, 1940: France surrenders (EARLY) Germany & Italy surround Paris Force French to sign surrender in same railroad
car as Germany signed WWI Armistice (Revenge, anyone?)
France split; Germany occupies North, puppet govt. in South (Vichy-capital)
1941: Greece & Yugoslavia taken Bulgaria & Hungary join Axis Alliance.
Early Axis Victories (1940-41)
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Operation Barbarossa- Hitler’s plan to conquer
Soviet Union Stalin unprepared- Great Purge wiped out
officers Russian soldiers destroyed own factories &
burned crops while retreating “General Winter”- German forces unprepared
for Russian winter, many freeze to death British Prime Minister Winston Churchill agrees
to help defend Russia
Hitler slips up…
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Do now: Yesterday’s essential statement:
Summarize WWII before U.S. entry in 25 words or less.
Today’s essential question: What were U.S.-Japan relations like before Pearl Harbor? What were the goals of the two countries?
April 27, 2012
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President Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) Originally declared neutrality- Public Support Early 1941: Congress passes Lend-Lease Act
Lend materials to Allies August 1941: Atlantic Charter
FDR & Churchill (British Prime Minister) Set final goals for Post-War World “Permanent system of general security”
The U.S. 1939-41
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Four Policemen Idea
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Overall goal: To create Asian Empire
1930’s: Begins campaign to conquer China
Emperor Hirohito
Economically dependent- Few natural resources Wanted European areas of Asia China & French Indochina (Now Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)
1940: U.S. stops supplying materials Negotiations fail http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=it3nIEcpClw
Japan 1931-41
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December 7, 1941 Japanese destroy U.S. ships, grounded planes
& kill 2,400 President FDR-“A date which will live in
infamy” U.S. declares war on Japan, Germany & Italy
declare war on U.S. Early months: Japanese gain Euro/American
possessions in Asia “Co-Prosperity Sphere”
Pearl Harbor
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Allied economies directed toward war effort Factories ordered to make war materials Goods rationed Ended depression era Women played big role
Took men’s jobs in factories & offices Served in armed forces: Driving
ambulances/trucks, decoding messages, fighting in resistance efforts
Total War
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Stalin, FDR, Winston Churchill Strategy: Finish war in Europe before paying
attention to Asia
The Big Three
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Nov.1942: El Alamein, Egypt North AfricaItaly
1943: Mussolini overthrown New government signs armistice, loyalists still fight
Aug.1942 - Jan. 1943: Stalingrad, Soviet Union Germans lose 300,000 Soviets go on offensive
June 6, 1944: D-Day Allied forces invade Normandy, France France freed from German occupation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPU4p7UQOtU
1942-44: Major turning points toward Allied Victory
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Major Allied Victories 1942-1944
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Jan. 1945: Battle of the Bulge
Last Axis “Victory”
Mussolini executed
Hitler commits suicide
May 8, 1945: V-E Day
The End in Europe
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Lead by U.S. General Douglas MacArthur Island Hopping: Allied strategy of capturing
Japanese islands on route to Japan Midway, Iwo Jima
Kamikaze: Japanese pilots who undertook suicide missions
War in the Pacific
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In U.S. & Canada, citizens of Japanese descent
seen as security risks Similar situation with Germans in England lost civil rights, jobs, and property Many forced into internment camps
Reparations paid in 1980’s http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BJjo0BCbGo
Japanese Internment