It is the body of knowledge and the way of knowing things

What is the difference between English as a body of language and Science?

How do we “know” things?

Aka Biology

The study of living things in the environment What kind of “things”?

When heating a material in a test tube: Always wear goggles when using chemicals.

never put a stopper in the tube point tube away from you

glassware:

The Laboratory

beaker test tube

flasks

Graduated cylinder-

always read volume at meniscus

Lab Safety RapCurrent EVENTS- Lab Safety

1. What is the difference between a flask and a beaker?

2. What is a meniscus?3. Why is lab safety so important?

Laboratory equipment:Centrifuge/ultracentrifuge-

machine that spins specimens at high speeds which separates the materials w/in the specimen according to density heaviest materials settle to the bottom

Micro-dissection Instruments-surgical instruments that cut apart microscopic things (ex. removing a nucleus from a cell)

Incubator-

keeps specimens warm (premature babies, cell samples)

can be used to separate out cell parts (nucleus from ribosomes…)

Chromatography- “chrom” = color process in which a substance (ink,

chlorophyll) is separated into its component parts/colors The rate at which the components move/separate are unique to the substance being tested By comparing the separation of the unknown substances to that of a known substance, an identification may be made.

Triple Beam Balance

• Measures in grams• Mass is different than

weight!

Ruler

• Remember to use the metric (cm) side of the ruler, not the inches side! 1 cm = 10 mm

Gel Electrophoresis• Used in crime investigation,

paternity testing and genetic research

Define the problem/ question

Hypothesis to explainTest with a controlled experiment

Generate data to form inferences and conclusions

A question you are trying to answer or problem you want to investigate

• A control : the setup that remains the same through the experiment; provides a comparison

A variable-the element/factor that changes in the experiment (amount of sun, water)

-a valid experiment tests only ONE variable at a time

variable that does not depend on a factor in the experiment (ex. time, days)

relies on the independent variableex) plant growth depends on time, time does not depend on plant growth

independent-

dependent-

A hypothesis-possible answer to the question you are asking often posed as an “if…then…” statement

An observation-what you see happening; provides data for analysis

A conclusion-Sums up the findings. Scientists use the data to determine whether the hypothesis was supported or refuted Sample size-Refers to the # of organisms

being tested. The larger the sample size, the more valid the results are.

VariablesControlLarge sample sizeRepeating the experiment with

the same results as were previous found- what does this do?

• Length

• Mass

• Volume

• Temperature

• km, cm, mm

• Grams

• Liters, milliliters

• Celsius, Kelvin• Have the same scale• Celsius is based on where

water freezes (0° C) and boils (100° C)

• Kelvin is based on absolute zero

Scientists record lab observations and measurements in an orderly manner

Using data tables and line graphs (sometimes bar graphs too!)

Line graphs are used to show relationships between two variables. independent variable- horizontal, or x-axis Dependent variable- vertical, or y-axis