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sLr arrnlror rlrrrla ,ilqrln go soperi .ra,no1 ,r1a.rr1c1ar osor11 .roJ l)osll aq u+ druuJ ,Lorlurr:] aril jBrll llttsn,r dql ll1t.\\ ,lanlrrrruord oll[ qr.r,rpl lrl.,jno,r(L Js,rq rjJrltcllr,rutI

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| leulr: al l ol t |e Jrrr lrr I Lolr: i . hcrl tnoorl, 1ut, nlt l i t rrrqh thc lr loserrcr: r f

l i r r ' t i i i r , \ ce l ) t i ( n rN l , i Le r | | r c 01 l r f l lN t r l t s r r l r i I h r l d t o t h t t l i l i r : u l t i c : o f u r i l l i r | i

( i rrrrr reins,.orrret i tr t |s crr l l r |gcd to Snrn l io( l ict. . f t l l l ing r l l l ( l strt shrl ics, rn(l h{rr1t

I o i . l v r ' : r l l t o l r c r r r r r i , l c r l i r r o l r i a i l l i r r s r r n I l L ' r r r i s l r e rL l I l 1c l i r l . ( i L lm ve i r r s , * ' h i c i

: r r r ' r . u r r sc , r l l ^ so r r r r ' i r r t c r r r r l r t i o r r i r r t h r ' r o r l l t r l ] t he c l r r l r l r i L r r r r , r ' es r r l t i ng i n t he

f cn r I l i o r r o l r ' o r r r ; r r r ' l 1 i r I l r - l l l l g r ' . I uo rc o r l f s ' r o l u l ) l t ' l c l c s t r r o i r r f i l l c r l \ \ i t l t

l i i r r o , r I r r r o t n1 { t ' r ' t t l r t ' ph l s i ce l r , r r r l r r r r t ' h r r r r i c l l l r l o l r c t l i c s t o N r r ) ' s€ r i ous e \ t c l t '

e r r : L . l r l r v l r c r r t h c r a l o c r l l l r o r r l i r l l r l ' i ] r ' l a r s e . O r l ' i r r g t r l t l r c l , a c t t l r a t t l r c l . l i e a l o t t St h e i l l ] n n N l l ' i r l g s , j r l t h i . i i n . t l r r r r l l ' i h c l l t ' 1 1 L r r , c l h r ' s l r e a t ' s l l ' r : n s t h l L r r t L i l r c r e a s e t i r , lt cn . ; r r cJ - t o t La l r r : r ' i r r t I r r e f r r l i r r l d i l r : r ' l i on Sh r r l i l s l r avc t o bc r r vo i rL r l i n co l '

r r ' r ' t i I rg t lc loqs, rrrrr l thi . r let 'r ' t ' r l . r 's 1lr" r1' lrrrn ol sa\n runlclr i l l '

' l hc 1 , r r : . e rL r ' t ' oL ( l f ( i l J ' o r r r r r r l r i c r r t ( L t ' ( l t \ _ i r r l l l r ce r i t l o o f l r l I ge s i z r 1 ' I r r u i r

l ogs i s r : o r ru r ro r r . a r r r l i s r l l cn l r l t o l ) \ ' 1 l r e l lN ( l ( i r s hea r t r o t : \ l t bouqh l - t e - s t r t h

.oLrnrl hca'-t 1l l l0lr l . fhonl l l lei I l r ' rrgt lr rrr ' r qrr i t I usnal ' lot i11 -olrrc t lr ' rs c\ten(ls

i r l o l l r r l l u t t l o l r s . \ ' h i l t ' . i r r o t l r t l s , i l n rN \ ' f \ c r r r r ) \ e r t he l L l l L l c l s t h o f l hc l r o t c '

l n r r i J l i ng . i he . on r r r l t i r r r b l r ' i s cuL l t l r r r r t be l l g l r r l r ' ( eDh l r l l ) o r t i o r r ̂ l f l c l c ( l l ) " \

,1e,,,rv l ,ci , ,g r l i . r 'arr ler l . ' lhi :1roIt iorr is rrIrer r ;r I l i r : te11 (t:rr:r : I t for f i lervoorL)' anrl

i . " , , ,op", ' , , t i t" l t lorv i tr sl lclgth Cutl ings l ' r 'orrr t l rc ccntre ol thLr logt ol l terL colr

i^ ' , ,rr ,r i , , t ,-*" lrcr lerr i :agt oL' 1| is inlel iol r tatcrir l ' uc nserl ertensir-clv otr r l i l l

ni l rv,r.s 1o. sl f t ' l ) fr i . clc ' , alr l I i l ' t" a l i l ' t o1i 1{) to 1i 1-t ' l rs '

Lr l Ir t l l ( ,s.. trrrr! .r ' rr t ixlh rut l i [ r ]) t l is ol lcrr f let l i r :cl $ith l t lacl i spols' l i l ie

D!rrd\r el() lrgi l lc( l fYei rrr slr?rI){r i rrrrr l Lrp to lrrr l l i rrn irr: l r ol [rolc i l 1e11gtlr ' i ] rr

the ir l lnireric i ' rrrc l l lc:e rrf l ) f t l l l " l r ladt tr lr l i ' r l rnarki lg_t Lrsurl l l r ' l l inr 'h or ' l r t-rLe

louq. l l rrd:Lt l i fsl ' ight t l r f) r lr i3]rt alnrrrst l-re tr l l len f lrr : l ethl l Ir ' r ' r l r ls The lat ler

;; i ; ; ; " ; , ' l ,uu,i , , ' , t . , , . sr i lLl l 'urt l ' crcept ot cio:e inslrect iorr ' alc irrr- i 'qible trr

Lhe rui l icd f. \r . l l l f nrar ' l i rrrs! ' \ \niclr Slctt t l ) : {rrr l l inte thc l)cNut} ' ol t l rc t i l l Icr '

"r i" ."""1a"'", , L\ sorrc fo lrc irrr l i rrr l iorrr oI tr l r latLrrrt l in t |r \ \ '1rod- I-L duc lo

i l" ioi* t"t ,r"t ,nt, i( 'L, IrrrJ 1 t l ' ' lher ' ( ' le\ cloplrrcrtt 'secrns Lo l)c rrr:r :sterl l ;v the t leal l t

, , i i i . , ." ; , lJ, there js rro l fcord lhul l i t r l ) tr thns r lar ' l<erl is lc '-* t l rrr ' rLle thlr ' rh:

; ; ; : ; ; ; . . of JarralL t irrLt l l f i l r l r t ' r . t this lvptr is ottcrr trolc ctrsi l i x orl ie( l)

le"s l iLcl. t : to tr-ar1r irL scl lsonir lg. or to \ i l r ] i rr slrnpe arrr l size l i th Lr 'rd 1r 'eattrer 'r

, t*" A.i ing, lhcse ari l 'aut 'r : ies, togctln'r ' rr ' i th lhc grerLter bcauti ' ol i thc trrrrbelJ

rrrrr l i t i t of l rrr l t icnl l l ralnr ' fol rrol l i in lhir:h l i rr i ;h nrrd :tP l)ci ! l 2rrr{x) l t l t r r1 fr) i l -

sideration.

' f l rc uuorl ol tLe Jr:rr.rLt tr_"c is sirniLl ' ' . to ot l lu ( iolur!frcixl t i r lbtr 's r lr i l lccl ot l

l l r u ' { r s r : l l , ' i r r t hN t i i s | ' r n ' - { a l l ' r ' i r l r r r i ' l ' r r r r ; r i n r r l n l r r r l ' ' i 1 r ' \ l r . r r 1 r c ( ' t o t l ce '

i r t . " r , i t , , , t , t t l , ' u ' i f . ' " ' t h t ' t l ' t ' c rL t l r r l l r r i L l i r ' r r 1s ' i r l L l l r ' l i up r r r l t i l eg recs o f

i", l , i iL, i . , , , '4,, :r :rr lrr i t l oI g5l in arc a]so fountl hve;t igutiols rnuifr l oul terd

lo sloN that t fecs trolr 1)1, lrorrsrone r ir lgr:s harc den.cr al i l - ' t ronger' i i r l lbef than

ifr""" f t . t" the lal lcv, arrd thrt l t l is ir clue to the le' ' t thr l the lorrtcl rrc slouer

ulor,; i rrg. On ihe r lnl ' ! i i r ls of t l le Prirr le lorest also, trees gener'al}v of inl l l rrr 'slr tur 'e

ir" i- . i i t" . , , ' . i t t "*t l-ari l l o1i gr, in prot luce this densel antl uore dulaLle matcri l l

l ' ro\ i . l i rs t l rnt the t ir l ] l )( ' r js straieht glaired, lhc sitc of gro\th docs not ap-

pear' to ha\r: rr Sredi:. f fect rL|oI thc seasoning ol the t j luher' \ \-hele the glair l is

i . , "gl1r", ln,t tn,: ,", the Pre\crl t ion ol delor 'maljon in seasomng ls sornetlnlcs lr l l -

po.ii,f",'^,ta jt i-'. ihclclorc, a pro{itaLrlc l)roceilul'e to selecL lor sersoning rrole }lri

straiglrt graiued rncterial.

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t s. ihis is in Nllthc t ir lhe'r 's .rbovc 60 per c:errt . rr 'hi le ;r ihc clse of Jalr,rrh rrrcl l i l rr-r i , i t sorlot irmrsleacl lcr 1)0 per ccnl. ol gi pcr.eelt . of the dn l-eielLt.

. , l 'he.rrrore

_itrportrrrt I lLrr. l l r l r ls of tho salrnnal i .orest, l \ ,arrr loo, I Ior.r,el l ,Snlnron ( ir tm, \ 'or ' l i GItrr, 1-rtc, l l l prorlucc t lense jnterlocl icd 1jrrrbers 0f gleaistrrngth, Tlte r loistLrr 'e tronteltc ol thr gr.fcrr lrxrr l l lc al l lol-. l reinq bei l .cc,rjJl) nnrl 4l l ) f I c(,rt . of lhI drr \-cisl t t . l \ .arrr loo. rr.hicl t st lorrglv rcst:nrl lcs , fn:L, lr'n_ ph,vsir:al nurl rnccharrjcrl |r'operlies. is user] for rrtilrily rrftqor srbsl.r.rlctltesrvhi lr , orr acu.nrr l oi : i ts g'c:rt clr*rLi l i t r- . i l , also r ir( ls r r .r , trclr ' nrrrrr ir : t fo' ' r i l* , '^yslccpers. The otlcr l inrbos are r:cr l i l coach arr i l r ,hlelwr. ielrt l .or. l . , l r , , l , t :ert.r i of ut i l is.t io. is l i . r i tc( i not l^ t l re lrLck' l alrpr 'r . i r t iorr ,r l i ihc i i i rrber, butb l , t he r i j l l l cn l t i e r o f r r r i l l i r r g o l . i l g 1o t l r l s c l i t c red n rh r r ( , o l t hc l o l cs r .

l ' 0N E I ( , | L ) ' / ) ' . ] ' , \ .

i lnrorrgsl th{ ' noIl cncal\ ' !)1s. 1l ir . , :r . I j rr Iksir l l : ;o11,s;( 1:erLit . i l !uta), Sheorkl( la,stturi trr l rrrr:cr iLrni), anrl NlLirc 1:, i ' l r ' ({ t l .rrr l l , rr oki lettut le) r le ui l lecl to

thc ertcl t the rcstr ictcr l supplics rr l lol-. Ri ler I i l l l is in, l .hjrh i* to bc fuun,l i l l rr l r ,; i IeIs anrl strr:rrt Is i I l t ]r 'Jarrah enrl l iat?i 1,ore. i is, r ' ielr ls a l) fott i l \ ' l ig.nrcl l 1voo.l*rth Ir 'onoun<ru11 rt*:r ' lul l r . r ' rrs. l t is.setl lor frrrrr i tr 'e, l rrL.el l ing., ancl sir ' i la.l)urlroses. The LirrrLcr ir sof i N . l c s). to Norl i . I l l r t , r lLoistr le (.ol l lcnt of rcglet 'rr lorxl i . i sorrrc' l i rrr ts ler '1 l i rh, t i !-rr lcs ol '100 per. r:ent. 1rrr. i1g Ieerr r-er.orr leri .Shcorlt is,r l r trr lcr ' t imher' , sorrrct irrrr. , .r Iossessirg a velr ' lxr lr l . oal i gr.nin. I l istsr:r l fo,- frrr ' rr i lurc lr l l r l ul !o i lol . ' j r i I |qhs ul. l foolreri lqe stoeh. Nrt ivc Ircar, i rl sol l i 11'ood l ' i th prolourrtecl rncrirr l lat r . nrs i t td i ler:p, rcd r:oLrnr' . Snrrl l , scit-le1cd. i l rcgnl l l arrr l ol ten f ire,clarrragccl trc(,s l tslr ' ict t l tc stplr l ies ol \Jrel w)l i ldol lrcl l ise lrr. rr yo'r_ po|l l rr 1umilnlr. t imLer' .

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ll.iilli! til: ;*"iil ;ll."i i ;l j" i l ; :l I ;rii ., rl,r;l*\tlj;ij;i:]l::.:1.,1,i,'' ,ii:i'"i,,j;'ll:li;,".,;,.'1 ,,1;ri; ; ,l j:;;jlljl;" 's,1u,,r o{}r,J1ii' :t j':1, lt,;'i:i,l'l,,li:j'*:.ll ,y ': :;i;rij;,, t;il lltllr ;ifir lli:ii::i.; ill,'i, ,, ;l';; ,.'"'.;,, 'l ll. :l:li,' , i:.; : i'i :;r :;i,' ,,,;::,1:',,t,1;,.' :;, I;. ;:1,', :::,i,;,;:l:,,:1,',,,:: ,l;',. , ;ll' ,;i;'

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l;,' ,:,i;.tl:;::';':; ' ;, 'll 'ljl' ;"1 '::,",: ':'i,,it;;,'i;,,;;iit,:li j)r{lr .L;rlt.rnl s;.r())d(L lIi.r u ,y,,n.r1 ,,q1 Jt, r,,t,,rtur?,lr ,,, ,,r,,".,r,,, , r,,, ln.lirl rjli

lr,i ,J

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, "1; , ; i,,,,;;,,,1, :,1 :;llt.tt- ,;,1.1; ;:,,;::,,,,u,1 ,,\J,

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ol r.rrli i,,,,1..r,, ,,,11 :t lJrrri.\\ i),r.rl tr.lo Inn.,t \)rJJ

'SIdATV)Nq NVITV}TJ.SNY NUSISEIA, !IHJ. ,{O SIMJ.SNUJ.S

'u uf,JdvIIC

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s! lI'Dnl)ro

orJl loJlairtrlri

l)oo-!! lnllolu I(,1 poil

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I72

lhe Itrucalvpts rte corrccmed, consisls of xn iltlicate stluctur.,: o[ r,leatl cells. Itprovides to a large cri lerLt. the nrechanical suppoli of the tree, nn(l is a cleposito}yfor somc of i :he lasir, rrralcr ials ol lhc l i t i lg pror,csscs.

{ piece of \ood consists of a lerr lalge rrum}rel ol telk of dif ferelt t} ,pcsalranged in rror 'e or ' les: del inite ot 'dor. i l .hr: mif i .oscolr ic stncture of the rvooi lnray be l i l ietrcd to rr Lruldlc of t l r inl i i rg stral.s pr.r:s:eJ so thrl i l rure are no intetstiec's betwee. the i'tlivitluar stralr's, blrt *'rricrr retai' n) sorne exlent thcir rounclshepo.

_Thc col ls ir t lood lrc, hol.eler, very rnrrr:h rrrore i l .reEullr rr i th lespcct

1o lcngthr di lr l rctel and shalrr, anrl to thidmess ol the cel l rral l , rvhi1r,, i rr arl , l i t ion,the.rc is:r iso ir lcr-(persc(1 a sccold sel of rcj ls l i t | thcir lolg lxes at r ight angles1o those of thr: cel ls ol 1.Lc rrrai l ser.

i fhc cel j ' i rr uoocl r:al l rc r i i r iderl i rr t ,o l trurl l rr :r of tvpes acr:orcl i lg to thei lgcrreral forru, r l is lrosi i iorr 1\ i lh r,elat i l )n to ole Nnolher, NuLl lLlnct ion.

' l lhe t l ,pc' ol r :el ls to Le lourrd in Euralr l ts tr lc as tol lorr. : .-' f ,

r r l r , . . r , . \ o - . c t . , . , " p o , r .\\'oor'l lr'ible-s anrl Iiblc ll\'lcheids.\Voori rtar|llchl'rna.l lcdt l l l rr- l lars, l : ,1th I i l1.s or Rays.

' l ' l rr : r ' r 'sse)s

_or'- l rorts rrt usrrr lh' \ 'c l l nun]ctors irr t l te I ,Jutr1r.pLs, an(l eair lcadi lvbe sccn as l i t t le holes i t rn cnd scr:t ion. Thcr r"" "J.n nppn""ni rnacr,oscopic:r, l lyon Jougitnr ' l inal lacc'. of these t irrr l tcr.s an.l lescrtrblc a r lass oI irrcgrlar hnescraiches irr t l r t ' dir ' r ' r . l i rn ol ' re l l t in olcr, rc rrhole qrr , face of thc 1, imbcr. . i .hesecr' l ls rrrrr r :o'rpa'nt irelr. ihirr *arlerl arrd f,r ' rn t lur nr. i ' corrd. i tr for th(i t f ius-rr issio ir f l roir l l1re i ' r 'ortr r ' (rots to ]eales lr) ' \ ' r t) . ol . 1hr: sap\foorl . ' lhe crl l u,al lsN1e l i t te. l hI borr lcr.cd pits n t l over, lr l r o c anoLher to pror. ide 1he cr,ossarv. " j , i , , . i , \ .

Tlrr: rurrrrrcr 'of r l istr, i l rul ior l of i lc lror,os on th| t t .ur lsyerse scction oI a pieccol *, .r l for 'rrrs o'e of tLc rrrerrr ' of rrrc..s.opic ir lcrrr i f ic,t i rr . . Tir.her.s a.e r l i ' i t lcr lj lLtt) tno cl lsses, r iz.. r inq lroroLrs, irr l ' l r ich t lc l ioles i l re conccnt,r. t tei l i rr r . i trgsr,o'respo.r l i rrg irr tr .rr lr .r ' ui th thc 'r ' . ral r irr ls, nrrr l r l i l i f .se po'ous, irr *hich ihepolcs are distr ibntcrl rrore or ' less t,r 'or l l olel thc lr tuls\etso ser:1ion. The lVcslcln-\rrs{r 'al ian l lui . l )r '1rts arc a1l r l i l t rr :elrolous.

' l 'he rLosl r lrr ut lous ani l r lost intpoltant ccl ls fr .our lhc t irnbr:r stanrl iroirrt i rcl , l rrr ' ,oocl f ibrr:s, r 'hich fo'rn the rtr.r i 'hrr lk of ihc *,oor, l anrl l tro' i r le, lo.t ot thenrccharricr l strcngth of thc trcc. Thp.e r, l ,r Lnr t . i r th" Llrr, .rrhpt. rrr. , , rr [rch srrra]LcIth:rrr t l rc lrores i lu(L hrr 'e rot lplr: l t i r .r , l r , lhjclr $rl ls. The tel l rar, i tr ' or lrrnel isrrsral lr_ sltal l and t l te conl int i t l of l l rc ss,orrr l trr- l .al l is irL rrost cnres br,o1<en bvsirr Jr le pits on1v.

A morl i i i lnl ion of rvooi l i r l l r 'e ccl ls is to Le foLrrrcl i l re f i l r le trrcheids rvl l ichres(Drblo tr e lrrrr.hr: ir ls. The lat ler. *.hich rre of crtrcme imporLance in. andrl le the lr ir tr , ipal olenleni of, a clnss of .roodsr thc ( l l -rrrnoslrcrt ls. to 1\.hich the|ines ancl ln1)st soft ly(x). ls Lclong, 1111. clorlgalci l taper poirrtcd cel ls $. i th bordererlpits. antl ale pcl l l iar lr- arlrptecl lor ' [hc irnnsrnisrion ,rI tater in t le l iv i lg trec,.I , ' ibre trachcir l ; arc irrfrerluent in thc I\rcstern Austrul ial tr juc:r l-r1is.

Inter 's1rct.rerl l rorc or lcss fr,eelv altongst re rvoorl l ihrcs and olten grouperlruound the ve5sels Nr? sintplc r:el1s *lr iclr Iu.e thin \ ,r l ls. nrci arc ol lr ,- sl ig. l l yclrn: lr lcd. Thtse ele'rcntr. rvhicl arc l inoltn as rvoorl parench'r.a, have sirrpleri ts l i l ie the x oor' l f iblcs.

Al1 t le alor.e t lpes of cel ls have. whel in ihe t lee. their lole : l_1cs r] lore orless vert ir :al. ' l 'Le hsi class o1' l 'oot l clcrnent, rc rnei lul lar i , rat, , i ras i ts long

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's:]llllrl rpll\ rlaa,\!]dcL .{rr,! so"!ol.\:} urr srorlorras dq rurumloq1 go.lurloqc pur sd,rqg orll Jo 5ur-.lrol.ralur sr sr.rn+ta] {rns olrrl,!!'roqrur] ol.rinlur+ urorJ lr\,!\auros srn_uBLlJ slla, Jo so(ldl ]rroro]JrL) aql Jo orullJ,roduo o-\rlrlla.loql '1r1o poI.rrr], rloaq sr{ )Fo-!! olJ]rl \lorrlE,tl?duro.) sraqurrl .rorllo olll uodil

'suorld.rras -{q pelorl, sir.\llts aru llru lllrr\ orlJ l.Lni!rlud)ltrqJ r.rn.\oun a)LLI fr.LLtBr] t o\tri rIrlJo s11o, aq; .ic;t ,rrLt ro Jzts LUJoJ 'ri{}or prLp sllca IBnll-\qrrrr Jo azrs rlll r{r ri}oq lllrfts .illB.ra[r i.rl? -ioql ]rcl rlcr,lBr

Jo dsoql ol .r€Iurts o l s.iB.r olLJ srrJr.rir, [aJ poIL[lruu a,!ru fut rslasso\ Jrlir

rLir-!! uorltrrossl? rrr -ilrLrlrrJr).LtaI 'uortlrrr"i rrn s11.r., t,n irq.,u,.rr;.1 lui)s1r artl suolt-rrras pur? snsoli] ]r1(l

'lun+\a ,rollri.ls qrnur rr o] pi]Iool.rrlllr a.ra sa-rqrJ eqJ uor].isodsrp IrrpBr ssil Jo a.rorl{ t a,\lxl oJ nnas rIJlto a,rB uorlJrs ,l!_,ra,\suE.r} t ur Pulsrlorlarros pnl? s,rsol-i:t ic{ foloq) lr.Lrr qur.ruL ur isoq} a:lrl rrrn_\[ rn sa.loLl orl,l,

'1218 t/ )I

'slla;' Ln.rlr,r,' irU Ju d!ri., 'Ll 1r ilruL orl,rtrl 'Lrorl

-orJos Iq Lra,-L.rol(L .ilr-\!ntl i:rB suIlI|LrL arll 1rd--rl j - sr\,,lil rLir ,, lltY daal) sllar(la lnoqr ()J cln puB qlpr,\\ rIt sllar rrir)l ol crlir:l o(Ln lno.rJ -i.r|.-\:_\t|rrl,L

'uarunl pJ)lorlrnll It1r lulr r'lIu,1\ r{rr0 i).\lrrl,ial[] t]lnsorrl orl-\\:lrL(l 'JrLi](Lt ,ro a,ru,r i.td.\ e,tt rlL?.I.tLrl' Irr slla.) Lrluiqru'lrr(l

'pi).\lrolrrlur rl}rlnLI:_ srsBr orllo-q 1l| osL!]arir sr,r(lU qJ, snlol,{t il(lIlL.)sir.i .iL?tt rl.)rll-\\ 'sllt.\\ nsrr-\-!url.q ̂(l sli')t roForls

JO roqrullrr u ol l PalL.\rp ,r'rl: -iaq1 -"r ]sq] ral'lr+(l.rs o.ra sa.tqu arl] saurllalrroq

'sriorlnrrns -i(i l)ilirol(l siu,$lrr i[.Llrot 'rr]r rlrlrl-\\ snrJr.\r?.r Llr'r Jletrls ll]L\{ pollr.\\

1lJlril ..rr sa,r.irJ !oo\\ allJ srlollolra! itl l)olltol(t l)tllr Irso[,i]l ,{[^i]aq air! lrllror:]ros -!soJr irll lnorliin0,tIIl -il,l!llliJ,t,rl L)J5ulr'IJu.r'rt) lllrrrtl 1tL sJ,lo(t aLlJ

,TIV'ETIY 1'

's.rnqLurJ aql q5llo.rq+ slmlJ 1() luomo-\orratll +lnrlllll ,raplra.I ol Lrual -ilpal(lrl0pu lsntll srs|)[1] rlJrn pLrr ':]IIiso.rd uo:l:,'

,i.r.),! osi? sr suorJoJras rl:]r-\! sliair fo(1.\!+,rtnr{ iq+ Jo unrtrnl aq} Jo SLIl{oq, iIIJ's1d,{1ea g arlJ ur uomurol) -i,rr.\ sr 'Poo-$},r!o{l oJ foo'\!.Its ulorL rlorJlsrls.r] nr[]

:iulJnp arelLl Surrltl r{1.\\o.r5 ,i.Lt?prror.li I sP .r+ 1)arrara l rLsnor.\ir(l ''qrsol-LJ

-s[[u-!\ Ili, l)auo)ltflr'] rilI|a.\aun

r)[rfplaqr?.r] Ji:]sr:ra].)l:lurlr !,.\llrl slli) ier dlll saluL]aruoS llorlrarLL) ltstr],ra.! t Jr]

tlEalsur Inluozuoti rr rrr prPI orl: o,) rl aql ur Jtr(L slli) Lx[jrlruar&l o] .rntrrrn\ i.r.r .

d.1! -{rr orll Jo sliar ltnpl-\rpllr oll} :llnr ilSuLs lt lo Jsrsrror'ra.'.o.noq'1'u s.lof icr

.\.tuilrPotI] \' aar] 3ql ]{) or}rld,.rn r{:}Ic] aql o:} r,lrnrd.lurll'rli} illll uroIJ pua}\t}

r1;[r1,n,.Ier -irEurIJd arlJ o] '-(,)IIo lrotl-c -ir,r-\ lrrrrroJ ]srl(' ')tlJ uro.lJ sll];_II0t ltu Joslrr ore o.Laql 'aroJarolll 'raL+ rr lo u()ilr?s ssor, B n[ [.\\ol] lls[ 'trrroq 'lllauulJ-uoc o.rt s,lt.r rNau i,rilourlrlP IrI asBi]lrut llJI-l! aJrrir.ra,ll]tlnr.ll ) IIL sostaJJul ao lor{J orors Inrt }lun.ll al} Jo rlorlros ssorr orl} lItorl: orq] }rrl?}slr()) ssaI Io 0rouI

.r :-jri aqJ Jo -qrrr€ds lrllqozlrorl .[l:] oruls esuo.r;nr rier arl] Jo sql;juel arLl'Jnl.)urrrp ur sas€ag11r aa;1l 9r{l sV luo ptnp n puE iur-lrl P a-\(rl Iiu dlletl}ttr(l

ltu 'poo,\dBs oqil ollrl poo.l\)rtoq ?rlJ lianorql lllalrio 3I?t arlJ 'Lroo^t?rEa

I.)\J ur plrop .ro Poo.\ld1lsi)ilt ur 5l:ll.rll rn\lro o1r| -clrlaurol;] foo^t letrlr0'\ otlJ

'sllrplt€(l -qsorJ a]orrmr ll slr'-qaouj Iurpt.t llllrls uo pal'nJof arl xB'' 'irrl],rele,noq rrle ul pru u.rull qloq uI n{a paluu arl} oll r lq?rlsl rl:lr ll}srlu I rto}JL)

e"e pue -.oo.,4,u,,,, ptrll l|?llls Fra^ art sJd,ilB)ng arl+ uI s]iEr -irr:1i[paur oqJr '{'nrq

oql o! aarl aril lo artuo, illl mo.tJ sulu Plllr uollta.ltp srrll ()l saISutJ'ltl5rr 1€ sr:ilr

Suo[ s]l

tlLltrlrs i

podllori

'arrJ sruld.raPio(otlt qrlqpuB urrlrrq,\r sl

,irl uolo;ar ual tl.lolll]rlrs reql .l o liorE ]lno(

t]ql qnqrs5ur.L rrr

lapr.\rP eorJr(l E.

slia.$ lL.rt

asaqil roug.r'Blrlilierrrcloar\llpPnr u

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salsrlr rlri'uorlrl'pE

lmdsa,r q

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p tcal l

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s lu t

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liblerap i ri t c:rt he (\yatcrbi l i tllrolt

t labithe ctcl ls.lr1rssi,

I

for t lsrtrtaoI ln

hard,betlr'cthe ot

Rrnarirr

CHA?TER 3.

THE WOOD-VATER RELATIONSHIP.

Jt lras bet 'rr shotr thri a lr iecc of IJrrra1r'pt t i rrLreI is a extremeh' inr.oh.eclr l l lalgen crt of di l lc lert \oo.1 clf trerts. Thrse colsisl of l qroun(ltr ir l i of cel lulose, pclrrrc:: i tecl rvi ih Jigui l , a srrh-qtrrrce or 'r 'ather'a col lect ion ol srrbstarl :es oIconrl) l jc:rted chcrl iral colt lrosit ion. The cel l rval ls lor.merl of the.je Dutel i tr l_! hi\ '€r1i1ler 'elt t1'pes of pits end cnclose ci l l i t ie-q. l t r t lcl i i iol , there are seeondar'1.gro\ths. -qecrct ions, coloul ing r latter ar( l \ \ 'a1c,.

I \rhele thc prcsorce of l 'atcr. in rvor:rcl is pculrnelt , i1s cri ; ielce is rrot usuall) .( let l iuertal, l )ut $l lc1c chalgc of rroistul,c conleul is l ihelr ' to tal ie 11acc, the con--qctl tence' of this chalgc ale oftcn so serious thri the t irrrhcL, fai lr in thc prrrposeiol rr lr i r .h i t i -* l rcing urcd. Scasoninq is the rernoval of rnoisttre rronl rvoo(,nn t i l i t l , ca rh r i s t r f h N r i u te t l u t l i r l l r e l p r c r . n tab le rhange $ i l l nc . t t ake p l ! ce ,l hen t he t i r nbc r ' i s l s c r J i r r t he sc r r i ce f o r ' r vh i ch i t i s i r r t cn rb t l . l t n ray bc l t cn ,t ioncd here lhlrt trrrk'r . l l l rr l t l r l l concl i t ions t irc \rr) ' )r l let:r i l ts sorn-: of i tr ; r lois-tulc, so t lai seasorring r locs not lequire the r 'enrolal oI r11, Lut on15' ol such aclLrtulLitJ thal l i rr t lcl alrr idnble loss l i l l not la1<e l l1ar:c. ! 'or. examIlc: iL l ,ouldbc r i t l iculous to dr 'r ' t i rnbcr' i t i t is to l)c rsetl pcrmrnenll l . urrcL' l rvater, not u,ouldit Le rnore lcasorrable to rhl r tatcr. irr l fol f tr 'nj ture to t le sarrre (\ tent i f i t vere1o be used in the corrr lrarat i leh' cool, dnl4r r l i ruaie ol l the eri trerne South l \-cst.rs i l i t Nere rerl11ir 'ed fol t l rc.Ll ' \ ' i rr te ol ' . ' lhc

lrroblctrr of s|asol ing is, thcrc-fore, tLe renrolal of n sui l ic ir :nt l) tolrort;on of the l 'atr:r ' j rr *ood. t ' i th ts l i t t lcdcletcrioLrs clfer:t sur:h us l 'arping. slr l i t l ine. or r,rar: l i ing, ns is possi l , i r , .

Sirrce refelenr:e l j l l oftcn lnlc to l te ntaclc to t |c rpt:rt t i ty ol i \ \ .ater ln alr icce ol ' * 'ootl , i t rr i l l be lccc.sal l to r lef ine thc rrroirLtrc content of tood. Inspcahirg of ihc sca-sonirrg of l i r lLr lr , rr : letc,nce is of l tcrr rnlrrk' to the I:rct that apiece of Noorl loses a ccrtai i perceutagc ol ' i ls rreight. Such r descript ion i : verr 'incorr lcr iult , for ihc l 'c jehl of a pier.r: ol l tood is not a r<nrstant qrranti ty. Lutvarios r,si th t ' r el ' l ' churrge in rDoistLrr 'e conle i : . '1 'he Nei,t l t t ol 'a length of l i r l1l terai l rrrJ ir lstaI l t rorrsisis of t le \ \eiglrt of latcr presori: plus thc *.cight of r l r , 'rvoocl sub:lancr:. Ol thcsc t lnec s'eights, ihe f irsl tNo nnlsl charEe lvi th anl.chalge of rroisture r:oricnt, bui thc t l i r i l . the r lei! .ht ,r l 'c lry l 'ood suLstance nrlstalral 's rcr l ]airr corrr lart -co Jong as 1lrI pirr.e is uot r lestrorr ' i l i rr r :nT rvrr. Therr 'eiglrt of dlv \ood strbsltrr lcc i-q therefolc t i l ic Ns the l) : lsis of rroislure coDte tl lorceDtagcs a]rr l is usurl l l le1'erret l to rs t le r 'Drv 1r 'eieht" of the pier:e of wood.The moislule conicnt of a piecc of l ooil, thcrefore, ma_r. be clellnerl as tho veightof \rr ier l l r 'csent crpre"scrl in a pt 'r 'celt l rge of thc r lr l rrcjqhl of tbe rvootl . Ioreranrple, i I a piet:c of t 'ood \veiqhs 125 lbs. and 2i lLs. of j t rre knot 'n to be{.ater ' , the clry rveight $j l l Lre 100 l ls. rcl thc r loistulD corlr:el l t 25/100 r 100/1or 25 pel ccnt. Similarly i f a | iece of t 'ood l 'ei3' ls 7i lbs. rrrcl i ts moistutc con,telt is hnol'rr to |c 50 per celt., this 75 lb-q. rrlust reprcscnt 150 per ccnt. of therlr l leight, rvl icl js therefor 'e 751150 r 100,/1 or 50 lbs. [ t shol ld bc noted t]rat

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In practice, holvevcr, there arc olher lactors to be consiilereil. It has alrcadybccl sho*rr that in l lricce of rvood rvjth :r, stecp nloistrue graclicnt thc outsidecJements ma1'he belol l ible saturation point, lhi lc, the irr-qiclc r:cl ls st i l l cortainf lee rroisturc. As drl ' ing col l i rLles. the outsidc cel lr , i f thcl ' r .cle unreshir inc. l ,l'ould harden and shlinli. ]lcr:atsc cornbined rnoi-.turc i-c Leirrg rernoled. Ilarclenthcv can, Lrtt in shrirlirge tirc-l arc restrained, for the central portiol o-[ tle {oodbe;rE si i l l aLove l ihre satrrrnt ion poinl telr ls to retain j ts origind dimcnsion. l lheoutsidc cel ls lal t lerr, thelcforc, in r stretrhed t:ondit ion. !r othel wort ls, thc har'r lcf lse of thr rroorl consist ins ol l |e:c cel ls is lrrgr:r ' than i t \ \ 'oul( l have been i f thei lshrinkage l r :r 'e unlestrairred. l f t l r is: restrairr irre of t l re ct ' l ls lronr shrirrkrge Jsgreatcl than they can sltrnd, rhecl is or 'cracl is occrr. Sulface chccks arr: thercforean i nd i c r t i on t l a l i l o c l r l i r r g i s t oo :e le re i n l he ca r l l s t aqes .

l l dr l i rrg ol thc lr ir 'cc of loorl l lder r,onsir lerr i ior i : continucd, thcr 'e r.r . i l lrronr n st lgc rvhen thc r 'elLrl l port ion rvi l l lurr c lort al l i ts free n'oisturc, rnd,r ' ; i th the dl l ins of i ts lrr ,er 'oscopir: rrroistrrrc. sLl inl<a3t ' rr ' i l l icnd lo occur' . Thccerit l r l t ibles l ' i1l not. horvcter ' , be able 1o shl ink rr r ,ruch rs they i lesiro, fnr theslresscs of thc inj i i i l stagcs of r lr l i rg hale resul led in thjs materinl hein. sur-rourrded by a too lar 'ge crse of halc1, th' t . r loorl . The certral cel ls in t leir rcstraintl l rorn:hrinl iage len(l to corl l l )r 'cst i . l rc casc ind close i l lc srr lace checls rvhich werefornred r lul irrg thc earlv i tNscr of dn' ing. T| is clr-,sing of surfarc cracks is arrolnul featulc of the lr i :el staqrs oI clr 'ving of t i rnber l ' } ich rcccir.a. i l too sevcretfeahnerl ut t l le (olnnlencrrncnt of dr ' f ing. l f , horr 'eler. thc str 'etchirrg of thccase \ lere \tr 'J selere, or i l i the clr l ing of ihe centnl port ions welc ver"v lapid,the restfr int ir shl irr l iagc of l l rc ccninl r :el ls s'orld Jrc r lorc than thr: str lcttre ofthe l 'ood col l i l ui lLst:rrrr l rnd cr 'nr: l is *.ould fonn inside the rvood. i l 'his ir l inolnNs "lrr iernlr l ( 'hcr 'hinq. ' or, in lcly had ea;es, as ir l : l or crcomlring."

Trr 1he cordi l ion desl l ihed abolr ' . the outcr ' lavers of l the t inrbel are -<rbjcetio r:onrplcssi le str 'csr rn(l thc i l tcr ' 1lr] 'err are in tcn:i le str-oss. The severi iy anrlc\ lert ol these st lcs,.cs is sr.rh thlrt the\ lralance orrc alotho', ani l the piccc oft irnLel rs.r *.Lolc is in r slrtc of cr lni] i l rr i rr I l . This r 'ondit iou ol ' strcss is l l rorvna-. ' i ( laseharrlcuing." l f , horvclcr ' . u ra-.elrrr 'dcnecl piccc of t inrLcr is sarvn in halflongitudinal l l - , the s1:r l f ol erlui l ihr innr js dc,.trored. l ler:h hnlf r :onsists of a hoardof t i r lhcr t i th col lpr '( , is!\ 'e rt less or one sir le and tensi lc st less thc ofher. ) iovjf the calse of ccmrpressior is rulotecl {r 'orn r rnrteriul i t ten(ls to cxpand. Torc-. ialL1rle, i t :( l leeze(l sponge rvIcl tht ples'; tr 'c is lel irrx 'ed inr:r 'el tses in size, Alsoa . i l retcherl r lrr tcr ial, ol oI lc srrb. jcct to terr i le stress. contr 'acts \rheo the stress igrcrrrolurl . l i l r :xrurpL', a stretchcd l) iecc oI lub|er t :c,nt lacts l ' len leleascrl . l lencethc (oml)fe,tr i \ c or" irrt sicle ol cucL lrr l f of 1hc original board lcni ls to sl 'el l :urd

the ttnsi le or" ' in sirLc tcnrls to coltr lct. TLc t*o hah'es. theret 'ore, \ ,alp intonrcs of cirr: les, the coucavc -sir lcs bcirr! t l re original i ls idc of tho t i l rLcr, ie., the

sur' f l r :cs fonlecl br the r i i l iding cut. l l ihe prescnce oI ca-*eltarderring i l a bolrd oft i l l1l)cr 1lra] thlt . Jre rurrogniscrl b1- recluciDe thc borrrd bv oncr lorrgitrLrl i rrr l cul

throLrgh the cenhe i l l io t*o thinnel |oalt ls anrL notirrg l .he behaviour of thesc boardsimrrredi:rtely aftel rutt jrg.

I t .houid Le lccognis,:r l thl t i l is lot nccess:tt l l 'ol thc boald to hc sal 'n i ll lo to ryset. thc crlui l ibl i rmr ol l lhe forc€s in thc t irrber. 111 ore sir le is pl:rne11,suliicient conrpres:<ivc nrate'-i:rl ma.r be reurortd to upqet ihe lralance, :rnil ctppingto\far 'ds th| planed f i lcc 1\ ' i l l rcjrLlt . Sirrr i lar lr ' . i f bofh fa.es:re srul lace.l hut {ron1ole is remcrlcd rnorc t irrr lrer t lan frorn ihc othel, uror ' , :ruent mal also occur. Case-hludening, therefore, i ; t lcry tndcsirtbJe leriure in seasored t irnbcr rrhich is tolclr, i re |urlher irelt lnert such as lesal ' i lg or planin3.

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,)ds -sr),r) ;)riJ tLr s orlrJltl) lLu ut Il?lllrn Lt)r{ st n l)tJnt,lric ar{J rrtorJBr{ tl|l\d,iJos. r,r.lrl.llr 'ruotlrrl.r.)(l\-'.) ol r([r\.l'11 i.rr].tlror 1 ({ ,.)l(Ll?trr.i{l(lu .rJo.rr,r sr .s1assa.r pllesJ.r(lrl nql J(,:d\r? rrlt ()l lil,ri.rlr(l ,? 'rll;Ilrl uL r..!rllltJtls,p,):];rc(l\a i(l r)lnor\ s\r 'JJrrnlst\, !Ji l(1,).),)| 0l s,rJ,\,tis(lo O los l{J tl,nrd Jq:l rro uot]turlJutsrp U,ro.1 lrl.lrSuor{sa.rridril ('rrl L)rLt' lUro(l rror+!.rnlus dr(1r, rrlt asr .isrLr ol spr.rrl sIt]!1, .lrorIpo.r,l d.rr

lurod rror1rr,r 1us,r.lllU,J\1)(lI IIr]s sllnJ nr ,sulB.rls l)rrPSr"..,.,1s aSPyur.rq,r.lrttl.rochrrL

;;.rorrr ,:l(Lu(lo.L(l .r luq\\'lrir: r,:tr]lru.Lrls ll?rlt.L.rr11a;o1 1u(rd uot+|l,rLfJrs a.rqq o+ u.r\ol):[[o.) ll! Jrrr.irl) Jo,(]ln,lllrl) oll] to.)!lurJ(l sl ]r ltrJ] J.rrrl !iuortrroLrr ot1 ,lr,r,, 1irllptrral)l.ruT Jui.rlrrldll .ilrlIrporol r sr n."qulrrr,rrls ,o,rnlsrour p.]urquro) i)rlt ro lu,):rlI.i,llr irll tlr) rl)lrl st Jn\)lIi,) lr0,) |l llJrl_\\ ..sJro.]d slql Surjlil) JrBI.l c-.lc]Illlo.\\ .r.),rr(l rrll .lr) ritrlurllJs o{r ',r,)Ll],rir)} trio(l rrorJLr.ullps.),r(LLt o} pirrrLIal o,ril,!rl,oo.\\ tr) .);irId u ut sll,),) i)lll llt? Jr spro.\\ jirrilo I|l ]tir{r(l LroLju.rnj!s e.1(lrt r\oloqilrrl sllr.) ;)qt .l0 ir os lrJrlrr l)rrrlr)rr,l1 llr\\ .;urll .rqs otr,irlt?ls urr r,.- aql urc.LJl,n.ri)l)rsrr(') sr Io().\\ :ro nirt(l lr lo ,r.r .slia;)

lo rrorl.rrllor l? ro brrri.qr .r11.1 ,iJ'l)rnIul,l,)JJl) rrn,)(L .ilillurlrl) lotr surl rsnu.) alllll)rurrtlr

rtll l"(t ll,).).)rll Ji, i).llrl.rn.rl( l:t {)t _illtrr.rlrc{du a I sr,].1(1rt .}ql ll, sL!orsr.J|lrrpn.5.rtrl irll Lluu llLIus iql trJr,\\Jd(l .[Lr)r.\l?rlir(l ut r,)udrrIIlLr ]urLnrn(l q11J.J, .ql.il{rl ur' lll]r{.) rJql?r,),).r(idrr orr sr a.rnrl} nrLrld s.r}lr:l ssrrr)1.)rrl} puB rJlfr.\r.)Ll},,, u,,,1rnp",q"'lnotltlp lalii plnrol a(l Ilr.,,\ 1r

,jll la,rr,, l)!rlpIl: (r ) .)urnlr poo.\\ slrlL.lo o.trllrrrrrisirll JI r.(lq iql uorl lr).11,) o,trlru,rlsrlr orr sr;r1 ;-ur,{.r1r .r{J Srurlipor{I rmlrpoluarll lr?rlt ns.rn{).) lo ;ull)t_\or(i 'sL)i.)_)o.r(l .n_ r i.rl) slr .irrol os dnurJuo.):-Jro]Jo rjnrll 'tlu,r.rtl(l(lu n.ru i,r(LrJ oril .lo .];ullur,rqs L)u|l;rr rnl) :rI !irnlri.iJr]s,11.ra;q1 uru.Lr _i11,o,i r_Jruitllntor Jilrlsrolu ,]r(lo.)so.r;jt{ aql sp Jr),\J \\o{ .n(]1)s sI- ,J,)tl(l ur}Lri+ srjrl.lalu.\\ \rd.rJ l1) rsol r{Bllr} ratJlo lll)t}rl)aor tlo Lrlr1l|l.Lrlll: ou pur rrots iu{rp lL?ur r.ro!1r qljtl

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l)o0.\! rlnars u .lo .ntor.\t?tlaq atll ,.).roJarrrl] ,.reL)rsuo.r'leJutr.llrx sl uorJl?.lalrsuor .ti)ql. t.l l!lll pur Surno,qu;s I|r iaqIlnl :t ar inor,tErJ;rq aq? irr i.rn?pcJ lrplrodttlr lsorrr r :-t d;plLur.rqs tErll 1napr,\a aq lll_!\ lI

o1 sr q'r-osric JuroJJ JrrclSurddna'l)irucl(t I

rpJ!o(i ni

Jrr lullrlTO pJr?a)qoql a1oJur (hrl

luu ilar!oarall l!r ssi)JlsoslY a,rod prinoN .r

|.rr(rl I

JIrq irr r

Jo nrnd

lur?.\.]r,rilrolq s r

{r.!rou{ s

JO OJ[]J'prdE.r,t

rql J(' ,

r) sr s{,aJar\ qrr

lu ?rlsor,rn,c Fur

0{}.ro]aqJ'put'aJ

lLnt i,rol

0rotilraqsL 05r)lr.'1oqt JIPrrq oqlaql ur

l]oo.{\ nqroIruII'paurli.rll

urg+IIotoprslno-(pBo,rlE

'14t)IllN IItHS

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r

rl18

tiou oI the boald Lttrc to t ,bc t l i r 'ect ion of the lrnnrrr l r ' ings ' lhrrs rvhen btck cut

boari ls are plodLrocd irr a l lat state af lcr s{rnsoi l ing, t l r t ' r ' hlvc been suLjecttd to

ar' t i l ic ial lcst lairr ing i l l l t l rrces uhjdr havc prelerrtr: i l t l lc cnrlrtnlc rr 'hi(:h \ \ 'ould

natumlly occur' .

l ' ig. l shorrs t lc cl lect of r l i f fr :rential shr ' i lkagc ulrol tbc slrapc oi Lrnrestrainedpieces of tirnLcr' frorn rliffercrrt positions in thr: closs ser:tiot oI I log

E F F E C T 9 , / D I F F E R E N C E E E T W E E NT A N C E N T I A L S H R I N K A C E

F r c I

1\' lx. l i t i . rerr l i ;ed r iot orl t lhi l rcstrxirrt l rr lLc rrcrhrl l rrr 'v I alrs rerlucc's

shl inl,age irr r urdiNl (1ir ' f f l ior rLrrt l t l r l l in t l re plorlrrct iorL oI . l l l t t :rugcnti :1lh'

ct l- 1111 boalr l rror 'rnrLL slrr irr l iage rnnst ir l sorr lc Iar ' t . 1rc rerlLrcerl and i l othcls in

r:r ' l ' lset l i rr tJu. prrrvcntion of thc natlurl tend€rnc)- 1o r irr lr . Lut l l :o thlrt i l i rr

stanccs thr,.-r ' crL*,Lar'dening is plcsc t ihclc rr ' r ' cotrsidcl l l . r le lrr ' i l l i iols i l the

..hr ' i l lugcs of ( l i l lcfcr l . Por'1iors of the t irrr l-rer, i t i" lot surpl isi ls ro l l l t l thrt Ure

.f ir ' inkage ol l l \ plrt i r ' rLhr'picr 'r : of l i t r tber is not rr ( tul lnt i t1 r lhicl l cNll alel jr l j tel)-

ire stnlerl i rr al l ' tonstl l l r t tontr-", arrr l lhich is r leprlr; lcl t r :r t t i r 'el l rrpr,n thc !truc-

truc oi ' thc t irrrbcr ' . 1'rr1 i . slr trethi lg lhir 'h l trn l i rr ' l ' l ret\ ' . rcr Iair lr ' * idc l i rnits

nccrt lrdi lrg to thc tr( ' rr tucrrt l t t ' r ' i l ld r lul i lg tho clr ' r ' iug pfocess ,\ r i l rple ronl i l rnr-

l iorr of l l r is cl l lx,oLluirrr:cl 1rr tal i i rrq n lr iclc oL gru'rr l l i rL. r l i rr ' . , ;r l rah }oard,( l f ]- i r lg j t r . / l ) i i l l ry rr t i l l l roni : i0 l)er cfr l t . rrroi: inre.:, , ,r , telr l i i |eadro1, then srr l- ir lg

i t into, srr l , thre( ' 1! irL. x r '1i tr . Inncls lnt l al lo*inE thr: ' ie to r lr \ ' ' untler ' srr i l i r ' icni

resit ' r int to lr lcr. t ' rr i tarpine. lrrr ' i r lenial lr- l l rerr t lLe Lroarcl I 'ea(lcs : j0 pcl rtni

i t is rot cssert irr l 1,r l r 'sal ' i l r t : rvhole of the boalr l . hr i t rr shol l ler lsth, sal ' , i '1in1ong, ct i , lc l l tL'rr ' f l tnrt an enl i , r : l r l l re olrtni lcr l . nni l ;n*n into t l l ree l , ieces jrr '

such a \\ 'aJ l ls to l)r ' (r( l i rce lhlec rol)r 'esent|t i \c lcnEths of |anel alxrut 12in x t1in.

Int oul l ' -3ri i rr . lorrq. l t \ \ ' i l l be Irurrr] that lhcrr thr ' thrrre prrnel i arc thoro':rE]r]1'

tharincl:ther s tlar.t

q idl-l\ Ht

{rxp(

ctr la(L1J t

the rof t l

rrrmtl,r u i r r i rI tut Ilig.urr

I

spol ie

C! l l q ! c r

ce l l i sf r r l l o l

of t l rr :

\hicl1o f i l ler i l ol t l .I t l ra sICSI )OI

a l )Pc i l l .

R A D I A L &

O rfi l ler l s

Pret0t).Per c{'rtrhich it i rnbersce r l l . t o

s-ra(lurl ullrllrls[y Ll,ro.lsdr!\ !,rl] Jo arlo 'r.lrt}] Jo rsli, oqJ u[ ]ua').tr(L 06 ol .luar

rad 0, s€ q5rq se dluo slueluo, ain?slour ltqrul orllq os(lElioa dq lolin#B s.raqutlJaq? Jo -I^uuur }r{J nollBroprsuo, oJur ur{B} oq lsrLlu r}r 'PJrlo.\il sE,\! i.Ioolll aq] qrlqi\uo !lso] uroJl t.rElrac pdll rr.r!)Jsol\ ll]'adnulv ')qJ sr raqlul] t qt[s Jo ( lun, ro(r

006) lroluo, i).rulstorr l0rlnLr rlijrq aqt llrorr 10Lsi.r ol .ili)lrL 'L s1loa pol1g ,iplelcl-ttror Jo rrorlrpuot snl] rlrrl\\ 'snql pnlra\.r dq 01 dr.loJ s(rl1 .LoI ralu.\! qll,\\ pollg,il,)lrl(1uro) ,r{l lsrLrL llr) iqt lr?rl} }r.rir(Lurnllr,) r ;(L }sirlr }I PLlt?Il .raql{) aql rIO

i,uli,rp Jo Jrn]Ba.l su{}.()J uollrrLLrld\.r.rlqlssod u sr r.roq }Bll}.LDJ(ldcpllro-\! ll }Bl1] ori {rlIrr a.rolll)s .racl sr11 ;', sL',,.r|LLrLll irrrrlrL ]u !-i.rl\ ti roJ nlqLsuo.l,(rr.q trr], srror]il)rrc, Jl{lLr|lLo.\l]I r,rL)Lrn rrorsuil druJ,rn: +tlL] pJ]lllrLr:]sa lrJa(L sl?ll ]I-rs{{rllor: Lsui?, slrll] !sllp-!\

[LiJ irl] ur -\rr?,r[) o] sLrur] tr srl] qs'ricIIIlor')t: o] ']uo]xo

ilqrr{rnr(l(ln iulr 0} l)uad\i ?onllrr .r.}}r}\r .rlll drrlrs Ilr) rqt Jo rrirlll l rll} llll ol

llr}t sfual .rrJPr[ orl] '!ri?Ld slr alq o] .riluo lolr rt rrB Jr rll,rJ illrur5fio ss-[ rlrrrl-!!

'riJr-\E, Ilor r? fio.rr pa.\ourr-r sr .r.rlui! rraq.\r 'sl).ro,\! riq]o rl .rrJr-\! rll] Jo uorsual

arsJ.urq ill+ drl lorlddnt sL rJ.roJ srl] lrrJJ fntsr;iins .rirl:l.llJ rJiq srq tl -isoq oq] JoSurr,rllrU aql rot ai(Lrsuo([sr.i i.rn-cri)rrl o.r,lrlrlsorulu arl] uB{l ri}}r,rri rl)nru i.r,r r d'Lo+ pi]ou pln(;.\i la.) t:,1{- ,r. ll j.l all} orul)oll o} pnrrrl)a.Lr,rJ\n.$orl rr)roJ rrJJ, n}r}s

truU ! ()+ sns(lullo) rl).).\()rrr.r .i,r,)lir.\\ !rll rr,)rl\\'rlrrq.r jn{t rprfrrajslp sr '.l,rll?.!\ Jo IlllJ

rlJql\'rlr l,!! nsorlJ,Llt su.\rn?.) ll ol ll?rl,\{Jl o:r snooqc'luult bllracL sr] palaprsuo) sl IIJtorlll ll oLrt,r.r \r .ri]lu.i\ rlirl\\ sllu\\ ILo, irlt Jo ur 5urllp] u o] arp sr ll ]lrq+ l)aJsriijnsuar(i tIrl Jr i,rI]r .)';urlrlr.ulri .i.rLtrrrltro rrro.rq ']lr.),r,)tirp d(L ol ri.\\r]rDI ,cr ,)HLir?llo.)

,, 0:dt:1p;.y,, su .1o rrarycls!r oorlrl)rr().) sIll,l] l)rudLrlsur\ ,ruln;n,r.rr ,i.r.)-! ! ;urT(LurasJr.].)nJJn 0loq-\r oill'srrors-sordol) l,lllrr.rLrtt ,lo .ri{lrunlr u s(lolo-!ol) dtr!{os lLrt -i11ur|ur ;q1 5ur-Lrp Jo saiu+silrlr.) nrll ur rlrtrlt p,)rrloIl nq ilr\\']l poo,!! to ir.rd l? ro 5ur.i.lP aq] rir sou[:]a'rloS

'nllll?r! lLr sr.rr1-gopLro.([ o] stlr)r]u.\.r.)s(lo ,lo .ri(lIlrntl o;.rLrI u roJ -i+rr!r.),ru d.roq] rl ulp B rrnll +nq'arlr-\ .riluarX Jo rtdllo ',)ir.rlroi) Io 'tr,rI: ,rrxlurrt Jo ssri[,) ,iuu roI s,Illu-\ nr]rLr{rur

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l)rso({\r ntll lo r t?)lllt.rq-< 1)u" rn.{.rl)rallrir orl} o+ "_;Il.,No l).lr?.r{ll s1ln.) l)lr)o(l i)rll is.ru }\' ll .rrfrm trI Jo uorJr?llL)-,ru Ir s!ll !)rul,rn!.1o\\ol Jlll plr? r.ip,l sru[s i)Ll] o] p.)so(l\d sr nrul.rts lJddn oql

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,qlprN

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!turi,rf Udlr.r ir!J] ol ;rrrao r.riqurrl rq] Jo s,ri,iul ll?Irr,lltia illl lirql lrlrJ rql

o1 inp a-s.rnl),) Jo sL ..irr{rrL.Lrls ur oruoralllp lr? u .li} .roJ rrosrirr itl.L .nrorrr ro qrllrrrt Jlnal lEnba rillltl qlpr,{\ ur aruoroljrl) srrJ:} losllr otaos IIl puE ,srnq]o oq] utq]raNo.rrErr rplltlt o(1 IF.\r uorlr.s arll Jo a,rJurr orJl urorJ p.)flrtlclo auo aq] rpauosEo3

ilq-qDor('ulr/,i x .

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JunrrriJtls5rrr.{cslPftoq ql-tftrqrlo;

slrLlftl aP-n.rJ! 0rl-ilolruUopoql +Erlriotl+ IIr -(r-nr rll lB-uI r-,rcqJ(^JiBI}IIJ;I

,8 1

p0rru,lls0Jrr

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7

20

romparatircl .v srr;cepl ihle to l1l is t 'arr l i , t j rc irr i l ial rnoistul.c content is usualLyjn the nei.qhlroLrt loorl of 70 per cent. trr ' 80 per cclt . Irom a sttcly o{ denstt, tl igurcs, aDd the st lur:t iLte ol i thc rvood, iL woult l appear thar the lulreri o{ the cel lsof this t i rnl;er irc, o] l . l rr a\er.rgle l j l le( l with \ \ 'at{rr to al)out i0 per cent. only oI thcircapacily. Ulless, thefefolc, the flee l\':rter' is di-str.ilrlllecL \'er\ u|ercnh, tlrroug.honlthe cells, sorne cells or cell t)pes be;ng fillcd to crpacit\., others practicallr,. ernpt), itis di l l i t :ul t to see how thc theor) 'of sulf lrcc tension ls aplt l icrblc. Si lce, hol.eler,thc rate of nr1)isl lLlc trrnstnission in t l tei jo t i rnbers is col lU)arntivelv lo\ ' , and p1,ac,t icr l ly alu al 's whurr seasorrirrg, t l rc orrtside lrryers ale r.cl l l rclor. Jj l [ .e saturatio|point rvhiL: the cerl le is st i l l \1' l t ' higlr i rr rnoistule (,r)ntcnt. t l te siress J)rt).1uc;Dgrnl lnl 'sc Drjght 1;e pIo\ ' i r ler l b! the e\ternI l corr4rt.cssi\ ' r folrf on t l lLl inrrc1' ct l lsca[sec] Lr-r the sh|irr l iaeo of tLe surfnr.e i .1)c1s. Thalj slr l i rkagc stresses coLrLl h,t.u11ir: ir ' rr th. grcrL to pro(lur:e this fai lru.c of the cel l lal ls seerrrs t-crr l)robablo.

I t h r s bcen r l e r t ; oncd t hu . t . o l l i t ps0 i s r l i s t i r r r . l f l o rn 01d ; r r r \ r l r r , l t i i r g , c . r , t r eol l l lc ] l losf Ir 'orrr irrcnt di l1-er 'e cr,s lrel\ .cor t l rc t \ro t : ,por is that shri l ] lQrge duc tofol ldpse ralr i rr rrcar ' l l cvetl r :rsr ' ix ' rerloterL. Thi: is r:J1cr:tecl )tr ' .rrbject i lg lcol l : ,psul ]) icce of t i rrr lcl to wat sl i i i , I rnt i l i t | r :rbsolb. 111Ui,tuf l ' tu :r sult icicntc\ lent to r 'Nisc i ts rnoislLrrt (ol l t lnrt sl iglrt l l . aLo|c Jj lrrc srtt l r ' r l io| l )oint. I)urj gl l r i s p r { ) f f s , i t hc t i u r l r e l s r ve l l s : r l r l l l c i r r c t u l a r i t i es o f 1 ' o r r r r r l ne t o ro11 l l r se d i s -r ippelrr ' . l )ul irg sul)serluelrf i l r t i lg t l rr : uarhlroal 'r l j rr l r '1fcrt r lot ' .r noi: appc:u antlt i ro Toltr l shl ir l l {egc to tho slxsone(] statc is less thln i t $.rs origirrr l l"v. ' Iests hn'c' l r owr r i l r r t t h r : r l fN r l i r ! t 11 'NL r r r f l l l l ) f r r r l l t c | L l \ l ( t l ( ) \ r s co ) l l l r s c f r o l t r a l ) r c (1 ] r ) Lt irrrber' , Plovidi l l th{ ' l fcrtrreri i l c:rtr icr l ol t wl lcl the t irr lrcr Irrs bcel , . 'cdueed1o l i b r ' c ' n t r r l a t i o r l r o i r r t o r ' ) r c l os ' i t . S te l r t r i l , . t r l r r r c J i l r l e sa tu r r t i on l , ( j i n l \ \ , i l l Do llcrnovc col lap.c.

I t l r r ; r bec r r s i u te ( l l l r r i l t r o r l r e l l s do l o t l ( ' n i 1o s l r r i r r h r r n i i l a l l f r ce r r r o i s i : Ln , r .hr. lx 'cl rcrrrovcrl l l f (Jrr the ( jcl l crLl j tr ' . Irr thc lrrc ol thc I ini :rr lrpts i l r j : r :<nrtcntiolis r lot {x)r 'r 'e{rt , [ i l i l th,: l rchrrr ionl ol 'a . j , l t l lh ]-roar,11, fol c\rrrI ] lc. i : t ,oted, i t l i l ll , r ' l i l L r r ( l l l l r 1 i r l u r i r r g t h0 eu r ' 11 ' s t age r 1 ,he re i , i a . . h r i n l i a l e r l rPe Ie I t 1 r ' g re r t e l t i r i | 1,, ln l)c 1r(,( iounterl for hl t l rc lN(t thnl sorne of 1hc oLrt-sir lr cel ls hale l tr l letr Jrclr ' . ;1i l)rc salulNtioD Ioi l t , rrrrd irr tcurl i lg to shl ink are corrr lr lessint t l ru l i , lur irdcr ot 'i hc Lo r r l d .

' l ' l r c r r . i s c l i , n r e . r so r 1o I c l i e l e t ha t t h i s i r r i t i e l s | r ' i r r l <agc o f IN r r ca l l , p t s

is roi: a trrrc shfinl irrgr. brr l is dtrc tr) sotre othet rct iorr. [ t is gcleral l l . colsi( lclci lt h r t t L i s i n i l i r l s l L l i u l , r c l i s u l om o I f o ] l a l ) sp . bu t l ' I i l c i t ce l t a i r r - has f e r t r ues"r (n)rrur)orl \ \ ' i t l r ihc i f fegul ir slr l i rr l rale-" l<lorrtr b) ' t lat narne, t l re comrttt ion hasr ro i l x , e r r r l c l i i t e l r ' l r r ovcd . O r r i he o thc r ' l r r r r t l . i L l r r t . l r eeu co s i r l c r t d I , y son t , , t ha tthi. i rr i i ial shri l l iagr: i r ;r1ir:r ics t lrrrt t l rc Ihcalvlrts hnle lot I i jLle srLtnrat ion troinL,l i l ic ot lrel lootLs, rrrrr i lhrt t le shl irr l<aqe i-q, thelefore, ln irrr l icnl iorr thal, thr: frcerrrrr i r ,onrlr irrerl latel hoth . i)rrnrcncc to 11r'r ' rrut frrrrr thc' i rrcepi ion ol -er-orirg-' I 'his

olr ir ior is ( lcsh'rrrr l i rc rrLtho thal constnict i \1' , lol uhi lc i t discards the l i l rr .cs r r t u l r t i o r i c l r ' t r vh i c l r c r I l n i r r s mar r l o f f hc f f l t r ues o f t he l r eh r r r i ou t , o I t heErltrrr l lpts equall .r ns lcl l as l ' i th otho t irrbef3, i l : l )ror ' ;dLriJ nrr slJr-qt i tutc.

I f i l i s r r . r r r r l r ' l i l r r l i l c s l l i nkagc j r r t l r e c r r r ' h : t . r t c s o l t l l r i r g i n r l i r : r t c s t hcloss ol l touLLircrl rnoislulc. i t louLl lre crpecterl thrt l j lLl( .alvt)t .r lould slol ' i rn-ln'oleurent i1r tL0i l s1r( ingth prrr|cr ' t ies r lLr l iuq 1|c cxr ' l I slugcs of r lr .r ' ing. Florurleterrrr inatiorrs ol 11r| s1r 'cngih rul( ' l nroirtule (orlr ,r t rclnt ionshi l)s of f lest Al]st lal ian Tirrcal-vpts, i i l 'orr ld appr:r l at f i ls1. : ight ihrt thjs js so, but the irLlreese irrsi lerrgl.h is l)rol) i l ) l l nlor! ' rr lr Irr 'eu1 tLrrr rcl l rrd t lue to the st lnrlarcls ofcalculrt ion. Sulr lrosc, for c\rr l l ) le, i r pier:c of gleen jula| 1in. sq arc is tal{cnl ' l r icl rvi l l sulr lrorl r uraxirnunr lo:rd o| 1i3,500 11rs. i l | r 'nsiorr. ' Ihe lensiLr st lessas calcult tcd lrrrr lr l Le 1: i ,500 lbs. pcl sr lrralc inch. l f this piece lrere drierl r lorvnto f ibrt satLr.-at ion |oirt , elcn alt lough i t uol ld st i l l sul) l)ort r1o sleatcr load thal

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Jo lln:-,).r u sr'l.ruo(l r(Ll .lo prr;.rl} lr:ll;, rq+:trrqt l jr a{} o+ drp 6r s lJl,,,iiulcl([od,, ro n,nr)lrnll,) lnrJ trr s]lLrsa.r llJ+lo .rarLll{rl .r.)r.\r]Jll Jo sp.rl?o{l i)pri! lo.jllri.Lp lrrr.r rqt;.,r1rrs rIl:r1r r{orI| l)rso(l\i a,rI sl)ur r.rir].\\ s.;sru rrr _il.rrlrrrL+Ju.l

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lt ;J.tLrIurrqs .rrl] ]eq]

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MOISTURE CONTENT

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Casehardcnin! or Prang 1. 'est.

A casehardenerl piere of l i ruber ir l rolmlarh l ino'.r tr l t : , , | iecc in l ' i r ich t |eo[tside is hnr'der thar the celtre as thc r 'cst l i 01] e-\ccssivc clrr ' i q of the sul lace atsonrc stage in the -"er-ronirrg lrrocess. Clsehalr lel ing is also t l lc nrme g;ren to acorrr l i l ion ol stress hrorglrt aLout Ll too greal an init ial dr ') ' i rq r.atc, r, ihich lest l tstult iurrtclv irr thc r:errt |al polt ion ol ihe rvoorl bcing in a :t .r tc of tension ui l thcoutside jn rorrr l l r trssiorr. I t js to 1]t i ; l l t t ter dofirr i t iorr thlt tcfcrencc is tnade Nhenspealirug ol the crsclalclenirg or l)r 'onq,test, for"t lr is tort i : dei iset l to detect theplesfncc ol- thesc slrcsso..

A piecc of r ' rschrrr lcrrr-r i \ \oorLr althou[ih urrr]cr t i rc irr l lnen,.e oi two sct-. ' ) f- l tresscs, is i l rr state ol crtni l i l )r ' iul1. The plescrrcc ol .hc st l tsrrs is dcnlonstrutcrll r l rr lrsl l l i rrg th;s si.r t tc. l"or curnple, i f the central lort ion of i t caselral i lcnc(liroald is lerrrolcr l the oulsiclc l ' i l l expand, rrd i f the orl tsid4 is ler()red the centre\\ ' i l l conir l( ' t - \ rrror 'e slrcr- laurlal rcsrlL crrr horr l ler, bc obtl i rrcr l br ' . :rr t i ing ther,r.oorl in snch rL $a1 1lat t lc str 'csscs oD ol)posite laces of the l) iei .1'r i l j l .o. iucecl arcdi i l 'eleirt . l"ol eraurlr le, i f l r ( f lsc]ral 'dere(l boalt l is r i ]r l rerl inlo trro thinrrcr boarrlsfarjh orrt(,r lalc. rrhich rras ol iginalh' in conrpr es"ion. r ' i1l erI ln11 rLl. l cacl l inrclfar:c. rrI ich vxs oriqirrr l l r i r tc sior, rr, i l l r :ontlrci rr l t iL eqrt i l i l rr i rr l in e:rci ort lrc t \ \o hrl \?! i ; rstrhl ishccl. ' l 'he ol iginal outside facc of eacL half \ , i11 Llecorl.onlr\ rncl t l rc rorr lrar ' lcr l or irrsir le l lace \t i l l be cr)ncalc. ' l 'his sl i t t i lg ol i a pi+rtirr to tLinncr' l r i rces l i r iur l l l ' consti lutes a pr 'o S 1est, althoLrgh i t is urlal l-r ' ' molcr:orvrrr jctrt . f \cel)t i r r t ' f )- thir t i lnber, to inr 'r 'elrse thc n[rnbel of -qaw cnts.

' \ t l 'pic:r l l )r 'ol lg tcst of l l rolr. l I 'o ' . , caseharrlcrr i13 l-ould bc lrs l lol lorvs: , \scrt ir) l l lbont 1l irr . lorrg is cut l l rott 2ft . frorrr tLe end. ar tol i l ,rroistr l lc corrtcrr llcsl, Nn(1 thi i sccl ioir is then sl i l bl trr 'o srt crrts mnrrirrg lrarl l lel to the oriqirr.r lboal.r l f l rces. TLe culs |r( slol)pt 'r l i ln)ut 1." in. frorn the ond ol thc sr:r ' t iorr to learr:Lhc thrfe l)ron!-r t l [rs Irnrrrci l l ro[nd iogethcl L; a piecc of rYoorl. ' ] lhc ({rntf( '

l )r()rtg is I r 'ol icD oLrt rn. l lLc Leha\jolr l of tht trro ontside lnongs rroterl . I l 1Lc

lJl.orlgs rcl lr i t ju.trr igrht or ' incl ire to\\ 'atds or ' arval_ frorrr one r l loth{ir ' to I slrrr l ie\t(11tj t l re t i l l )0r ' is not caselrfdencd l lni l t lLt r tre-<ses l)resei l l are not rul l ic ielt1o he r lclclcr iorrs. I [ . hou'r,r 'er ' , thu prorrgs nip i tr anrl ]r i rrr l on orle rnother. thct inrlrcr is clsrhalr lcrr ld. ( Ns( hNr(l{r lc( l t inl l ler elLrr ing a l i i l rr sersonirr! lnn'r ' :shorrlci bc suh,jertet l to slealrr ing ol high lrnmicl i tv trc:Llrr,crr l urt i l <r, goo.l l i rongte-t js ol)t :r i cd. [ f a rasrjrrrrk,ncd state is louncl iD i i rrbcl \ ' ] r ich hns l)een tcsttdas a prcl iminal l to ul; l ;si t ior thr: l i rnb-"r should Le rejec:ted, rrulcss i t is to bc usedin such e ua) lhrt the prcs()rrcc ol crsehardcning j- . i rr lnater ' ial . SucL t imber'{raD he correcte. l bl- r . t f l i rrr ing pr 'oce!i , l )ut t ls this is l lsr l i l l l a sorrre\\ 'hnt e\ l)ensireprocrylure on(ic t inr l)( ' r ' hls beel trr lordcd frorn the l<i ln, i t is rnore usral to strcl i

t l rc Lirr irer frn furthcl r ir r-. i :ol ing nnl i l r sLl l l i ( . ient t i rre has passetl for ' the stre:sr:sto Lre r l lc| ir icr l . l ' ig. I sh0r|s r l iagrnrn1l lat ic|115 t lr t ' r tcr,rge lroishn'( ' contcri l ,

rnoisi l l rc cl istr ibution, nnd .esehardening tcsts

1 f a b l r r c l : : r l ' i s r r o t r l a i l ab le t l " l r ' r r i i n ! o i : r ' , " t i n rL , l r r r h , i r , ' i l i t a t t r d l ' l r cn

usinq :1 hl lnd st ir- 1rr | laciug thr: stct iorr on top ol 11 l) iatc r, f 1' ! in l tonlr l as e

supl)or{ an(1 bl ctrt t i lg Loih scction nni l l roar'r l , or L]. r dl i ;Jig prel iol lsl-v a siv

ct i in the 1! ir . boa'-t l . 1t is sorret irncr ronlenienti l ' len cutl ing r l i th a hand sar' .

to rral ie t lre se(:t ior less t larL 1'r i l . long. l \s clr l i rre of the -ccction is rrot so r 'L: lc-

tcl ions rrs in the casc ot ' nloistufc contt lr l t testsJ snch prrct icc is al lorrahle. Iror:

t i r nhc r ' l h i c l i c l t hn r r L o r ' 1 ] l i n i t i s r r s r r r r l l o i l c re r sc t h l r l r r r r l be r ' o f sa rv cu t s . f o r

i t is t l rcn lrossi l lc to r,Ltain 1l Letler i( ' lea of the Cistr ihl t ion of strcsscs. Fig. i l

shoNs Dr,orrg t( 'sts of thicl i !1dlr 'I t is absolntch' esscri l i r l NIren rrraking r lLschftr. le j l lE tests that the t jarhcr '

shonl<L lrr, in a stNte ol lenl lr(rr '2rr ') r 'qt i l ibr ' iurn rs laf l1s i ts 1lh; 'sirral concl i t iort is

corccrrrel l . I j 'oI crarr l l lc, t i rehrrdeni l lq tesis arc' sorrret irner tal icn on t i ber

recelt ly lcr lolct l f lorrr e hot l i i ln Sudr tests are t 'olse ihi l l [se]ess, for tcmpera'

t u ri s r

pie-|roi i o rc \ l

t ) i eincr

colrt lrec f t (

hirr , rp l o rlo t . li u s i cfacc

o f rbcco

t i re l l

Pel ,

\rill

nrr ]cs

i )pen

bv t hi:r rrrrirr ki

cond i

arldit iJonqer

IoI Il10

Nil l othe ccaftcran indistr. i l r

The feis aDthe prrdistr i t l

'dd1l{s .rlaq} IJJJIt ueJ uor}nqpislp

a.rnlJr)Ir ua-\rrrrl u0 Jo.iurr.rp r.roJo(L'Jqurllrl, rJ+J! [oos fal0u J{]L ]snul s;uoi(t atl+

Jo llorJLpuo, arl+ rrorJsrrLutrrinP 5urllrprtqasu, u r:ul{tur ul }Pql trolltrlpu-r uv sl

s;uord "iuruoprsrla,cuJ oll+ olr:lrlulls u!, Slrli]p .rilqlrlLJ uodn sblto.rd Jt]tll lreJ irllJ'dslrq sI )u Srloral r? aJrL]ru,lJ ol ltrar.t '\llu,ll)ulr1s dq Mu aJll]u-!.olJ ltq] sasat auros

ur pur? ro.\.rLD llrl\ ssuoJrl nils|1o orl+ sJo.irll Lalrlo i)(ll llr uJri]rln -cl uor:]ltql,ll]!l!

JU oorl:!\ sarrqnroos uo-\onn sr uorJrl(lr,r.lsLL) a,rlLlstoul aq] ]Eql uorlEtrpur u'tr

sr 1r rs,:rLo.rd nrl] Jo rllbudl ,rril uno.\\lrq orrrd.r,lJq) pE)LMt ! sr draqJ S lirp rd+]u

'o.rolo,raql rJT 'Ls.1a\1 a)1.1 !LIu i]rrnllio ro:}8dLo( u o+ )LuIrqs llLK s,Frlord l€rlu.lr oq+

'+ua+rroi .rrrllsrour rlr afrs]no i] ulrqJ.rdq;lll st uol]ro(l Lur]uat rIIl JJ .rn)to llri!

,riqurr+ lrrl] Jo oiB{ur:nls pnu.drrr{.rP r l},rltJ i)ruld ftl) utltu.t 1? ur pdru[(l st lpo]\ooroI

st'uo.rtl lu,qrrlr all] ro luu lll(rllJI.\! 'uolliirs

Pi,juord E JI uolin(ltrlsrp J.{u}srout lcl

uor:J(urnir,llaP rlSrlo.r t ur sr 1sa1 '!rro,rd iLlJ Jo uolllrJrll{(lt? LIJI].)urd lnJort1 v'lurl\J

+lldr)lllLrs lr ol l lldcldl?srp ssn,il! 0lL] II:lt{n;ultto'ttjJs tllr 'loJ -1lJU}s o}.)q

-(LqBqo.r(L llno.\\ porll.rur lurrrr{ouoJa n,roLLL aq} J q '5ur.i,rp'r'r puu.5rrrrrrr:o1. 1'c;661-o.rd ,ir1 pa-roura.r oq rltr ll -) \oluo.t o] rrprr?rl sr lt ]lrtJ] ai:t]rru.\fBsrL) |ruollIL)Plr,,rii Lllr.\\ 'iurrrp.rrlirrrlr srr rrollr?!Llrln rr \lJ;rllr nr,,L.L rlit;rl, .r: rrt: L -irrrr 1L o,r,t.ras

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.i,rol.,rrlsrtr:.rn .\.ro-! rl _:t slllJ, paSuo.ttl:t {roIlrn,! lr Il.)ri.\ ')rtldi.r.r-\ll).rl)Ir\ lr iirrIt

r)} 1udr,)rllni tdrsarls nLr.rrr) ril )llr-cn.r L)[u arr]JLrli irll .lo 'riIrltrr,rrls rsull) ol prr,r+

.iIur rJ]u.\\ irql Jo Io irr{i.rl) lurut)J,<ll S ;s.n)0.rll .nrlr(lu.r}s v;nr'trt1r o;v1r{.;1tu1

.ir(Ln t irlll I{) !.rr.(rjl .rrluo }ril .i(1 rrlll!roIlr Jo norLrl:roi(tlrrr -i.!Lr.'rrlr;urirl) IIIlrl IrI'ro.\n.1\{)11

ll .Li.lrlILl .'rll io Irolirl)rro) .irol )rr.rstlllinll rtlr r}lr'rrPIrr o} }u;}rrtllrls }olt sr

nrrrJllo sqJ, Polrfar rrrorl ilJrratal slxJ 5llr']]a,[ Jo JItLsnr t sn s:rJ.(al d, 11Ln" orll -ir1

Ii(l.rrx!(Lr aJllJsronr qJ I.{! Irl().ri sp.luo{L rlruoslr')s,llLl Jo a,ll1r}lli] tlollLllLo, tr sr -cul1I,rdo

]rl.5rlr \' s:(l,)L(l ,:r{rriado i}.!erl llr-!t }rI) r{ori.\\ ,r')qunl Jo arrr.l r,rP tr srulIlJruoS'lIJIUI a.rB S.].rnsuilrr o \rlrla.\JJd s!alurl

.1dr.rp !oruorr(l .r.)(LuIll trl] srr;rLrsur,rrlrI (lIu sllllr(lrrr o+:urInr i(l s.irIo.l(l ..\r5 llr\slsa) Sriru!rL),rl?rli)sl?r rnrlt.lll.[.ilsnollrrrll{o, sl,roro.rd ar;}rLl i]rlt Jo n_rrf,rl} }I Jrrat,ro(l

0l plllr 0l: llaJ.\rJJ(l sr Jua:]lio, o,rr1:]srom Jq+ uJrl.\\ llE,LtPl rL,nn ouo rrt sJ[tco I r]nsn

rlllJ, '"iirlo.Id ]q;ltirli ')\ri tlrx lsal il{ruol rlrrlr'.u,) llrrrl.\\ ur i)JIIttr.t aq rrdrll

IIr-\\ ir'|Pls \i i)l(11?r.)i.LcIdr; sarI|o.raq rrofl.rod srql Io oilr-l[rrr:Irls pll1? ri-!\ol scurorrq

d.rJu.)ir nql 1i) trrrlrro.) r.rnl(r(rrr .)llt'il!l: srt{l uro.rJ sP,rJ)o.r(l PC}o.\\ Jo orJrd Lr Jo5u .rp s\r 'siuorrl iLlJ rJ lno;rllurrlo aq+,) rn, lr r ])trtuo, L).ruo(l \Ill Jo s.r:rl?l

luIrL;L.ro rrl] i-'ur't|r) rt()(l.l arrot .ltsual iIIl:I '."rrrso.I(lo ur Prss.)ithrroJ sr apLsur

,rllJ oilll.\\ 'rrolsuil Jo nllrls 1r rrr sr )luLrrls o+.nln1)ri.l IrI oprirl o orl] l1rrl] l:rr?J aIIl ol

nrp sr sIll.ir 'slll?.!!tllo lrlrq.ro ppi.i(I! -iLrur uor]ros +:iot irrrlraprtrlast:,r r] to srirro,r(l

l1 'uiais i,rd-\ llrls sr oprsur orll [)ir1? IIIIo(I IIoIlP.m]?s irqlJ -\\oli(l pdl,rp trcixL o.!lrq

sllo, .)prstuo nrl] rriq,\\ rIoo\\.lo.rrirr(I 1i Jo n"rlri.rl arll Jo sd"'|l]s JI.rlrr nIIl 1Il'rr \\rr.1P !r(l -r.Drrl rlnrs11lJIIoJ -cllo)rra).1.1,)

r.) irlr,r rlJ,rlur qlr\\ l)nsn aq lsrtlII lr !.rro 0[(lt|Lllr.\ irn\ n sI ]srl i:lrludl).rrlr?llisllr orll

iliq\\ '|]prl] oroli)rrll+ uir-q i(l llr.\r ll r,nrlsrorIl L),)q.ro:"(lr o\l ;rrr,rIl)r,r ,\it [,.rl rd.i11,i

aq flllo, :raqmr] aqJ Jo rlorlrpu(ii arl] !lsu) iql rrI lro,r(l .n_llruip.rrrlaslrt pit(ruoII

ord t? o-u.3 ot PtuoJ tlrrfl ll.rllo - [ s.r;ri:i ;il,t-ln]' ,rtt] rtL Lrnlirnr,r rrr Po-clr.r,rrl{r!rxl llnr ]o-\\ illrlor.r(t srq rl)rrJ]\ ,I,)l:llrtIl l).Juo\lrJs

rslsJ] SIrLllostas LIr lll s,)r.rlll

lr.npl.\rpoI utrlll -([\\ols a,rorrr llturU i],'\ .Ltr',,, I ',j]: rrll r,r .1,'ttrrLLl lrlq] '.r').\tl-\\oll

'l),).rd(|rrnri-r ,)(l :ti ur ll ]rr,I,)$Jrlr J.l icrrt lrorr;rd.r,)1.(){s 1r }n{l 'stlnsrr

J(Ii}srsuo;)J.u,-q (l ?unoj u.)n{t sBll srIJJ, 5trr rlor(l .].ror,)rl rrllrl irll i)l)Is]rro.;.urpttt ,rrttoq 11.NOllt c)} ra(lrur} lIr l qlL\\ Ilxls u,rrq sl?rl lMllrr'lsllY tl.r:l(.r.\\ ur rl.Io.\\ lLilIIotLII.I.(trin(rl pr1oor .r.\l?rJ .\,)qt rillu srlt.ilunl lrcqs irlJ To irll)lnrIl rq:t Ilro,rl ln) rq rru, suorl)rs;uo.{(1 +rlt:Ulr) rrll ()l il.,turlr|l||ur ])oa,rnlir l[aq lirrar(l ]!]] irq] rsl)uo uto.rf

,ir^\t ur,lrll rlro.rf 1 .) i(1 llIJ ,coqrrrr 8 ro o ]uoqu.Jo <rll.qlrdl lrorls'Irlrll oq] o:i sirord

l ] |lo, irrul.r] ol rl(lu.llsrfno sI lr J] ]nr a.rP srrorJ)as ]sti] iroln(l u.r\op I0or ol

l)o.!\ollr: |ulr pr]rrlrs orl fl olls snrard llal irrslarirfi nrl].rrq|rL] torf rro ipurft a.l o] sr

1sa1 tr 11 sino,rr{ a(il to ror.\l?rJaq nrr} [r srror]Brrpr{r sto.)uo.r n) L}l pual sJrnIJa arlll

-urdcluol r.liJCIUr+ !OsI lr0rJrpu(.rJ{lmr} a{

l: ;LI s,-loi 'slnJ ,1-loL{ dl(lr-nlnL) {JS r}('r$us puL{l

r{,)rlN polr

lru]s 01 I

.lrqIur} ll,

pils-)J uri)

.;ro.r(l l)o(

rrll j.rdtlo

lrinrrlLJu-:f:rI's u ori{} Jl I,r Llur,) aq

lrxll.:r.to n

'sl1

J.Lout -!ll!Jr)rd u l(rIroJ,)q llro rPr:n r.r.[lur q:)l]!L),rIoq,ri)n,lu pnrrll-rq1 5ur11raJlrra, aq:

l)!)r{i!.rErlil)rll?.rtsrLo

aq+ ]rrlnlurrl.\ opBrrll l)u! rsllrs q.u o+ utl_\rIi aoDl,nrarll lltr{]\r

t:7.

YIII

26

CHAPTER, 4.

THE EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM WOOD.

sl

to

SI

tli

N.

ln(

a IP.t o

I3el 'orc con.ir ler ing thc evapolnl jor ol l l ,atcr. from wood i t l , i l l hc nt l . isebleto consit le| t l rc sirn|Je c:rse ol c\ 'apol. l l ion frorrr re srrrfrr.ce of w.r1cr.. . l lal i r- , forexauple lhe cnse of { Loi ler ' , in rrhich the |res-* r.c is nrairr iained at atrDosp}rericani l the stcaD r1rrd 1.!-utc1' ale ir erlui l iLr. inrn, thnt is, Do ])oi l i rrg js trking place.The terupelatule ol l t l rc \ .atel ard of t l rc sleanr $, i l l thon L)e ,112;tr. l f the iraterin the boiio: i,q hertetl, so tlai its teulrelattlc is raiseil sjighfly, sorrrc ol the rvater\. i l l bt ' t [rned into stcarl t . , l 'he al lount of Latcr, evrporate,t * i l t tre ju Dlopor{ioDto t l lc nrroult of herl . al l( ler l : in othcr.*.olr ls lor cr ojr, lolnd of rvater cr,aporaterlrpl)ro\ irnatel. \ ' 1,000 l3ri t ish Therrlal Irr iLs rnust l tc at lded. (Orrc ] ir i t ish Therrnall i r i t or l3.Tl. I- . is the arrourt of hcat rerl t i rei l to lai-"e 1lL. of t .a{er 1"I.) I ishorr ld-be rroted thrt tho l ,0f)0 U.Th.lr. ar,e not c\perdcd irr laisinE the rcnpera,tule ol the l .ater ol ol l the stenm. bui solelv in changing.rnt", l"uro thc l iqrLidio the gaseolls stntc at the sl lrn{, tcrrr l)elatrrr.e. T]r is . lLln;t i ty is iherctor,e ral ledthe helt of taPoli-satiol of 1\ 'ater. or usrral lr thc laicnt ,rr hidi lerr heat or sLcerl.

- \o*. srrpposc thal the prcssule in the boi lcr is rai;e,- l ar icl rnaitrt tr ineo at sorlel i iglcr f igure. f , l e:anrplc, 20 lbs. q:tuqc. The tcrnlreratu.e of the stcaln trnt l *,r telrvi l l nor be 2;8'I . I f hc, l1 is arlr lcd as lrefore, rrrter Ni l l hc cleporrteal. l )nt thesarn{) puol)or ' l iol t ns befor.r, l i l l a p lrr:o-r i tnateh. Lre lraintairrr:d, namel-v, J l1r. oferal)t l l l r t ion per' ] ,000 R-Th.Ll. adtlccL. Sini lal l l j f t le Loi ler prcssule is rcr lucei lalrr l

_Irrairtaincrl |clo\\ . r l r rrosphr,r ' i r : , lor ' crr lmplr: , at sl iqhih. lrelor. L lb. Prt,ssur.eabsohrte. the lcrrperr lrrrr of thc stci lr and lalel r l ' i l l thcr bc lbout 1{10.1r., . brrta 1r lrroriua.tel l . the srnre tr.apolaLior l)1.o1)orl , ion rvi l l r , :r lain. ln o rer *.ords, i t\r ' i i l r 'e.r i l i rc al)out 1:0(i0 IJ.Tlr t ' . to c' .por'ate r | ,uni l rrr ' . ' ier rrrd rr. *.npor,a-trorr r ' i lL ial ic l)1.rcc xt 1lL;s lrressrrre.tr less the tclrr l)e.t tn'c of the'Ntcr is raise(ll lbo\ 'e 10() ' !" .

I t l ' i l l lx 'seen that fol elalror.at ion to tal ie phce t l lc tcl lperaturc ol l ," ,atcrI[rst ])e r lr ise(l aboyc that oj t l t ,$r ler lrpour in corl | l lct $it ]r i t . and fol e\-er-\ ,1 1b.. of $:rter ' 1o be eral)onted, rpl)ro\ irrat€l) ' . 1,00i: l 11.1,| .U. rmst be slrppl iedto the l tatel to plovir le tht ' latcrrt Leat of the r-rpour. The ful lrrry oI thc ideathat c\1l l)ofat ion ol 1\ 'ater c.n Lr ' r :orrt i trucd i .r1ei initel. , . sir .p1i. bv r 'ainlaini.g nJrigh lacunrn l i l l thls be rcacl i ly rpprccialecl. The oficcL tf i ) te r.rcrurr is sirnl,Llto lo1\.cr ' l lc lemperztture at uhich elrrpolal ion taltcs tr lace.

Tn these colsidoations, lhc l .ater ' \ 'al)o1lr or stci l l hrs bccn -qatnr,ntet l , l l ratis, i t is irr that sl l tc irr lhich r:ool ing, lrorvcr.er sl iglrt , 1vould jmmedjatel-!- ' r ,csultin the commenccnrerL oI mndcnsation. l f 1hc l . l ter \ .al)out or. -qlerm is rrot satnr,_ated, i ,r : . , i t is , .ulrcrheatcd, the amoult of hcat in this st lrerhcat is alni lalr le foltrnnste' to the r.atcr \ ' i t l t r :onsequent c' lU)o.rt ion, rnt i l the steur. is ret lLrcecl tothe ternper' l tule o-l the l \ 'attel i t a satutatpd concl i t ion. l} ,r . i trg l , i t1r superhertcrlstean at ututosphcric pre-*sure. rrhi lc iL has !r,r ,n founrl tc har.e alrprcciahle arL_varlages rl1 conneclio]r $'ith the (lr']ins ol son e softwoorls. rr:;lllts in the ernploy_nrent of terrpetatures so LiC.h thNt t lrcJ rrc l ikcl l , to h0rc a sr,r ious delcteriouBclfc( i t nDox t inlber'snfh as the I jLLcalrpts, arrr, l i t is t l l , r ,cfole u1r1(,cess1l11. ro (!1r_

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the Leat for \ ' : r Ior. isj i r t iolr is rro\ rx' i rrq lr lovidcrL lrr thc !! i r . an(i i ts rnorst lre, an{ihc.air besjdc. cool i ls i tsel l is ai: :orbing rroistrrrc. I f rc r ir . \ \ .e1e br: ing rcolc11rri t loui tho rrbsor])t iorr ol i r troistrrre, j t 1\,ou]d bc(orrrc sltur.at(L at i ts clr l iv poi l t .100" l , ' . l l i t l 'ere absor, l t i lg Inoishrr ' t , rr i lhott cool i l ! l i i r lould t)econre srtulare(lNt. l lO' ! ' . Jl l t l r is ro[( l i l ion ol i , . Ior l t i eouslv (ool irrg rn(l rrLrsorJ.r i l ]g utc, jstrrre i tr ' i l l becorrrc : , tu'aierL l t t sorrr. terrr| ,aturt i r i tcrnret l i r te lret*.cr:n ie . le\\ poi '1l r r , l i l s o l i q i r r r l l { ' n r l r e r i l L l t l . o . l ' h j s i r r l c r r r cd ia t c t uu l ) c r . l t u re j s r l l l c r l t he \ \ , : tI i t t l l r ' l l . t l r l rerahrre,

lrer,1lnsc i1 is nteNsul.ed lrr. lhe l l rr i l ;craturr, of lr t ler, l tor lctr,r .l ) iacr.1 i l thf air. -*1r 'crrrr rrrrr lcI i rrrcsi igation, lhr: i rr l lb of re lLcrnn)ue1el bcirS.trrainir ir lcd ir l r rvft st i te. ' lhe lYet I lulb tenlpcr.ntru' l , in the clt-q{r ( luoled a}01.r ir toul. l ])e l( l ( j ' 1,. I t I i l l l )c rr)tcd t lral to obtai l thc cor.fecL \\ret l ]r lb tetr lcr lmrri1 : is nccessarr to hale a r.ontirruors slr.oi lrr of t l r t ai l oler. lLe rr 'r tel beiue co,,sideretl . In .si ' l rr \ \ .et f l r lb thet.urorrctel. thcrr, lore, thc lrreca.t i .n r ' .-st he tr l<errof plol idi lg a sul i j , : ierrt r , i r , tulLt ion of ai l past t trc L)ulb. l 'ol i rccrl .r te uork an inrlel.)cj t \_ of l ; l t . I)e1 seconll is rcccssaLr.. but leloci l ics ruuch less thrrt l l is gi l ,e: l t 1 ; c i t , n t l l ' l r r ' cu r l i c r l c t l r r r r i r r u t i ons l o r ' l i i l r r l o l l i .

. \s l lc lat i lc, l l rr tniLl i t i rs Nl i i l \ \ :et ancl Dlv Bulh teurper atures ar,e ot ' corrsirLcrablc irnlrr l tancc ir , prolr lcrr,s ol serLrori lgJ a chitrt fo1 cletcrrrr inirrg t lre relnl iorrs l r i t ) Le l \ \ f l , l l i hese 1 ' r c to r s i ' i r r c l u r l e r l : r 1 t i r c bac l i o f t l r i s I l L r l l c t i n .

The relat i le hurniditr ' can 1x' r letcrr l i led i [ ' t l re oldi l lLr. l rLir, (drr, ]rulbtlcnI l)r1.r l ,rrrf anri ci i ]rcr ' l l r(r wct l l r l l ) teurper'2Ltr1re .n the -strtrrat ion tenrl).rruturet re l i l t ( ) \ \ ' 1 .

l lel i rrg con' ir lertr l t l l l err l)or?r1ior of i lbsolutel. \ ' l ree wrLte,-, i t is rror,r ' rrer 'es--!a1l-to stud] '1,. .-ap(|r11ion lrorrr l l re sl l l ' f rr :r ' oi i iL piccr: ol l Nood. \ ILi l : t l re urrcoriLirrerL rrroir iu|c is bcing r lr ied l i .ont the: r lrrce ol a lrJc(o ol 1\.oocl) thc i ,1occs,.is lrracl icr l l r ' thc sl l l rre as e\ ' : lpot.r i ior) f i -ori the srrface ol ' \ \ 'ater. ' l lms heat m|stLe sulr lr l icr l to the Nr,od f lorn unshtLrrated r ir ' , untl lJte t inbcr r 'cl l r i f . r ; ,1'r , ' . ir r r l t ch ' u t 1he \ \ r , l l ) l r l l ) t c r r l l ) e l l t r r r ' . I ] r : l o l l l L r c s r r i u r , a i i on po i r r t an r r r l d i t i on l r lfartor enter 's. 1\-oorl hlrs l tr r l l ini t l tor ' i ts cornLincd lroishrre :rnd rnust l)e lrradeio lrr l t rvi th i t . This ul l jni t l inct iLses a.. 1ht ' j roisLrl tc cortctt l ) fcontcs lower' .[ : [r ' rrr:r , i rr r 'hr i trc l ;r ' ]ol ' thc t ihe satLltr i t i r l I l l )oint the telt l )er ' t i l t t l oL the Noodrisr:r al iore the rIr, t lmllr . the dJscrelra1rcI irrcr.cnsing r: the roistLlr ' r ' cont.,r)t ( !c. '

' l ' l re l i , l iur, : to lr l rrolcr l l r( , l l rNl to irr l l r i r ,r ' r : ol r ioorl i t is rrcccssar'1' tohar-c air l i l l r tr l lur ir l i t l 'belorv 100 pel cert. , arrd t lrat, thc lover thc hunrir l i t r ' , t le! r ' cu l l J r i s t l l c d r ) i l r s l , o \ , ; t ' r o l ' t hc r i r ' xnd t hc rno te r ' r 1 r i r L l r ' dcx ' s ( ' l r v i r r g f t n l l r i l r esrr l f iLct proceeil .

l I a quiul i t l ol l r lnsrtLlrulc( l rr ir ' is r l lorrei l 1o rerirr i l l in col lrcl with rr picucof l . l r 'crn rr 'ood, i l l i l l take up nroisture frrrm t lrr : loorl ult i l i t i - . saturatcd. I)r lin! fronl thc lcrud r l i l l therl cciJe, alr l l rr : forc i t cnn bc r 'ccorr irrrclcerl , pror, ir l inlno hcet is arai lable f lor l orrtsiLlL' soulrfs, i t l i l l l re ne(iessit lT to lclrore l l lcsatnratc. i air and. suhl i iu|: a f ir :sL sl lr l l r .ol l un-qrtrn alet l t i r . In other \or. lsrfol ihr ' i rrg lo lre coIt ir lLrorls there rnust Lc .r cjr 'crr lr . t ion of nir ovcl the srrrf iceoI thc piecc ol l loocl. 1'o obtai l some ir l ta of thc rrragnitndt ol i . l rr : cirr:ulat ionl 'hirh is ncr:es-qar-r ' . t l le c\rLnrl) lc clrn be tr l l i€xr ol l air rLt 110'I ' . :rn,:1 i33 per ccnt.hunriditv- This air ' , ur mcntiorrccl abo|c, r:rrr sl lpplr. ]rert for I tqrorisation uDti li t i ; coolecl to iLs \\ ict Rtlb tenperatrrre. To snplr l f ihc heat lequiturl 1o vaporisc1 lb. of waler ' (rr lrplor. 1.01)0 l l . : l 'h.I1 ) *orld rcr luire ncarlv 2,0{)0 crrbir { t . oftLis air. l loleor'er. lhi le j1 lonlr l bc r lcsi laLle 1'or inaxirrrLLrn thennal ef l lciencvlo rt i l ise the air ' l rr l i l i t \ \ ' . , r 'e si t trate. l . in actLral practicc r:r l l -r ' in sorr c . l r-ces cnn

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tcnts aud their- r 'el .r t iv,: al l i r l iLios. I ,or i :rarrLlr le, lr i l . t ;0 f , . rnt l i0 f t ,r ,ceut. r t : lat i , ,chLrrrr i t ' l i t l * i l l l rrr Irrrt .c r ' i t tr \oo(L rLt aI l)r1)) i iulat(,1\ I( , l )cr cent. rroisiL..r i c.,r t fr t .i lerupe'. t .re is. r : ,rr lr l i rat irrg l .cL.r 'r lbi . i l l thc rr: l ' t l r . hurrr i t l i l ' is l iel)t ro'-tantbnt t l rc tclu|er 'r turc is irrr ' rr , lslr l to sr,urr, l t ighcr' t i rrrr.c. thc noi- i tnrt corrLqrt ott ' oo r i l ' | i ch i s r r t ] r n l r r l c c u i t l r t h r , sc r r e r l co l c l i t i o r . . , r i l l he l r r v l r . . l iS I . l o l . sh ( ) \ ' t f ) ' l x x 'N iL l r l ' . r eL t t i v r , L r r r ' i 11 i1 r , r Lu ( l l l r . r L , ) i s t ' f . , f 1 )u te , l r ) l \ 1 )o r l l ' . c I . c t r t c ( t .I t \ ' i l l be ro t c rL t L r r l l r \ i r r l J . r : l t s i ng l l r t , r c l a1 i re l r r u l i r l i t \ r r 1 i r n \ v i I r , I r Lc r r rPc raLu IeLhe Lal lrrcc l)oi. tur 'c ror1f lr l . of the l .rxrd, {)1 l l rr luoislule r,r ir tcnt l t t r ,hit :h i t canl re t h i ec l r r r t l c r ' t Los f c rn i l i t i onsJ i s r a i se r l , a r r r l l n I o l - " r i l g i r u r r i . l i t l N t t hc S i \ . entcurlrer '1fn13, t l rc lr :r lrDce rruristLrr,e t !ntcrrt ol t l rc woo(1 i- lour,r.erl . ITcrrcc i t isl ( ) ss i l ) l r ' l ) r r ' egu l r t i i r r g t f r r i l ) 1 , r . i l t u r c a r r r ' l l u r r r r i r l i t r 11 ) r o r l t r o l t hc r I l o i i l t uL r f on te I l lLo l ' h i t l r t hc su r , f r , , r ' r , l r r l r c r l r i c r l .

l 3 r ' s i t Lcs l r r t r i r r g r r r r r ' l 1 i ' r . l u l r o r r l l r c l r e l a t l ( . r | l r o j . L r f ( . o r l euL r ) l l \ \ ' oo .L . t l , l n l r c f l lt r r r c l r r r s a l o th l ' l r r r \ i r r l ) o r l l n t r , l t c l t r r I r l r t l r f l l t ( , { , 1 : r , r . o r r i r r g . , \ s l . t e rn -t ) c l r i u l c i i i r ( r 1 , r . ( , ( 1 . t i n r l ) r r ' l r e tou r ' . r r r r r r , l r r r r o l e 1 r l r . s1 i c . 1 t i : l i r r l t r i ; r c l . o lr l r t r r r Lc r i j r l t o l r I r . r L l . i . l Lc l t t r r l l r r s t ca r i r r q o r i r cJ l i [ g . F , r . o r l l t hc r c : r . , , r i r r -- t l r r r l po i r i , t l r t ' i r r r I ; o I I u r r I r ' ( ) l ' l l r c l ) r 1 ) l ) ( ' r ' i \ i . r Lne i o l he IN ( j t t l n t \ \ . oo , l i n i t s t no Iep in . i i r : co ru l i l i on t i r r r s r r i l s n ro i s l r l r l r r r r o r . r ' 1 r . r ' eh , a r r l . o r r l l o r vs t ho r r r o i s tu l e t o Leco l rdnc l c (L 1 ' r onL l l r c t . r , r r l r r ' L r ) t l t ( ' : t r ' 1 'N rc i l t i r q l e i t t r , t i . l t c . O ih ( , r t h i r r gs be i r r ur l uaJ , { he | r , f o r c , t l r r ' h i t l r ( , r ' 1 l I ' t r r l ) e r x1 r1 , r l r I r r Lo r , r , r . r rP i r l l r t hc se | - , r r r i r r r r r L r ri)e cl l i ,cl(r l .

I ' l r c r c r l r c , l r o \ \ c | r r ' . l i r l r i t . t ( r \ ' l t i r l t t l k ' Lc r r l ) c ' tN i l l t f o l ' \ r r r r d r , r r I r l r r : r ' r t i : r r l .Jn r.ornc t imlx'r 's, thc l i l r i r is ir l l roscrL Lrr.ge1r, l)r . thc lerr l)cr i tLrrr(, a1. rr lr ich ct, .s l I c t i on o i l so r r r | 01 t l r r f ( n r . t i t nc I l t s o l ' t l r c l i r r r I c I i i , , r c f e l j b t i r r t hc | | : c o tt he l i nc r l r ' l r l s r r t he l hc to l s i u r l r osc a 1e r r l l r c t ' l t r r r e f l r he loN t l r i : . l r r l h r : 1 i l s tI L r r : r ' . l r t L i gh t c t l l ) f t i r t r r e i l l l f l t . ( u r i t ( . r ' i r j l h r i h i r . l r l l L c r l t l i nq r l r r r l l 1 r ' o l ' t 1 r c e i r 'r ' l tn be r,ontrol lrd i : r lelr la-t ' r l . r tr td slrtrrr lTr ' . I t iqh tcrr lrcratLrres havl rr vcr.1, prorLou r r cuc l c l i t ' r ' t u l r o r r r . o l l r r ; r , r ' . ( l o l 1 l 1 r . 1 , xs l r r c r i r n ' 1 - . r l c r r l i o r r r : r l . i s l r p i a i t r r , d asL re i rg c l uc t o so r re e r t c l r r l l o l j t r t c r r l t l L r l r t r . uus i l t f a l l i t r q i n o f t h t , cc l l : . t hcnthe f r ee l a te l i s l r c i r r g l r : l Lo r r r l . l l i , o l r r i oL rs l l r l l , ; 1 1 l r i ! i s t l r e r ' asc , t . l r c p ro ( , s ,qof mali i rE lhe soor' l rr lrst ic, Li.sides lrrr, inq 1le r ler j l l l r le ol ' l -c 'ci ol i rrcleasLrrv, r lepossiLlc lrLe of sorsotr in!_. l i l l r lso hryc i l rc ci lelctet iorrs elfecL of incfeisi l( thct cndcnc l t o co l l r ps r : . l l ' h i s l ) r rDc f i : \ ' t l l e r r r r r n l ' Lc t he r l e r ' i r l i nq f l r c t r r l i t r l - r j n t {t he 1 ru l l ) f f : r t n r r r r l l L i c l r r l l l i r r l o l t l r o t i n rb0 r i s 1o i a l i c 1 r1 r r l e .

' l l t r ' 1 ' h r t c l l ; s t t t l i u l ; r ' t I ) t t t i nq Con l ro ! .

Now t lrat thr: vrr l iorr. f l r '1ols i l l l rrcrrr irr3 clLrinq hrle Leel r:orisir letecl, thedcsi lalt le conrl i t i rxs Lo'- thc cl l l ine of a picr 'c oI wood ran hc stut l i r .d. Tt hrs Lccnpo i r r l cd ou l l h rL i r t he c i l l J s t r ! f s o f r l l l i r r e , r vh i l " t I c i i r l L l l i - l l r o l e f i h l esatural iorr point. Lhf latc of r lrving r lrLrsl l re Iclar 'derl . :o as to hc corr l) l l rNl) le i \ ' j thi he mrx i r l r r n r r ' a i e : t L l h i c l r r r x ) i s t r r r ' ( ' . ) n r l r r : i r ans r r . i t t ed { ro rn t l : r ' r : c r r t r c . \ \ : l r i l e i r rlLe lr tcr stagcs, l)rr l ;culf lr l l \ l 'herr l l rc trcr,r 's-qal l 'scaslr i i rrg ha: ncrred cornplt, t ion,clrvi lq col ldiLions nlrst l)c rrN.le rror( ' seycrr), to o\-crr{Dno t lr l af l lni tv of the t-ooclfor ' nroisturc. The rate ol l (hJi l lg at anl Eiren terr i ,efatur 'eJ in lhc car1r, singes,is letnlr led br: l i rrr i t i rrq lhe irnorr l of lrcl t l 'hirh is alai lable lor evap,lr l ingmoisiule f lolr l lo t . i t , . Lrer ' . ' l 'his l i rnitr t ion of nlni ln| le heat rrrax J)e br,ought lboutin txo la1's. Ir'irstll', the surlla(c of the limber' rlal be supplir:d fith a srlrallquanti tr- of ai l at cornpar'nt jvclr ' lorv rclr l i r .c lurniditr ' . This rnct lod wil l har.elhc cbl ious distulvantage thrt i t is possiblc for rurfrce to bc cL' iei l lo m e\tenf

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l iol r leolct ieal r) lupo.e.. ki l s rrrrr.r l rc dit ided i !r1iJ t l [ .ee cl i l - .scr. ucrcr.r l i r ,g kr1 | c p ressu re a t i r I i ch l i i c ) i i l r j opc r i r t cd :

( a l l i i h r s bc lo r r r r l r l l o : p i r c r . i c p ress r r r c .(b) l i i l ls at at] trosDltcr ic lrre;-rrrr,c.(c) l i i l rrs airuyc ttrrrosphcl ic I ,r tssru.r, .

i l Urc case ol l i i l ls belol rrLriusprer.]{ j prcssurc) ol r .rr:uurn t i ihs, i t hasrlr 'ead] ' hecx l)ointc(l orrt lhrrt lor\ ' pr.essrLrc r lolrc carrrrot crLrse dr 'vin!, and tL]rt theheat r 'equi 'c( l f .r thc rLrr irrE r)roccrs rn.st st i l r rre srr1r1;r iecl t . tr ic t l rrrber-. rn f lrecasc ,f tr srnai l c\ i)ef ir .xrtrr l l { i l rr . f this t j ' .pe thc r lr^Dti ty ol i real 'er1. ir .cl forc \ x l x , r i l t t on cu r ) usuN l l \ , $ j t l r o r l , ( , l i t i j cL r l h . , L re s r rp l r l i c r l t o t hc t i l l b0 r LT l r L r l i r t i on1rorn i l rc \ \ 'al ls ol the r. lLrurr lrer,, lnd lrr rL sLri t :rbk, distrosit ioIr oL hcating clcDrrts.\ \ ' i i h t h t c l cs i s r r , l l : r r . . r , u r c ' r ' t i a l r r r i 1 , t i t r P ro l r l e r r r Lc r : . r r r cs u ruc l r r . o re t h i l l cu l l .For tconortr ir : :r l worl i i1rg, lr lalge r luanti t l (Jl t i rubel rrt l , . t bc st:r, : l i r ,r l in e|cD ftrt tr l te,b r l s i r r . c * r x r rL i s . f a i ' i r r s . l . t . r ' . . r l r r i I , t l l e * r l r ) l , i , l no t r ox ( l r cL s ' l i i c i c r , t hea tl r o ru ho r r rd t , l r o r * r1 , . r *L s i r r c r , t he r l i s l r os i t i , r r . l h r * r t i r r g e l e r . e r r l s f ' r l l r o r up r ) l vof herl l ; . t ladirrt i ,r tr l .o crrr.h lrornrl is rrot rroir etorrouir,r l l l pos,. ibl t , othel r leansrLuni lre errrploVcrl. ' l ' lLe

nsLral trrel lrrxl is { i) .orr(, . . , the heat to cnrh Loi lr ,d byrne i . r s r ) l ' t he ! r r s I j l l i r r ! t l r c k i l r r r h r r r r r l x r . , r r n t l i l r i s r l r s i s l a | qc l r \ a r c r . vapou rr r i l h a r r r r r l l . c l r r i r t r r r c o l . i r ' . I r h rLs ' i r c . r i r o i r r l c i l oL r i t ha l ' . i r a i r , l r t a r . r ' r r spnc r r c1 ) r cs :u Io l r r l e r l l l o r r r a s rL i r r r r r t t , r l r oD( l i t i o r r l 100 . 1 . . t o 1 t0 . t , . r r e r I l v 2 ,000cnb, f i . arc r 'er1ui|ed' irr ot,r lcr ' thl t lhc :r ir , rnd rtr l)oul in cool ir lg to t l te WeL BullJterr l l , t | t t tu1,( ' l01j ' ' l , ' . r l l l r \ l rro\ ' i ( le sul l i r i ( ]rr t lLrrr l l lor tho eIrrDolI i iorL 0f 1 lb. of\ t l t 1 r1 . l l l t he t , | . c o l r r I i i i n uo l l i i r r g b |L ) \ \ | t n ros l ) hc I i r p l css l l r e f i l l ed \ r t L r r \ f t L te r'rrIorD rr l ,rre, ir ' i t l l l r \NC.rrI 1)l 2t l i in( i | .s <rr 'e:porrr l i rre to a boi l i rrn runferr lLur-r lo1 ' 1 \ r i c . o i l 0 ( ' " 1 , . i s t r l i c r r , t h . r r t l l ( , ( l u r rL i t \ . oL * . l L l r , r . r a l ) , r t ' supe r l l ea rd f r o rn10(i ' L, ' . to l-10' I , ' . r .c, lLr i fc( l 1o f\ ' r t)olr1f I lb. of l-atu \ i l l i )c 2i j ,0( i{) r .ub. t , t . The(l l lest ior of ci lcLrlrLl ion in l r ' r .urntL l i i l rr the|r, l . te Jrcr,r,r ,rr: t l r .er. ' serious pr,rrrelt ,: u r1 l t | i s J l oqcLh f r r r i l l r l I r ' l d r l i l i L l r : I i . , . r , l , , , r 1 - t r r , t i u , , , , , r , , , , , 1y .11 npx l1 111 "t l i l lerence in plcssrue l) f t l re(,r t l re ir , , idr: alr l outsjcle of the 1<ihr, hns up to t lreplescrl r l i l i t . r ted aqrl ir lst thc r.orrrrrclr. i :r l sut less ol ' l l r i -< t lpe ol l i i ln. l ,hus i t ist h l r . t I r ' . 1 ros ,1s f o r l l r r , e r l r l , i t l r t i u r o l ' \ ' r c rL r r ' I i i l r r . , * h i r : J t o 'P r1 re t . a r r t l , ' a '. \ pc r i r r en t i l l s r . l r l c , 1 r | ca ' s t r c i r e r ce l l r : ' 1 1 r roPo r i t i ous . ' . . a l h . b . co r r re r s i r r l < f o rrtoner_ \\ 'hcI l r :otrrrt te|r ' i l r l opci-el, iol ts lrr 'e ronrtrtcl Icf] .

I t t r Lav l r c r r u , t r l i r r r r r r l i t r l r r ss i r r q t l l i t t he . l i l l i f t r l t \ o l con r l r r r : t i ng t l c : l t t o t hetjrr l l )( ]r ' (rn Lr: o|| ] l ' r ,ornr ' l )r ope|ai irrs I l i i l r I l r l ' i i l l \ unrler ahuorphc}i, : pr,c"srr.autL PrLr' t iul l l utrdcr ir \ 'aIrrurrr. '1hc t irrrhcl ic lrelt( ,(1 i t :r tmospherie l)resi-urer orsorDirt iules above l tr)r,splr.r ' io 1)r(, :sur_c. ,rr l i r r l I icr l uDli l ro0l l lndcl i ! \ : i rcuLlr l l )th{ ' l )rofcsr l)ei lrS tcIexle(l unti l lhc l inrbcr js ai +.1,t dcsircd l loistnto conlent.SrLclt l i i l rrs halc lrrolt '11 'r ienl i l ical lr ' 'ucr:cssful althorrglr thet. havc not survivedco)[r lrclciNl]v, bui: t l rc 1r 'otc:s ]ras lr corlr lr l r . i : r l l )r ' ! l ( t i f i l al)Ir l icr l iorr ix the j lcl lnri .g and r:rc.rrrrr t 'errtrrrc'1 *.hiL,h is givcn 1ir 'Ler us a pr. l i ruirrarv ro l ,r , .ssureprocess oL t iurhcr inr lr lelrret iorr lor prescr.r 'at ior l , l t l r l roug.|, thc treaimenl jn thiscase is usurl i l canicd oLl l fol I r1if l 'crcnt prLrpose.

\\rhi lc rLlyirg aboro ahnosplrr,r ic 1;rcssrn.c I lso hlrs u1r(, loubtcd zrr lr ,rLri t l rges,these arc offsct, es in tht, ca:c of clr. f inq ht,1ov atntosphcrit : prcsstr,e by ihe costof (! i rslrucl iol l an(l ol)-arl l i ion, so l l let lhis 1l l)e oj ' l i i l r , has r iot }et lr lovcd a coln,rncrcial s.ccess. l fhc orr l t ' r lass oI rL'r ' ing, ro nhich fLrr ' th.r 'crnsi i lerat ior rvi l l heeilcn :in tlis booi<, is thr'inl rvilh thc rtrlospLere inodilictl only us regalus tem_pelnirure anal lelat ire humirl i ty.

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's?al{pong .{;rolanrg:a.r'^saJnql Suri;lp Jo olqEdPr o(l plno,\\ ]r ,]tlll olrtrsso(I sr ]r prie ,{lqruaprsror ulr][ Jo ird.!,]slql lir.\orLlLur a-\url :lttxls uuI Jsrp rlltLr{ t to lrorstlLruL alll ,(.1 IIot]uirtr,lD Jo 1orlrrot0ql ur suorJ[r\oftur ']uarollJ s,r.](Lrrtr] l,,r /,rrr.,- ,i[\ud i]nur irlJ ro+ l,isrr sr acll:] srqlItql os ulrrl lnrr[J.u]clu{o, t ur su.\lalE.rnrJB sr. prllo.rltror.tq loltu?r Srfi{.r(T .ultrJilql Jo pr{o lsoL,lp prre 1sol}orl oqt 1t.i,rp so,S;r.rrrLa flo}lrirr}11 Jr lrlun

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,!']rrlof Jo a,. urrrljs u ]aa.r ool ,Srrola(L olt?tS sIl] lo s]rl-{lart1i,l arll rl r[.\\ o] sstlr.u rs.Loqml?,{.Io]rr,rlrr a.rouL orl} rl}r,\t ltlil tu rlLsoLIu:r,1 lIL,,rnIruru., ]\,rq dq] lou rLi)lJoq5noq1Lu !a[rltsso(l a.r! ;(T,{} rpr,r.) il;-ulLr.nzt|rro.r B Jo -crlr:l ts,ra<1u11 peuo-suos,rlrsuaaro[L ll]Itll ,cIIIr)l ,i.rp 1o sn(l.il tua.raJ.lrp irrtrrr oq1 rrr jlll-q.r.r ol)urIl sr arur.rrus rLq]qt{1,\\ o.} lu)l\n aqt pur ll)tq.|! rri r.llr ]ul arJ] r{r sarur.r,rura[ ilrlrrlrssntl |]rDr turo)Io lll|;i)r II rlrqlr.\\ rt{.Lf u1r1 5rrr.rr1 ol ,r.)l].ro I{r slL?r]raslr nril Jo Ilu .ro ouroc loIOJlrIOt Jo {rUCrlep oaltL.trlq ol ,i. ?s-qnrJLL sl t}r :tBrl:} {),s rrrorlurorlo putr trot+rLL,r}s o,lo Jsor lr rl.ar(l oo:] sr-\lo-\rlr ll ,rrrlrrrci r{r ialqB.rrsop sr 10.4rro; elolrlrrLoa,irorrJJ 1rl'+rlo parrr?a ir(.l llt, ssd.)ord n-tlr1.rp atlJ rl;ll{.!t q}L\r [orJrnl.ri(l oq1 ,.{.ru-r

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la|r i \-ootls. I ,or ' lh0 ht,sL rerrr l ts, t i rrrbcl ol the orre r l lecies and thiel iness orr15.hol ld be irrclrrt lcrL i l thc orre churge. lJut nDLlcr esl)ccial circunrstarrces rrr ixorlch:rrges irr'e cltcrr tr.-aciicahlc'.

I1 is lrossi| le 1o t l i l l 'er 'err l i rr le rrroclerrL 151rcs of l coDrl)url l ]x,nt l i ihls into t \ \ ,ol l l i l l se ( l lo i )s :

1 r r . l . r - . . 1 ' i " . . r l , i " r l i i l r r - .

r l , l l r , t . r r r : r i , . i , . r , t i , , r l i i l r .

Irr l le l t ,rrre| t \pe, l lesh air. i r t i l ieD f l :ou orrtsi t l r Lhe ki lr , i t is herleiL andlLLrrrr idi f ierL i f ner:essrlr ' , alrd Nltel pa:si lg lhrouslr the t inl)er '- . tar l is to perlormi1s dl l ing clutv, i f is r l ischlrgcd isr i l l into thc rbrosL)hcre. Often in or. lel toredrrco b{rLl lo-qs0:. |rrr l ploridc Lroi: t l l re 1o r1l ise thc l | l lnr icl i tv of tLe inlct air, sourcoI lhc r ir ' \ 'hir .h ha-. l)ussf( l thlouglr 1|e.tzLcl i ! is relurncd rnd lni\ccl 1\. i th t l lefrcsh air crtcr i lg thc l i i ln. Sorrrct irrre-< lhe relat i le hLuuicl i t-r ' of the inlet air israi;cd l-r5 irr ject ing stcLrur Irorn r per' ior 'r t tcd pi|e. ln ar e\ternrl circt lat ionl i l r r , t hc rL i l r r r ) r c r r c r t r r r u r bc t I e r csn l l o l co r l ec t i on cu r re r r t s , i n \ ! h i ch c r l sctho I<i l l j r tcnned a nrturNl r. i rr :rr l l t ion or vurt i lalerl hi ln, or r motir,e fo'-ce maybe srp|1icd l)J rIreNtrs ol: l r frrr r)r blorrer -* i tLrr ir :d r i ther' i r ternal l l or crtcrnal lY\i- i t l r :r ' t 'spc.:t trr tLe r lrving clr irrrrber. irncL in this cusc, tho ki l ; is t lescl ibed rs 'rI l lorver' ol Iu l i i l rr , these tvlrei sonretirre' : l reirrs grouP{,cl i r the r laule of l t i rrce,lI)r ' :rugh1 l i i ln.

Irr the casr,ot t l r( ' l r tclnrl ( j r ' r :rrht iol l i i l rr . thc sarutr nir ( ir 'cnlates coni intral lyiu- ' i t le thc l i i lu. arrd i ts thring rrnl l i t r i ,c (.ontlol led as rerlLri le. l b1 a val iety ofdel ir : t 's. This t lpe clrr rr lso he'. l i l ic led nccolding to lhc methotl of prot ir l i rrg therircuhtiorr, i r to rnluir l t i lculr l iL 'r . rnrl l ,rrccr1 r l l r tghl l i i l ls, r l lhongh sirrr sorrreof the nosl irnport ir t l i i lns arc ncither'ore uor the othcl- l )nt a mi\tue ol l i rcir lo, iL i : nrolr: nrrral to ( la:sif- r fcor( l ing to dist incl i le feahrres o1' the varions

C'lassi l jcaLions o1 l i jLrs elc lol r l togethet irract icr l l j lor sornc of t l le lr lostjnpoltrnt tr-pr:s ol l i : i l rr ' r : i i ,hel corer ' ;eier 'r l classes, or clse ha\-e l i t t le rn conrnon\\ ' i th othels of the cl:rss to \hich i |ev belong. Thc t lassif icat ion r lru,{t theleforcbe leq'rrclei l r l1elel"y as gir i lg lrr i rrcl icat ion of thc qenelal l i rres l long l ' 'hiclr ki l rrdesigr has bcrrr dcvololred. ' l 'hc nrurr lxr l ol i l i l lc lenl t lpes of l i i lns, whjch arel i l ieh' 1o pr 'ove of sl)eci l l lah. \ 'hcr! local t imbcls alc concerned, is contpara-t ively small , rnrl i t $i l l Le mort 'pr:ol i talr lc to <:o11sidcr fnl]v these t lvpcs alorler thanto strdl t le Nholc ] .arge.

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t \ ' l )e is oI prrr '1i lrr1rl interest in this Statc, {or iL \ras ir exferimcntl ll i i l ls of this dcsiqrr l l rr t l ipi . l sca-sorl ing tc:ts l i th n Irroclern l i i ln 1\ 'er e hrst ( iorn-

rncrrcerl Icr 'r ' in 1{)1t. On ir(( ior lni ol t l re posit ivc c.}nt1ol, thc l i i l t r las used lorerpcl irncnts or tLo r 'rrpicl dr ' l ' inE ol ' J:r lr 'Nh. I iarr i . Tnl l t , ND.l to u lcsser c\tcIrto1l sorrrc ol tho r l inol t i l r Icls. Of 1hc l lcw conrrrrcrci i l l i i lns rt fresent belrrq

ol)cri fe( l i r l \ \-aster 'n,\r lstr 'al i l r , aLl lnl t or le l) i l t tcrY lr( ' of this txl l . .

Tlc gcnlr l l r lcsigrr of ihis l i ln is shol 'n l \ 'om tbc r l iagr 'rnlat i t cross sct l ion,Iig. i

' l T r r | e t h t ' r l r r l i s o f t imbe | i t r t hc l i i l n .

I l l i arc t lre r.rr l ialor ' l r ipes ol hcxl irrg coi ls fol heNtinE thc ci lnr lr t i rg nir"

S-Q nc t ' i i tel sJrrals . lcl i \ (r 'ed honi sDr'a.r 'nozzles point inE do$rL lhe sl l l t \ 'cll:unber.

.s to l) are i.he sPr'n-v chrnll)cls \':l!icll rrc boar'ded olf I'ronl the rest o1'L l e k i l r r .

's{rBJs oql qstloJtll Surssrd lnoq]r.|t rnqwrqr {urdsoql ol d ang arluoa oW ro,rl luarua-lolu Jtc Jur,\ir,td rpLrl-!! sulrlrn, orE CJ

's{rl?Js drl:t rrroaloq ong olluao € sr d. ra(Fuurlr iurL[..r all] u.!!of ;..urlurod saloq aq1 qI,!!

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i l r ' L : i nu l x t i an .' l 'he ni l is Iertcd l ' j r ' lLc : tc:r lr l c(t ls R errd pasres uPwtl lcls ir to the l l r le 1".

I fr 'our I i ' i t Passcs ( lo\\ ' rr1v.rr. ls rrrd oLrt\ \ 'xr 'als lhroLrgh lhe st i lcl is, rr ld thr:n t lorvrr-\ar 'r ls ir l to the sl)r ' rJ 'cht l t i )e1 oD cither side. Irr nrc,r ing dr- ' \ n ir ,side ihe.pu.r 'cbrt lr l )cf, the air is satl l r 'uled \\ ' i ih rnoisturc hy lLe spr' | l1s, $hith also l l ratel ir l l lassist the circulr l t iol . Thc njr t l rcrr passes fr 'orrr t l tc Ioltou oI thc spla) drarnl)ctin a gorreral l l hol izorttal cl i lcrt iorr t l rrr-rLrgh thc bafl les ' l ihese el ininate an1' l incdlops oll rr.r1.er', rr'hich in thc forll o1l a Diis'L rtired Nith thc air, might rncNrl ther,. f l r , \ 'aleut ol l l sr lrel sulufutc( ' l (1)d.1it iou. l hr ' strtr luted r i l thcn pxsse-. n|-lart is lhrolgl t l rc heating r:oi]s rrrcl t :omrrrerrr:es rrrotLer cI( lc-

I t l i l l Le l o t , , 11 rha t

( r ) t he sa l t c l i r ' i s nsed (o l l l i r l r l r r l l r ; r nd t l r r : k i l l j s t he le l o rL l o t t he i l l c r l r a lcirrt l :r t iott t1pe.

(bl thc ai l circr l lat ion is l tor lbinrt iorr ot lr l l t rual :rnd torcct l The gcrlcralr l is lrosit iol ol t l re l i rDbcl rLncL the ]re|t i lg coi ls is such that the t iDber tcnds natnr '-

al l l_ to cir(ulrt te 1ls outl incal rbore. \ 'hi l ( ' l l te sl)ur]s assi: t thjs teoderc-1" Par

t jor lar l t i tcrr l ion sbotl t l bc' lrr i t l to thc fr l . l thrrt the t i lubel is so stacl ied that jr t

prLssi g oveI th{i $ood t l)e c' i ' t ' r l l rr t ion is rLrrr '1lr l l rds i ts 1\_cl l i ls orl tNlrds- Sinco

ai '_ \ 'hich is cool i lg so that i t r l rr sn| lrh lhe hcrrt to alsorh rrroi l t trcr Ni l l Lecomo

heavjo. i ts nrtrurr l lcrr ielcl l i l l l rc 1o rrrorr: c ' lolrr l 'alcls Br sloping the stack'

f l .hxri tNge ol thiL 1)1. 'ol ]crt) i r Lnlrtrt lo Nssisl t l re r lnhual t i rr 'nlat ion'

1' c ]it l).r( I l ) t) rr n rl li cl tt t i r e l l u tt i d i l rl.

l l l l t

s t i i t

tag!lras

l inr i

1\'hi

thar

oI (:insrr l

iu cllIor' la l- .hoiu crb1' tll l lg ol)c 11)

g i v i n lJar.r'af,ertlElJ.ra deLhen lUris cottsid

T . an rrn3 i nlll. lnrna i i ed

Jaun lrYrofiD:i s pac ltloneaidolsrtrN llr,fci

corelcd

)er l iagr

' l 'o rreasulc lLo fclrt i \c lmrrir l in of rr ir ' . i t is r cr lui lct l to krrorv i ts dr '1 i-mlb

terr lpel 'Nlurtr l lnl l ( ' i l l l | r i ts r ici bLrl lr te rrr l)elt t t l r 'e or the lernl)er: l tu? rt Nhich

it is st lrrmierl . In t l tr l l ierrrarrrr l i i l rrs. sirrIe the Nir i- ' satnr ated lrr: fore iL is hcatcd

b! thc 1. lLC]iNto|s, ihe rol | t ivt ' l rnlnit l i t ,v trrr be l iourrd b} ' lai i i lg the tempcratrues

of ihe ai l learirrg thc haft lclr l l r i lLc h(lr i i rrq coi ls. -(tplrosing, for cxarnple, thc

air. r l)orr le.r ing thc Lafl l t ' , . is srrtrr lalecl Nt l l )0dt 'q. I rrncl rr lrcnr leaving the

heatir ie coi is 1he tcurIcratule is l10tlcg tr ' . , then the relrt i le burl idi tv r"- i l l Le

71 lrer ccirt . (-*cr ' l l , r 'chlorrre' tr ic ClrNllJ r l ' | f ler lr l)el l truc rt rrhi 'h lhe i j r

emerg'r 's satnrntf( l I I 'or l t thc brf1lt 's rt l l l ic contlol le. l b1'r-ar-r ' i rrr t l le tenrpereturc

of t l ic latcr r lcl i r r :rerl to lhc slrrars, \rhi le the tenperature 1o t 'bich t le air is

|erierl l rr ' the coi ls can he r 'egtlatcrl L.v thc artrount of stcl lr i \hich js achl i t tot l

to t l)csc herthrg elcnorts- l l l rc t( ' rr i l )er i t lure rnrl rchti lc hrlmii l i t l ' are, therelore,

l1nder thc ubsolLrl0 (1)r l trol ol the olrer ' l t tor ' .

, \ Irorrnrl felrtult ot ' the clL' i igl l of the l i i ln is a scries ol trr 'o scls of conclenricr

pipes alont carh:ir le rvr l i . iu:t airole t l l t sprl l - chamLer' (Thcse arc rrot sholrt

in' t l rc t l iagrarrr.) I l l l rc latcl stugcs of thc rrn, lccurrtc control oI felrt i rc

hun r i t l i t l a r r t l h iSh c i r cu l l t i r t r l a r c r r o t r r e ( l e - l s t r r J , an .1 l l 1 ' oPe la t i 3 i he con r l e l se l s

instur,r l of sl)r ir) 's e(iononl)- is c1{cctr:c1. The ki ln ihen Lrccorrles a con' lenser l i iht

rr i th f l slo\rer circnhtiorr, l rn.1 ( 'onserlLrent ccolorr l l in heaL consunrft iorr ' ( l ' )r1_

i lenscrs ha\ 'e not Lefl l l rdopt{\ l in this St:rte o\r jr lg to the genc1 l shortrgc oI col ' l

Nrtter ' , l r t circnhtion js sotl t f l j r |r( ' -c r 'e. l l l ( \ ] tol \ 'ar. ls thc c'nd rrf the lun by rcclucinq

the 1r '-essure of thc sl)1jr1'1\ 'r11'r.

Sr,rrrcl ir ' lcr i l lstet l(1 ol l Lreing star:Jtt ' r1 on t lre l lolre, as shorrr l i l r the r l iagraln'

thc t irDLel irr r ' f iemurn l i i ln is stacl iecl on lhc l lat. ID orr ler to p|or ' i r le in ihis

r l l (e lol L|c t lorvnl.uri l circult l t iorr rs the l l i r procecds t lroul ih the stack, an edge

to uri3-e slracc of 1 to 2 inclrcs, accoldinq to the Nidth of t l re l i r hcl bcine dried,

is lci t bctrveeu boarrls. ' lhe r ir t l len lxssos outrvi lr 'ds alorg I hJ'er o1

tirrLer' clolrrrrarr ls to t l le nc\t ln) 'el ' . outrtarcl ' Ngai and thel clcrrrrrni l l r is

n.IoLs nl(lrlttr r{lr.\\ pnrl d(L lilrorls rooij ntll, 'lrlr) ,Ll+.lo.rooll rl{l oJ uo nSlr:llrJi.rn:1u.1\ .i(L lo.rtrro).(]rprnrrrq nIl1 lo ."'urltir<(lrl orLi lrIr.\').r!l o:l i,russ').rrlt sr ]IrrllI.r-\u(Lrl!)rruoJ I .paiuE.Lrr ;r(l Jouuur nitr)rnu rp ol.lLrtrn! ']ir.\.),!!orl rJl :t1.rg .i1t.l 6 q}I-n p.r'ta.ro.r'!.!,rrro(L nrI ,i.r [] ln(L rl llo.I Jo rPrrur;(L r{lr, roou i)rl} a:uullr:tP irl(ll}:}r s qlrrt\

'.i,LlrrsJr,)lrlIrr !r'J,lnII rrlol]ltrr)i,lrl tjrlrr: }srlP,\\Lrs rl]r.\\ pJluLnrrll IIir.\\ sI;tLIlr,)J drLt lL Inrl nLIILToJ nrli rro r{oIlr?ijr{rfLroo Jrr,)-\rr(l o+ p-atLl a.rI slroJ nurlr.),) fr]u,)ri'nrrr.)ts

qrl.r]urLC') plo) lrI ll l] l).)uolJ-r.,)I|r r)q -!lrrll ]l lsrr|-\rlrs rl]1.!! s:tsrol ,rrl] Jo (L'r:1 drll ol 'ro lr lrur q,IoJ fi:lrucl !t-;nrlriD nrll Ljuu

rillu\\ rrll ,ior sri !truLlrprrL,, nr{rLrs rllt;rri)rrrl Llirin SrLI;(L ?lrl SrIUoo.r'-qJsroll qu.LruJ, uo rJ l)rrLr'J llrI Jo npu1lr sI ..*urIrJ iriJ] )iro\! srl[] .rot rJp.r,rLrf

l'.ir()!t,)-! -ilrLillorr)r[] ro rllo\r?T r par.lri \ iq ]srlur.iu uu.rl .roJ .r,)cLIlrr] uta.r;.n.(ILs,L

,lo orrlrl?.(l rror+ .1]suo, urlFll(l .i,ri)l{r|l.ro rlll lL?ll} os|? ldloLI aq ol sr }l pirIrBu.1.|lop l) u l).)rros8as.{lrl LLorori] aq ls uI ]L Pru

'5rnr{11r.)rl:i :rol }sr.l sr'i] lrlnr'!L.\{n.{.11r_\ 'rnqlu!),$ irll Luorl POon\ irlt rlriJo.rd ol rip.ro xr'aprsur Jo l)uiJs r ;Lrfr taris unpoor\ orl] al)rslno pitr?l(l Drl .iunt tl.rJ ilurtoor ;rl] rldsrt ,(L.ra(lu[] +l l)rIlIJ

r.rorl,\t sL[1],\l. IJso(Lxa r{o forLsrf.lL ;ururl }ldJ irll Io Jso),)rl}.ra-!o, uUrU o.rolrrir:rrr,5urri'llarls ,r.lqunl rrL,:ur.\rq nlll rsils ulr)L ]so[r ]u -i]rlLrn! ls.ru rl]r.\\ prrlr(Inroti!LtlLr,\ .\\oI r!,In,\ t? sPq -\lllnsn ltt:ra]rul lo sslrlJ Sll[] aDuls puLr'.iunl:]lraqS apftlrro

i)uB rPrrur qto.l .roJ pr(n nq ,(lrnoisrrlrnr.\PLr rr .riqurrJ ilrli?nb Puor,)s as9, rlll]rl tror]r?lnsuL ]!Drl rq] srL)r \o.(1 .jrrLrlluorls .)qt .)lrrJ-\r IIiirt rrLr ul1rl ori],s,){l?tll uorllttrl aqJ ]lol i'rrlJoor il(I il urs qlr.\\ t)_rq spnts aql lo srPrs rl|oq SurrRI i,l Jl, j rtr.l rrBr Surplrnq lflallirno uv olcLo,rrsap sr r{or+J :r}srro.) Lirlr}iti, Jr fisn lirnr,-].rrilBl nrll ;.;[rq]Baqs rprs]llo allJ,lo] p,rlro(Lrarl]urr.\\ ro i) fllu ; ur1 q1r.N ,qa,r,ru1,'I) puE.J rrlT oq uur ,ilrrrlllr {s Ilr.\\ aLrrsrrr irl} olrq.\!'a.r1r]rnrts lr|]rr3]sqns lr 5ur.\rrJ!l) ls {: )i L'llrl,l,rlrf,irl) to )l,loi\i[rl],1I lr To r]srst{0, rlt?, oollrnJJSuoJ Ilti! ailJ

pifralur sr tr rl.r l!! .roJ rjo(lrrrrl iqt oJ .,iurpro:rrBrrtilnrJl Ilroprl?.r ;sl; ro sqt';url l,rqrrrr{r o,roru .ro nrlo !))lu} o+ sP rl)us apu t nqiarllrn urrr +r

'ulr:l rq] lo ql:urI irll ;ur\rl rrl rruo :lr sazLs r.rolu to r).r\l to 5or\.rP iIIJ slnrr.{d(t rlrrl] srqJ pllrir le!uJr.)uhq uui] sulr{,lo.rrrlfiLrlll illJ rr].].irr.rl .i ll irl

pnIln?]qo Jq r.) urr{l Pairll)r,r sr -i+rru([rir rnlrr,r .ll ]drl 0l ro c[, ;nrl)rrr\r rltoitrtrr!.rrrt rlllrt .il(Lljrlr)r(l sr r,rarll suortrpuo.) u!rlu.rlsnl, u,ralsa_\! .rrplllr ri.t orl]ldiilsrri)l -itrL] l.) iIl?rr iq uEr trlrl arl.l, rl"'lrl US t fr apr.\r .:]tl- slrels .).\tt loJrrorsr.\o.rcl s.)rlrrlr srql q5nl lJlI L)rI11 apl.\l ].1[:L o.tlr.raqrlnxP Jrl] lo s] .rrr{r.n1stalrt IllIIIniluLllll pulr p.Itl)rIl?ls oJl, tlll)l .)l1L,lo sIIOlSIIlruIIL) ltrIoIlr,):- ssor,) Jtl!Jl

'-i.LotrrUstllis .i,r,r.t [)rnLo] rlr.)q surlprLr? trlB,rls \r llrn+-rat\! rrI Ial(lopr rr,)i(L sr:rl uorl.)rrlcrro) i[[r.t] po()\\ .rtotlulrjsurIrill Inn]

iir;lr)Llldl .rnl Ilro,rJ |llol).crT ._{n,r( s.,rl|}ri}.I ]lqlr.ll]dl) .)tlt ,rrort.]Il1l:j r)r Iolur.r.rlrrr rarJ+o r.r 'il.).r,)rror ',1rrr(1 rl)oo-!r.Io rl)Bur \)q Itui sirrl)lruq lr)J allJ

'rlt\J tuDlu)tl ;tr11 to uat1.t't.r1su.o 1 1o ,1nt1;11

'srr(lrrrrJ .i.rc+ru.rJr.r Jsour alll ,rol nlqulirLs sr 1llrrl nrll l!rll Lrnr ]arllo .(rr j |] lNll

l)rlt().rlIIo, .ilr']ur .)-]u orour sr IIll)[ sIl[j ur F r i,r! 1rr11 rorola,ror11 .frrq ol ;rrrst.rrhr]s

tiou sL ll prluo, allr.)rlip.r;l)ltl rrt: ilLprLrrrnrl o-\rltlr.r prnr orn1r:La(lu;l .rlt ulL Lr\ 'L)itnrnrr,rr.\lllrIi.rtrr st lrortlrlrl-r.rr) orll IDI ,lo o(1.\t snlt lrr t rll l)rloI n1t llr.\\ ]l'p,).\orrr nq ol qr rl.)Lt]! Jrlt Jt i.rnbtl dtrrlturl

,)rLl .illrinsll qI uL I rLn_rLorlltr 'irl(lLsso(l sI Jlri,rs sl] i]l)rrII n(i pl orls i(lo[-{ }lr!r]sarlJ, -iT)lrl sr l)lrts rll] Jo rrorllrIlrr(rTil) ,,).)uuli;rp a[(l!,idprqrr1, 1? lir.\orlr rrl o] slxlrl;) :l] IlLr_li L),)l)rot ,)1ll i.raq.\\ .ro.l ..ra(] ltj rql ro {rrlIrrr?rl nrl} I{r sr rasrIo,

J{),n.n-l]1 .uI]]!prsli) sll .\Jrrr?d[, (Lli) .r.)]l?ir..r.\llLlirls I ur s]lnsa,r irrt\lrIJs l)aurlrrrr Jl{l-i os'raat .nr)f ,)rrrus .)q] sr ,Irills rrl:t Io qlp1.\\ iill .lBlJ illL uo ro n(lols nrll lro rr "jlrlr!ls-r.1rlt;)rll;parlrr:r.r cr llrls irll to nlrrs .ir.r.Ts nrlt rllr(T pnd.Id.is slrlt iq lltnrl

'Lro!.rp

slql u('IttBr;u

J.qu rtr1Lrl

I,'JO' JOtt()!)

'Lr lr )L ui

o-\11|rld.i

IJsl{OPr

'a';rofari

Dorllrurlsl Jrllo;rnllr-1oirI all]aq llt,\\aq] 5roql al.

pol! lllrrq,\\

.qFxl i.

'{cu}s ioruoJi)qAi)rIISllr l}lrqlrcd

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rll] urnarrrl ,iu.loqrlrBq^Jl1rr ri l

'.,1 atlu

38

1o\'rr( is ihc slruy charrrbcI dlains \\ . l r ich shotl ]r , l he.rt lcast l ] ;r . r 'Lecl) at t |e shrl loi ,entl , frr l l l idth oI 1hc sl-rray rhrr lLor lrrd lairL l . i l l r r hlL of rr Icast l i l . i rr 1()f t .Slnur r iarrrLrer,drairrs dischirge to the oulsir lc of t l le l i i l r foLlgh r Natel seal1o Ir 'urcDt.r ir lcr l is. ' l 'hc bai l les ur 'c rurdc in -r |cl iorrs of r l lcsrcrl l in_ Jarrr l i .l ' rsterrccl * i t l r brass sr:r 'err '- . . ' l lhc' sl to. lr l ' ta1ir: rersonrblT r ir-t icht jui t l f . * ir l il I f spl i l r l lalnl)erj lnt s]rorr lr l rot L.r lNstorcal in lr lnce in olr ler to be r lr lor.ablci o r ' r ' l c l n i ng a ld ; c l r a i r ' . l u con : t l r r t l i o r r r a l c s l r o r r i d l ) r , t i l r 0n t h r t t he t l ouqhl ro r t i o r s i l L ' r l r t \ ; r t e r t i gh t , as $ r l e r i s l i l i e l \ ' i o co l l c ( t hc l e r ( l r e ( l L t cc l hc e t , f ic i e r t : r ' o l t he ba f l 1 r ' s . I 1 i s a t l r i s l b l r t o l a i se t he La l " , l es ab r rn t l l i r r . o f f t l r e k i l r rl lcor ' lo al iol Hoor r lr 'aineLc tr) rcach Lhc splal- charrrber dr,r in-.. , l he shcathi lgo r r l i i l e r s i dc r r f c r r r . h s l r l r r l ch r r r r Lc l i s ' 1 . r r r d ( i . Ja lmh l a i r l l e r l i c i l l v . ' l ' l r i s

slrerl l r i g ni l1s1 bc r l 11rr:tn rurIoI" l . errd ( i . r lel l Ini ler l . or troulr le \ i l l bc e,.:-r , r+ i c l r ce (1 . I r r I l l r . i ng t l r l s t o l e l pos t s i o c : r l r ' v t hc r l i l s . ( i l r e r l L r s t Le t r l i e r r t l r , r tl l r .rse do nof ir ler l 'crc scrioLr: l l l i t l r thr cirr:nl l t iorrJ of the al i lposit ion ol Lhe lr:r l :ing pipr:s. \ \-el l i rrsr t i lc. l r i r t iglLl i ls lrccLion rkrors rrrust Lre plovir lcd oppositel r c l r i t a r l i i l r ) r e en (L o t ' t he k i l n r i nd i r r l r o th ; i r l r t u l l s r t 1 l r , r ' en l1e o f t he l i i l u .l ,oarl irrg clools of srr l l ic ient r l i r l th nnrl e\tcr( l i l3 l l ronr the r.ai l lcvel io lhe tci l i lgrrr 'c, 1r 'or ir ler l r t orrc crt l of thc l i i l l . ' f ' lo loorlcn door's. s,el l insrl t tet l . closing otl l fcr l i rr l rcr|ovi l l ) lc rtoi):1l lr ] ure satisfaclorv. r l lhonglr rnolc r: labolatc door rvs-l ems a l c a t r r i l l l r l c : r nd r l r pc rb lps 1 \n r r i t r t ed i n a bu t t e l r - o f l i i l n s .

l l r tr i ; i i4 ( ' t l ih.

\ l - i tL stcrrrr r1 ( i0l l)s. pressur'e, loLrl scts ol r :oi ls erclt ol i ser.crL I l , /r in. l r ipcsr r I r . r ' c co r l nDr : . r r r l cd . t \ \ i ) s c t s t o cnch s i r l e o f l l t e L i h r . I f t hc l ) r css l l r c o l l t hc s te i r li s J r i gh r ' r ' o l i o \ - e r ' , i he r r r Ln rLc r o i ' p i pes ma l be dcc reas t r l o r ' i l c l en l c r l r csp rct ir 'c lr-. , \n c(tr irr lent ntLnrbcl of 1in. lr ipes rnar.be uscd for lr ihrs i l0f i : . or ' les-cir lerrqt lr . The coi ls ,rrsl be ol the tunl, inuotis return b?ncl l ] / fr : and shotl t l tr ,rrrrr i lo o1' the Lrc-qt rr.r 'orrthi i rou stcrrn I ipc. The bends ar 'c prel ieraLlr ' l ' r 'oulhtirorr r loLr} le bcncls, alt1lough malleitblr: ci lst t loublc bcntls rrrzrr hale to br: sLrb-s t i t u l , cd i r r o r r l e l t o n rn l i e t he co i l : smr r l l cnough [o r t he ] i i l r . l l he use o l ' L l , or ' lL,r l 's inrteed ol I r loub!e Lenrl tnusi lrc at-oit ler l . Tu asscrnbl inq thr: r ,oi ls.: l l lpipcs slrould I-rr: l reed of ir tcrrrrLl scale, r 'ust, clc.. ald joirts shorlcl be crtr,r : l 'ul lvrnar'1er, plefcrrhlr ' i ton to ironJ nlt lrough red lcad nrav br: rserl rvi t l r cale. Plc,canl ions lrr l icr l io secu,. 'c s'el1 hrr i l l coi ls are rmpl-{ rcpa.icl , lor once a icr l :dciololrs i ts fepr;r ' i : of lcn a (ost lr r l tair lcl o$ing to the construction rnd phca-J l c l t o l ' t hc ro i l s . I r r s l e l r l o f f o r r r sc t s o l ' sevcn l i pe r : o i l s , r n n l nnge r l o r t g i l i r r t ,i :or 'c\rnlple, a l i r-c pipe arrr l a r ine,pipc coi l orr cach siclc of the l i i l rr can bc rnacle.' l 'hc

l i \-e-pipc coi l NoLrlt l bc the l1l l)cr coi l on eNL,lr sir ' lc. IYith this 'retho.l , ;n thccarh'st irgr:s of thc lrrr lhr:rr the stearr corrsurlpt ion i , . srnal l , steanr cal be a11mit i :cl l to t l)c t1\ 'o to| I j |c pipe coi ls alorre. \r ' i th e consequelt urore eren i l is ir ibul icr. of lcnt thloruhoul the coi l tharr l 'ould hc the crse t i th n largcl coi l .

( | i l s sho rL l r l I ) c l i i d { on t i nuons l r ' 1o d ra in , a r r r l t hc c l r r i l c r r c l o f l a r : h pa i ro1 ' r o i L . i . r . , t [ r e t 1 \o nppe r a r r r l t L te tNo l o$e I co i ] s . sho lL l ( l l ) e I r o r i ( l cd 11 , i t h aglole r l lvo corrrrccterl 1\ ' i1h l slearn trap. l \-ho e the nrrrnbcr of pipcs in thcrr l- . |r ' r ' anJ 1ol ' tr puirs ol l crr i ls is f l re surnc, boi, l t l ) i l i ls rral hc drnirret l i ,hr.ough rrsirLt le tra!. bLrt 1\-Ierc j t di f l 'er.s trro traps ere ret luircr l to frcrcrl t starvine ofthr hrlcr coi l . ' \cco|r l i l ls Lo th{ ' tvpe of t la1r, ploi ision sho ld bc nrrcle fol i t1r, l rc I sul l jc ient disiance belo$ the bottorr ol the coi ls to r l ischarge 1lroperl1,., \ l though lraps hale usLral lv a plorision lor t l ischargine air $,hen opcratlot corn,rn(\1.esj l l sel)aratc br p:rss 1rr lr i r on the drain 1ine, before lhc i l lp is reache,l ,is recomnenderl. l fhis is rrr adralrtage, rvhen freeing coi ls of lr .ater alr l air rvh,:nthcv ale lreins lrought into use, or ' rvLeu cleaning.therr of e_\trarreotr j nl l t ier.

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,\ ' r lordit iorr. i rrr ir le tLc l{ j ln ul l l l lplr lsNrl l i rrr l t Ier st lrrr lpou.i ol ' Lo.l ihrr lnlort, i t j . r .orstr letcrl b.] .911r: 1,, l )e r lorc rdt i i lLlr , tofv to plol ir l : fol l i j l rr i rr ,i l )e( l iox $j lhoLrt errtcI irg thc I{ i l r . :L'his i : r lorrc Lr.r hoi l t l ing srDail ports l t 1(,gulal.i l t c r va l s N lo l rS i l r r s i dcs o l l t l r r ' 1 i i I r , j r r s t aho le i l r e :p t , l 1 ' chau rLe r ' , s , r t h l l i l l t nL lcar hc inselted io ( lclecL l) l_ t |e l lecl ol the slnr-r 'clel i lcry \ \ 'hfLIrcl cl( j l i sprar herdrs ( iPc1-rtrns rr( l l ' r-c(,. (n u't trorI rrrrr l rr : l r l rrrc r lcfcr:t i Ic ]r ' l r ls. I t l I l )r l tL,r-v oi l i i lns,l b i i nec . ^ r s i l r 1c ! t Lc rh r l r l i c r r t i o r r o l 1 i : | i r a l l s t o l r r r r r . i r L : 1h t , i r r spe r . t i o r r p r s : rgelrct l 'ecl l . iLrs. \ \ ' l r ic lerr,r urel lrr ,d is nrerl , i t i : arLl i ;rrbL: to l trvc e r lurLt.ter: inch

1 ) i l ) c : ; u l ' l l i c r l b ] ' l r l l h c f l c r r r r l sp r ' l r ' \ \ l l e r r r r i r , r t so r r r c o r r l o r i en t Do . i t i o r ro l i j ( lc thc l i i ln. i tr or 'dl l thrt l . sl)r 'ul l tcrrt ls r l l"r ' l rc trslcr l beLore inslrr l l rLl iorr.

lrr orl .uiarirrg iLe sizl ol the sl lal pipr l inc, lrr lL lLlorrarrr:c sLould Le rr adeiol r l le lr jct ir) l ( ' icr l of t l rc r lunelots i !r ' i l l srrplr ly rcthrc: irrg tce-c. ' lhe pi l)e l i rrcshorrkl bt: cclhc l t t l , arrr l Jiol l r l i i l r Lrp to : i i ) or ' :15 l ' i . i r lc1}3ih 1l,1irr. piPc is sl l i t -r r bJc , b r t t aLo le 1h i . 1 r y i l . I i l r c shou l c l bL r nse ( ] . l n i l ea (L o l i he inE p l r r gsed i l ead rerl(I . the splr\ ' l i les.r 'r ' r 'orr l i rrued tLrrrrrgh t lc t \ \o t : l lds ol thc l i i l , tuructL do$'rrNrd f1o\idcd l i th blr l-oi ' l c:ur: l is. IJ.r 'olcrr irrg thc;e in trrr ' rr nltoul c,nr,: i l eterr.f l L i r r L l s t l r c . l r l a r ' l r i pcs ca l Le l l L r r l t l c l oL r l t o r c rno \ r ' e \ t l i u l eoL ts rn i l t L { : r .

\ \ 'her 'c orrc Li lrr l lolc i- to bc r.orrsidcr 'r : t l l l r€ terJr!cr. l tnro ol th, spr ' tu Naterr:arr Lr: cont;ol led lr l rrrc.ru. ol i ! s xp ori Ncl i pror iclccl $ith returr. l r1r1er inletl lor l l l le spirr\ chl i i r l )( ' l - ' , (1i r l laicr i tr let, xl ld a steirrr ht:r l i rrgJ pipe lhe l 'atcr.,I I ' l c i l f a \ i r r g t he sp r1 l \ i , l r r l l s t o t l r r : Lo t t on l o f t he sp I l r l ' ( h l u l l L re r : t r ( l 1cL r r ] n ! t 0l l l c . r u r l l ) l l t L re t eD lp0 r i l t L r c o f t l l e l e t r u l l \ ' uLe r ' i s l oo l o$ ' . i t i i r i l | | t I t . nec , l t ol lr , surrrI r ir tr l relrurtccL. . l l i t i . too lr igh. sorrre ol thc rr.nter is blpr,,recl io rruster,r rroi ir le torrtr ' , t l rr l rc1.uIrrIr l Lt: ir lg r: , :roler ' l i t r t l te -sl lr l r I l )r ' t l te rrLrl i t icur ol r :oldwrL t c l u r r r l r cc i r l nL r l cd . \ . r I l l g ( ' qu ln t i t l o f f o l ( l \ r 'N te r i s r sL r t r l l l ( l i l l i o r l t t ooL l r r i r L o r \ \ : r s i c r r r , \ r r s l l l l i r r r r l r i l l : , a r : oo l i l g l c l e r , I i l l p ro1n1 r l l . Lc nee . l ed i nr ro :1 t r l u r l l : i . \ \ : hc r l r r l r r r i l r . r l , r 1 l k j l r r , . i s t o I e sL r l p l i c r l , i t i i i { l \ i , ! r l r l c t o i l s t r lr r l r l o r r r r i r t o r l L r ' e f l i i l i l s \ s ten l .

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.{1, r ' (J l l l t s i iryas dcrnr, col|

Cross 51

$ as le{luct il o l . ' f ho In'ould nlrpci

:

$

i

's.rnqrllrl Y-\! lo .ruru{)!uo,j aql roJ;lqlrlllls,r(l oJ rlro(l.Iu pllo,\\

l! Juql rra-\o,\\orl tl)ns sr Irlr) rtll rn slLrIJtloss,) :ul\lf oql Jo lorJr{o, aq.L ,l!oT

oq o1 pLrr{ SuLirp }o asr.r(l\o iql 's}sot lqn-rnrj nrtll)nr o} }ll.';ri.[ ui rror]orlLro,r il:rIl

'l '51,{

'uII{ oq} 1o qr,Sroi IIlrJ art] Sulpue]ro ]JErls ? rlodn slt,!]olur:}rr |eturolrl orr sulrJ csLp Jo iorlmnr Y uIlI xud lxrrra+rrl Jo lroi]cas ssorc

('.nllnrlr-"i ro tn.mtr&I.(t rl s rt '|tit L rLtilttr{ tr('.I,'l)

.irro Jnril,

rllulL,h:illSrrrl,IIl ] u

Pa.rnprllut'r:"'-ilrilr(

+so, lr

.EI/rl

"f/

\,:,_

it t :r :.r;:: :,

rlllrLll

rIu]t

lir?,Lrr?f

IJlno!.roJ rL(lsi)lrt rp

J rr arr, rlr

Dllrorls'slroll rp

uor+t).rJ('!nllrp

IrfuI i].ln.i(l l)lrrl

i\i]

I

6

III

Su ro-suirs +o +rililo urtitI nrl:];rY s.;rItl]rItr;rs frru s]l.rtoll to:rplJii uoruuroc rJg

srLSl1o0 ro .3llrrio-'!l]rs ')rll .toJ r.)r-1.rr!- l-,,tnJ !.,11]S lill r-i rllr irL pdtlola^rp s€.{\

lrlli orlJ 1 .5r,4 1lr t.rtoq< ulll un] llrrltalut oltlrsr.).\').1 irql st sllllsar SuIsrI;ro.rd

,{.rar u?.\r3 strl rltrtl.\\ prrr.: fa(li)Li\'rl' tr,ri.l il,rlri -trt q'lrJ\\ trLlll ,lu nd,{l Y'u.lt jl ut),!I l0rLralltI ,uI

'npLrrtl sl uolsIJilJ lj o,loli)(t IIoiJr?Ial]I(Lo) lnlirJtrr .l ra-\ pJitl lI-l\astsJ oq] Jo sortllrlsrlnrr,rrt ,-'ql 'iln,idplsLtor i,(l oi qL ss.rrr-\Jrrtl+ sltll r.\oqt I.qrnIJ toiirri.rLr o.raq-\\ lll(L '|loI]rsoclo.tal J\lJrrrl]lt].lloLtl .tql a.to,ttl sasl?) Jo -i]r.ro{'lrul Jq} uI

Ilr.\\ ulrl .Lr-!\olq ar11 '1.r1r11 urz,iT oi (ln s1rli1trrnl1 Y -\\ .roJ JUrll polrrls .r(L

'or1.! 1ur

rrl)r:Iu sr

rJiIlJ.\ !,.rru.rr{}rJ"jrLo,rq]

.,rl] rl]Irpnluroilr:

:r r) arJl Islqt r.rr!

orlrJ:"torII

ItxrJir:ltrr

;l \ ''o-

9l

Y

,tti

Lt I i l l be.een that the ki l t is ver ' \ ' tsir tr i lar in oferat ioD i.) r l ) lo\,er l i i lner.c_cpt thal instencl of taliing the rri| orlt of the liili for rer:onclitiol]iDg, .-eherrtirrqand htmiclilling is elfected irr thr: kiln ilsclf. I,.r.om the farl, the riri passcs rrp_\\ar( ls iDto thc ccltr.e lJuc oI i l re siacl i . thc t lo grat ings }eing rrrcrcl i to bui iclup tl slight static pr'essur'e rLIr_] ro Lli.LribLLie re air rno_rr: cIerily. Thc lir thcrrrr lorcs out{ l l rds t l ouglr the i i r lbel siacl is, arrcL sorue of i t parses ol l t l .olg.hthc rooJ

_r'elt. The nrajolitr, tlores tl o rytrl,arc,l.i alolq thc ,sirle rvall-q, nlrl _is

huuridif ied by thc stcrm sfr ' l l \ ' an(l I eh{.etfd lr . .- thc coi ls |eLol- t}rc star: l is. I t jst l tcn cLr'aun iuto the fnrr .ulLi f( \ . i rcuhted. TIte frc-qh ai l reql l i recl i -< br,o[ght i l It l rrotSh thc l icslr ai l j l tal ie r l t t t : . ' lhe r l i l r t l ion ol l r : i r .rLrlat iol cnr Le ret.erscclb1'rer-er 'sing the fal ls. ' fu.o

l lLi lrs ol r ! .aDr. jet: rrrc Pr(r\ ir led for.hLuuir l i f r , i r l r ,lhese hcing so pi lc:d t lrrrt i the 1, l i l l rcirg uscd a-.sisls lhc ci lculat iorr. Tirc larr;a|c ol l thc (Lisc tI t)e i Id rrc Pl lcr:r l ul alx[Lt i l t . rentt,ei (rt a co r on sheltr t t l t r r ng 1hc l enS th oJ l t l r c l i i h t . I ' he l ( l r l r l r g f s o l r l , s i n r t he i n i : e l u l r r nn r r r , estniet l to br !1e'tc ' i l rcl l r 'a11' oI (o.t fol, arrr l arr i l i i r- to Icrersc i l r . r l i r 'er:Lion olr ' j rct laLiol, and so pr 'r :r cnt r l l r l i l l 'crerrce i l t i te lr i ic oI rh.r. ing hctl ,cen boarrlson thc centlal air i lue l l rd tho"c on thl orrtr ir lc of the st icl i . , \ lso the |or,cl r .ol_L , r , t '

: ' , l o r ' f r r r , . 1 , n r ' , r ' i u , i . 1 , ,

l)rr:cise dct:r i ls N; to the ol)er ' l t ion oI this t lpc of l i i ln in \ \ . ._{. l rc of courseDot rvNilable, bl lL i t 1\.or11l rr lrDcar 1.hat the l i ln is (.otnl)xrrblc in co:t or corrsi1'uct iox \ i i l t thr,blorrer- l i i1n, l l t r t sot l ]ervltat chcapet, in olrel,at ionJ anrl i i , is r lui teprohxlto thNt i t lould h suit ,r lr lc 1'or ' the cL.r ' inn of al l thjctnesses of l \ : . ,{ .EL l ca l \ ' l ) 1s f o t l t i l h c r ' 3 r ' r dc l o L .L .

7 t . . r , , . t . h i t . .

l l r t o t he l ) r ( ' s c r r t t l r e r ' { , l r r r r . l r ee r r co r r s i dc led t r I es o I l < i 1ns s r r i t r b ]e l o r d r r -i lE lr igh sr,rdc r lr tcl ial glcen f lorr t l rc srrr. . 1t hns been Ptt i l ie( l out wh,rnstrL(l l inc the cb'f inl of a lr iecc of lood that after 11 ost of the lrce $, i t{ j l - hxsl)eeD renr)re(i j t ln ' ing r ' locs rrot r.erlui le srrch clel icate contlol r) l l tel l l )er, i t l r ,e aui lh , r i r ' l i 1 r ' , no r ' , o \ \ i r ! t o l l r c l oNc l L r ru r i d i t i e ; und :1o \ -e I r l r . . r i r r s r a tes , c l ocs i tleqoi lc stch l l rr 'ge ( ircLtlNl iorr ol l i r ' . \ \ 'her,e i i rrrLer.r:rrr lc obtuineci l iu I p;rr:t ial iv sersort ' t l condit irnr. thelefolc, 1h(, .orr l) let jon ol ' the r, lr ,r , inq i , i a roruprrla-i j \ ' . ' l \ ' s i l lple rrrrt : ter ' . Tl \ \-esteut , \uslr, l l in cl irrr l t ic r,rmrl j t iorrs rrc sLlch 1lr1' io re clnssf.s of t i rrr lrc1 r l l l l be air ' -driccl 1\. i thout serious clegutle l lorr cr lLcrir | lgrrnrl lar '1r ing. : \motrgst t l resc (, lNsses, gtcalest pr 'ontincrrr,e nrust bc gi lcrr i :o 11oot.i t tg honrls, for ' f l r1 trrore Jrl lal l rrd i ietr i ntr sr,asolerl fol thi: pur,po:o lhnn lol' r l l 1i1e rest rr i the usr:s lruelhcr. '1 he air searoninl ol 1loor. i lq Lroal: ls hrs r.ertr irr, : i i : r11r'rn1ates, l Ic rhit , l l ol nlr ich ar 'e thc slo\. ( lr ' \ ' inq fuie, pu.t i( iLl lar l \ . in t l rclatcr strges, scirsolr l l i vat iat ions in moistLl1.e coDrl i t ion, ao(l the corr l)ar,ui i \ eh.hip'h f inal rr oistt l r : contcnt. The lxrssiLi l i t r ot 'comhir i lg ai l anrl l<j ln . , t , i rsorr in-,rI . Ialralr arrd l i rr l i l lool inE hrs, l1rclef,rr,c, beel considcrecl ru(,1 has le. l to tht,r iesiqn of a l i i ln for. t I is prrrpose.

,\ r l iaslarlDl l l i ( ' r :ros. sc'ct jon ot t l r i . l i i ln i : sholu in I js. S. ' \ i r [roi]rth(, rLt lnosl)herje prssci jr to t lrc cn1c1-in! ai l i l rre i l }clorl the l loor of thc l t iL,rLrrd lrorn thcnce lrast t lc r l lutpcr ' l ,D iuto lhc Ji i ln propr:r, . Her,e i t is heatel l l rr .t he hen t i r g co i l s L an r l pass i l q t p t h r ' ouq l t l r c k , l , i h r l f o I t he r i r l bc l nh i c l r i s.tr i I sNalkcd orr cr lqe. rerrchcs the i lnae alro\e i te t i l rrhcI S, : lnd thc pasrl . ir ioln rgrir t l rr trrslL tho I iehl hrl f ol t ] l f t i rDl).r ' . ihlouEh re l ieatirrq coj ls l ll l ic lr alr ' r ,old Nrlr l 1is1 thc r lrrnpcr I ID irr lo the Iol lrr l l -r l l f lLre F, al i l fronrth fnce r r l t i n l r t e l \ i r r i o t he n tn ros l rhe rc . Pc l i o r l i ca lh ' l he os r : i l l a t i ns a l ampc r i i l , l )l rrr l l l l arc lerclsed. lnrL tL{. slcNrl1 is slr l t ot l l . rorn r:oi ls L ,u(l r . lnl i1. ic. l t ,r, :oi lr R. Thc r l i lcct ion of ai l ci l r :rr l l t iorr is t l ren tcrclserl . Short ci lr .rr i i in- oF

B '9r -i

J., 5r(] Pi( I'1 s

U sll

!r rl,.i(L ll.'Ii_r)L

rrro.!

i, ril o

iLl|noJli-\r:l

irl+ 'lr ir lr J,liroJ tl-.10r)ll

.iirrl)1,

I L? rJ]-rr.r1r(l

lr sor

lrn ! i),!rq,r,

rrlr t[-!\

-!.rl I

'v r\!aJmbllor _l

:lo uol

tJ r?rlssrruJ i)'.n'llriJ I

lrr +qnsl :lJsr l)rrurl.;llo,rr]ri)r1:l J

Plnlq I

-turluorllrrl r.

lr

'.-a a /.' '

4u

the circulat ion b1- p:rssitg direct ly nlrr rE the bottnrn 1f fhe ki ln trom cntering tocxit <larnper is preverrted by tho central baffe B lhich t l iv idcs the lorver port ionof the kiln charnber jnto two parts. ll'hc oscillrting ilarnpers anil thc *,all flucsrtu the f l l lenglh of lhe l i i ln, so that circr lat ion is uni lorm throughoul theierrgt l i ot ' the ki ln. The t l ist l ibntion of the stcam hcating pipes rroughout thervidth ol the ki lu ensur.es evel l ci fculat ion throrshout the l i t l th of the stacl<,

Plnte il.

Xxtedneni,il Clarke Kiln :r,t the Engincerins school, Uni\er.jitr oI \fesiernA u J r , l i a . t r a q l . y . l , o | r i u n o . t a r \ h a s L e e n I p I r u r - . i r o

show heating coils.

t

o

E:-

a2

=

aE3,

_)lt

orlroqlsanr{olo1 j

6n

50

t t i tc 5.

ExiendeaL coDrmercial Plari o{ lour clarkc Kilns rt Pilgrim's }tin.

Plate G.

Battery of tuur Clarke KilDs o])elnted l,J $r.1. Jnltrh Forests Lttl,t Pil!rrnn's trIiIl.

llempcra,,oitteti tsteaDrinispr,a]- PLllate :t j

shows n cMill.

I,latr

riadr: lbrbattery.

The lthc st i lc l i .

lelr- rlr).eool. Thithc Lrse oqlct:1[c(t i

and for. [i

Dctails ol

Oue oconslrLrctioler\ 'hi .qlrcroased. Tbeing aborrthc f loor e:to n)al ic th(the leng.th,l i k e l r ' 1 o b

Thc rnlcolrst l uct iorsal,isf.rctort-' f le

cei l jncualn l iJn, 1lies, no floorrng t nurtrbrin ir'ig l) -,1i:alls at su.to p|c\ 'cnt sl

The osciof sltch a lerrritlr bolls ormake l iEht jfaslelccl lrv ,lnc' l l hich iru;orcrl to rerthat ther. dolro1.irrg t l tern

'faJ lln.r srr tliarll irlt.rotriur pdrudr,rJd-\a r(l llr_!!,ill )!.trp.u),spnls oon.!!]a(l .i[]rJ".rl ool :]!l lou oL, ,i.nT] lfill,.,.1i(lmul) iiuLlcLiu.rssu troll,N irltT] o(l L)lnarq,c o. ?!) .uot}l,,11).rr,) Jrll !rs,r?-\Jr lJl pa\r)1rli,(l uLrJ sro(Tll II alll +rq] os !nr.rilllr. ]u sJlluirll rllr-!! papr\oral sr Li.,rLt-\\ prLrlltva LrIl{ qr!n lo rllsuol lllll irll sunr r1,rrq.$ ,.rer1 c o} sll(xl ;rrr(LI|t?lJ ,i,l lrdu;rl.rrn.lr? sloarls o\nqJ sJIlr.\! rrll-11 drlt to;urrl:lrJqs p u rpLtls,)llt rJlr.\\ :lllll)f ]lJ.ir:i.){Uuo] sosl)o I|r Ionorr: llLai ]norlu t).)lo,r(l rirrtl\\ tlrt nlLr!dq:lo s(lrt:ts o sttorl rt+r_,!\€q1a5o1 p.rrlrrrul.r rrlr s'1.)drls.)rlll .sputs

Iltr_N arll uJ.)!\]aq tu ol sr iil.".rral B qrns Jo 'lo}l{Ind Irorl; rr 0a jo st.}irls IIrols o.\\t.to alrtul.). r (r,)(lr[trl);rft]ullL.so.]rl,l,

'uorillrSt+rj :]lld-\ir,r(1 oJrrt't:lr,.lL1r.1r,) rrLr trrnrJrt,rls .\\olll? llrr\ su.nllrlLr) dtlj r.(r(ll] ,r.ruIisrp u ri.)ns 1r sllB,\!il.rul orll uia,rrlaq l)apr-\or.l .nl rrl?.) llal :r{goor .ro uo.rr ,) t ,10 ,;no.r y .6 ,tr,4 rrru.\!oqs slr sonlJ -iFrlrl su 1;rc oslu rr[, !lls.[ _ilr!(l .dprs Iq aprs su|1 ]o rr(lurnr r 8ur1)lrn({ IIJri-\\ 'i,russo;r;;[ st .r,_.rio,rrl rrxr11 nlr{ aql _!!olJ(L dt1[J li)lrrr all] o] roolJ orr isolT.riJ".\\ r,riilr[:].Irr-\i,l .lrr]lrassr

lorL sL,roolJ l]ll+ uo,rdols aiEun?rp qn"uor{l.r.rlr)l rLrrBuriri.I oll+ ror p,)(llrrslrp su tlllq r(l lru.) ,rooU irrll prlj ,l)d{)l?{[

lsup.\\ui sr.aillraJ ntlJ 'pJprr,rrrturorr.r,i[5rro.Lls sr rroL]rrrrrror srrlt rrr llc] irrrlor,r lo .rsu lql luu ,,i.ro1ae1sr3ui

L'rrnoJ lraa{1 slIJ' lr:l lrulllri,):.1 itlt,Il,,t l)rlsoi;r)s sl7.;|llllluiqs puu LIl]r]) .rJsnorJlritrl rJr.r11?1. 'Jli,)rr,(l r.)1.)rrlro-r,.Liq.'l Jq r ri uollrlLJtFut).) Jo slulrJlulrr 3\J

'sql url Slrrll-)l?]s lo 1 rcr{Lrul?:l- Jrl} r DU,l(lP}Il1! t!orl{.)(l ol ,\P-Illsl lJ0l lxru ']J0t: uin-\\tr(l rLlSuol \. .lrr.rr ,)\ r).);rIlrl]ir{u .x1 ictrr 11arr1.rt,U,.ru.][ aqJ

tIr,\rr,\ ,l(l lar.{lr.\ sr lr}l ntl] ;lo . \: :t r , ) i ? r l t ) . r .rr13, _ilo.rr1.rlcl,],r.r sanlj }.)i}no rq},)rlsLtr ojpuu auU ]olur,)rll r{)},r)L?(ls oprro.rtl o1 .jurlr)r rrl} n\o.lr tlc luo(lr Iuu.roog nlll-\!old(l ltI }roqu poLlrrn]\r rlrrq -cllu.\\ orli .rin-fll .].liil,

u r ii]r.\!.lJ9 r]rLoqB.,qIIIa(lri)llrlrull, tIlIrI rll]'l) ri)uBt: .(li]L{rrr\:o.r(l(1! :r ulL)[ irr{} }o lrorJr\]s sjo.r.) oqJ .pa,qr.r.r,_(1I st,crrl] Io lri#,1 irll)'lrJiI a. ? sri]i;Il; l{rllJ _ilo,\r]Drlr(lllror sr: pur.rldrq.iro_rsr rurnlo \ lrlr>l ol 0rltllo r rlJrls 1,) otlr:r orlJ, .ilrird!..) 1o lLun,r,rd uotJrnr.lsuo,lo lsor ,\!ol frrs.iJlrrl(l rrs iql sr nJt:J Jo otl,i1 srql To io"iuln!,\l)tr Jql l0 nno

.Lo!lrnl Ir .oc Ja ILIDL) (1

'sirp u.)i +no(1,, ir',,r1 1,.1,1.r*1i1 r),,,? q,r.r.,rl: ,, "*,,',ll,l,lfiil ,llliil;lltillirJCl 0f 0| 1Lr s|.ruorl r.r.|lr\[ l)rI|. tjll(Ll.)ril1l :r1r.rrr1. .ur1 r11r_[,i1|r1s,.;.r:r[s polurarlirrtoa(t srrl ulLll JllJ ..1,r{L rll dq} ()l lrlourrrl,rLr :ll|or1l1.\\ .LLlj ]\rp ,i.rJ.\ I0 _)s _rr{1iri(rTssorl s,)rlrLtr !r r;urrral).rurl,)str.) i) lr,).1 o.] i.rrrpu,ll l() 1.)rIId,]rlt srrl slll.l, lr)o;)l)rrr

'lsronr ,ili.\rllt.tlxTuro,) sr rl,) l,|l ,l ] i.\rJrJr IPs,ra_\rJ rL0LlrI..rrI q0L1 ,i.rp -ir;r-d-\lJr,).r al rt alr() llr llrll1.\\ '1.)l?:is i)ll] lo ulolloq;Il+ ]lr ,(L)ruo(l rq:l Jl,rLJ ;rr-!a.\orl'l)alolI .)(l II,\\ ll .,!lrllrLr rq L)uI i,ut ] l?.r.)(i ll[,] t lo lortrro.) l)(xr.; r-ui ol ]orr

_rt.)u]s i)L{1Ittorl rr(,.rql rr,,rlt?l|.rrr) rr.r.\,) il)r.\().(l o1 .ilt.ruutrl(l Irlrnr(oL) lriilrL srrrJ.Llltl irJr

',\ra++BqIrli)l !)rLl ,Jl) |rl,) .r.)rllrn llr rt).)tlc .irl .rr(l l l.Iros!ns rlll lo rrorlrnJo.rcl .toJ ol[]urIrro(l st|ll r()rrr\o.L,l .srrlLrl .n()I to _i.rnllDrl t? oi i)dlurl\r ,llrl,\J s,(lrLlFlrd +!.l.)]rtur{ ':lsn.m.,l rlr:r.rul fr,\! .\(l i),rjlr.rn(lo lr jld ,)rl] Jr) s.!\,rr.\ r.r., (l lnru c silLrJ{[

lril'\I \.(tu.r;lr.l lt? tlnr(t ulL)L lr?1.).1.)ll[tlo, ]s,rrt nrll r o.Ll l)n.!ollrr.r sLr.rfro(l Jo o.iturl, !r strloqsI rllrl(l sl'('r.ilrrll?!rrl aql .\\oqr ol pn\or .r.r tlir(l sL?li )lrlrq arll lo rorlro.l .,<l.Roq-trrT \ 'lrrg rJlr \\ l)apeol ull1 ltlLL.)rur.rr.{\a i\} fo rlrhr.rio}or[.] r rrlorJ sr U lllBl.[ -!)LHl?aL rrlrr.).) orlJ ro nl)Ls rlrra o o.tlJuls oqt lltuau.rdp(l pa]!rol 'saLIrd ir.ftIrr ial-( o.\\} to slrr rr ,irl prtJi#i) sr .;rrrrrlp.rrqo,.rrr Jo llr.\oLu,rr arl.l roJ b lI1 Udl\ ',\.11?S,q0rdll rr o,\lr?-\ nllllULlrnn,L o. r+ljJ.)rlutn+ ou +rI(L.sLlo.),;urlUarT el+ oJ pdllLUtl)l: llrt:o}s to -ilrlrrrmJr ,rqr .,qrn,!.re-\ iq l)r.rrsi| lr patrrptsa.r ic1 t.l?, a,lnlBroclurnJ

K

w

TS

)r

52

The coils arc of the lctur! berrrl t.v|e ancl corllorlr. to the slrnc sPecificatitlrl as

rL,rr,e of thc ' I iemann l i i ln. \Yith steam at t i0lbs. a coi l of fourteen 1i11.,

ol ter 17rirr. pipes on each side of the 1i i l l is rer|r iret l . I f the boi ler

pressue is leasonabll : (onsltrnt) the l t i l l t :oi ls can be dcsignetl for l ,his

plessrue and colnecteLl rvi th t le boi ler. Jf the Loi lcl : pressLlre l luctuaioJ

greatly i t is lretter to i lc lui le a redrrcirrg ralne in t lre c(lniprnent rnd . lcsign'

and operelc the l<i lrr l t sorne pressure sul icicnUr belolY th:rt of lhe lxr i lel to give a

motleratel l ' constant prcsslLlc. l i l rrr , tLrat iorls i l r plesstrre do rrot entlanger t le t i rnbel

beirg i l r ied i f t l re coi ls afe ( lesjgrrc(l for ' the rLlaxirrLunr l)res-rure, l :ut lher. leld to

reduce the clrTing ratc bl ' i r ' r [oci[cirrg slo\\ ' rLrl ing or lrorr ihJ' irr ! per' io. ls wherl the

steartr l ressure aDd hcrrco t |e l i i ln tenrlrerrrtLrle is lorr ' . l lar 'h l i i ln coi l is proride(l

C_I-AB-KE__KI_LN (panrv rlurs)Frc. 9

l i th a gloLrc r ' . i i \e ou thr dr 'airr ert l l rrd r 'orurer:ter1 to ?l (olrrrrx)n stenrtr trap rr ' i tha ralrc corrt lol lr :r [ ] ;1.1ras: to air ' . l lal t , slroul l be tr l ien in selt ing t l l r t laI thatsrl l ic ient hl l hr)ru l l re IoNcst lrcrt iorr o1' 1lrr ' coi ls is gi lel for- the t) ' l lc of t frr l lselccied. I f dcsircr l . a let0r 'n Lrr l) s\stcrl l rrLar'hc ir tsttLl led to retr l l the $aler ofcondorsatior t i - ' thc l .oi lcr- This is n r l ist iuct r i lmrtrgc i l this nnrl ot l l€r iJt)csof ki lns lhich r lc \r .r l(e. l for a pcl iod at night on banlied Loi lcrs.

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thc r:hrrilg tosidc corA l l e1 ' n l ;

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a l t Louqhll iqhcr f .

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l i i JDs i l le

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I ciltcr,rl h.

. , \ l t Iortests wit l lPlolrcr fncpossjbi l i t l -

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It is rrcl i led seasori o r ' 1h i s c l as

designed pa:r replesclta

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lc,r: i t l is ia, 'cc i1ye, antl consisls ol a bnlb l i l lett l ' i th a r- ' r l l t i lc l icpir l ancl i ts

I ir t)ol lr , cr)r l l lccte. i L-rI I lor1g f lcr j}1c tLrbe f i i ler l I i t l r the t ir1uiLl. to the Iecoldrni l

l r tr l Ir tus. , !rr i lc|cirrc iD temfefNlure rt l ises Ll l0 \ 'aloru pressur-c ol l t l le l iqrLid'

rrrr l this irctersc irr l rressrr lc is t l r tnsmittecl br the l i rprir l in thc fnb' to u\

r)ra;nt l l , l l )ue-qsl l le grtLrqc ir the Iccr:r lcler 'case. ' fhis ptessLtre garlgc lno\ ' fs i nct( l le

\\ 'hich derotcs, irr . lcecl ol | lessuIe, tLe t( ' rr l ler i l t luc l l lprol) : l tc to t1r€ |ressure

pl,rrhrcerl . Orr the el)(1 ol thc rrcerl le is r l pen. arlr l this tr ices orl r .(hrr ' t l t rot l

t inuou-*,etot, l ol tcrrr l)crrrtnle ( 'har ' ls are [snNl] l- l i l 21 lrotrs' or i rhr_s'

1 , c r i oc1s .

t t s i r ou l (L l ) f n , ) l e1 l l l rN t i r t r l l r c i t r s t l u rne r l t l o r l i s o r r t hc l ) r ' i r l f i p l L ' o1 ' L l i r l\ r r ' on r ' l ) r ! , s sL l l e o l ' l vo l r t i l e l i r l r r i r l , Lhe t e l xDe l rLu rc r ' { i f o r ' ( l cd 1 \ ' i l l bo i i r e

i iraridrl tnr ofrtr lr i rrg l t l1l \ \ l rele i11 ihe Iapo ' . . lDd l i r$rir l s)stenr' l t rs esscl l tL: l l '

LLe ' - c l i l l ' e . i I l i r : t r r l l i r r g t ] r ese i ns l t ' r r n re r r t s . l , r l r c I t l c f u l t h r l i r no l ) x r l o f t h ' r

r f ) t r a l i r l l l s r ' r r r r heco r r r c expo : t t l 1o r l l e r r rPe rN t r o l r i ghe l t hNn t l r r l t o f t ho L l l r

. r l l t c l t l r c l i i l r r i s r u r r l i r r l . The L rL r l I o f l l r e t hc l l l l ( ) l l 1e to sho r t l r l Le so p l l l t cd f l r t L

i t i s r r o t i r r J l r | r r I c r1 1o u r l ) rP l ) r e . i r l ) l r e \ t c r l l ) ) r ' : r r l i a t i r r r r . f ' - o r l l Lhe (o l d \ ' o ' ) ( l

s t n r l i r . o r ' t l r I l r o t s t c r r r l ) i l ) es . \ \ - l r en r rece - ! s t l r i l \ - l ) l e ( : e (1 I r ( l a I e i i } r ' f o t t hc i "

i t shoL r l t l i r r r r e r r s r r r r r l l sh i t ' l 11 s r ) 1 l l l c cd t r s l o l i ecp i ) 11 ' I l r os t o f l ' he I u ' l i l t i i . i i '

\ i lhoLrt lr lcIIr l i i rrg rr hte r i lur lr t io ol l l l i r ' i t i ' Lo be 1lr)tc '1, irL this conrrr:ct iorr '

i hN t sc r ( ' e r l l l 1g l i r r r L I i t l i t l i o r P i l t c r i s t l r e r ! r ( ) r ' l ' i r r r l ) o r ' t i l 11 t- * ' l ' h c

l l , c , l r o l r c t r : r ' l r n l l r r L r ' o l c i i r r g (he l r r a r i r r r L l r n t e r r rpc l l t t r ' e i s p l r ced i t r l r

r t , i , \ { ' r r ( , r r t p r r s i t i o r r i r r i I e c r r rL r r l i i l r ' o l r r l r x r o f t l r e l i i l r r . ' \ L r r r l l r r e r : o | r l i ng l hc

lrr1f le or ' : l iulat iorr tcrrr l)er ' , l1r lr1r in thc ' f ielrrurr l l i i l l is lr lacccl i l t idc thc lraf l l . '

I )o\cs. I loth l)ul lrr shonl, l be r i l l e( l ns tt l l l f ( ,rr I t l re crrcI o[ ] i i l rr Is lhc lcnsth oi l

i lei i l -r le tubi lg l i l l I r :r ' r l i t . Nl i l t l t is ( l is l trrr.c I lorrr 1he cnrl ;horr lr l l rrr rr i ' lea't l l )

O lhc f t \ t r c r o l r t ' r ' r r l r L ' r ' s o l ) . r ' x t i r t g l r r r l l r c c \ l ) r L r r s i o , \ \ i t l l r i s c . i r r t ( r r n Ie r i Lu re '

of l l i r l1l ir l , ,r ' q|. ar ' . l l r ' t l i l r l i le, lnl t thr \Nl)oLl l l rrcs:u1-r ' t) f f i : 1r l 'ournen(led, | . h t t e r l r l r e l r r l u l , c l l r l r g t ' 1 c r l x , . 1 r r ' t , i l l r , l l l r ' I r e I r o l t l c f i l I g l ' c c ( ) L d e f i s ] r r r r r l l l l r c 6 ( ) . t r l

1( i f) . . 1.. ct l |e lr1rlsl h' t t l l ien 111tr ' in3 t lrc slcinring ot ' t i r t l ] )ef thrt t j re teDrl)frdttn' l

( lo{ js rrot e\r '(rc( l t l t is, r l laxirrrrrr l l \hi lc i l r t 'bnlb is i l r t l rr : l i i ln :r ' r l lurr|3' .e to the in

stfrmclt rrr i3hl r1'sl1lt

I l e t a td r t l l l l t / t l ) t ) ] ' t u l t ' t . - ' l I r . ) r i l i l r t hc l ' i cm l l r l \ \ " l l c l r l ) r r t ) l i i l n i s sa l l r r a t c t l

bc l c l e be iug reheaLc r l . T l r i s l l rN l i es t hc t l c t c l r r r i nn t i o r r o i t he f da t i l e h r l l r r i ( i i t \ _

x , s imp le r I 1 l r t t c l . r s l l r t n tax i r r r r r r r r t e ] x fe lN t l r f e N r rd t hc s l r t l i fN t rou t e rn l ] c r i l t r l r e ' o r

r l r : r v p o i r l t , ( i l n l ) c f c . l ( - t r r . i t t r o l . r l i l r a l ' r ' t l I e r l ] r l n n c t L ' r s . l l t i l l o r y e r ' o r . I t r r r ] i i l n s l i cnj l is hcalc(l t i lhorl l lnc'rrhrrNtiorr. thc Iurrt i( l i t l Lcing lr l j rr ' tc ' t l |1'arlr l i rrg r loislnre

l l ' n r ca t r r o I l r s t c r l r | . j c l l l i s . t h t l e fo r c , l l c ccss t l r ' \ t o I ' nu r l o t r l L ' i : r r r d d r v bu l l r

I h c 1 1 l 1 0 n l e t c l ' s ( p s \ ' c l ] I l ) l J l ( , t e r s o l ' h J ' ! r ' o l n I t e r ' s a s t l l c J ' l l r e s o n r c | i l r r e s c l l ] e c l ) t ogirc rur<1irr3:1iom \hiclr thc hrrrDir l i t r ' ( ' ' rn l)c ( lctcr 'rr l i l r l r t l ' lhe r{ lco'( l inE lrrglo

i, ' , , t" t i , " i t t t i t" , io a t l \ 'o l)Lrlb re(or. l ing tL!rrrrol l lctcr, e\(cpl i l l r t onc ol Lhe bui l)s

is r.or I ' rer ' l r t i th rL t lr i r l rrbsorlrerr l sIerlh l l r ich is l iqrr. su|| l ier l l i th i1atcl Irol l tr

rercrvoir ' . ( l1clrt carc r l IrL:t l )c c\er 'cised i t l rc usc o{ thc r ' t ' tol l l ing o' sirrrple rret

r),r l l ) thernlr)uet€rr ' . T)ist i l lcd or clein I lrLr ' 1\ 'Ni:cr orr lv shoulcl l )e 11scd Lor Nctl i l l i

ihe rbsor' l -rcrr i l rr lr ' r i l l . Thi. shotlr l l r l exartr ined h orn t irnc i1) t i r l1e 1"r:r ' 1hrt i t

ai ; l l " , ,r t .a 1lp \r '1!ter 'r 'crdi lJ ' . rnd slrot l l ( l l rc Ienel-et l aLroLrt oncc n lxoDth Sl)eci l l

b t l t r co rc r i l r ! s N Ic s i ) r nc t i l r r ( ' s ! u l ) p l i e ( l : l ) l l L i f t he ;e n re r ro t ava i l ab le a l a i r l v l i r c

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:,1:lll:.', i,l:!l\ .l)d.)np,):r ,cr n.\L!.\ nrir o tur?Lrrni) rrr orr!r.ru.\ r 1l "i, ,,,',1rlj1''1ll- .]].l"lf:,-\:r" prrr'.rallo.rlrro.).1ilt,Irrs 1? Jo irrr.Ill ro.1,u,,.",it]u1.1, ..qrro t,):-.r,r(L(LLi

i:11 l]llllli ]l.l,,lL, .)rL ,Lr:r .rirlIorrro) irLl ,pr.\iu.\ \t.)]rr.r!(r,)r :1.r,.o_\\1-1o ,i rIr,rrr ,)rllurriur. J ,)rlt r stj :ILo.) rrl,ll rLI] J,i.)rJ_\\ .

llri nrlt .Jo 1lllL(t .1,)pIl,.),u i, Ltu,rarl -rllirl llttltui\Lrllt nllt lo lrrll ol .rrlrrrrr\ uoryio(l ir ", p,,1,,.,u1 i, q1,,,i ;,,,1,,,,1.,,,r,1.1, 'L,rllo:rlrr).) _rll

.itll, .)rrrIur,)(Iirr,)] irrr-irl) nrnI|Ii\r]rr .rlt turlL .opin n, .1,,,., ;,,,1,,",p rrll\ ol .(lrl(i ! riial: ,rLi, To rr)r:]lrlrL:,).1 il r,).i prsll ,,,,, ,1,,r,u,r,1r,,,, ",11,

i(roli.irr?urp.io.. l. l1).1+rro.) l)trrtl ritt\\ JLL.rlrr,r.) rr1r.),,,,,,,,.,.,,,,r,".,,,,,,,, ,,;"_,)l:_.j]li'll] -,1,,1

,:l'trssr(l .i(t ;(l l)l,,ort: s,.rJi,,l,ro.) ..,rrr \\ ;lr r:,r,rtrs,ri)r o] l,rfit,L. -\t:lI lr,.).rJ sr SrLrll?is !).\lr:.\.lltslt,:Jt?_\l,rlur lt? l)rulu r\J.)Ll p1,,,,,1. r,rr11,,.,1u".,.1uLr\llr.\ i)ltl0.'ll rriLl. rLr:ri^xJri'r.i,rurIrrrrL:,rILr l);rr!d.Ltl.ro, "qi ;u j.,,, luLt.. i{irrJ nrll ol lirsllo rIu sr .r(l(l -irLrr r\llrl .r(il .lo _i,)l?,rn.).)lr .r1r,o,,."" "qt ,i,,i ,1.u.,

1,,,1,u, .uo1l)utj JlrrLlrhrlrs go ,ritulrn:-rIri JrJl:utl r .\J.iurl.)u J.rr,rrl) .]lI.i, .,llr(l il(L(ltts rlrirnls,rr'j+ lIo n.\lLr-\ nullltr);uLl I ro !(uarr(\ i.1r.r11111, 11" ,1.i ,,,,11 .,,, ti1r,,.,,p |,1.,u rllnr i)rli Ilr l)1nl)tl ir{l to ()rt.r1?.rluo.) l)LrI rroLsnIrl\r cqt prrP ,.Le1r.Lor.r,r ".,,,1t,,t,h,,a1 r, 1,, :lllrll ol r|rIlllli c]1Lir1 L: rrr ;rrrpu.r;(1ul aIlrril] r ll] L a.\urJ s]u,Iu .qsuL i)sorJT

'!.r) i)|).r 1n.) ) ) e.atJDt,Lfut).[ )|]t)t .In.l-

-ll.lj.:'l-tl t," -i.)rlt rLrrr[,\\.rot a.t-r0,.1 ,.L ]r.L r(tLrr,)t IIt r.r.\o.r,rlrrrrour,rdq] p,rUprrBts_ r? :tsrrrI.;u lcn] prdtr.l |l ]rLo.ir.rui ol ol(ltj!t-\lllt sr 1r ,l,L

1,rr:.pLurirr .u1.1" 1r.r,1,r",1, u".rqlll]'il ijl,il]i,,ll",t+

.In +r?qr.irq|irr:\r? sr.r,)nrtr.\,) ssar frrLr,..,.uq,,,.1 p1nu,,. flL.!-s i)(lr nrrsoIru,) dslr,) s!|lli l] q]r\!.r,) ssl?li uq1 u,, 1,"q.,1" ",,0,1,,,,pt.,: oq,i_,lri irsorl) ,!rd:laLLrorU.rnql Furl;r r1,r.r rrI .rrntL:r,,lruii ,11u,1 i"1i "q1 -,n.1 u"'r1r,1",,u 1nu a, ,,li1l.,lr.-,ll]",:,llll"- .)rri rPrn unrtDl a(1.t,ILOrrs u.,,., ,".,,i,,,,, .,q1l,1u,, ,r,rru ,sa,r,,.r (11r.\o,r.).]u-!r srql nroJrrl ntrrrt rl{Llrrr,r.r(l{lL: uu ,)trrLI) iL 1, ,ru,,tiu,tiil .i.rntui,l(Lrrnl

:ll]::l ]-" ll ttl ,r.)1!rn.r.r Lr.)rtr ltr\\ .{nlan r)ur.1)rl.} irrt} l)u[.]r iro .)i|\)t)n0.) \rrur.rall]ii 'rrllr u ur l)irJ.rislr rsrJ:r,rir,nrour.LirF pror l) rrnrr.\.1rrrp |;10rr r,1 p1,u,,r. 11 's.,)rl?l(1 .)l(Lr.sa.r.lIn ,io sil lLrri(lllt,,r ,)rll .-nllrdli)i).rol llraLrl(l lL).r trltrI ll fo ].lrr(l uLtoI -il(lulrJDt(l r):Ilr nr.) ,):rrl.l] .]rrilr,).\rro, .r,rorrr Lrr Li] ,r,,1i,,,,,."o 1"r,,,,1, 0,11 r,,

.1:,:l::l:l].ll,tl ,r,rrr,Il_.iL,,rr,,,1,) uuLnrJr!J lI).rr sr.nrlp.,n.r,uo+ nLHr,r ..ir,1,,.,,p,,, .,,,.;

lrilllr-r,Iu -iJ(ll:lrns.r.l .r'l1r) tr, r.rr.rr fri ,r.r.Jlrl t? ol prr{,)}slr}.rui.i,un,,,.,n,11 1,,,,,,,,r,1,, lli,llt)li1l\r '(l]"(l nlil l)Illlo.llr rOllsJllJ.rI, Llm(tlr\t:lll 1t J.nLJds ()i JiIto lL s,tii\)trrrirl.tJril lt)lutorlr rrr),rt al)urr rt(LLrri)la.rd a.rr 1nq r;rl:r1 rr ?.rt Ir?1.)rir',)rJj lt) d( lotr

lrJrrorLs .s.ralilrr()rrr.r,)r]]

rll (t ]i-\\ .rrlrrl orll ;ur.ta] J ]uorlJr.\\ !i;trltUTi](lurrJ ptra.1 {rl tl(LIlso( uarlt sr Jr )lnfir? alqulnts u llrorT.{,)}o-|lr()Iu,rrrlJ,rrl] .;Lllliii-rl -iil .d.)rrB]:^rD

lr ttto.t,l l)lrr'r !r(l rIt?, ]l lul:1 os alt)ls Iulrnr p,rS.rLr1rr,r tn: qti.u.,.i1"i,,our.r.,,1r r,11 "1,,..or(1.o1 sr t?oIr lu.lrsrr \- F(llDq ,r.l).roro.r !)rll .1o -ilrnr.rrr rr11 rir s.r.r1;rrrorlr.raq1 ._sr1.i -rlL.L,nlr.ra r \.ltrrrl).rc inrilri?rl ,ir1 .rrrop aq rllr, snl] |rnr

,sJnJatllolll,taq] SuLpru;rl,r to3ilorlrr.ro(Io nrlt rr() IiDrl;, irros i\t.rl ol ilqrsL.\11? rl ll .!.t;1a11t)ttt taUJ Lt).)tu!a4a)

lul}l

'ill

la.

i oi.[r

) Jr

lrriJO

lu

i)Ll'tr

i) !l

iI

i,ll

'Pl

tan

t).'

-ui,J't):]'pi

llLll)

,,9,)Ii

irlr o] (1..r a'r:l roo.) or r..)rrr.,orru-\.r *rJlrlrJ.s n\ns) ,-rr,,r,,,,,,,,;::llt;l'lir';:l,il*:Ii.rolaq .]or soop ql.q iqt rl:lr_\! Irrlrro,) o, "u,,,n,, ,1",,1.ii .,,. i,11 ." ,q1,rci rr.u arrl .1,r

but fol sntisfector'.i rcsnlts il;xt nppl oriirlllltcl-y the saueto ab least 1l0deg. l . -chould

I 'u t)1 P l legt.t latars.

56

is lecessrtr '1' to hare the hotpr 'ess Ie. \ \-hcx olderir lgJbe spcci l i r :d.

ld cold sater :uppl iestu rarrlie of llfl(lcg. I.

coi l ,220dris lusul l ici

t,shecl:

f1'o1icile LroerLd oIci rq,l f Irs o

e. rs.t )e

GasahtL,rsplrl t te i lort lterrperat

_.\ sir l inmcter.:rn.l a Ie\t hc she l l

'J'ie prcpt

i t lnal(L.sr)et 'atule (IJCI CCnt.

f jpecir

l)Ltt forrrrs1o plo\. idc(,. ( i . j anal { lt l rerl ths ofi t le ol anlPDecessa)"y,

I ' ressrl lr l r 'egLrlalors l01 |r1nrl)! col lsi i t ol a ihlott le Iahe control lcd b1 the

presrrLlc of th( ' dcl i lcn l \ ' l l1(r" The 1\ ' t tel conlccl ion iu thc regtlalol shonld

be hl ien lrouL t|e r lcl i lerr si t lc of the air cLl lhion. ' \ pressure gluge oI t l r tr

I lorudon 1) ' t) l ' - . |onlr l l -rc lrrol iclet l on the plrrrp clcl ivcry.

,tt u, 1) 'a

/.L"

,4.: bc-:1t.s

I)cal/t o{ 0rxrt .//t 3Ltt.

( ) vc r s Jo r t hc r i r ' r ' i nq r ) u l o1 ' r no i s t r r r e t o r r t c l t sa r r l - p l es ca r r | e Lea tc i cou -

r cn ie r r i l l ' h v s l e i r r l o l c l ec t r i r i t \ ' I ' i r r ' l < i l l ' h ) ' iDg i r r s l i l l r t i ons , l he r r ' : f can r i s

,:ol l i rrrronslv r lr i l rrLlc, n srr i l : rLJc t1'pe is slr. , \ \ 'n in Fig. 10. This corlsjsts sirnPlJ'

of r doublc shcet jrrrn bor lracl iecl \r j th looje aslresfos and pror- ided u' i th inlet

and eri t \ 'ent i l . t t i rr3 lroles. $' ir- t ' r 'acl is fo'- holdi l lg sectioDs, .rnd a ste|m hert ing

F t c . lO

iq llrl\ r:r j.r .r.,J,j,,,1.b d prur) i,, ,, ''qr,,r o,,,,, ",;.;,".j;j,l'.:.l,l,l ,ir i;it,,1r1r 1,J,,,,q.i,,,cJ8..,,,,1;";"",';,j-

rrt rrr 'r" p'.,.,., i1,,r',,,,"1 . 't -"1"t' Irul'J rrrrl 'j r".r 'qr '

r ,, ,..u ru ,r.,,id,,r. rii'j.n, ,, ,.,e_ I'rr i,,J i 'q'.j\i ;; i ,,'llr,I:Jn'qrr"Jl'

j,1",',,.,,,: "1,.,., ,, ".,1 ,,"J:,,,':,, ,., I',-,,j;,,Ji l,i: .,'1.; 1,"',1

0r')r'j-r'r'

fl;;l;,;ji t;. lirr: ;illi;:lli.:;],,:;:,i l:;: l, l': li, "jl,;i :'ril::1,,;;| ,' -r,,,, ,r ,1'r,",. '.,

, :;lr: ;l j",,r,, '..s) l,))s p.arou rl(t uDS

1 ,, "':,,: ,i', l'i: ;j,;'i:i .j,^",ri r ,,- , .- , l;,1: rl f:' ' r , ,rl;; ,":;l:;l ;;:;;:*"'l:.';::1"::l;: " :l:,iiii' ;'ili::::l: ;l:;,"llii:,;;;: ;"1,1:;',i irl '':"'"', ;li;,,i,,r::''";,''l'"l,il, l:i:;i,:ll;,,.11'r,,i : ;i,,:-' '1,1,::;,.j1;",ji;,1"i; J' :i;' i.r l;',:'llJ " ;;,' ,,,,1",,,..,r.J,.,j.d,,r ,,,.,,,'.,,."

""r "';' ':"1' r.,";, ' , ];l;, ,"'ii"' '

,:,;,;:,: i';::' :":, ,1; ;ll'il ;;l'1,;i ll,l;'';-,t t:" ' ',,,c,,1,,r,,1

u ,-' r,,,.,,, ;;, l:,i' ','",,"1 ,;;,.., ,,,';

,",.:"1",i1.1;l;.:;"

.\ul0l-ll(

-uo

lq)1.9'..1,.2/ er.ntuara )O /p.21?,)2, rf.-:

-:

PTn bt.a"%e

a u?)PJ /jL2/l !'! i1'1' :

:. ",',,1 "1,1 i:1,', ,,,'.,, i';,.,:,';" r;,1.1;.'J;;: j," ::',,:it,. , ". ",.,', ,,\, d ...,r. ,,,,,,,,,,, , J;"::li 'lt1:,:,;";;t1:,;1 ];1lil:ir ;;l;j 1J:l"l;;;,,;1 ,,t:1,;:, ;:;,lii'.,;l :,;;i,il," ;.,,i,,,j;,.;,, ,,.,, ,,,1 ,,;i i,,',' ;,,"1:lll ;l;':,,11; :l r:;;lt:"1:,:ji:l:]::i.:,",,,r,1,r..:;;:l,it: l? :,1,,t,:; l ii,jil'lt,l,li";,t, i'; 1", l_;.1, ;ltt,:.( , "r,," .q .",r,-";' ,,1,1 ;l li'',,;;i 1,. ,, ,' ;jl:":,,,1 ;;,,::l,l ji ']r,:ril;

!9

'rl] JoPIrLorl!"orll 1q

'J.o'ilj

sarl(Idn

58

Snol,:e ' f 'esls al Air Ci i culat ion..

I for sucr:essLtl opelat ion, i t is essr:nt ial that thc air cir 'cLrlat ion throughout1h.l lelgth aDd the breadth or height of a l i i ln shoLll( l bc reasonabl.v l1rr i fo n.l I l ;er.e clo bt cr ists as to Lrrr i for-mitv, sper: ir Ien boarcls rnay gi\ :e ar] indication oiiucgulari t ics, but ulelv t lo they shol ' the caLrse. I t is conlenicrrt , therelote, tobe nblc to hace 'r l le nir rno\rerxert l-r-v ueaDs o-[ sDro]ie, so that l lccessalv | t l ler i t-l ions can bc effcctr- 'd. l \rhen strr.h' i ] lg the l ieneri l ( i i r . :Ll lal , ion ir tsicle a l i i ln, thcltrrrning of turpentine rvi l l gi le a. lcnse l l lacl i ,<rnol<e l 'hich l lcrsists fot al con-sideraLrle t ime. 1-f. hol 'er er, i t is clcsi led to oblain a rnofe : lcculte indicationof ihe ratr- arrd. l i lea:t ioLr of f l i r rrorer] lclr t at al l)- part icular poiDt, purl ] i st icl is.

i u r;i,/tztlt

olass lqle: l r r -u1/be'rL.Pper

S M O K f P R O D U C E R

F I G I 2

i rncl l i rs Nrc sed to discorruge r l lLrsrluitoes,.arr be b[rnt. The nth'antalJc of thc'

purl i sl icl i is t lai i t l ' i lLplol ide a l i t l ie ( i loud ol smolie, and the malner iD l 'hiclr,"Lis clorrr l n1o\_cs ci l l l l -re noterl . Irr sorrre ci lses' hol\ 'eler ' , the l lent of the burnnq

stir :k rr i l l cruse conrct,t ion crrrfclrts sui l ic icnt to gi le arl etroneous iLlpr 'ession,

!.1.1 whclt' this is lilirlr a r:oli:l chr:rnicul srnoke can be cnrplovccl. An apparatlt<

Ior: ploi lrrcirg aulrorr iuuL (hlori{ ' le smolic is shol 'n jn I ' ig 12. The sl ieteh is self

rrplarrator\ ' lor the rpprlat l ta ir mcr:el1' n Deans of mir ing arrrrr loni|L and hvdr'o-

rLloric acid gascs urrr l disclr lgi lg thcnr irr to the air ' . I tbl nrort l i i ln ahving rr 'of l i

the r lse of punk st icl is rr i l l Le lorrrrr l ( lui te satisIactor] ' .

l iurhrotrJl

l i r r LL (inctci , l d r

r r t e r l .i i l t a u

,)rr l-,1c,

'l'icl l

\ h i t ) s.tr itrs10 f } eofi . ,nr r l r l c i rt i I l l . s

lb l l ni h | 1 t hT(] pror

; J J\ 'a ' r t rc: t

o b t a i r r cr : re,ndcdlr l shl i

I t i si)u1 this

,\flto slre tliLe strclf i o r t . I 1: l l t l l u c

l i i in rs.lrr 1r idlvto bni ld

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lorr 1), ? salLU llt,tlui), rri)ll.\\ tsaurrlouros ,sU rr1r1Jo lrLn|.rrL orlt t oq.;norllJ,ilur,\.).rLr?,rrl],rtlt(lr.rlsrl) ol sr sr(lLl. .pr.rr(lu1 sr ,rnH,I1L]le.1lu,l, ,rLll panrlllr.illrJilLs.ro JuU i!r lrrrlrlrls i.rrq.!\ tl?lll ij.)lou al llr.\\ ll

.uorl-un:l1P.rrLn:DJ. j(l rr.r-\r; nrL pltLotls sIIir]l Il) sprti lror]))illrt)r:Lrl] lll .J]rslr rtruls nrl]rl;norrJ] sr snL)rs iur-\u.)l o1 ;ur.ro1rr.r llltl.r.] J)LLr+ ()J.r(? rr)T rJltli -LI[o nli] tr;rll ors o]Iri)rlr?l ,rrl i'lllolls i r-),(l burl.nr:]s ;)roIir(l rr:lr_.I L p.r.rr1L rrr:rc1 sLIl ]iruls oql ,rn]1I,.

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p!)s*Li, \\Jrrrs(x)l ,)rll b.Iru,r-!i).r(I .ror JL)rjrrr r(L rroLsrr..rrl 1ur:r.rrrs .*"'a,],' ji;lli,j

il-r1l1rra,r sI ':]J[:]o !: rrtfl-c 1r puu .r.rrl].r.ioJ .Lisol,) sLlr.rls rrlt;j|lr,)uLd i({ },JorLj]rt,rLt!ri)q a-!urJ s+l sr.r .rrtln(l ;urrlruls lu)r].rd.\ rl:lr_\\ ..r,rlltr)lru ,)u1r .r-\o(Lr .Lilr.)rt.r.,nrl l)lnr)rts L)r r I.ll:(]r ']la .r) trrgl rnirll ,rr,)rrr ;rL ]ou l)lnor s sllrr]s ;lrr,)l{lc

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l)ltro.\\ s(lr.r:ts rrllt Jr.rrll ,sJrlll "irrLtuJrl Jr) r.orlrr(lr.r:tsrLr,{ulr rrs 1r rL+1.\\ l,arlrL?lrr-illprrt.ra-\ 'rrlr)l .raq1o -(rru tllr.\\ l)rr?,!inn)li)rrl+ l{r Llf..Lo.lilai i.rr sck.,1s :rr1r,;d:l,lIl.J,rqL r1 tuorlrtl[Llr.r r{ll]t nrlt ;lo.rnrlrl(lus i)rl} -i(L folurrl)rrr ilLu sl1 sr,]l(Ltl

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lrrL lrl;rLl?rf lrrLor Irl pr.r]r:las _(lrarrhr; n1r1 ,lalur.L drl+ olnnr.\\. lLrrrrrror{i).)n .)\{).r(l .(rrrr ,rLra s(lurl.rn{l fLru urlfL o1 Lhr .r,rrlLrrrl rl+r\\ s(r.r}:'urL

l,) rslr rrlt i,,i(,.n -i.L,i\ \r rroL:lL:Itr.lrr rrlt tl .slrl+,l-\1r([t? L)r.qll ;rI l)lrlorls r(lLlt,

'rrrlii prrrr')1.)rJt ln.il 01 rhr.r,r11nrL1 rltr\\ 1,,-rr !,1 LLr,,l-.,rLrt! r/I rrlr]l rrLijrri)rj.)lll rl url.lr) lLlU.\\ lU Lrrrnr| rr:to r)rir.\o,r(t arll rlLr.\\ ss,) )Lrrrll ttr ot lunlrr rlr;lq.,ril lo rllll.N Jrll .))|xu ()l LuusI sr tl ;trt]1.)lrls ulr.l rrr -"(lr,rl. iru.rBCIS roJ ilrirllLrls.(r,,.\ l)rrrLo.l Lr.r.)(l str([ ,.ilrlr(lu. lL) lrllri csnrrprIrl slr lo ]rnt(),).t) (Li);rlu.L.rrrf

'l),)rl(l(lns sr .iluo (lrluul) L)o().. t0 l!i.taj1,nt .lNtll a:rrll.rL]r

cl sulrrl lo i.L.rltut1 .ro Lr1L1 r:.iur|rrarLr rrrrl.\\.lrrtllis!,),n.()Jn.rrril ,,\L l1 p.r1rl

rlr{d!r)[ o(l lLr-!\ stI rt rtlt ]utJl rl.) s,). : srLorttl)noi) rn i.rl) aq] srsl?) illlrlll nr ,roi'paioIlrrL,r:r

Irll l? trirl.\\ l),))Lrnouo.r(l i.{()1(r,rq llr\! ll.rrrlIut ol,ll.r: \ol ..rrr-\,rp f(li1r1r1rr1 ;q.1 luaurtud.t] lo lsr).r.)q] -rrop(l ,rrt;(l llr.\t.n_urlllts,r.r iullr-\ r1 ,:u,).Jrurlrt.rrl! -iu|l .()l 'n.;tqIlr.\l)|l ol| .]o rr s].r]1.)()tl !uI srrrn\ u[ti .iq pr1.,,t.11u .ill,,,l .r.,,Lrrll(, irrr-i.11) Jrll !rlrrl.\\'inlLr\ rrr L)rtu sca I Jisu Ilr Jtt?r,).rr(ldl) llt.!t +,1|l,rll arL].ru,) 0olr_,Lrrtlu, rlIo.r.l ,ro ,rlrr.T;

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Soruetirrres also t lro inrhcti lc ct i 'er: t ol l the ai l leloci ly rJ) thc.crrtral i lueo luscs a l c r -e r . i L l o l c i r r u l r r t i o r r i n t l r t ' l o r r c ' r ' l r t r c f i o I l ] i c s t : l c l i n11 (1 . i r r t l r e :e , a i lthich hns aherd), lasse{: l f lor l i l re err lcr irrg 1o thc 1en:r ' i lg i i f si( le passcs Larl it l rrolgh the rtarl i to the (tnirNl oDtoriJlg )r i l slr ' ( 'arr. \atnl l l l l undcl thcse contl i l ions u l 'et Iof l ict ( lcrelotr i in thc bol ir-rrrr of thc star, l i ( l l ' in I ig. 5.) Prer,entiorl rsr ir l l ies in openirrg rp t l ie l)oltonr l l l lc ls of ihr: qtacl i so thnL some ol thei ir ' {rorn the ccntr i l r i r . :olnrDr crl I l p:rss Lrl) t l [ol lqh these ]avers lrori thr lrot lorI loI the strck. h selt ,r t cr*rs thc l i i l l J loor at the r 'r i l ler_t ' l has somctinrc: to belrr ir l l i t )r lolgh Loalls l i th rr c( lge 1o c(lse sl)r(c LrI '1irr. to i l in.

I t rr iglLt hc, colsir lelcr i thNti l )c(,anse rrrcnti(n1 ol the:e i l r l l ts is r. .rr l , i rr r<rrrr r ' f l i o r \ \ i t h i hc T i f r r r u rn l i i l l l l n l t l Le . i r cL r l aL ion i r r t h i s t . r ' 1 re i s r : r s t h ' j r l c r i o r ' .

I t r r r j l l ) ( ' r ' e r r r r r r r I c r ' ( , ( 1 , ho \ f I e f , r l i r r l \ \ i i l r 1 l ! ( ' e \ ( ( , 1 ) t i on o l t h r : ( l a I l i e l i i l l r . i r 'l 'hich one of thc lclrsol ls j i r l adoptir l \ '1,1t iral sLrr. lr i re las i l rr : prclr:rrt ion of\rc1 l)orl ietsr l lLere r1r ' l lo olh(] l t \ 'pf i of l i i l s olrr lai irrg in tbis St t( ' , rnd thesorrrnJ'to i !r ' r ' i r teI oI lrss r:rtcrrt ]rc r l ' l 'cclccl by sirrr ihr ' frults. ' l ' ] rc

crr| t in nrr lsu r \ 1 ros : i l r i l i t r l i l l r ' r , sn lL l r o r l l l r c l Lpp l i r ' r r t i o r l o l t I c l ) r ; l r i p l cs o I a i l r i l o r l a t i onald slrrmLl l Ie rrue Ic onl) l l i i r l t iNl orr i ' , lbe mo:i: . l f t l i rrcntzrl r : l {ecl nrtr l rrrclel l 'b c au i r r c r casc j r l Le r l n i ns t i r nc o \ \ ' i r i g t o t l e s l o l c r ' d r \ i ng l a l e o f t he l i r ' g i r r l f

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l ) l lY I r - ( i S ( ' 1 l l l I ) [ l .ES . { 1 ' l \ l l i l ' ]R C I IE I 'N I ' l l o l l ' l t IE S , \ \ ] I ) .' I h l r l r r e ; t i , r u r o l l o ho s l r r r l i e r l i s " \ \ i h r t r r r c t hc r l es i l r r b l c co r r r l i L i r r ns t o } r '

r lN i r t : l i r ( , ( l i n r r l i i l n l ' These conc l i t i ons l uc l oun . l as a res t l l t o f c r l r r : r i l | e l tr nL , l r L r ( , s tN1cd as l c l r t l i r r ns l i ps l ) e tueeL r t he t e rDp t l aLu l c e r r r l r r : l r t i l r h run i r ' l i 1 : r 'o l t hc a i l , ) r t l l e ( ) l ( i l r an i l l r r d t he n lo i s ' L r l r e co r r l cn t o l l t he r vooc l o r r t hc o the r ' .Sul 'h a r 'elrt iorrslr i l or- scries oi l rclat ionslr ips is cnl ler l a dn' ing sr:herh]c. an.ls . l r f r l r r l c s n r r ) ' r , i t heL l r c t I r l r u l l I r r r s | aph i r : a1 . I n a g l ap l r i cn l r chea lL rh . . t r i r t l r .t hc . i r r l \ r ' s s l r o r rL l l r e o l ) t ) l i 11 f . l l ) \ ' l ) l o t t i l l g t en i l ) c rN t r l r es and l e l a t i i \ r hu r l i d i t i c srgu i r s t r r o i s tu l r ' r o r i t e r l t . . \ : i t i s dcs i l c r l , l r r r l e r - c r ' , t ha t Lhc g l r ph sLoL rL l g i vc

r l ) i c t l l | ' r o l ' $ ' h i i s l r r Lppc rL iDg . i t i s l l r o l c conven i cn t l o p l o t t e rnpe ra t | l r ' c s . r ' e l r L -l i l 'c hrrrrr icl i t ics rrrrr l rrroi.Lrrre c,rr l i :eDls rr l l rgrirst t"\ 'pical t l rrr irrg t iuos irr 11a1s.Ntrr:rt l rclcss i t rrrrst Lc r 'r ,al iserl i l rrr l dr\ ' inq t;r fcs r lrr nLrt esrentirr l to ihe: c l r cc l r r k ' , f o I i h r \ 1 ' ho ]e t ) Lu l )osc o l i t i s t r ) l i \ t l r e l e l : r t i onsh i l r h f tNee r i : l r e n i o i s1r1rf cori ler i of the i i r lLer beirc ihied rnrl thc atrrroslrhel ir : r :orrdit ions in l lLr:1.: i11. r_o l lccisc r lrr lu l : to thc r 'atc oI air ci l lLr]al iol js rLi lcrr in rr schc(h1..l f l r i . i s l r l ho r mr l t ( r r , 1 ' l i i h r dcs ign . r nd i i j r assu r red t h l t t hc ve loc i t - r o I r j lno l cu re l r t o r c r t l r c t i r r l ) c l i s s t J l i r . i o r i i l r h l i nE t o p l oecc r l s r r t i . l l r r c t o r i l ) .

I r l " i l . l i l . t hc s tu r r r l a l r l d r l i r r l s c Ie r l r r l e f o r ' l i l . Jnn lh i s s i t cn i r r t h r :glrplr ir f 'o|rr. \ ' l r i lc ir 'hlr le l tLe srrrfe srhedlr le is qirerr irr tabnlar foun. Th,:scl;cr lLrle; frrr olhr,r sizer rrnr ' l sper, ic 's alc elso sivcn in tabulal form in ' fa,blr:r

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trbl slernri l rg arrrL higlr luul ir l i t r ' 1r ' fr l l rul ' l r l i 1u lrL r] tcIt iv0. N |( lr ' l r l i iLr]ro nfof lcebsor'pt ion oL rrroislLrr 'r : 1l the loorL i : nct:r,ssitn. ' l hcsl treairrrcrrts ntnst.t he re fo re , l r c can ' i c t l oL r t a t l r r r l ) c r i t r r f 1 ( i ' l ' . . o r ' l r l c l c rab l l ' l - ) " l i . r ) r r r r o re )highel thar thc dlr ' i rrq t{, ] l r l ( ' r l l r l r ' ( , l )r l ,r i rnls to 1h. foulrt l fn(r lr fnt ol thc trc,t trnent, in or{ lerr thlt rr ' : l l rsrrr l r i iorr l i l l o<rr 'ur ' . ' l ' l tc rt ' l . l rr \ \ ' l l ) 1hr lurr l) f lNtl l r t ol lt l l | ' i i ] r l l )r ' f rrrLrsl l re lr 'ss 1l\ l r l l r t l t o1' 1lrI srrr ' rorrurl ing hnmicl atnroslr lr1'rc 1\ ' i l i l ; t 'ap l r a l t r r l u l r o l l l i l t Lc r ' r ' o r ' i ( l e f r i i o t t o f t l r r ' l r r l ' s r 1 ' l a t i r r l r t o c \ x l r o lN t i r ) l l iD . l r o r rdcn::rt iol-

' f l r a t i t . j s r 1e { i essNr ' l 1o n l i rD l \ NL r i ) r l l , l l ( 10 I i l i l i sh T lLc r l La l I r r i t s t , , \ ' r ] l i , r i !1 l L . o I \ rN t c r i r r l ood has l l r ' e i t 11 \ hec r r l r f r r l i o t t e (1 . I l o tLe r ' l l t r l s . t h { r r r l l t c r i nthe :tnlc irr lhir,h iL t , :r ists irr loocl I ls no laldrt hetr l oi laporl. l t ior, Supposing

n piecc ol dl l l 'orxl l rr : 1r l :rctr l i rL a . t l totutcl l l t l l t rcst) l let 'c t l l rr terrrper' t t l : r t oI * '1r ir lri s J i gh t l l l r i qhe r ' t L . t r l r l l t r r l l oo11 , t l r e ' r . s i r r r ' c t he r r r o i s l l l r e con te l r t o f i hc r r ooL iis br: lo$'thc l-ral rrt Ioi Ir i : frn lhci0 rorrr l i t jorr", rLLrsorption oi l l loi ; tur ' | l ;"r ' thc Noodfionr l}e air ' l i l l tekr lr l rLcc. Iof olerJ. lrrnrnrl oI l 'atcl Nlrsor l)eaL. l i lort i reat \vi l lbe l i lc| lLtcr l io ihc rrrorrrrL ol al lrrr l l . ( l ( ]0 I l . ' l 'h.L-.. rrrr irrs to ihc pls-!aq" of rDcl istrrrcfrorn the giLseols strr ic ir ihc i i r t l ) t I f eqrr i f i lcnr oJl thc l ictuicl sl l l l t in Llrc 1\ 'ood.l l 'his l ibel lr l .rd htent l l .ul crI l onl] be r l isl)o" 'erl ol l h1'tr ' lnslr ission to sr,rrre t t l :Lttr l ialat I lo$'cr t trrnl)ol 'aiurc. ir t this casc, 1|c $urr l , \s ir)on lL\ l l re lerrr lrc: ' | iurc oI tht '\ \ 'ood r ises to lhNt of thc sLrrr 'onnrl irr l r l i r , r t l )sr)r ' l ) i io ol l r |oistule b', ' the t iuhcr

nrust ceisLlJ l i l thelc is Ir tr l )r 'ovision fol t i re rbsnrlr l iorr of 1l lc l l t t ' r ,1. lreri . Tlr is

tcrnper:r{ule rct iorr is l i l ic l l io lr l ntor_e l lorrounr:cd l i th lLigh hLtlr . i r l . ' r ' thrr l t ' i t1l

stelmil ls tr 'alat lnerl t , for ' lherr slcau is l i ler 'r ted i l to a l i ihL the:rhno"plLerc Lrecorner

f i l let l r ' i th a fog of lDirnltc , l rops of rratcr, rrrrr l t l rere trrr l he lbsor' l rcr l Jrr_lhe loodwithout telrPeratnre cihnnSc.

It . is inpossiblc io 1n1' dorvrr enlpi l i ( i t t l lules l lor lhe t luret iort of lrentnrcrr ls

fol tbe rerrrolal of r:rsoharrlerr ing l \r i th 1in. t j rnlrcr ' , sclcre caschart ir l t inq l t tbe

cnLL of\\ ' irh ti

Solrc rrol. i rcoD(l i t ;(t trc I i }rJre incrrh t t c r rt i ' l ' . , cLcirrg slcl ter,t t ,r l ,t i r r b c l , :i rr l i r : l l i rsteJLrl)r1

I ccluccdl o r ' 1 l cfh l r r r r l l rl ) c ( oun tu tpp i r l: r l r pc ru i rl o r l t i o r l s[ |o i r fo ] i

i . r r o1 t r r

n l ) t e sN l

,.cl ls rrc ,. l t(r t dtr r

' t . l rr : 1

i r r ! ( ) l ' \ j

i n ; c l e l i t rc11t ] l lN tL r t

o t l J i f s f i l ( ,

t l e . r r r r Lc . t, l l r r ' l l r I o1T:tJr lc 2, r lt h i r : l i c r ' 1 I rl i l i t tel iai lesas fS r lu r.s.r n t l r ' l i r i i t r r rTiertrrui l l i it r l t te \ \-onl( lal)ont oxe-t lthe t irnc ol 't l ' icc e.: lon

;|[r?] ilI-!r.rlqrrr] rrr6!olrr.rrr;.or:ssdrr{'rt 'r} su -irri!,,;'":1,,:i.,J:;' j:,,i:lli-a[)rtl] ull .i-r.\o.r!rqurr].roJ lnq 'raq {l .urf.roJ

L)artrl)J.r atrrL:} oql Jo [)rr{r_drrr +nolluuI 'i.rf alqrilc.{(t pLllo.\r .r,rq lrq ri rr ]l!I{ s.trp ga ro le ,r(L ,i1t1ur1o.rtt 14,ro-$. '[rr1i!li+ rrlr-1 liul ir)u.rr]ul .ro .r.)i!oJq tr rllr-\\ '!,{rl u.r\r.ro s-!r;p 9; o; rrlr{ u!.rrlualJoIll ur. paJrpd.r a(l .ilqlt.lord pllro) rLl[.] srr11 ;slovorl

lr.{ .iut: Jo rrortr.llrlrlrlr puu '1{'rr oril lo sr5!ls il.LLio orll rrr'-!ql 0g.lo 0!j ro ssnr(l -(l?.l(lc rr 111r.11 ...i11r 5; "u

r.r.\r; irnrq (r:q rl!.rr1rl- .lrLI .to .turi,rlr f. ntrLl ,rrl.l, .1rrrl+ .rLrl iirqi ."o1 1,r,.,nrr,,, .1rJ Idsrl r(L flrorls oILIrrPr.urtiri.l, l)i\\o1[or ,)(1 rrB.) l-,]l(1ll!l

.rria 1 ?rl].r,r]li,rrllilIr.r.n?f ro.l .)irq_\!.pJslt r.r!;,iLa-\r:)ra(lsr.L i(l al(ll.,l, ,qrr.t. rI. .r{r;.toJ

IIlr.a i)l({L:tr 'q!,r,tBf ur?il ,ro.,l luiroJ rEInqLl} eql llr prl) lrur n,1lr :-irs[ iL]8.t.r.rdqs i.llJl ql:.r.nlfJ(r -<ozri ,ror[.,rrl] 1o,5rrr.i,rp rrlr ,roI slrllllr)tl.)(i .p;.ra-rLol iprl;.r1, brrricL.to.arrrll. orliijrrLrnr?llli]r r]rllu 1IJ.r-!t]uL aql ,.d

.01 llloqtnotrlj ]]rslra,r)Ln i)(l l r.) alrl)nrl,rs .)tll loolttt?.rr.Irtrot o]l] ,rrol.r,r.rrlt r-.p.rL:oq

1t.r ,roJrtxlb .rot 1iu,, "p,.,,u,1 .ru",,,,o.,,,.,1 .,oun1,*.rlrltrr'r.Ldclt. sr slror:trltrrlJ .Lulrrur-c .rnprrn ;nr-i.lp ro ilt{ Jrll }1r(L i,!t:q

lr.r.Lrll?LrL lu )[.]l(l IiIl] rL.ru.\\ ult -lrur] o] ,{rriapu.l il0 lolr rr]q rlur. rr 1,,., .,r1",,,r1 ..i1L.rav. rrrpJsro.{,rrr.r{L t r1) i)lrLpoqrs dlil is\rrJt.ro.J puu ,tl;)r.r, prit? .Lru.\\ oi.il,)rlrt os }orr a.rnslr'doq rLl?,r.1tlf ,\o.LrrN .siso(1,rnd api?ri,] r.)rl5rq ro:J (l),rr:o(l 1r,,r,1r*q .,p,.r, tn nu,rosL:as prdr?.{ oq};roJ irlrLp,)qrc i-rrln.\;risrro, L: sr rr,r rr; l1rr1ror,;s ,1,,.i.,,,1: .,,,1 .,q.1,

_.p.l.ro|lI an? sll!)r arLr]rns arlj .(lllo ]lj(ii os ,rrcrtu.[tp

l.rotl. ,\Li-rrlu.rLr(lur().) Jo J(L s.(t.\\ll? irluolls ll ilrrro(l rrorllr.rullr! o.r(lrt .r.\orll ILL+i t,.LL, !llo.jolr:rtIr arll IIJ(1.[ _i,tU.\si]rnu sr ;n rLuJ]! ll .::tlllc,),r s or,ralnlJl) i).\r{l .iFrl !,rtu_) i)lnostrl cLlir c:tri- Jo 5tIntLLrd]r ,,ttlrJ ui :rtuau r,),rt orr.).rnLl).J.r .t.roJr.r.)rIl fu(;

.l)rrr.)l. Ili)(l lor(uriJ iroll|l,rt]]u:t 0,1(LLL i\O(lti J,rB il,)lrJ\\ sllJ,) l)t,o \\

.]Ilro(l ortl?nrJl]s a,(Ltlxoli.l sllD iroo-\\ Jo ; ril.loq Jql .()l lllirIllu l 0 sr....Iln Lr,)ts 1,"11 1u)l",1u"",,r.,:-1. lllllllf

1t nn,r drtrt ]11orlbllo.rrH ,itir)rrpor.{,r(t Lr.r:11r,)(t,).1 ;r{t 01 orrrq _i,,Lu q.rLr1.rL 'n1lLIrrun+r por.Ldrt,].rarLs sr n,rn) arll ut|rn]? nr,)(l pur,,r1u.r;ur.i.L1r Jlii LrL Lrortrrlr)t

1:i:.l1lll' l: i,L l',rt 'rt,nr r'.rlr, \r.i r ip. Iirsll,r:ili rJrr:t:r\,),,11 i1r,;s,,.,,T

1,,,,.,tI! .; rrrLrL.'u, ;rrrrul) ,rrrlllll] d(ll .lo i,rr.ir?l .ralno rtJl J{, [ll.\otln,r o([r

lra,rLrrl.Iu oo] IlL Jirror;q Ilr.\! s.rlr-\l?.) ,rsrql prrr: (s1;r:r.r 1r,,,,;,.u, "rli Jo suortlrrol

oill rIr sarlr,\l.r llnli+!Ir d.\l?{ III\1 rr;ruJLus iq],lU ILrIG\I.rr|1|I U.rt l,utl{)!."-rrr.Lu,rtiriLr

q,SDorlllri r.ln(lnlr+ arll ,;ur.i.r| lo rrorldl,I r,,., ,11 rr,,,tii .1,,,1,.,,.,,, ,r rirLlLprr,r.r irncldrrr :r.:..lrjr jit l,rrr ,,t .i,t !, ,,t ......t.:dlt iitr.r,t- r: i,,,,.,,.,..1,,,,,.,..,l!llrrr s-\lru.r) {+ Jo.; rddrrr rtl} Jo rr{)qiiJ(iilT .,)r r:} i.torli.i.ti\ ll rrr ,).)i:,l, rr orl}Srrruap.mll ro.,rru r.rp _i1rrr:1 rl1rrt rel(lLl1lrr.) <r.Lrqlrrrl ,]til ,i, r1,1r,1,,,r" 1,,,,,1 "qt ,or ''r^.ri.r. tj. ,r.,j,l-,,,...j,r j,.,,...1 j.r.,,t,,. .,r iI, i,,,,i ., ,.. 1,,..r1,, sr :ri.lrrrrl. lrrll Jrrll arnr{ua]s 10 uorlalrhrLu.r I ll lr r! ttr,i .,, l*; rt ,r. j,) .n.rn]lrJi).ttuot .cur.\';rl) rrll a-\o(tL? .L[

.0a ,l(Lr! '1e_ !s,rrroq a;r,n11 ,,u c,.,,1 1u 1,,;,uqr,!.r1 ;rrrrnr:a1_*

I iq Iirl)i'lro.) it rrollri)rro, irJJ .Srrrrrrp.rurlo.Lr.r ir .r,r(trrrL:t .)lJ:j it?qr L | ( ) r I r j . ) r I I r { rtlu sr 1r irul.m! oql +U III drri slruJ' orJr..tr prlB iillrur.rtr,

]),rqrtli.\\ ,.1 t.,,,,, "",1,,,!tfa:l.rr)IJ 1)nlJoir.ro.r iiq rrr).srrorJrfrr,r., ilLLr:1 r111 .11,.,, rlt nl t,.rJt t)L .p,)}.)oJIn,\JI"t.r o,rorn !r ll11]i oqi lo lo,rtI1oi s,r.1trtr:|]lnrnJ .,.,un1 r1- .1,u, ,,.,.n,r

',p,1;,1. ;-,,ii,1

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aq+ rlI a]ur P,)rnpo;r rr ]n sPaoro,rd o.)t?l tr irrll I(r.rLSr .i;ip 1,,,11 ,,, 1,,,.,,n,,",,. ",1:lqnul rlqrl ll[J i].\rltrlirr aq] r;rslr;r,roirr,rol nq.l rrJ .ilnIirl.)s;qio1 .i1.4r,.,,i.,,,u n1r1 rr11all].r€do o+ itlllqrrrr .(q ro olrLpiqri rr r.rr)-\ns oo.l .i(l lli!nP,) ,tq ,itrn prrr .sirorlrproi)srtr,{,rp a,re.ra-< ool Io IIor']uJrpJrr nc ros,r oa .Jo.sr.rrl.l, .s;riu1s -iFra "qt n, 1,r.,r1uu n,1IJr\ sll:rtr, .:llo1s rlrtrlt lo oslr, orll flr (1.{t?ll;r1t.rr(l trrur aq1 ".tr.ntp i",,,,1r,,u,q

rrn rr.irr .{rrprrm,,r q,:rIr r).)r(,,or) ",,'l;i'':lll,;'liJ,i':t'.,il;"ll,i, ,:l,lll .ijl;l;]iij,lii alrrl.\ ' rntrrtils lo polln(T.ro.;-to1 t u,r-r;r ro rs,r[orl \rc.r.rririr,r.r.(r111 111,, ,, rn n,,,,

po(

IIIII

sl'l

')r{'llul 'p0

Ii,\

rl.rl;m,rl

o(11-qln

,J(i

Itn r

PolJIiJ

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irlf{

}t I.tlrn.ill,

l0r

;urI I'rli{}

l)|r(.JII]

oilloq:l

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66

lt has lleen lrerrtiouccl that. r Lrorurl on tbe lcaling uir sidr: of the stacli tenirL!to dr 'r rnorc slol ly thatr ore on the eutedns rr i1,side. Irr the scheclrrLe gi lerr, i t isthc_ nrolstule (oirtent of cnteriDg air sjilc tiDrber \.hich nust tlecide the tefirperarureltnr. l relrrt i r-e hurl idi tv corrcl i t ions ol l the ki lrr . ln sorrc ca"c", Jrol.eler., the lag olthc spray sicle is so 9:r 'cat in iJre ear' l l ' stdges, that:rt sorue l l tcr stag(: thc a-dte ofdrying hele becorlcs erce-.si le. ln this case, tLe sclcr, i ty ol ihyirg condit iolsmtst Lle ledrcerL rt thc expcnse of a slo$i)rg up of thc drl , i r lg rztc on 1he cnteringair sir le. Sornetirrrcs also in the lntcr: stagr:s ol thc rLrn, i t hg occurs in a portrorrof the st:rcli rlNlrong,h the cilctlation thcre is lirrovn to l)e satislactor-\. fhis is arrincl icat iorr lhat at sorrre pe|icxl dr '1irrg in this rrca has tal ien pl irce at rrrr ercessr|erate and the t inber is sercrt l"r 'casehaldorccl. Thc trtre l ies in a stclrmiDg t lcalmcnt.

LDre. Iiotrcr r l.rs JlatPeIio(li(Iart a9caD(l Trl

J l i ho r ' t

l , i r toi the !ratlel tl

BLatl;but

T LJS<r'eafer', 1scheclLrlesschedulcsab l . r ' appot l inrr i .

l latrt .

Thesonrc\'hilt

If ui tt'in g t

The ..Collrr,psc i i\'\'ith the li t is cotrsibe donc b,petrtuter itto col lr ])se

I'ellott lfit

The Iltna-l lltima

Ifan cloo.

IYandoPer ceDt. lwi l l plolab

Solnton Gtu

These atrith lc'g.nt,tl

Ban/;sia, Slt'llhc Jar

tempc'rirtLrresThc dnine r

Karri .

l fhe statrt larr l sr: l tct lulo of 1in. I ia.rr i is lor lar ' torv r ld l ' i t le back cui l toarals\!--hich r l 'c rerlui led seasonerl in n per. l le( i t r 'ourl i t ion. ' lhe

outst:rndirrg lcahtres intbe dr '1ins ol l iar l i r le thc r,eadirrcss l i th lhich r,Lcr. l i i rLg tal ies pLice, alcl thetcndenc\ to .aSchNlrlerr o\\ ' ing to t Ic loN rate ol t l loisturc trnn{, j is i ion. Thel-olurcr fL,atLrre rccessit : l tes rety caleir l opcr.at ion in t i le erlh st lqe! o{ the r,rtn;t l lo lattclJ p(,r ' iocl ir : t l I stcr lnirrg for tht reDro|al of raselrarr lenit lg. A: a r:orrrplt lat i lei l sr lal l depar' lrur: r ' rom schcrlt lct l concl i t ions fol a ferr- irours nra1, i l rrre earr l .stagcs ot r l iar l i l rrn, cunse scl iLrrs checl i ing, both 1i i1ns ald erlnipltcnt for thist irxbcl nnlst be ol l lh. bcst { lual i tJ. Ir rorrst lucLion, r 'ool ing felt nrst bc inclnr, lerLin the sPet' i f icat jon of l ootlen r.al ls, and clel\ . .are rrust he tnhel iLr;erule i1\ ' ! el l insulnte(I, r 'c 'rsorrr)r l l air l i : lht bui lr l ing, l .hi1e irL opelat iorr l)r t t icuhr attention mrsl Lc ! l i \cr to t l le luiniclalce. sett irg, lnd cal iblal iorr of alJ cLrnirol eql i l rtnent. Qurrtcl cul l ialr i r l r ies nrole slol ' lv thnn brck cut, arrcl alt ,aotgl i t doesnot cireck as easi lv, r 'el i t las an lpplecialte terrdencl ' to forni f i rrc oachs in ihedirect ion of 1he aDnrrnl l i rrgs. Quarter cut hoar. ls shtrLrlr l be d| iecl tr) I ichealule5" tr'. higher than thc stand:rrrl, Nith thc samc rclltir,e hulriclitv.

Tlre starrdrrd schcalule! for greatr l t l r j , l rnr*se. 11,, givun. Trlr lc ! i ; lsccl for1l l in. I(arr i ald ' l 'ablc' 5 for l iarr i 2in. thick anrl oler.. I lot t [ idirressts bclot,1in., the 1i l . scircdrr ic thotkl be userl. I t is rer:onl le,rc1ecl that arr opr.r ' r to.. ' shorr lclnot nttexrl)t to drr, I i t rr ' i glel ler thal l l in. thi( l i unti l ]re has soasanecl at lerstore chrrse of 1in. I i rrrr i i rr thcr l i i l rr to be uscd, oa- jn the ( ja..e ot ' l . br er.v ol l i i lns,in one of thc liilns to be rlre(I. Stc lmirl- treat|1ellts, etc., for I(ar':,,J follorv tltcsitme lules es those for Jalra|, ihe orr l l dj l lc lc ' lce being that sl iglrt lv longcr periodsnte Dcccssary thronehout,

The t ime of drvirrc of 1irr. I i rrrr i in a l f icmarn l<i ln has l teen estin[ted Nf39 da!s. A-q this Nllr cornpLrteal frorn thc res[]ts of c::pcri l r tents rvith a l i j ln hrr l lcontrol lcd, i t is lcrr. plohahly corrsidcrabl l high. Imrratur.e I iarr. i l i l . boarrl--fron Lrgs :lt. .iiinretel at Lrcrsl height, gr.orvl in South Africa, \,erc tlrjcd thcleio 7 pcr cent. moisttlr: in i31 dar's, includiug trro dnls' 6nal hurl1iil;tr,' tr'eatrncnt.fhis test $rs carr ied olt i l a lr lor lcr l{ i ln. l t $'as r:onsidcrerl thtrt thc strheclulerr.as conscrvati le and corld be accelr:r 'ated. Similal t imbt'r . 1.] t l in. thir l< I 'as cl l i rxltn a \ I-ntcr- Sprlr ' | i lu to 10 lrel ccnt. noistnr,e content in 49 t l :rr-q, nlthotgh i llhls.rse control rrNr rot ronsi( lcrc(l to he satisfr(1or' .y rud tLe slrrav prc_\sueu|cragcrl only -11 llrs.

Tuo tt ,

T|e scheclule"- fo,- T[a1t are on]\- prc\ ' is ional, as thel af{ ' bared on insrl i ic ierrtrlata. The sche(lnles :r'c conier'\'.ti1'er nnd it lvill probabl1. Le foun(l tllNt aftclore or t\\_o tuns thc-y can le rnitde more sercrc, lrith conseqrcnf ledtction in drt'ing

'prdcr ira,r dq ilquqorcl p1ro.\\.roqlr{r} :!rll Jo a.}0.( budrp l;, 'rttre;es qy,n JnorloQuorq+ a.rour :ro tI o1a poseJ.rrur aq ,llclD.Lo,rd pLno, sarnJrroLlulolaql iEts{uef]

Jo ostr eq] ul .arn^os ool aq ]or plLoqs salnpoqrs qt.rrBf JqJ'.tD).f a1ttn[ '!uD :/,,r0,4s DrslLlDII

'spooi\ osaql 01 alclurrlllclu rr oopuui\ o:l ptrr;r.L qJr_\\uolJ€puou{uorar rqJ .+ua:Juo, arn+siolu |rq rr .!rol Jo -<,ril(Lurr} asuap oru osoql

'tlD.( 'Nn') .1.10 \ 'LaLtoIl ' r)t!) trcrup<1

.trim\I,{o} lnrq} rd Lro[ _ilcLl?.lapr,!llo.) aq,ilquqord ill'I\sarurl sur,{r(l .lol)uaturtlo)o.I aru .Juao :rn(l !l: .(oln(l s,)ltpoti:)s r.t,rIl\ ar{J] .}ua, .r?(19t putr 0l ir,)a,rrloq IIquqoJd ,]uoJnoa.r,rnlqroru

lrr][rr -!!ol .\.rn-r I srxl o()puu\!'oopltD^

'al.lriJnl,< n,ro a.\orLi ,ilallu[]lll ,\BulsrJnpaqrs ]rEnJ aql qsno{t}lu rillrrrlrrrr papuorrrrrrorrr rru :aLllpar{)s tfiB_\l dt{,l

.)\OuII 01bu1tt/ nalp.I

'isdrLlo, ol,{Juipuol oqJ rr aseotruL s otrrs u l{r tlFtsr.r ol ,ilalrl sr asrno, rrJ}u[ qrq] sp,o.ntlB.rad-uo1 aq1 FuLseororrr ,{'q loll ,]noqsro.rqt -(lrprrr[rq a.rr1r:1a.r nq] Surrnpar iq a ol] aqpltoqs srq+'i.rd\as a,lo!u aprrrr{ o,l utr'r rrl[p lrs rlr.rrBr irl] t]lxlJ laripr-(rro, sr ?!lI lnoq5no,(ll .,;l

o0l parnpa.r aq finorls i,mtu,ridmal aql ,all4)iri.)r .ftLt i)qt q]r.!!poia]Ilnorua sl ]l JI riql{rrl rnJ} Suiirp uJr)L rrd{.{! a.rntuol I1 ifl o] FIo{r[ -cr asflulloD 'oJt.r Sur.{,rp rrrlS l r rl}rr\ lurrnl! r lrnlrn(l a rr.ii |1Dor1r !JlnfrlJ;)! rlt?.l,{ufi arlJ

.dltitutJ a[jtu,l p, tl

aq or puror a(L ,trqrsrod lrr.\\ srqr ',q ,'ardoprr rrr ,,., ",,,;j]f,:"'ii;::";rt';X';""'*'11.t rII

'lr,rLry IoIEI{+ uDrl} ssol qrn L i(L Ilr\\ arrul 5rLr,i,rp,,q,1, tc.r.|tjt. In..,,r{J ,,]Brrn\o.rdclE,ilqe-qord IIN siltoulJ8aJl Surmualg .poldope ri.\o .ro .|arl)Bol.I(Tr at1 ,ltrrr salnpoqosqlrr'rt f aql iEqJ pflrlol oq JliJl]urrllll ,irm lr Jn(l tlaptauruo)o.r d,rll salnpaq.sr.rxB)I orll rila.llJu]uiJ .)lrarl, ol iruaptil ,rall?arir_ ! !l?q ]r ttl(L tp:rrr1. rlrql i.to1pa.r!lou r 'l!aJ-i sp rroTssrrusnur+ oJnlsrol1r lo atlJ u s!?rl .il(lijqoral Jiqrml s|lJJ

5ur,iJp iirlJa luJ[arauJnr

ul q5not

l)Olrp sEalnp0{rs

.]uouliudi.roql p0sL)rPoq

l)lrrrl ulr:l l? pi)]ELr

:porJod .:n{l r\\oll'su[..]

JolsEol +uPPTOIIS Jaoloq s!):roJ posll

olnlnqr!eq+ IIr s]snoP ll r-drllbo

l(]-un]:)ri.ll

lldpul)ur,< rql .roJ.ll.rp0 0rll-u.rr:rlrrro;

: rrrlJ aq]oqJ lrcaql pnurlr s0, 1]rlrPrtoq 1r '11nq:lcDlg

']utlrliJunotro.l(l alruqirf lt rt? rrEql ;riqJirJuorJrlrrpur uu str pa| rsor aq plDor{s lrorlllrrrolr[ n-tr-\!ollo] aql puu lo]s+S aql Josroqurrl rourr .rql to iar't ra(lord leats.ttll arlt rro nlrLtlru.\" sr ltor+r?unotlrr olJy.l

.s.t)out I lotLrll

.u,z ror r arq.r, i.r%r ror L- arq"r, rrr*lr .{rir *'illli,"j;tit'li,i,"J i"lt;j* il': -pE eq ol 1lritlot a(1 Ilr.N luajto, a,ntlsrorrr Jrrtr) .rrd 0[, .$oia(1 :-Sunnro]s lurrl)or,rod -rrrE\ sr,' lll1rJ srql o} lrrfqls os 10II st ]l 1)otr,rrrto, (r 5llrlrp.r, ss,rgj serlur,rllf rn?il:l as,ro-u q5toqiln tlltcl rrTltJ,rtf tn?rll r{ors-rrltsrrir,rJ n.ltJsrotu fo aJBr Ja.rlole irr,r")I a)Lrl tsrnl ,qtrftpJ. .ro rrru\[ uurl].riqI1{rl rrsnnl) -. ll.)lrJ\r !,rr:n;-, .erm1

l€arl {:lr

IIE -cr rlli

[or:],roLl u

-Fur.rolnl ,suol+rpuo,

JO aJE:r or

lo 8ul oqarnlPradlIsr !r ruo.\l

spuol IrEt9

08

Schet|ules lctr Selmi lLit Dt ie(t, Tirtbet.fVhere the seasonilg of rnaterial lhich has lrrcr iotsly bceu r ir d,- ied to a

glenter or lesscr e\tcnl is to be conrpleted in the l i i ln, t i l l bel lecluirrr l for l igherSirrde uscs slould bc 5l iren the scbedlles i lho\ej corl lnencing l l t the-ternpclatur 'e8nd Ielat ir-c hurniditr 'colrc-qponding lo the nroisture . jortf f of the charge in. luestion. l f , bcfore l<i in rt l i rrg, tests disclose caschl ldcninsr the t irrrber shoult lbe hcr:r,tecl u| in r satulaletl tnosPlere 10 tlre tcr lell1ture of the L'oinmencementof thc r,rn, or, in crst 's of ser.cr,e cr selu r ' t leninq, to f l h:gher tcuperlLtue, rnd i tshoultL be uraintairred at this urLl i l crsebardonins has Leerr rcrrror cd. This trcatmerlN r irnt 'cansc a corsit lelair le cleposi l ion alf nloistt le on thc sl lr f i rcc of the t irrrbcr 'rand t l t is r i ' i l l hale to Le Lenolcrl hcforc dl l ing o1'the rvoor1 cornurerr 'cs. \ fhclecasehitrdc,tr i trs is abscntJ t lcrel 'orc, iL is Dorc ecoDotrLicxl to Ircl t l t l , in rt l utr] lo-sphelc o1 a lelarir-c hurnidit l - , appl 'or i l ]ratel) t |at sl ,ccit iecl for lhe L:ornuLerrccrnentof the rnD

Scllpd.ulcs Iar t l rc ( l icul;e f{ i ln.

The dlvirrg sr{erlule lor part ir l l l r i l dl ied 1in. . Iarrtrh f lool irrg botrt l stoclrbt, lol .10 per Lierl t . rroi: tule is to url j rr tain the entcriug r ir tenrperntur 'e at aborrt120'I . 1: j0" I . , rercrsrLl oI circr lNtior takins 1)lace oerv 24 hotrs. TI erist ingchecl is open t l) rrore, ol f l r :slr checkirr! occur-sJ lcvcr-ce cr cly 12 hours 11l i : i l 25 pefccrLt. l1loi i tnle conlort is leecherl. I t Ni l l l )rol)nl) l)" be Iorrnrl t lut thc telnpeutur.eincreaser sorur\hnl ton r lcls the encl of thc mn. This is not cleletel ious. l 'ordr 'r , ino Ercen Jrr 'rrh, 1!0' i t ' . shoult l not he crceedci l rrnl i l 10 per r l , l l . r loistuteconterl t is 1lNsse{I, an(l url ; l lJO l)L,r ' cent. rnoi i t [re content is reached relelsa] s] louldfal ie place c\oT 12 hours. ln .omc r:rse. l l sterminq pel iod of t lo houls l t160' F., r ' l rcn 2{) per cent. uoistrfe (ontcrt is reachcd, l . i l l t leclcr:r ' lhe r l l ' in1ll ime. l-or f inl l steaurire si-, i houts. r isirre to 200' I . , is recormnenilcr l

Jrr dr ' .r . ing Jiruihelo\\ :10 pcr .rnt. rnoisturc coDtcnt, rorn erlce 1\, i th I ter l ] '

l )el 'aturc o-[ l l l ] ' ! . Steal l for t \o holus rt l t l j0 ' tr . \htn 1S j)el cort. nroisttrccorl tcut is lcrcho(1. : l 'hL. cal)al) i l i t ie-c ol ' tJre ki lr i rr r lr l ' i rrg I iarr i rbor( i :10 per cent.ruoistr l le col l tenl rrc lot l i ro\\ ' r . 1, ' i rrr l stearnirrn rvi l l bc six houls, r ' is ir 'g to 900' F'.

Slacl i l -rLrtt chvi lg r:oldit ions are thc sanrc r. those srpccif iccl: l in Jalrah.

l iconour]- of stcrr l l consunption r:ur lro effer ' tcd \\helr stcar] l i tq b}" bringingbolh osci l lat irrg dcrlpersl to the in]et lrosl l ion, alrc1 cloi ir l i^ 1Le outlets to air o[ thei l let l lue benenth the l loor ' . r ! seDrlrtc steaming l i i ln cun be ploviclct l i I desi lcd.

-{f tcf f i lul steamins, danrpols should he rcturnql to thei '- nolual posi l ions,t lc irr let lhe leoperlql, nrl the direct ion oI r ir ci let lat ion rcvclsed at leuetheningintelr.al-q, B)' [LouL 12 hours, ol pcr 'haps ]escj i f tel ' t l re corr| let ion of sterrr l i l lg,

nost oI the r loist lue al)sorbcd fr 'our thc stcam l i l l he forrnd to hale evrpolateal.Slight relcrsal of crscharalcnjng sLa-ess lna! bc prcsent in -*ome cilsesr but this 1lill

not bo slrl'ficient to be delcterious.

The bigh ternperatlre l lnal slearning causcs i sl igi t br i t t lencrss in the t imbcr,but this is not sulf icient 1o .:au,<e a lcclnct ion irr valuc, arrd is rnore thal ol l 'set by t lrc

softners of the linal procluct. 'l'his softeniug re-qults in improved natrhining lvitlt

:l reduccil blunting cfcct u|on tlLc liniYes.

thc Possibilitl' of using ligh iemperattle stcamirg ${ren drvinp: timber forjoinery anrl sirnilnr lmrposes is l'orthy of considoration, palticularlf in cases 'vhere

much of the rvorkirg has to Lc tlone h' hand.

Specimen Boartls.

Since thc drying conditions of the kiln atrno-qphere ate Eovcrneil by the state

of sersonjng of thc chargc, ;t becolnes necessarl' fo ha.:e some nethod of detcr-

miningcould bdireat 1rnethodthe arncIOr Speroi specihavc be,placed t1or1 froreompute

Plarrurl il ltthai, itsthe t ineso tbat iirr olrlel

The2ft. or ostr ips. ii l Icl easebeal onportion crrnay be cthere is rsan4rJc, ssnppll. oftho sidesrvide boar'full ridthol clsc intinchcs wicpicce aclja

Preparis docked aend of thisrr iuntiol is

rIarlr.rfqnipr.rol |i]l.rLI -(l(ltr]rns sr tj;l prpoq a[(l{ |ls atl+ LtII dftmr sr rrorJuu] rJAJap lUnJrO' Jrn:]srour t llttq,[ llocln uorJras lrroJuoJ a,rlt+-rroltl lJ Jnt sr srrll ]o prlo

q)ra ruor,i i]i.Iun;s rql ur lla,ntlba.r tBrll utll],rali?r.LB illllBrls llln-ual p pJ{rop s!+r rtroJJ pu€ 'u0)rJ sr rd(llm] Io J,r;lr(I r JidulBs r nJu(toJd o.l, . t()t lr.1Dd,a.!,J

vV) 'at A

'cdvos 3-rdr/.tvs /6 c Nt-ll-nf,

':tJl

aJr:l

.IOJ

II]P,rLil'.rdq

lll.lr'p01'.;-r{l

5ul

5rl.

PItl(ornl.ro,{o,rnl.rncI.irI lllno()lrotl

+uar

o.rotl'.rrqr

ri p,I ri]rr

lrtlloltr ii

a;LrLI

e o:J

'1:t,1/futnt puz, ?no ,p?r/'

I pJ4b)r,u atP si/ot?r2. .)x) .er/f

/\ /\f u,/it'. n.,zne/+'u' q a:>cu/o,,,1 \,t>z'd se'77 7'.ex.t6

:>7dtz-q -,.. 4/1ri)7 -

rar! u i({ (I. ipr?,,, s, r{}pi.r! I.rJ aq} r,urs ar{r .r }r drrrrBrd ;11 ?l,ll'TJiTi"":,i:iX ll1nra ro \rs Jpuut a.roJariLU sr oldurrs 0i1.1, .torlrllnr,rr) ;rll rilt,rr r.li+,r.dluL orlo .ro-sdl.I]r rLll rro prn(i .ralflr!) prtu drr,\! ualJo prurr].r]sarun Snraq o.rq1 .,og .,111,,"

11,13Jo sildm8s arlJ i))lr l oJ il(lprr]rB.r([ illsnsIr loII sr ]]l pdr,rp Srr,)(l ,,!E s[).rsoq o]rl$lrlt )lrrxl arrq-\\ 'lrlI nrJ ur rr.Norls sr l.)r2tq I Io ii)rrd l)ul? s,]pts nq]ur s|.raorl uarur)€Lls ro ]u,)urnrEld rrl.l, .pruo(L drl] To s,)rl?1.{n-! rllJ ol r ? ro -ilddnsir.\,-J/J\i r,I d\r: ot il 'lr -pr 'i iur: .to l.,ut..,rlr r,r -)l,l|rl,t .r,i .-.,.,,,i1- ..,1,tu,,.arl+ Jo -{}rurrr.r allt rrr i,rall} r,ru rotl ruor]rlnrrrr iq] {tlr-!! drun,rr.l.r!)lrft ou sr oraqjl Italchur?s Io JururrrBI(l arll trL luql aas ol j.rcssirarr sl ll ,q.ll-!! p;r1r{ruol eq,{uitrlnrllrassr ],rr ll drll IPU ral).1c nl .pa.\ourr.r o(L plllorli p,luoq alll o-\oqu 1r Io uorpodeq+ roldurrs aq+ ftrq o],i1o-y1 sr drri,r --nll JI

.a.r+ran slr ur frrocl rLlJ uo.lnoqo] duls atro ,{\ollu prrl 'scluls

Jo iorrurls aq} orr.\rt .ipudtr o1 qt.;-u;l eq1 osuar;uro1 ,i.rnssecou oq inrr 1r .rJrlla;ol Jcol, _i,lJ,\ arB s.lr,lls ur,tq.t s,,trr1.rur,,g .scl r.r1iSrrrrlrds rrJa-[Jaq lartsl(i sr ]r Jr pe^\orrrr.r r(L ,ilrpBr.r t]soru ut, Jr rol ,-Lsnl uolir ro .]JAtrloqu ol -illursn rf.rroq u;JruLra(ls orl] to ql;taL oql s]tulrI It?r]urssa prl{+ oqtr

'rpunr 0q r[rr ]ulllror nJr1]srolu Jo orlrtrLurrJi)p B I .8urqsro.\\ jrl ]EqJ :rJpro ur'Fl[)r({tr pui] illudtull.ruo.) t-1,rr1s ar11 nro.rg dnu} .irrr llr pe-t,u,ir, "q rr1?, lL lrTq} ospartl.l aq ]suru ll li?rlJ "(r Iritruasla p,r iJ oq+ :olcl({pi oql Io rroUE,ru(lard Jo amr.} aql?r paurur,ro1rLr rloJnrnr,)u aq lsuu{ }q,:roa prra ]uatuor o.ntlsroru IrurSrro s:]r 1Br{}sr lloJds arlJ :lr ot] ll{or?fpB .laqurr+ oq} Jo n-\rlpJursrjdrr {lnrl .rq lsnul lr unjoql lrroqSrro,rq+ lrrrll sr |.rEoq uaurli)ad,q u Jo lurtui)sslr llJq arIJ, .luau,aluld

'Polndurot.)q {lu.) rprEoq 0{l Jo s}IrrJrroJ i).oLJsrour aqJ nrul] ^ut ll? sJll,:rr.$ "rrir{J uro.rJ.rof rpoqsri.\\ oq o] ollu frtr

,palradsut o.l oJ pa-\oura,r aq ,tlrppa.r rrrr _ioql_ll]rq1 perrldoir d.rr sildrr&?s asaqT .)l)ul,c nrJ] trr uoBnlrur rrnq] oJ ;Lorrd pa,rr,rr,,a1ep udirq a.\Eqrir l,lr Jo slrriltror.rnJsrout orlJ.spr?.,q uaurJads.ro sdld(utls p,),lpcla.rd rllurraLls Jo raqillrrt ! )LrPJs iql uI or"ld o+ luarua^uo, ororll .rtJ sr +[ .suo,tslrro

Itrrads roJpd^rasar ,aroJaJrqJ .a.lr sJsal lrorl( ,a-ur]sa1 rrr p._(orlsop raqrurl Jo Junou" oq+ol ,lu \o r-{l}sor l?l{,ltauros ouoratl llno$ orlrarllo.\uo,r,, s1. o1 oor3rppt rr poqloErsrql ,porrnbo,r a,rn^\ suorleurturolap ,{uem JI luoJuo, d,rtJsro(lr roJ s+sdl lDcrrpuroq] uo SrDIrru pue nlr{ oql rrorJ raqrur} 1o soaard Sur.nr.rpqlar ,lq epe- ,q ppoatrollEultll:alop srrlJ .lurJ-(ul {ue 1c racluLl oql Jo lualuo, e..rr]sro- nq1 Sorirrur

'par

JTI]

..trr r i

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t J

70

and r,eighed. Thc lir'st prccautiol to bc tdkcr is tlue to the Iar:l th:rt j,imbcl clriesmuch morc rapit l l l through lhe entlr thrrr ihrorrrh thr . i t lc.. Tlr, ,result is thatthe cncl loot or tNo of lr ]) iccc 01 t i l r l )cf is not r 'epreserLl l t i re of thc corrdit ion ofthc board. \\rJrel cutting a spccimel boald, lhclL'Iore, abort lsir. or., 2ft. arefirst cliscalclctl ancl ihcrL lbc Jengih fol tirc saruple is dor,lierl. 'l'his corrrparativelyrapid end drying also nrkes j t essenti iL tLat rDoistulc cr)nteDt scrt iors ( iuL l l ronlt lrc ej] t ls of the surr lr le rrrust Lc 1\ 'eigherl intnterl iutclt l after ' cl l t t ing. I ielo'rervcighilrg scctions, howercrj it is rrecessrrl' to stlape oil ]oose lilrtes, as thesc be-conre brj t t le iu the dr '1irrg oler, arrd fal l or 'alc l)r 'LrshcrL oft, nith conserluert in-accuracics. As soon as possible aI:o the en(l-r ol thc srmlr le l)oru al r lrst Lle coatedl ' i th crcL lraint irr ort ler ' l l rat cnrl c1r '1ing rr i t l not oc(ur here, :rnrl the sal lplc boar. lr l ruit thcn l-re uciglerl . ' l 'hc orr lcr 'o, l profr.LLrc is, thcr 'ei lc. r lor l i th-" cl iscardr clocl ithe sarrrplc lolgt lr , cl l t t i re r l loi t t l l r ' ( ] co1ltcl l l scrt ions. r_(igh the se{' t ions, peir j t the

T ]a dozcrmodil ichut real; i ln isto fourinit ialtop ofl l rcrc.;houldIthercndraDtrl lherelrom a

Itl()lstlll

ra i rge |1

thc slo,

TtaborLt tsirle -qltslrolt llnus l loi s i o t lflom tl:casc i tl a t i r e 1

, \ 1be as I

-ri.l. "," Sta.A'

fnrl al -5tttr-A-

ILACEMENT .9 f SAMPLE 8 .

F t c . t 4 3

eld-< ol ' thc sarrrplc, arrr l f i rral lr ' leigL ihe srrr| le. , \11 thc. le o1x.r 'al iorrs nLrst l)ccoDclualcd in the slortest l)osi i l ) lc t i l l1e. Ll 1e11'hot, lrv rLert ler i t is soDrctiDrcsadlisable to cnl ir nroistLuc scctior tr 'onr c,rc ur<l i tnr l leiqh i t , : ind thcl (tL a

l l in. discalr l hetorl cut i inq the moi:tule sectior frou i l re othcr cnd ol t l rc -rarrrtr l t , .The necc . sa r ' 1 qLL : r l i l i c s i r r t hc eu r l p l i r l t r r r l t h l t i t l i l l l r e i n l r c r v rous 1o uo i s tu r c ,tLrt i t rvi l l st i f l i io 1le crr l of i le t imber. rrnrl thrt i l .r ' i1l \ \ i rhi lal ] t l t le ki ln tern-

Der:rLnres. Srr i l rrblc oncl l) l l j11l\ r11': luurlrLltck arrr l lesin oI tar lnirt l rrc; pitr .hor' bitumen rD(l 1ar' rr i \ true: l- ' i turnirrous |,r inl . l i t l r !he rolat i lc consti t [cntscx1re11ed. ' l 'he errd paint lLtst Lre hot rrrr l is |es1 applieri bl r l ipPirg thr: end,r l t l rongh r:alclrr l l rru.hirg is srrt isl lctor '1. . \ t l r ic. l i coat rrdhorirrg rel l rnd corupletel l ' cov'r ' i r t t l r( , ( ,1(l slr .nrl( l le qivl l , lhi lc crrc sltorld l)c tr l ier thrt the 1lair ldoes not boi l . ' l 'he

1r 'cper'r t ion oI r srn\) lc l-rolrd is sloln <l iaqrarnnrt ical iv inFig. 1.1A. Car'e must be tal icrr t lat sanr| lcs are |rer_entecl frol lr d|r. iDc unti l thcyean ie placetl in lrosi l iorr irr t l rc stacl i-

I le

'srrr8 lj.6€

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00t 9.6t:''' ''' 1q8ro't ro ssol

''' ''' Fu rp u€ro ra}J! lqFrol\''' qnr 6E rq;Ior$

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pFo,\\ p.rroq cldurEs c fo riorlDruda.(l aql llro,rl sllolI]IIlJILTJ Jo sauos IPrrrI-{l Y

'sass0Jls

Srr,irp puE 'uoituqr.rJsrp aftlsrorrl rJualuor a, Llsrotu rol .rsJrll lsJrl pllr? sorord o-\r]El-uasar(lar lo ,ro(irrlnu B ]ralis oJ ir rurl, ulDl t ;urp8olurL uarl-\r nl(Lrsr,\pB sr ]r asBt]!r{u [I lllr]l i)rLl uLo.rJ po,\orlra.t sr raqrur] rrll r.roJocl 'Jsa] +rarrp ,roJ uI{ arlJ urorJo,(] ,1o lrEoq r? ,!{E]|rll!$ or} ol(LEsr.\LIr sr Jr spruo(L nldulls Jo ,illlrqpr]r.. orl} o} sE

lqnop,!rrE sr o.rirl+ JI sprBofl rldurl?s Jo.liqumu rqJ oJoldop ol ,\rrssoau lolr.nrlJjl ]l prB 'plrolD I .lrrssrtatr arl+ ollt-\().([ o] fd.lorua.r nq ,ilrsLd llu, ,cIIJ5uol J.rorlsosoql slsil .ir-rr--riprrrlor;ui) .rol fa,rLtlbirr a.r! ia,)ard [aqr\\ 'sp.rtocL rorurrads oprs,slrolt rlru]s aq+ ur rsaqJ nirnltur frlr spua arl] lurp.I rsuol

lra] oa.rq] ro o.\!l roqusotord ,!!iJ n orjlu ]nt ol sp roq irnrurrad-r surl}l1, uoq$ luorua,luo, ralJo ,cr +I

'sEarE sfiri.rp re^rols oqJul paFrol aq oJ solduEs nril Jo arro rol ursorlD oq ?lnoqs sql Jo o.]arcl s r]ua8rrE]

oql uo uEr[] :raqJo ltlr lEr:ioJlur sapLllrur a5,R?q, Jnc {rrq B Tl Juol[o] ortr]-crolu

lsr!:rq rlll to i(L o] s.nrad(lu qrrq,!!.roqulr+ ])rlis ol lrr{EJ aq lltiotl-c rru) rlErrn]uln

p:r"oq aldurrs .ioJ lco.\r Jo r_,lJir(l SurJralJs uaq.\\ 'poo-\{ Jo oratd o}urE.Tas B urorJ

olduras qrEo lr1r orl alqBsr.\pr? sr lr ssaL :ro Inof sr silr'Iull?s Jo roqmulr oql oJaq-!!'rllnral

llri)r!)!Irl^ Jo s! 1! Jl 'Lto0.$ Io arJrLL orro oq] urorJ lnr a(l .iFr1oa,i;p]uu,lpe

uEr solclurEs I€Ja.\os asrfilr oql uI pap[lrrr i].ru saldrtrrs ]o roqunlr o5.rl?l E orarl\!'snoru sur-irp lsnxoLs aqJ o.L ilqEqord llr,!\ asaql sr ,solduEs a-\raror osln plnorlslllulJon Noli({ r.L ol ,ila}lrl sr uor+u|r).no iq} a.t-)(1.\\ IJB},c arl} Jo srrorl.rod a.roll}pa?eool aq pll1orls nl.Il,,rLrs arro J-quol ls Lruu

rdprs rru Surrolu. iq+ ro 1;r:1s eq1 3:o cloloqJ JB aro,\is J,(our \ ensl o.ru suorlrfuo) llqJ paroqurJlriar cq plnoqs lr ,tn;r prluruB rol spl?oq rronnJads Srn tld uJ .]u.trLtBls aq ilcNtlorcl ll o.( sil(lmlls rnoJ oJo]|l Luo.rJ il?I:tolurll Jo ssul;r oluus ilrl] Jo lrr,(rp ilrl:l .loj -ill8 rrr:ltlo,.rs rn sr rIlI][? orarli,\ 'lr-{loill sal(loJacL ulDL rrll Jo rnor.\t?qJcl oql sB apBur oq uEr uoqrnpoi Jnq 'raqrunr (L|mDiEul Dql npnlrur ol al(lusr.\pu sr Jr

tJno par.up, uaoq n^Bq strorlururpourlraq.\\ Jo 'ulr{ u to urlJ lErlrllr aq+ ul ,sarLll

]smr1otD o:} Surprootn raJort Jo uazop I]ol o,\\+ morJ ,\re-\ irrlr [n.r ulr{ t Irr poptlplll aq o] saldorrs Jo ragrunrr oqJ

oqrr[t,

P.r'pal-uI-0c

O,L(

tuc^leort

Jol€rl

u

72

This is asstmed to be the averase rnoistue contcnt of the sarnple.M.-isture content of Eam?le \yher cut ..

W€ight of sample vhon cutDry waigh' n l bdnlra

No oIclays.

l4reight oI sample 100

I

Dati,

MoiEture peftcnta,ge phrs 1006.55 100

: - x - :] ti6lbs.179 I

A tJpical record of thc dryirg of this srrnple is shol 'n irr Tsblc 7.

T^l]L! 7.

S-{tr{PLE BOATiD DII,YI^-.( 1 IiECOI.ID.

D.y I lloisture\reight.

I conient.

]toishLre11'cightat date.

I23{

tt

t-6 2i2-(l2i:l-f 2i4 6-2'.i5 6-27

t9

25 tr 272 i 6 2 127-tj 2728-6 2729,6 2'.i

6 . 3 06 .07

5 . 6 4

.1 .10'1.06.1.0.14 .034 . 0 i

3 .6G:l G63 6 63 .6 i i3 . 6 6

lbs.2 ll92 ti42 4 12 . 1 91 . 9 8

19t-2r'ti(i054

Drying conltret€d.Alter high hunidity

1the clStatc.lJrg 511110\:cnand sllol turrul ureatteDtiLa rn c lPorl.a-tl:ol ingr,clinerphcre icloscrl

i f , as iation o\'uturll

Sir:

the le r-eiDg. 'J, l

trndcrlyrlypts caaherd].J<i ln searsonerl.

t r Ian(l Iiarcecrl ing.iDg dutar ' lesirable

Stacal lel l l i lof t l re l i rarr r l trncle60 or 70the lcighin one l iinch. thcrotgh l tolraln.

'J'he rlorne J'i11.1rl i l 'ct l l oJe,r,t tluroli tbe sta|rDs. ofer

2125262728

J.i i63 .663 .663 . 6 63 6 6

0 . .140 .400 .380 . 3 ?o 4 2

t 2 0L l . 0r 0 . 31 0 0

ar.lJ .dur)lJolaL trqlrltJ al)l?.r3 tlol pnE scII:rJs Jo s(l8all PIIE 'sl)t, .Sut.jlIBI{.rJ.!o tui(l

-dr.rls ]uarr+Jnsul prru .{allrijo.L.rr 'suorltl)uno3: .too{l ,)tl} tllt,{r lst.lJuo, 's)LJtls aqJ Jo

Jruo arll lE slr"oq SuL ullqrar\o orl puB rs)LDrrls ur!r-\\+a(l ldal .rlroJ.ro or.rlll ulrilJ ssal']orr

Jo.iurJu(ls rrJ,rr(ir ]dir f,.ro +dJr A u!rll n.rortr lorL 'siloI}l,prruof Ji-\o ill)n.rrP

sdr.rJs +o ,ciluLl ludlrn.! lsuorlBpurLoJ pooi r.il8r.rJlLis srlo[}llnlo) l{Ealt sp.re,\ dLuoi

ul slrurrl apr$ uaJ-!\]aq sor.rl?-\ lno pnrJtt ) sr iirrt{,)Els rlJtl.\\ {}r,\! o.,", "u,t,rr,*.,

r{lo,rJ lJalor(l o+ ipum sr }dIrIa}}B o,\ 'uns rrl} 1llotJ rrt)tlr.)lo.L(l u su sl).ruo(L r{5rro.rrl]!r\ p a^o, a,lB s)L)Bls .1o sdol ;q1, soq'rlr i]').Ilt o] dlro [rorI rl]Pr1\ nll] 'llrur

i){o ol sll}q5ri-ir,).lql rrorJ -illrdrn s,)r.Lu-\ silL.rJj lo c$url)lql nrlJ, irqnlprrBll auo 1t

llrl ul?r s.ra)lrEls oql sll q.Er{ s".ro lrnJ _cL.ro i[ su ]ra,r; su sr s.)[nJ ]rr trLil.r'{ dqloirq.lr rteal

I 0l I luo.rJ sarrB]\ slruts Jo qlpr.\ .{lJ, uomuro, .3urdq +rral 0l .ro 09L5uol illEnsn ,r.ui s{Jlr}s o raq puu l)!rlir}?},c n.ru srlJ;rrrIIIIopuu|tll;nnl I.liprllll)uE'lJs lrloqE spruo.l rlvPuPr,l.\ se rlrns saiar( ],roqs fo uoLt(lar\t drll q+r.\l sarrrl ;)rll Jorrorl.lr. p aql ol s;rl5uI tq.irr ]B Suraq -({rr}s nrl} Jo r{1,:rrdl lt'sdlll -i*.\\lrur lrllu-.le(l lsal ro arour Jo sJa-c lu,ra-\as {lr1\ sp,rE:{ rrt lno larJ.e?, il1unsn sr 5ur1au1g

'].npo.rd snll Jn I.rr|rLrl- -1LLl:rr,r !,r{+ d}u-\dlJ ol olqvrrsops][ ur-\orclur oq] UrB

raIJrDrd Jrrasa.r(l ]o suor]rJr(rrl aq] alulpur rlrrr[.!! !]0p 5lll

-lsaralur auos papr-\o.rd a.\trl '{rots Sur,looU: qB.rrBf. Jr) Surrrosprs rlu rrlt rro '5uri).)aJ-u.Id llrls arP q q_\\ 's:lsrJ

luirou rl{.roJ pauospas iq] rrr lasn si qrr{tt r,rrur,I ulDqPlral au Jo -Ilnci aql atnlrlsuo, sFuoq,l\o.1,rrrr lurl} parrorlrr.)lll uarq sBll:]T

'l'ouos-eas rr? Jlq8noroql .q utsJ Iarll laqt !alB]:- ilrlruuap r(L ,iuru 1r puu '! ros[Ji rrlr-lilq.Sno.ro{l cri ur?r s.ra(Lurrl rlolloJ.rraq} prrll ,rr,rLlv rrJp,r.Luf

tllql fo.\ord ud.)q.ifca.r|;sErJ JI pouosros u|-\l .Lal]Bttr ]I?q] .roJ ro p,)uoseos ,[l? -ilq3l1o.r(rq] aq loruEr sid{l-l])n'd asaql ]uq] Jorlaq i)ql ol Pal saq qrrq.[ '\rtl ru.]f lr '.:uruo,cras rru SurdlrafrnsrJ(Ir.rurrrI iqJ Jo uorlL?rr,rr(l.lr Jo ,IrBI orl] o.] !lrr-l+ti.) rrrBt.rdr l? o] anp sr :rr1.l, ..iiur-.loou roJ sprBoq .ro.r,rEr Jo slsrsuoc ]rnpo.rd oqJ Jo,n?J iq rrorlrorlold irao.rfjl .rqlltrl] prIU o] Sursrr(lrns lou sr lr rsldllnJnil

Iurol lo i[ruosl]rs orlt roj ]rri]\r rl(Ltr)'orddE -{ue o1 polclopt poq}au -{lrlo oql sr .rru rri(lo oqJ !r stllrlosuas DurS

'rualsfs Sur,{.rp u1r1 t;irrr]i,rp IrB l]arrrquror r? rlJr.\! pr-qn rr1r1 r saruoarq -i11un}.rr.rriioo.r srll 'sa33]s rrlEl aql q Surirp arll SrnlsL,(su roJ lapnlrur sr as;rl] Jo uorlE-urqrtroJ u.ro'roJErpur n sr qons Drni)s Slrr]l?J{ a !u!t u.Juop solurJotuo-c sr sp rlr

1Erll rra,\a,$oq 'posnr,3ora.r ac{ !lroqs lT f.rltirr ii lt -iil l,r,ru.r:d, rnr a(l our s,ri)(l

-unl i.rolru.rlrr lsollr .rlJ tra-IBl artr suol+D?ra,r1l lrrorrqlns ijurpr-\or.I trloo.r l)n-colrr ur raqur] ot{l 8ur{J?ris Jo spro-!\ .r;qlo ur ro .snoa.r)Jrlif .ral o+ se l.rp os sr o.taqcl-,courlE aql uorlr\ lrraura-\oru .rrP o,\rssJrra Io Sull]n{i" Jo] lrorsr]\ijJaL Jo 1ual[auuoJaql sarur'loruos sr aJorl+ |oqJ,)ui srq] ut prB '.1.1,\o, JJ|un Jrlo .]Jl.r.rpr lrq] sr uLtror-Bos JrE Jo urroJ lsiq.Srq aqJ pasrusorar .{Lcru.r a,rE .{in}pr[l]roltn rlrrq,[ ri'ti!]ro(i'ulr sllolrrJolra to sitolrr]l oinpoJJ t suor:)rprrot rl+utrl{, Jn(L,.la(LrrII} Jo sassts{o urul-ror rl1r.$ paurEJqo uallo i)rE sllnsa.r pooS rsuoLlrpuor Suqr"ls ol pred s. uorlrlo]lBIriJls o.rdql! urer luu ulls I1IoJJ [or]ralo.rci ssal ro J.lour tllr1\ Jru uado itil utJaquq Sur1rEls dr,rls Jo o l)rjLl o{] sauor lraN sradiols ol porrurror {1e1rrrll1ro1ara spoqlsm qrns 'taolqo oql $ a,SBroJs ]ou pue surft)sua!' a,riJrl.\\ .a.3rlur,rqs put?'3urlJrr Jo sorlr.rrln i).rrr puE r5[r{rBJs sseF,rEr Iq l)osnE, sa]Eds r{.Eno.rl+ trLolu,r.lourfle ol orlp SI slnoro lltrqr!\ Sur.irp ]url+ oriql ur put? ,sl),ruol iql Io sDgI,{ns arJlSullp.r€dcs roJ uolsFord palrraqrlop lrt ]no{}r.\\ raqurl .lo st[)r4s ar? J.rir[] .rlElsiirql trr ol€rs 0q1 Jo rllolloq nql 1\r

'sossorord Jo arrsrreal\. ]som nql oJ lsop[.r, oq]

rrroJJ rorrl)Brd 5ur-'{.rp to a,8nt,r opl\r,{Jo,\ t sJonor SrrtrospJs JrE trrra} oq,l'9NTNOSVaS XrV

'1, utrIaIvHc

.\1tp-l

I

0{

t!

tl

r : i lcrr lat iorr arourrd and bltg,een stacl is, r l l ol rr.hich. I l r ' t icnl lr ' l ,v iu the smallelJ'ar( l : . arc i iLr too coxlnlon. The lrrrrrrc] ' carci l l l 1r|act ice, csPeciul l l '* .hcrr irccom-Panicrl bv opcn ipaci s oI l l te Lo .d. l \ i th thc ol)enings ler ' t icel lr . alole onc arr-other to faci l i t r te air circulat iorr r lol .nl 'ulr ls t l lough t le -. tack, ani l lhele clocking.of blemished rnatcrinl hofore stucking is errrplorod, rorr l ts ir Iastct rnri uroLe ererrt l | r ' i rrg rr i th a l l l i t l inr rr 0f cleter ' iorrrt iol o\\ ;ng to scdsoDing f i l t -c. \ , i1,trrc in t ] t iscase hl irrgs i ts orvl l01\ 'arr l , lor. i t hls bcerL f lnulr] that \ l r lo strf l i iDg r]rr, thorls arethe bcst, the.on\cuielt half inch st l i l r is ; t l l lc icnt lv thi. ' l i rrn<1 dur, i lg sLLrlrrrr:r 'stacl i i rq is o'en lr let 'crablc 1o the thicl icr ' str i l rs, r lJr iclr rr 'e leces,:ulv Ior 'sal i :-lactor '1' dlr irrg in lest r:rnclul lv . ,oldlr(tcr l 1lrds.

Tlc sites of stacking rarr ls are Ltnfor ' tuIatcl l oftcn l i \c. l bY thc locations o{rr l i l ls alrd Iai lNav sicl ines, Lnt l 'hetr, cl toire eri : ts, exposr:t l rrci ls *.el l clrainetl or\vi th lnoisture aL-*orl) ing soi ls shorld be .rrLuecl. \ \ ihr:r.c t :ondit ions f loru this starr,- lnoint in erist ing.\ 'ulds or or 1Lc Lest si tes rrei lalr lc, are Larl , t)re plol ision ofsoitaLrle th'ainrge mrrst Lc r l 'galclet l ns a plof i taLle inyeit lnent.

Thc bigges| r l i f f ic l l tv ol opcn ei l scr:oni lg has Leen shorvl to be scasolalvrt ial ion in roistr lre contfnt. As soon as l intel ' rains col l l l l r fncp the rnorsturtcorrt{,nt of stacl;s r iscs, drrc to $i lcr rrhir 'h 1'11l s . l i r 'e(t l \ orr or. JIak: t l r lorgh ' .o

I x r r r r r L ' bc j r q r r l r sL r r rLccL . ' l ' l r c r r ' , u l r i , i l : 1 , l r r i r I l i r . r r r nL j l r . r ' r r l , l u r i nq su r l -rtrcl r ionths, unti l this nroistulc has becn ch.ir 'd of1. lo scasoned t jrrr lrcr is avaihblein c4ren air 's| l tcl<s.'

1_rtortnnatr lv e\cel l t i l ihore lrr lr ls. l l tert stacking corrt l i t iorrs a1e t lrr : bestJthc Jrigh rcalr';or'ption clnrilg *'iltcrr {.orDl)inci l.ith thr: srnall rnro[]1t of surmlertain i : -qnfi icicnt clul ing some srlnrrels to !r-e\ eni the t irnLer' fr 'om el 'er 'r 'erchinge thr,r 'oughlv ni l seasor({ st l lc. Tlnri , r lhefe i i rcl i i l rg condit ior ls arc bri l , rrrost oflhe -"t tcl is rr 'hich lelLrc l l rc lard r lur irrq th( sulrnlcr hl\ ,e an al 'errge rnr) i"Lnrr cox-tclr l uplrroachiDg l ; i )0r cent. or '1( i l reI ccnt., l1l l l loush Loarrls of 13 peI cent.lnorsjule content, ol ercrr highcr, :rrc 1101 ir l fre.tr lert. OD the other harcl i I th, 'l -rc.t l . al i- l -" thc loss of thc moisture reabaorbed dul i lq l lLc rr ' inicl lnr l dLning occr-sional strnrrer r-airrs js corU)irut i \ c11' rrr lr i r l . :o t |at for nrost of the srunnler ' rnorl thistacl i : 'e alai lable of r:r r .rerr nroistulc corrtort ol 12 to 11 per ct ' t .

l f t ' l rr- boards rre to Lrc n-r ihble r lrn ir l r tLc \ jrLtel rnoni l l ! . orc of two coulseirnnst Le adoplc{. Eithcl stacl ic r ln-qt l)0 l tol idccl l ' i th nrr cl l ic icnt lain cor prirL!,

ol else t irrrhcl reclui lccl druirg thc vir l tcf nrorrths nru-ct Le tnstar:ked dnring thesur}lnrcr ' Irrd I lrccd nder (:oier ' . l i \eenr: prohaLlc thal the formel ' el tc1'nati \ 'el_ou]11 1rr, lc tLc urorc ctorrorrr iol l , i l sorrrc Dletho(1 \r)cLr is sIrping stacl is in tLelvidih tor.ia-ds the rvcalher about half-inch per foot to r'e.hrcc the pcnetr'rtion ofrain into the stacks ar( l 1o lnerent nroislulc t fon l \ ' iDg on thr: l roalds \\ere com-lr irr .r i \ \ iLlr thc plo\ ision of (, ]rerl) lnrt Nltcrt j : l i t slolr ins 11)r) l 's ruadc rr1, i ] ] ser-t ion. Ior rronveuient l l t rnt l l ing.

' feslr hrvc shotl l that not onl l is the late oI re-rbsc'rpt ion of moistLrr 'c }v the s[r l 'atc of t inr]rer '( :onrl)arNti l ' { ,1-y slo$', bLrt t l :othat elen.rf ter a f trr t lnls in r:orrtrct \ ' j th rr ' r ter t l te snr' frce larors onl l 'of a i l ryboar, i ar 'c affecterl . [1. t l ]ercfore, rr- l tc1' (an l)c l)r 'c{erle(l tr 'orn lr ' i rg ou thc sul-1'ace of boarrl- . , sl ight \ \ 'ctt ingF \r i l l not lrc ver) 'scl iorrsj lor t l re I loisture aL;orberlrvi l l Lc recl[ced |cl ]rn0 i f has rn ol) l)oftrrnit l to lrerrctr 'ate r lrr :Dlr ' .

At presolt the |anrceu 1o'. ' ai l | r ' j ls attcn(lsnt LlPon t l ie nse of iurprrrperlysc s{,ned l looring is to rrrrcLirrc t lrc i i rnher sorl1c t irne bcfore r ' t is lequircd, ani lthcn stncl i fol fur lht l seasoningJ eithef i tr the I icirr i t \ of 1he rDrclt inc', or 'ncart lre bl l i ldinE in Nhich i t is to be rscd. In ncither crce is TLe matfr ial l lsulr lL"vplopel lv str ipped to l lor ir l t ' f \cu rLr ' \ ' i r i r . l , Nnd i l t iol t te f t lscr i t is stal lcr l or 11rtstackcrl Ni lhout nrrr ' clcl ibcratc lrrrrvisiorr fo| r l i l cir tnlrrt ion. Sortrt ' f i r les r]so t lrer|oocl is strcl<ecl o11t ol ' i (n)rs rvi th l i t t lc ol no pr 'olet ' t iort dLrr inq thc 1{ct ]run1lrt ,\rhel ' l thcr-e is a shor' tag| of spIr 'r ' .

l i 'hc pl inre objcct ir strcl i inE t int lrcr after rnrdl i l i r : l is lo pelmit f trr thcrrJl ir i l iage to tal ie place. I-nfoltnnatel l ' , I lool irrg lroalt ls { 'hich hi le ht 'nn imlr lo-

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lJl lsl?ir[ +P PuLr Pa]tllr:]sqoun slru]s rIdi,lll]rq sonads oqJiaqJout auo

atoqB lllprllra-r ssullr,rclo qlLr po.rl?ds rtodo sprl?otl slror]l?pttrror oLl+ rJ-\o {l]lrillp

sourl lllorlra.\ ur ss,rlrrir g lJz Ju potBcls apr.\\ 'rlliiL 'pull )L)rll] I{rz7r s.hrJS'.prs lailllri.\\ irq] s!.ttlxoJ qlpl.\\ oql uI rllrlntls nur(iols PrIt.

pur1o,r5 oq+ u-\oqB [n]$ ]Lrv]; aq] Jo .rolL?L uolto({ 'II+ 5ur}lr.\nl; sllol}BPullo[: s \\ollol rr,'LrJ-!l.lrnlllrrns

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Jo dt{rl 0[(Llrr]go,t(l u

solucrpur ]scl nql 'poos ,c!-$ .raqu ] por.rP aq+ Jo rlrll?rlb rtll s\,' ".itT (]qr ro qf uaarLa-\rq !lno.!\ forrod arll'rqr{ u rlr lnoq,i o.rq] par.rf uar(l pEq LBl.taluul aq] JI sEr,Ioll.\\rsirli

6l ll:lo sE,\\ ar{q uri,rp Irlot aqJ lua.r ro(l 6 st.$ }ua}IroJ o.ro}slollt l{r:l

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llrool uro.rJ ;.1r-\rrrs ,r.)fl0.rrl rlr01(lo ol rlqlsiodurr sr +r :lElll farla(l snoauor,ra aq+

JO asn€' IllIIoI]Il)pE uE sr srqJr -lror]JPJSr']rlssrl) lrronl)asuo.r qJr,\{ Lur.raluar( i.rp-ttuas }o

rsll arll ur stlncrr.(llu;rnL)rrl l)uu r]uilP.\i.rrl urlfo sr rsaTrs rol rll aq) m lsrocluql

Fr)o[ l)nrrosl?n! Jo -i]lr.rrJs dup,ra\o i{ol !L lrir,rr}[ur Io ssu[r snlJ lo.;o ro,rua! oq]or}lrr uoL|rsrlsd-\r{r }uq} a+|l Plrr -{eq} L)trl?

'-i.Lo]tulsrlr?s rrr0,rJ.rLJ pL{u J.\rsua(lra 0,nlspoqlilll qrns srlo1r]lrJurJods lo e,rll]1,.)l orI|IIIorult uLr ]ou o!Llr sr o.rrtp.rao:rc[ srqT'pilLlsIlrlJ

l)uI 'l).];pr$ 'L)rnl"' illtrug sI I ,r.roli(L tornl)rrlurtrr{ uao{{ !L?rl lr .{rUI

sqlrrolLl IL,ra,\-.s .roJ jrrrrrol ,jurtrosc,ls Jo arl]ru.rd rrJl i(L P.rui ;;.Lrl nr{o ur r f,orJssr tlii-Ioroq] ]ou sr oiurlrossas slrad-car Ellos r JlrJJr 'llrL:rJlllrL ,(raurol' roJ spaqs rrrpuc ruado arl+ ur SuruosEas,rrB.roJ |J:lrlrtr ck,r1s sr qe:r,rr1 al)nrl riJaq J.\LII sJrrau-,rid\a -\\o] rbrrr.roofJ urxl] .Ia)lt1q+ rqlrrruf,

l)uu r,IrB)l Jo SuLuosr?os.rrr oql uO.uorpuTsrps o.rrlun o^r5 11,t _{eq1 eplg siql ur pasu

a.r€ iiq] uarl,\r puu rpauos[is rrE dlqn-no,roq] o(L rlr, s.raqlrlr:] asoq] rol 'asB, i]q.itrou lprr?ror sr srq.I i)lqrlr-louL ,qr slFBt JurillunllB ;Io l4e dn Stlua(lo Jo l{nourL,}ulBlro, r Surroou I:I,18)l pur qE,r.ruf arl] q]r,!! lBrl] JarTaq arl] lualxa osrnl B oJ(h llmq sBrJ lsEcl aql ur orrlrBr(i ssola.rBr Jo slr.ro orlJ Jo uoqrl'arcldE Jo )Lru.I

laou {rrq,!! srtor]lpuo:] a.rnr ot 3ur](1urrllr] Jo as[a(Ire aq].rnrur oJ [r]rl] orpid l,crljnql ur il.{ado,Lrl rosras o} lllrLurouora i)rotll ,rtt silq} sr ll {rts.-iJou rsasE,

ILIrlds trrt(la)\J rlorr sr SuIII loaLu rJllE n-lrr ostos .rL)tls aLIJ ul 5tlruospos rl"qtro.roq] qlr-\\

'qlpl,\! aurEs aqg illotra Jo illrarbo.u-ur o]l? .i.rll st lf,lrloq qr[s rllr-!! roo$ pooS r -ir1 ot iL.lrssodrur th]lo rr ]r..]'rrufaql Suolr sroo! Jo cLn Suruado aq] lui]xa oL(Llr,rt^ E o+ slrra,\e.r(l SuIrIIrlrBur .lrJJB.SuDpEls 'r:roJorarll 'a[q]!\ .ol(LB,raprs(oD aq II ! rpf8l oq ol ,{pBor e.ru (oq} uoq-r'sirruo(l eql Jo rlllr^! ur uor'll]lrB-\ eql uodn +)a#n IElo+ arl+ I.ii-ufirosuas _i.rrpuora:snl1 m podolduro Fpnsn sporllaru iluln5ai.u oq,] ol onp suorltrrlrr sau{rlauos pul?rsprroq IJ.r€)I pdu riprirEf:lrro.raJlrp uaDl\Joq ai3Erlurqs IrJol rrr aruarollrp .lpr,.!r

oql ol anl soorlrlrEr pilpp? a.rr ?r0JJ0 srql ol JI .a5rlrt.rrLs

Jo slunotrlE ]rri),rollrpDr ]Fsi:r llri! JrroJrror orrllsrom rr uor]ill. rr Ii?IIrFrJo aq] pilllrluJod -qr ]ualrroJ nrnt-lrorr luut-cuo, 1? o1 BlrluosEas ratl]lnJ Jr lnq rqlp]\ ourEs irJ] jlpr\; Io d.lr sp.rB{rq

t SrIIrrrlLrullr rall\r 'piuoq dnrrs alll +noq. rlorrll plrp !?.rnoq ol l).ll?oq llr()rJ lur]-uot 0.n1Jsrol1r ur uorl!lJnr nl(llrreprsllon ! a-\Erl c,itr,\rlu -i]lErrltr,rc{ ?olrosua,q.t:lJo([

-o.rduII

raqFnJ

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nrl] osL

+tu .ro,tllPnsn:!E0u.r(puE 'Pr

,il.rado,r

-;tts i)ll

ripBi

cslE lr-ar

Jo-tos uI-uroo o

JO UOrlall ur

EJI:}BUJ

'o=1II,1a-\

,<r1]uolu-trro:

itrlJ trr'lu,rr.r

Jo lsor,llurqaw.louruln'tsoq .

olql1lrB.

{rrl-.r .iorr rlin

a'irLJslo

JO rrorl

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JO Suo

--ql]l?s

.roLlrtunart| rP(

sLrJl ur

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JAIIUTUT

9!

i6

CHAPTER, 8.

FEAT'URES OF SEASONING PRACTICE.

The lloi:'ture C(rnt?tlt ('l Setsottetl T-imlter.

Thc sirnplcst rDeihod to test i f a pi{,ce ol l sootl is thorough]l sclsonc(l is totest for lroistruc coltent, rnoistlrr: distlilrution, ancl pleserce of cln,ing strerses.But it is nccessa^' hcfore a rrro.o.'cc''rcrrt ctrr r're r'adc to rinorv what r,oistur,ceontent can be regardetl ar , trcar- lc of thorough ,qeasoning. .lhe rnoistLrlc coltrenrai \ \hich the surf lnce of n piece of lrood tustr l)e to l)alancc the tenlDefatuc f ln( lrelat ive humii l i t . , , of the air *. i l l Lc t , ,r frrrurr lh clrar eirLg frorr thl Lo clay, andthrougl)out the sanre flav. 'l'his r:lungc irr rlloistule co tcnt of the rvocd $,ii] affectonly the surlu(c laYels to an1 appreciaLle crtcnt. The bul l< of the 1rood, oNinEto ihe slol late ol l nloisture t lansutissiol t l rrough dn rvood, l . i l l not Lc nble tokecp pace l i th thesc changcs, but rvi l l r ,errrairr i l al aver.rgc t:ondit ion. t i rc r loisturecontent o1' rvhich rvill depend on the lclatir'e dLrratiorr of thr: r'alious telDpertlturearrtl hunridity periods. A thin piece of lvood $-ill, of i:olnse, hale a gleatel r-uria-t ion in avelaEe r iroisture corrtcnt than a thir: l< piece. t 'hi l t ' i f the sutfrccs of I pieceoI Nood are ( joated $it l l solne Dr{teri t l yhich r 'esists t l le transmissioD ol nroistul,ethrough it, the alelage rroist[re contont oL a piece ran Le liept ru,l)r'orirnatel\.eoDstant througlout the year. tr ' r 'om irrr: idcnlal dnta olrtniret l rhuirrg othel inlest i-gatioDs, i t *.oulcl appear thrt local hard$oods aborit l i rr . thicl . , i f untr ' fate(l iD an\.[ 'al ' , but stacked unaler corer ' i l l the r icinitv of Per.t | , rr i l l |nIr,- frorr. . a rroist tecontcnt ol about I :J per'cent iD Ninter ' to 10 per cent. in srf iDrrct, providi lg thatthcle is n froe circt lnt iol ol air orcr. the taccs of thc honrds. , \s Dost t inrberrhich i-q ust, i l for inte| ior ' tr i rrL, furniture, etc., receires a coatir ls of l){ int, \ ' rur i ih,or sorne such rLatel iol , the rreugc moistnr 'e contcrt under the.-e r:on.l . i t ioD-q is thatto rvhich, in thc majolitJ of cascsr tjrnber -should Le dliecl. As fal as I'erlh isconcerrrec'i, erperience has shorrrr lhat tjrnber at an eveD state of 11 per ceit. or'12 per celt. rnoislure eontcnt giles vell' satisfactoll' g1'1f icg rr.hsn painted, polisherlor \.aurishecl. A rrroisture content of 11 or 12 pcr cent. cfln be Iegarde(l, therefore,as thc clcsirable moistrr:c coltent to lr.hich tinher sloulcl be rlrred if it is to be

used fol pauellirg, furnittre, frrrnishings, ot foa- silnjlar- interior purposes. In

thc case of timbet *hich is rvholly or paltirlll' crposed to ihc rveathcr', urtle-.s tlc

moist l t le Lrrool coal iDg is lery cl l ic iert, t l re rariat iorr i l loisttrre con_

tent is l i i rcl- l ' to be consir leral lT greitel than is tbe case { i th l iatcr ir l

under covcr; but as to the ult iuate effect this rvi l l haYc [pon the avelag€ moisture

eontent of the tiDrler, ther'e is no plecise inforDlation- 'IeDtatir-e1.v, il lnay brr

asstmed that it is clcsilable to drv to the sarne rnoisture content as in the case of

tirnber to be used uDder co\er, [ nel.\', 11 per c'ent. or 12 Per' cent.

rte\\ .hi l

ii'hesLt i t

h r r lthcc l t te l

LrDi€hL r tcokitul'cto dlrrtr f ie lTecl

110D_for 1

lr"v ir,1\'illill

in th,:iil tlrvlr illof tLi-q pllr

roo]nob ta i l lthis liv ici ;r i lc icnf.,

Crhe frtitr'tl,0rto du r

Tke lJ

TIt imber1oca1 t it inlbcttirliberditiors.of thcsuch aL

ilqtqo,rd sr uorJdoouoosrur oqJ 'dlqrrrarddE lou sr rrllrDo soop ]r Jr

'+raJJo uts qrns

tEq] po]errpur ollrq Farrlunor .rorlrlo rrr sJuou.u,raclxa Joq lsasr:lnraur rociulrl rql Jo

o;E aql sr ,qosEo.rrap .r aqurr+ aq+ Jo ! I )[.ro,\\'J nlll ]l|rlJ sr Eop! roq+rnJ y 'sllorllp-Loc .uE S[r5[Prlo n rlr s]srxa .ro osE, ]rl,,tr] Jru ]\lilrll{rsqr? lrB ur posoloui sr ir.,qtur+aql ssalml paltururllo -{[a ](a aq louuu, prrs 's,raqu{r}

I1l? ol uouuro) sr :rrqurlarlJ Jo ()lror\JJ aqJ sr ul\ou{ ,(llEnsn sr qrrql\ rrlsr,ra:}oBr€qo s II

.-cro.lu!l lEool

oql ol rtrlDcad sarJ.r,lato.rd o.Lu osu{ur.rqs lrlE;ur[ir!{s oaur,{urr lurorrt rl:}r-!!.roqlrll+perlosErs iq orn:]srour Jo ssol puu uorJcl.rosqrr orlJ 1c111 palE]s sourlaruos st 1I

'o(LtutJ P)uosbaS la .tnotrDlLatI aUJ

'J,l.nLos:urlaaq 0{} ulo]f suor}urpu,r :JJaJip o}aiqrsso(l su aLllrl su pasodxo dq o,roJnra{J pllloqs ,raqlurl Jo sp[o irl] lup

rrrqurr]

Jo rlrt.l5 oq] uolt ilrpr{)r arour srrtl.l qn{u} +rratrr-lotlr arn}sroru }Bri+ lrr?J.q,ol uroo.r B to ,lor;rJJrr orJl 5ursLlr,l,rLr ur ul,rr.3 aq osiB pluoqs uorJr,rolrsrloiJ

'u)]!rq oq o:l arB qrll,r srLroor rr po()-!r uo i.durJuoJ Joo.LI d.llr]srorr lu i,rdL'r-LUJ oll] ol d.ItD rt?lntr:]rts(l Io,:rrr,ipd ltl l)IlB

'JuroaL 5ur:]uor{.ro njg B J'r -ill,r|Jrdaql ur suorll?Jol .roJ .laq|lrrl lsrl.rp .rqtt tr) r.torlrilas .rq+ a(l l,ll1o-\ o Pdl-!\orr,.l s(l}

J( suollr:rrLdrlt r{oruuor a.rol,l -}u.rluo,) lrrntsro(r 'Ir.)r .rrri 0I +u lL.t.raJLi|l u[]]qoo:l snodSElrlB-lle o(1 DItoN lr rilLrti{ arlJ +no{5n0.rql pa+raq oq IIri\ qrtqr\ riroo.rrr Jo:I ln.Lrnl)e.r sr.ririurrl .rJnrl.!! sJsu, lrrrrJrlc ur:ln{l'e]plS srql llr ,.qrliL.rp ,LitrIt,{.

lurJllrFr Io slonlJi aql lsrrIP;.rr uorsr.(r.r(l n)[r]rLr o] rrirpssnrarr -illBrarld.S +ou sr:lI

'palunoosrp rilFrl.ttd srsuor+rpuor.irru.,rp arll Jo uor']r.orp I,rols -ila_!r}s,ruLluro) 3lL+ lsrl+ os ,raqrurl a1l Jo5(rrl,lp Jo rrorlouord rrl].roJ lajms -illn,rfiLulJ rr I'ou\r Jo dJr.+.lrL! oq] lB nlqulru,Lr-(r lirrrln lBalf uor]ra-\tror l)ur uorlrLLp[oJ .i(l falroq sr L oo:r o{i JnoqSno.rq:} r-ri.}aql sdr"lrn,c .rsirL] Jo aJtrlrr.l(Luri] rrr osl?o,Dl{r ai[] Jo ]lnsJr r sr pur '!uoo.( aq+ rlrs+)ofqo Jo aruJrns aq+ lr larlros(LB Js.1g sr ]r ,rol .(11ra, pur rrroo:r r rr .rrL' eql strr,rr.!\l|ldq lJlL]llPl rlrllq 'JOJuLplr.r ,t,llralJ url rrloJ],r0 a.llt lt toJJ uot]]rLl)lrr ]raq,\(l\Li"r.rtl piJDJIa ,{ Ensn sr .dulu{.n?.\\ l)uu

,Lra}uu,r.rr,[ ]ou a.ru sarr][no, Japio, JosLUirls.is Surlltirl uorpo,\roJ I]

rirrf oLLl Jo p.Lrq:l-ouo uuql ssal ]!lF?nslr spor,rot[ .roJ^luo rlloo,r E ur pi],r lbe,L sr .;_urJl?oll LuI;)IJIFB sqluortr .ri:l[l.!! rtll ;ur.rru sy uot+riralrr-cuo, Jo \rll.ro1\ llls ir a)Ll?ur rrJr[ qrllll! s.rol jJ r,rr ,r.raq] ,.rlpie sr{l ro lsJ.\\

-tl}ros alll Jo oJ"r[rlr .]B,rarhnnJ rrll rrr ufil] ]uB:]rodllrL r.Loru oq o] Ilo{ll sr l)eJJosrll+ rsqJuorlr .ra}ru,\{ n\l }[oq.8no.rrLt rrL,r Lot]tr',i ssdl .t^ ,'.rorr \r .brr ]uaq lulrrJq,L!olarl$ sor.rlunoo flol) ur lsLrqt\\ .ra rrrnls l lttll ]uolllo, ornlsrou .ro,\\ol u ol ,.i,rl] o:l!uo+ .lelul^! ur rr?[r rroo,r r] qrlts ur tiql rrl ..\rol IJJ,\ sr poo,\\ r{Jt_!! }lro:}uo, nIL}-sro arrnlrrq slr d+"ls .r,)llul sLqt llr l)uL:

,ruo i.rl) rll.lu,!\ l] ol rror]rpuoJ lsro-rr l]lott rrro,rJ o.roJd.r0rl:] 'sr;irtrll.) ,l1L' JJ

-t ,r]\r rlq]rtiprsuo.) u oJ sasEa,rriLt i]rpi'xuqir.\r'lul.r,r sll 'palr

l sr rrr? srq+ lliq_!! lr)lIt:]sur sr s[]rrr({iIp ".llri;lrprrmrl E ssoiul'J.toJrrLor .roI o.IrrlBricIrll)J q5n1 .ilinir,rLIlus 1r o] pir:lunrl -L lln!t I|roo.r aill srituarl1l plo,'.l{)}Erptr u.ro U L -i(L ,tJrl}rd 'p.r}u.lq sr (rcr l? l)rnr l)lor sr.r J}rrr\\ oq}rl,rq-\l p,]r.lr-\ir e(l iullr uorlrsod JJ snorlrprro):rr$rJ.Iso qt IrrJUrl.L]r r puu ill(l 'JaJul-!! rrr rrl]ri] ,rdllnors ur lnJlllol) o,rursroru -rir\\ol t lu ,illurrror sr .reqIlrrJ

'!llo,n_\lrd q]1 ptrB .\,rtu or lsi).l(rJ rrll:\ aril li) rlll|llrl, ],)-\\ilarrltrlclrrrol rtl] ur lrsr- i).i o] sr ,r.rlrntJ uarJ-!! .J]tor .r.rcl [ ]surl tt? .irl l.)sr.,.r.JuL.(l IloJts llnor osdr{} }r(l isl).rLr.\\q}no: Ll()tl)[u.rr,i) rlrorj sra.rlr Iu]sr?or'lrll ioI .rl(lulnrsn,\o.r(t flqrqo.rd pllro,$'ltir recl 11 ro pr,r,r.rlrl 11

,zr.r ,rJ].r,)d,rol u,)r; sr,rn !J aqJ,'ilqn'oSnf nq plno,\r'althrn rq] Io srrorlto(L lsnrrl);ql Jo ast?.) arl] ur'lrr,):).Lr(l 1) rr)_\.sdrqrad .ro ']uoJ .Locl S lo lrrrloo) J,ntlsrolrr t sIdrr [rJu ?.r ra-!\oI arli ,LoJ aFI.\'1uac rad 0l }ro(lr? o:] parrp rci pltor{s,ra{{rrrl sE,r,rr 1c,tn11rLar.rFu I luJrrrrr .raq,Srrl arl:LroJ ltlll cl.lBclord {rc.\ ,cr }r

'al.ltrlrp \r lou st lrorlRnr,rolrrr atlllunp rlil]nrl]l\.

rci .ttaInJsr

Ii]r.r,l11

arlJ s!uIoq o+'aroJo

poqsllro :lrsr rllr

lPtlll I-qsrrr,r

JAqull

lu qrr iJrnlsr-(rrB rl

ll-so\l,\l01sr_€,rn:lsrJ'CId

aJnlrr,'a,rn:lsro1 olq.8ur,to

+,AJJ:B2uB

'

l)ue a

lualu(;)flrlsr

7S

the Iesult of rrr ist lr l i ing [ot."t lor]<" alone lhat is r 'enl1y a rnixture of i l coirstaniarnoir l t ot "\ 'ork" antl n decre:rsins amourrt of irr i t ial shr. ir ] l iagr: o\ l ing to the sloNloss of rnoisture frorn thc centr 'r l por.t ion of imper' lcct l l ' seasoned t irDber.

I)elhalrs lhc rnost corr[xor1 la] lact is that the l)est lra) to seasol l \ \ .estcrD,trrst lal iau I lucal-r, | ts is lr l rhr. i lg altcr ' :r Ir 'el int inalr- soakirrg in rrrater ' . A tcstt:car 'r ier l or i on iolr ' loar 'r ls ol one iDch I iar 'r ' i shol.ed that irr lnrt ions of the saneboarri Urcre u,rs lo apprcciable dif lelorcr: as fat as shr' inkrg,e, r i t l te oI sealurr ir{ jthe cri tent to l 'hich srr lace cradi irrg occul lcr l rLnrl suhstqucnt "worl i ' *.eLc corr-ce le(l . rvhethel i t rvas siuplv f i j r seisoncd ol gi lcn a prel inr inrlrv t teattnent offou! rnonths soalr iDl i in f lesh r.rrte) ' . \ \rhi l t in sorne t imhers i t is possible thatsoal ir g nu-tr result in thc Llcal i i l lg down ancl Icachinsi ont of consti t tcrts $.hicLlaffect seasori g propelt ics, i t is ccltai l that in t le case of the local ErrcalJ,t)fst le periocL reql l i red $'oul l be so lorrg that i t plar:cs the mcthod rvithout the realm.of feasibi l i tv. tr 'or similar reasorts the lot ion that air scasonir lg rr i thont rni lprotectiol is superior', because the r'rin ltrslcs thc saP orlt oI t}e tirnber rnay ahobe r l iscardccl. 1\rhi le a ccrtain anotnt oF leaching of ihe consti t tents of the srt-: face cel ls cloes oeclrr ' , thcle is el idcncc to show that lhe lo*. r 'ate of rnoisturc trani,rnission l i rr i ts thc action to a shal lot ' clepth unlcss thc t irre is inorcl irr :r telr long.

Inlr r 'ol c,r lerrt in 1l)e latc ol seisonirg ard in thc behar, iorn. of the scuitone(ltirrrlx,r' is. l)v sorne, tho ght to be possillle b1' r'irebarliilr.l the trec lol sorue timebefrm- -fel l i rrg. Tn an inlest igntion rroi 1ct r:ornplcterl , a jarrah trcc l 'as gi ldlerll2 r lortIs lx.f ,rrrr lcl l i rrs t i lh rul: ( 'onrl) lctcJl rernovi lg a sectiol of the barl if i r . l sal{ood. \ Ihcn con\ 'erted sorne four molths ago this t lce l)r 'oduceal l i rnhcris grf{ ' r1 rs f fcshl\ : I(1le(l untrcated lo3s, anrl a; f l r rs t}rc tcst has procccderlthcre is nothirc to intlicatc that the riltc ol rlrvinE has been ir'r uv \{'ar affectcd.While at the prcsel l t stagc of thjs i vestigatioD nrore clcl l l i te prorounceDent isimpossible, i t $ould ccltainl l ' ai)pearLlrat r iugLrarl i ing Jarrah t lees 1.,1 mortth: ixr

fote fel l i rg woulal accornpl ish rro uscft l object.

' l ' le r lnestion rua-v 2lr jsc "J)o t lrc rnoistrrre corl t( l t , rnoist l le r l ist l i l r t t ion, alt l

casclrr ldc] l i rg tests Si\1' l colrplelc irrr l i r ,at ion of tLe seasoned st i tc of th{r l inl-Ier ' l ' Jr othel Nolds i f a lr iece of t i rnber is sersoned, Ior e\rrrple in t I l ( ihr,

rnrl i f i t is prorlucr,r l at t lx) errd of t l re lmrcess, f lee fro|r st lcss. lnd trt Urtr

noistrue contcnt desi led thon:lhorl t i ts thickness, vi l l this picce of \ooal Ei le as

sal isftctolr- so'1icc i I 11se.l imrrrediaLe]1, as i t \roLrlal i l i t rvele store(l for a ferr

:,-en s before rse? The s$flling arld shrinliagc il recentll driecl tirrrbr'r lLight be

e:rpcctcd to bc grenter thar that \vhich \orl ld lcsu]t frorl at lrospheric charrgesjn the cnsc of timber rl-hich las becn lctt for a colsir'L'r'aLle pc od. after season-jng. Stch glcrter ' l 'al iNtjon irr sizc \ \ orr lcl hc expJrinetl b) a rearr ' ingernent of lLc

nood nralc al i rr t lc t i l rLcr Nhich has j l lst i tccr seasorred. I i is knoNlr t ]rrt t i rnhcr

rvhich is casehrrr lcrred rvi l l erarlurl l ,v irnpr'ot 'c o*, ing to the l-orxl r latel ial I ic l l i rrgto the slrcss I aDcl as tirnber il drl.ing is stbjected io stres;cs *-hich ultirnatcll'

leale differ'ent trortiors of the timlrer jn r-'onditions \'ar',_ing to e .onsiclelal)lc cx-

tent [r'onr t]ral of loorl rnaterirl totallv rlllestlrined iu clr.r'ins, it misht bc

thoucht tLat t lere lnight, to a certain c\tcnt, bc a ten.le cJ to!, i i lds l l 'ar 'rnngc-

merrt of thc Noocl matcr'ial in an cllort on the lart of tiltrber lo r'etluce tLis l'alia

tior fr'orn normrl. -tr sLualv of J&lrah ancl l(arri prorrgt'cl scctiorrs *'hich ha1'c

been allot'ed lo stand lor for,- or five 1'eals shol\.s that crschardencd prongs aftera time lo-qe to a lnrEe ertent tbeir tendcncl' to bind on olc another, lut do not

chalge ir shapcJ and olcrstealreal plongs show no chlnqe in condit ion. Thu-qr

t lc). si lcss e\ iqls t l lere is a r i t ' l t l ing lhich lrrodtt:cs al lcr- int ion, bt i aftcr thi;

cllan

beelr

st les

s u r h

1'/Le r

l oodaftcr

to Th'the arts stDri1tcr

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