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winasitKva Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiis akademiuri kursi

daefuZna besarion jorbenaZis programa-prospeqts `qarTuli enis morfologia~, romelic gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi Seiqmna (gamosca `mecnierebam~ 1995 wels). kursi `qarTuli enis morfo-logia~ ivaraudeboda erT nawilad mravaltomeuli sistemuri kursisa `qarTuli ena~. es sistemuri kursi daigegma arn. Ciqoba-vas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutSi. morfologiis kursis dawinaurebas mravaltomeulidan imJamad hqonda safuZveli. b. jorbenaZis udroo gardacvalebam es gegma Seaferxa... 2008 wels Cven SesaZleblad miviCnieT winamdebare proeqtis Seqmna da Cveni ZalebiT misi ganxorcieleba. sabednierod, 2009-2011 wleb-Si es proeqti dafinansda rusTavelis fondis mier. gacnobiere-buli gvqonda, rom tvirTi mZime iyo, magram aseTi kursis saWi-roebis SegrZnebam gvaiZula, SevWidebodiT mas.

Teoriul enaTmecnierebaSi ZiriTadad ganixilaven gramati-kis sxvadasxva tips: mecnieruls, aRweriTs, normatiuls... akade-miuri gramatika garkveulwilad aerTianebs am yvela tipis gra-matikas: igi, erTi mxriv, enobriv sistemas Seiswavlis erTiani Teoriuli koncefciis safuZvelze, aRwers enobriv movlenebsa da faqtebs da axdens Sefasebas enobrivi variantebisa, ayalibebs wesebs. winamdebare proeqti qarTuli enis morfologiis amgvari akademiuri kursis Sedgenas isaxavda miznad...

is faqti, rom Cven xelTa gvaqvs umdidresi memkvidreoba Cveni klasikosebisa _ akaki SaniZisa, arnold Ciqobavasi, varlam Tofuriasi da sxvaTa _ erTi mxriv, saqmes gviiolebda; xolo, meore mxriv, gvirTulebda mdgomareobas: advili ar aris, Tav-moyra, Sejereba, ama Tu im Tvalsazrisis wina planze wamoweva... da, miT umetes, metad rTulia arsebuli memkvidreobis safuZ-velze axali interpretaciebis warmodgena, movlenaTa axleburi gaazreba...

Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologia

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am ramdenimewlianma muSaobam kidev erTxel dagvarwmuna im WeSmaritebaSi, rom, rac ufro meti keTdeba, gasakeTebeli ufro meti Cans... Tu rogor SevZeliT Cveni amocanis Sesruleba, amas obieqturi mkiTxveli Seafasebs.

koleqtiur naSroms erTi principuli Tavisebureba isic aqvs, rom xSirad TanaavtorTa Sexedulebebis Tanxvedrac ar aris; arc kompromisia ioli. yovelnairad vecadeT, es problema mogvexsna, Tumca, yovelTvis albaT ver movaxerxeT; ra da rogor SevZeliT, amasac mkiTxveli gansjis. winaswari madlierebis grZno-biT veliT keTilmosurneTa SeniSvnebs, azrs...

ramdenadac winamdebare kurss safuZvlad daedo besarion jorbenaZis programa-prospeqti, b. jorbenaZe SeiZleba am wignis Tanaavtoradac moviazroT; es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis morfologi-is pirvel nawilebze.

Tanamedrove qarTuli ena rTuli fenomenia: igi aris er-Toblioba qarTuli saliteraturo enisa da qarTuli enis Tana-medrove dialeqtebisa. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, saliteraturo enasa da dialeqtebs ganixilaven saerTo-erovnuli enis nairsaxe-obebad; maTi urTierTmimarTeba _ urTierTgavlena da urTier-TSepirobebuloba _ gardauvali aucileblobaa. winamdebare ga-mocema Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiis erT _ ZiriTad _ nawilad moiazreba. meore nawili _ qarTuli dialeqtebis morfologia _ Sesaqmnelia. am ori nawilis erToblioba mo-gvcems Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiis srul kurss, risi Seqmnis aucileblobac mwvaved igrZnoba.

arn. Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis instituti

Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics

SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondi Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation


saliteraturo ena

giorgi gogolaSvilis saerTo redaqciiT

Tbilisi 2011

***

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proeqti _ Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiis akademiuri kursi (A-06-09) _ ganxorcielda SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecnie-ro fondis finansuri mxardaWeriT. winamdebare publikaciaSi gamo-Tqmuli nebismieri mosazreba ekuTvnis avtors da SesaZloa ar asaxav-des fondis Sexedulebebs. The Project An Academic Course of the Morphology of Present-day Georgian Language (A-06-09) has been made possible by financial support from the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation. All the ideas expressed herewith are those of the author, and may not represent the opinion of the Foundation itself.

giorgi gogolaSvili avTandil arabuli murman suxiSvili

mariam manjgalaZe nino WumburiZe

nino jorbenaZe asistenti rusudan landia redaqtorebi: giorgi gogolaSvili avTandil arabuli kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa rusudan grigoliasi teqnikuri redaqtori levan vaSakiZe

nawili I. morfologia _ zogadi sakiTxebi I. 1. morfologiis sagani. gramatika enaTmecnierebis dar-

gia, romelic Seiswavlis enis agebulebas. igi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba. morfologia aris nawili gramatikisa.

gramatikis nawilia agreTve sintaqsi. morfologia swav-lobs sityvas, sityvis agebulebas, sityvis formacvalebas. sin-taqsi Seiswavlis sityvaTa urTierTmimarTebas. gramatikis dayo-fa morfologiad da sintaqsad zogjer pirobiT xasiaTs iZens: morfologiuri sakiTxebis garkveva sintaqsuri urTierTobebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe ar moxerxdeba iseve, rogorc sintaqsuri problemebis garkveva _ morfologiis sakiTxebis gaTvaliswine-bis gareSe. amitomac zogjer enaTmecnierebi saubroben morfo-sintaqsis sakiTxebze, morfosintaqsur kategoriebze.

sxvagvari ganmartebiT, morfologia aris enaTmecnierebis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis enobriv formas missave dinamikaSi; sityvis formas da am formis cvlilebis kanonzomierebebs; si-tyvis struqturas da am struqturis Semadgenel elementebs.

Cveulebrivi gagebiT, morfologiis Seswavlis sagania si-tyvis yovelgvari cvla: amgvari gagebiT sityvawarmoebac isevea morfologiis sagani, rogorc formawarmoeba.

I. 2. sistema da struqtura. paradigmatika da sintagmatika.

sistema da qvesistema. ena sistemaa. es niSnavs: ena aris enobri-vi niSnebis, enobrivi erTeulebis mowesrigebuli simravle; er-Toblioba im mimarTulebisa da kavSirebisa, romlebic aris eno-briv elementebs Soris. es niSnavs, rom enaSi yvelaferi aris urTierTSepirobebuli da urTierTgansazRvruli.

Sesabamisad, nebismieri enobrivi faqti Tu movlena, yoveli elementi enobrivi sistemis wevria; is ar SeiZleba sistemis ga-reT idges; yvela maTgans aqvs Tavisi adgili da funqcia siste-maSi. amitomac enobrivi gamonaklisi (`sistemidan amovardnili faqti~) mxolod pirobiTi cnebaa: gamonaklisi arsebobs ara eno-


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brivi sistemis doneze, Cveni codnis doneze; enobrivi faqti ga-monaklisad rCeba manam, sanam misi adgili moiZebneba sistemaSi. `gamonaklisi aris gaWirvebis axsna~ (v. Tofuria). x-ar, x-val formebi piris niSanTa sistemis TvalsazrisiT gamonaklisad iT-vleboda manam, sanam gairkveoda `xanmetobis~ saidumlo. rogorc Cans, x-ar, x-val Zveli sistemis kanonzomieri wevrebi iyo; am sis-temaSi igi naSTia Zveli sistemisa. ram Seuwyo xeli am formaTa SenarCunebas, rogor aRmoCndnen isini axal sistemaSi, _ es ki-Txva pasuxgasacemia; arada, es orive forma rogorc Zveli, ise axali qarTulisaTvis kanonzomieri formebia...

sistemis wevri romelime enobrivi erTeulis (enobrivi faq-tis) cvla iwvevs am sistemis sxva elementTa Sesabamis cvlas. anu, sistemis romelime elementis cvlilebis Sedegad sistema ar irRveva; sistemis calkeul elementTa cvla xdeba, magram Sesaba-misoba, sistemis erTianoba daculia.

sistemis wevrebi (enobrivi erTeulebi) qmnian Tavisebur struqturas, agebulebas. `aseTi struqtura SegviZlia amovic-noT misi raRac nawilis mixedviT iseve, rogorc, magaliTad, Se-gviZlia avagoT samkuTxedi, Tu mocemulia misi erTi gverdi da ori kuTxe (isini samkuTxedis danarCen elementebs erTmniSvne-lovnad gansazRvraven)~ (T. gamyreliZe).

enobrivi erTeulis mimarTeba sistemis wevr sxva erTeuleb-Tan SeiZleba iyos sintagmaturi da paradigmatuli:

`sintagmatur mimarTebas erTeuli amyarebs mimdevrobaSi winamaval an momdevno erTeulebTan;

paradigmatuli mimarTeba gvaqvs, rodesac mocemuli erTe-uli raRac TvalsazrisiT upirispirdeba sxva erTeulebs siste-maSi (da ara mimdevrobaSi). zogadad, Tu sistemaSi gvaqvs raRac [aktu], [agtu], [antu] gamosaxulebebi, maSin [k] elementi sistemur mimarTebaSia a, t, u elementebTan da paradigmatul mimarTebaSi _ [g], [n] elementebTan, romlebic imave garemocvaSi (poziciaSi) gvxvdeba~ (T. gamyreliZe).

swored paradigmatul mimarTebaTa arseboba ganapirobebs imas, rom enobriv erTeulTa simravle aris ara ubralo simrav-le, aramed _ sistema. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, enobrivi sistema aris paradigmatuli monacemebis erToblioba. enobrivi stru-qtura ki aris sintagmaturi monacemebis erToblioba.

I. morfologia _ zogadi sakiTxebi

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struqturis Semadgeneli elementebi formobrivad urTier-TSepirobebulia. magaliTad, struqturaSi _ tyem moisxa foTo-li _ TiToeuli elementis forma sxva elementebis mixedviT aris gansazRvruli; romelime maTganis formis cvla struqtu-ras daarRvevs (SeuZlebelia am struqturaSi formaTa _ tye, tyes, tyis... _ Canacvleba...).

magram am struqturis erTi elementi SeiZleba CavanacvloT imave formis sxva elementiT ise, rom struqturis wevrTa So-ris formaluri mimarTeba ar dairRves:

tyem moisxa foToli. xem moisxa foToli. xem moisxa nayofi. e. i. struqturas qmnis formaTa garkveuli mimarTebani. Tu

es formobrivi mimarTebebi ar Seicvala, Semadgenel elementTa cvla struqturas ar daarRvevs; yvela varianti struqturulad identuria. struqturis elementebs aqvT TavianTi ganawilebis wesebi. `faqtobrivad struqtura warmoadgens garkveul adgil-Ta mimarTebas da es adgilebi molaparakes survilisamebr SeuZ-lia Seavsos sxvadasxva konkretuli erTeuliT. mocemuli sasru-li raodenobis struqturebiT SegviZlia SevadginoT winadadeba-Ta usasrulo raodenoba~ (T. gamyreliZe).

sistema da qvesistema. ena erTiani sistemaa. am erTiani sistemis yoveli calkeuli nawili, romelic TavisTavad, aseve sistemuri agebulebisaa, SeiZleba moviazroT, rogorc am enob-rivi sistemis qvesistema.

roca vsaubrobT qarTuli enis sistemaze, misi TiToeuli ubani, vTqvaT zmna, saxeli, qmnis qvesistemas, Tumca zogjer saub-roben zmnis sistemaze, saxelis sistemaze.

aseve: roca saubroben enisa da dialeqtis urTierTmimar-Tebaze, dialeqts ganixilaven erTiani enobrivi sistemis nairsa-xeobad _ qvesistemad.

aseve: ramdenadac qarTuli ena aris erTiani sistema, misi istoriuli nairsaxeobani _ Zveli qarTuli, saSuali qarTuli, axali qarTuli _ moiazreba qvesistemebad.

Tumca zogjer terminebi _ sistema, qvesistema _ pirobiT xa-siaTs iZens. ramdenadac sistema moiazreba erTmaneTTan mizez-Se-degobrivad SekavSirebul erTeulTa erTobad, zmnaze saubrisas


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msjeloben zmnis sistemaze, saxelze msjelobisas _ saxelis siste-maze. Sesabamisad, am `sistemis~ nawili gaiazreba qvesistemad; mag., piris niSanTa qvesistema. Tumca, roca msjelobisas sagania piris niSnebi da ara mTlianad zmna, saubroben `piris niSanTa sistemaze~, `subieqturi mesame piris niSanTa sistemaze~ da a. S.

rogorc Cans, morfologiuri analizisas am pirobiTobas ver avcdebiT. am SemTxvevaSi sistemiT saxeldeba enobrivi ele-mentebisa gulisxmobs, rom ganxilvis sagania sistemurad SekavSi-rebuli enobrivi erTeulebi sxva rigis elementTa gauTvaliswi-neblad; qvesistemad saxeldeba elementTa erTobisa xdeba maSin, roca es erToba ganixileba sxva rigis enobrivi faqtebis gaTva-liswinebiT.

sxva magaliTi: megruli aris qvesistema (nairsaxeoba) zanu-ri enobrivi sistemisa, magram i. yifSiZis monografiaSi (`megru-li enis gramatika~) igi sistemad moiazreba, radgan ar xdeba am sistemis warmodgenisas gaTvaliswineba sxva qvesistemisa (am Se-mTxvevaSi Wanurisa). arn. Ciqobavas monografiaSi (`Wanuris gra-matikuli analizi~) Wanuri ganixileba rogorc qvesistema (nair-saxeoba) erTiani enobrivi sistemisa _ zanurisa, ramdenadac xdeba am sistemis sxva qvesistemis (megrulis) gaTvaliswinebac.

I. 3. morfologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi. morfologiis erT-

erTi ZiriTadi cneba aris sityva, romelic aucileblad aris warmodgenili raime formiT.

sityva aris leqsikuri mniSvnelobis mqone umciresi enob-rivi erTeuli. enobriv movlenaTa ierarqiaSi sityvaze mcire er-Teuli aris morfema, ufro msxvili erTeuli _ winadadeba. si-tyva Sedgeba morfemebisagan; Tavis mxriv, sityva Sedis winadade-bis SemadgenlobaSi.

sityva SeiZleba daiSalos Semadgenel morfemebad. morfema aris gramatikis ZiriTadi erTeuli, romelic mo-

rfologiur doneze ar daiyofa _ is umciresi morfologiuri elementia.

formalur struqturaSi garCeulia gramatikuli da leqsi-kuri (Zireuli) morfemebi. gramatikulia morfema, romelic ga-moxatavs srulmniSvnelobian sityvebs Soris mimarTebebs, grama-tikul kategoriebs, an awarmoebs axal sityvebs. gramatikuli


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morfemebi _ igive afiqsebi _ damoukideblad ar arseboben; maT damokidebul morfemebsac uwodeben.

gramatikuli morfema sityvaSi SeiZleba nulovani saxiT (nulovani alomorfiT) iyos warmodgenili (ar iyos gamoxatu-li).

sityvis birTvs qmnis Zireuli morfema. masTan aris dakavSi-rebuli sityvis leqsikuri mniSvneloba. morfema morfologiuri struqturis agebaSi monawileobs rogorc damoukidebeli ele-menti. igi xasiaTdeba sakuTari formobrivi TvisobiTa da qmede-bis unariT.

morfemis Tvisoba _ morfemiseuli xmovnis fonetikuri cvlis unari. mag.: xat-av-s _ xat-v-a, -av aris morfema, romlis Tvisobac aris gaxmovanebis nulTan monacvleoba; awv-en-s _ da-awv-in-a, en morfemis Tvisoba e- xmovnis i-sTan monacvleobaa. akeT-eb-s _ -eb morfemis Tvisobaa gaxmovanebis ucvleloba.

morfemis qmedeba _ morfemis unari, cvalos im morfemis (Zireulis Tu afiqsuris) gaxmovaneba, romelsac daerTvis: mov-kal _ mo-kl-a -a morfemis qmedebis Sedegia winamavali morfemi-seuli xmovnis reduqcia.

morfemis Tvisoba da qmedeba vlindeba sxva morfemebTan mi-marTebisas.

gramatikuli morfema igivea, rac formanti anu afiqsi (qarTuli terminiT _ sarTi).

afiqsebi Zireul morfemasTan mimarTebiT sami saxisaa: pre-fiqsi anu TavsarTi, sufiqsi anu bolosarTi da infiqsi.

prefiqsia sityvis birTvis _ Zireuli morfemis _ win mdgomi afiqsi; sufiqsia _ Zireuli morfemis momdevno afiqsi.

v-i-keT-eb-T formaSi v- da i- prefiqsebia (anu TavsarTi); -eb, -T sufiqsebia (anu bolosarTi).

infiqsi _ afiqsi, romelic gaTiSavs da CaerTvis Zireul morfemas, zogadad araa damaxasiaTebeli qarTulisaTvis. ramde-nime SemTxvevaSi metaTezisis Sedegad fuZeSi gadanacvlebuli sufiqsuri elementi SeiZleba infiqsad ganvixiloT: x-v-n-a : xn-av-s xn-v-a xvn-a; na-v-x-e v-nax-e da sxv.

saxelur sityvawarmoebaSi gamoiyofa prefiqs-sufiqsuri warmoeba, roca prefiqssa da sufiqss cal-calke funqcia ar ga-aCnia _ saerTo funqcia aqvs: me-xuT-e, u-did-es-i... si-yvar-


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ul-i... m-Seneb-el-i... prefiqs-sufiqss erTad konfiqss (an cir-kumfiqss) uwodeben.

fuZe _ morfologiis ZiriTadi cnebaa. fuZe Cveulebriv ganimarteba ori TvalsazrisiT: leqsikuri mniSvnelobiT da formobrivi mniSvnelobiT.

pirveli TvalsazrisiT, fuZe aris sityvis is Semadgeneli nawili, romelTanac dakavSirebulia leqsikuri mniSvneloba.

formobrivi TvalsazrisiT, fuZe permanentulad cvladi monacemia; igi ganimarteba, rogorc sayrdeni formaTa sistemi-saTvis. Sesabamisad: erTi da imave sityvis sxvadasxva formobrivi sistemisaTvis fuZe sxvadasxva SeiZleba iyos.

mal-av-s u-mal-av-s u-mal-av-d-a u-mal-av-d-e-s yvela safexurze xazgasmuli monakveTi fuZea; TiToeuli maTgani sxvadasxva formobrivi sistemisaTvis aris sayrdeni: pirveli sa-fexuri _ mal-av- awmyos mwkrivis formobrivi sayrdenia; meore _ sayrdenia imave mwkrivis saobieqto qcevis formaTaTvis, mesame _ uwyvetlis formaTaTvis da a. S.

saxelis SemTxvevaSi viTareba ufro martivia: vsaubrobT mxolobiTis fuZeze (kac-i, mama...) da mravlobiTis fuZeze (kac-eb-i, kac-n-i...).

morfologiuri analizis miznis Sesabamisad, rogorc iTqva, fuZe SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos, magram yvela SemTxvevisaTvis saxe-lisaTvis fuZeSi ar Sedis brunvis niSnebi (kac-i, kac-ad...); zmni-saTvis _ pirisa da ricxvis niSnebi (v-ar-T, x-ar-T, ar-i-an...).

saxelisaTvis fuZe SeiZleba iyos martivi: kac-i, kedel-i, mama, wyaro...

warmoqmnili: kac-ur-i, sa-kac-e, u-mam-o, mam-obriv-i... rTuli: deda-kac-i, Zal-gul-ovan-i... fonetikuri struqturis mixedviT _ sruli da arasruli

(SekumSuli an Sekvecili): srulia _ kedel-i, mama... arasrulia _ kedl-is, mam-is... zmnisaTvis _ martiv fuZes vuwodebT im nawils zmnuri

formisas, romelic saerToa zmnis sruli paradigmis yvela wev-risaTvis: xat-av-s _ xat-av-d-a _ da-xat-a _ da-u-xat-av-s...

martivi fuZe _ pirobiTi terminia: SedgenilobiT igi Se-iZleba iyos warmoqmnili an rTuli _ a-gul-ian-eb-s, did-kac-ob-s; an etimologiurad ar iyo martivi dr-ek-s _ (Sdr. Zv.


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qarT.: Sev-der-k...). zmnuri sistemisaTvis yvela es varianti (gu-lian-, didkac-, drek-) martivad gaiazreba, ramdenadac zmnis sruli paradigmis yvela wevrisaTvis saerTo sayrdeni monacemia.

zmnisaTvis _ rTulia yvela is varianti fuZisa, romlis martivi fuZec garTulebulia zmnuri sityva- Tu formawarmoe-biTi elementiT xat-av-s, xat-av-d-e-s, da-u-xat-av-s...

zmnis fuZec SeiZleba iyos sruli da arasruli. srulia _ mo-v-kal, gav-Wer, dav-wer-e, arasrulia _ mo-

kl-a, ga-Wr-a, da-wer-a ( da-wer-e-a) fuZis im nairsaxeobas, romelic sayrdenia I an II seriis

formaTaTvis, Tema hqvia (terminic da cnebac a. SaniZes ekuT-vnis); zmnas aqvs I seriis Tema (a-keT-eb-s, drek-s...) da II seriis Tema (a-keT-a, mo-drik-a...). Tu I seriis fuZe (e. i. Tema) gansxva-vebulia II seriis fuZisagan (Temisagan), aseT zmnebs orTemianebs vuwodebT. warmodgenili orive zmna orTemiania; erT SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba rTuli da martivi Tema (keT-eb _ keT), meore SemTxvevaSi _ sxvadasxva gaxmovanebis fuZeebi (drek _ drik); aris erTTemiani zmnebic _ roca orive seriaSi er-Tgvari Tema gvaqvs (wer...). (Temis sakiTxi specifikuria III seri-aSi. amis Taobaze qvemoT visaubrebT).

erTi mwkrivis formaTaTvis sayrden fuZes mwkrivis fuZes uwodeben; mwkrivis fuZea keTdebode-s (I kavSirebiTisaTvis) an xat-o-s (II kavSirebiTisTvis)...

gramatikul literaturaSi gamoiyeneba cneba Zirisa. `Ziri ar ganekuTvneba enis realuri funqcionirebis sferos; e. i. Ziri uSualod ar funqcionirebs enaSi da funqcionirebas iwyebs mxolod mas Semdeg, rac igi fuZis SemadgenlobaSi Seva. enisa-Tvis moqmedi (`cocxali~) elementi fuZea da ara Ziri. Ziri ab-strahirebuli cnebaa, im rigis wminda monacemia, romelic mxo-lod `laboratoriuli wesiT~ miiReba~ (b. jorbenaZe). amgvari gaazrebiT zustad ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros Ziris raoba: igi zogjer emTxveva fuZes, sxvadasxva gagebiT warmodgenils (mag.: keT, wer...), zogjer mxolod `istoriuli monacemia, Teoriu-lad dasaSvebi SesaZlebloba da ara Tanamedrove enis faqti. ase magaliTad, a-naT-eb-s formaSi Zirad ivaraudeba -T-, xolo na- Zirs mixorcebuli prefiqsia. es -T- ki arc klasikur da arc Ta-namedrove qarTulSi araviTar urTierTmimarTebaSi ar Sedis da,


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bunebrivia, arc raime leqsikuri mniSvneloba moepoveba. igi wminda abstraqcias warmoadgens; elements, romelic gamoyofi-lia da ganyenebuli naT-el-i _ a-Ten-eb-s _ a-Tev-s _ gan-Ti(v)-ad-i (*gan-Tev-ad-i) formebis Sedareba-Sepirispirebis safuZ-velze~ (b. jorbenaZe).

I. 4. morfemaTa funqciuri klasifikacia. funqciuri

TvalsazrisiT morfemebi SeiZleba daiyos sam jgufad: a) morfemebi, romlebic monawileoben fuZis formobriv Se-

nebaSi (moqmedi afiqsebi arian), magram ar cvlian sityvis mniS-vnelobas arc gramatikuli da arc leqsikuri TvalsazrisiT. am tipis morfemebad SeiZleba ganvixiloT e. w. Temis niSnebi:

Cex-a da Cex-av-s -av morfemas formaSi ara aqvs arc gramatikuli da arc

leqsikuri mniSvneloba. SesaZlebelia, istoriulad mas hqonda amgvari mniSvneloba,

anda dResac aqvs CvenTvis SeumCneveli funqcia, magram dRevande-li morfologiuri analizis doneze CvenTvis misaRebia Tvalsaz-risi, rom ar visaubroT am SemTxvevaSi sufiqsis gramatikul Tu leqsikur mniSvnelobaze.

b) meore jgufSi SeiZleba gaerTiandnen morfemebi, romle-bic cvlian sityvis gramatikul mniSvnelobas. es iqneba saxelisa-Tvis brunvisa da ricxvis niSnebi: kac-i, kac-ma, kac-s... kac-eb-i, kac-n-i...

zmnisaTvis _ piris niSnebi, ricxvis niSnebi, mwkrivis niSne-bi... mag.: v-wer, wer-s, wer-en... v-wer-e v-wer-o...

g) mesame jgufSi Seva morfemebi, romlebic cvlian sityvis leqsikur mniSvnelobas:

kac-ur-i kac-i sa-kac-e kac-oba zmnisaTvis es jgufi gacilebiT rTuli iqneba: aq Semova

qcevis, gvaris, kontaqtis... niSnebi: a-keTebs, i-keTebs... akeTeb-in-ebs... keT-d-eba... (Tumca am afiqsTa funqciebis Sesaxeb arsebobs gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebi).


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I. 5. morfemaTa ganawilebis Tanrigebi. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria afiqsuri morfemis mimarTeba Zireul morfemasTan, SeiZleba gamoiyos afiqsur morfemaTa sami Tanrigi:

a) morfemebi, romlebic uSualod mierTvian Zireul mo-rfemas (`martiv fuZes~): saxelebSi _ ricxvis niSani, sityvaT-warmomqmneli afiqsebi...

mag.: kac-eb-i, kac-n-i... kac-ur-i, sa-kac-e zmnebSi _ xmovanprefiqsebi, e. w. gvaris niSnebi _ -d, -n

-en (Zveli qarTulisaTvis)... mag.: a-keT-eb-s, u-keT-eb-s... keT-d-eb-a... gan-Wapuk-n-eb-is mimRebisa Tu masdaris mawarmoeblebi: na-tex-i, sa-wer-i... da

misTanani.

b) morfemebi, romlebic uSualod ar mierTvian Zireul mo-rfemas:

Tandebulebi: dedas-Tan, ded-is-ken... uwyvetlis mwkrivis niSani: v-wer-d-i, v-tir-od-i... nawilakebi: deda-s-a-c, kac-i-Ra da misTanani. g) morfemebi, romlebic mierTvian rogorc Zireul morfe-

mas, aseve afiqsur morfemebs. anu: romelTaTvisac sayrdeni SeiZ-leba iyos rogorc Zireuli, ise afiqsuri morfemebi:

brunvis niSnebisaTvis sayrdenia rogorc Zireuli (kac-i, kac-ma, kac-s...), ise sufiqsuri morfemebi (kac-eb-i, kac-eb-ma, kac-eb-s...)

aseve: kac-ebr-i da kac-isebr-i. zmnisaTvis _ v-wer da v-a-wer, v-i-wer; anda: wer-s da wer-

d-e-s da misTanani. I. 6. morfemaTa daniSnuleba da mniSvneloba. daniSnule-

bis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos morfemaTa sami jgufi: mimarTebi-Ti, warmomqmneli da damazustebeli morfemebi.

a) mimarTebiTi morfemebia is morfemebi, romlebic gamoxa-taven mimarTebas winadadebis romelime wevrisadmi.

saxelis sistemaSi mimarTebiTi morfemebia brunvis niSnebi: kac-i, kac-ma, kac-s...


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zmnis sistemaSi mimarTebiTad ganixileba pirisa da ricxvis niSnebi: wer-s, wer-en (isini).

mimarTebiTad ganixileba e. w. deiqturi xmovani prefiqsebi: a-q, i-q, a-ase, i-se...

am rigis movlenasTan aTanabreben zmnur xmovanprefiqsebs a-wers, i-wers, u-wers (b. jorbenaZe).

b) warmomqmneli morfemebia is morfemebi, romlebic war-moqmnian axal fuZes da ar arian damokidebuli winadadebis sxva wevrebis formasa Tu mniSvnelobaze.

warmomqmneli morfemebi cvlian sityvis leqsikur an grama-tikul mniSvnelobas. leqsikuri mniSvnelobis cvlis magaliTebia:

wigni _ wign-ian-i, wign-ier-i, u-wign-ur-i... balaxi _ a-balax-eb-s. balax-ob-s...

g) damazustebel morfemebad miiCneva Tandebulebi, nawi-lakebi:

saxli _ saxl-Tan, saxli-c... morfemebma SeiZleba icvalon daniSnuleba: erT SemTxvevaSi

samimarTebo morfema sxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba warmomqmnel mo-rfemad mogvevlinos:

kac-ad maSin xar saqebi... -ad samimarTebo morfemaa. eri gul-ad-i, pur-ad-i... -ad warmomqmneli morfemaa _

leqsikur mniSvnelobas awarmoebs. mniSvnelobis mixedviT morfemaTa klasifikacia ufro

rTulia da mravalferovani. saxelis sistemaSi daniSnulebis mixedviT mimarTebiTi mo-

rfema mniSvnelobis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos brunvis niSani, ri-cxvis niSani; warmomqmneli morfema mniSvnelobis mixedviT SeiZ-leba iyos mqoneblobis, uqonlobis da sxva.

zmnis sistemaSi mimarTebiTi daniSnulebis morfemebi mniS-vnelobiT SeiZleba iyos piris niSani, ricxvis niSani... warmo-mqmneli morfemebi _ qcevisa, gvarisa...

mag.: kac-ma; -ma daniSnulebiT mimarTebiTi afiqsia, mniSvne-lobiT _ moTxrobiTi brunvis niSani.

wer-s _ s- daniSnulebiT mimarTebiTi afiqsia, mniS-vnelobiT _ mesame subieqturi piris niSani.


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gul-ian-i _ -ian daniSnulebiT warmomqmneli afiqsia, mniSvnelobiT _ mqoneblobisa. awer-in-eb-s _ -in daniSnulebiT warmomqmneli afiqsia, mniSvnelobiT _ kauzativisa...

faqtia, sxvadasxva morfemas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs: kac-s uTxra da kac-iT amayobs _ am magaliTebSi -s da -iT mo-rfemebi sxvadasxva mimarTebebs gamoxataven, magram SesaZlebelia moxdes maTi mniSvnelobebis damTxveva:

dila-s movida da dil-iT movida _ am SemTxvevaSi -s da -iT morfemaTa mniSvnelobebi neitralizebulia.

msgavsi magaliTebi zmnur sistemaSic SeiZleba daiZebnos (waxd-en-a da waxd-om-a...).

I. 7. morfemoidebi anu modaluri elementebi. morfolo-

giis ZiriTadi cnebebia, rogorc iTqva, sityva, morfema... enaSi gvxvdeba agreTve damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone is forme-bic, romlebic sxvadasxva konkretul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamo-yenebul iqnen Tandebulebis, nawilakebis an meSveli zmnis daniS-nulebiT.

win damoukidebeli mniSvnelobiT ixmareba: megobrebo, win, win gaswiT!... Tandebulis mniSnelobiT gamoiyeneba: saxlis win Caiara... aseve: unda, aris formebs damoukidebeli mniSvneloba aqvs: mas unda TamaSi; igi aq aris... nawilakis (an meSveli zmnis) daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba igi-

ve sityvebi: unda gavakeTo... is Cemi megobari aris (megobaria)... morfemis daniSnulebiT gamoyenebuli warmoSobiT aramor-

femuli (damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone) elementebi iwodeba morfemoidebad.

morfemoidebad gaiazreba agreTve modaluri elementebi: unda, iqneb, xolme, Turme...

unda wavide... iqneb movides... ambobs xolme... Turme dauweria...


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I. 8. sityvis daSla. sityvis analizis mizniT SeiZleba si-tyva davSaloT. yovelgvar analizs aqvs Tavisi mizani _ risi dadgena gvsurs, risTvis vaxdenT daSlas.

sityvis daSlisas unda gamoiyos fuZe da mawarmoebeli mo-rfemebi. ramdenadac fuZe permanentulad cvladi monacemia, ana-lizis dros vsaubrobT im fuZeze, ra saxis analizsac vaxdenT. Tu vsaubrobT ama Tu im mwkrivis formaTa Sesaxeb, fuZed miviC-nevT am mwkrivisaTvis sayrden fuZes: v-a-keT-eb-d-e; am SemTxveva-Si gamoiyofa fuZe keTebd da formanti -e. zmnuri formis mdgomareobs analizisas gamoiyofa fuZe mdgomare da morfemebi -ob da -s. TavisTavad mdgomare rTuli Sedgenilobis monacemia, magram analizis am konkretuli miznisaTvis igi erTi morfolo-giuri odenobaa, iseve rogorc kac formisaTvis _ kac-ob-s. Se-sabamisad, Tu Cven vsaubrobT mdgomare mimReobis Sesaxeb, am Se-mTxvevaSi sawarmoebeli (sayrdeni) fuZe iqneba dgom, m-are ma-warmoebeli afiqsebi; masdaris analizis SemTxvevaSi daiSleba dgoma formac _ dg-om-a.

viTvaliswinebT imas, rom morfologia swavlobs formis cvlilebas. formobrivi cvlilebis Sedegad, rogorc viciT, ic-vleba sityvis an gramatikuli, an leqsikuri mniSvneloba. swo-red es gansazRvravs morfologiuri analizis mizans. magaliTad: saanalizo formaa cxenosani. Tu Cveni mizania gramatikuli mniS-vnelobis cvlilebis gamorkveva, am SemTxvevaSi fuZed gamoiyofa cxenosan, mawarmoebelia -i. am SemTxvevaSi igi Seudardeba brun-vaTa sxva formebs (cxenosan-ma, cxenosan-s...). Tu analizis miza-nia leqsikuri mniSvnelobis cvlilebis Seswavla, igive forma ase daiSleba: cxen-osan-i da Seudardeba cxen fuZisagan warmo-qmnil sxva sityvebs: cxen-ian-i, u-cxen-o...

I. 9. morfemaTa relacia. yovel morfemas Tavisi statusi

aqvs. morfemaTa statusis dadgena sxva morfemebTan mimarTebis mixedviT xdeba. erTsa da imave formaSi erTsa da imave elements SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva statusi hqondes imisda mixedviT, Tu ra paradigmis wevria. magaliTad: formaSi Sind-is -is formantis


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funqcia formawarmoebiTia (brunvis niSania), roca igi paradig-maSi miemarTeba (da enacvleba) brunvis niSnebs _ -i, -ma, -s...

Sind-i Sind-ma Sind-s Sind-is -is morfemis funqcia sityvawarmoebiTia, roca igi miemar-

Teba sityvawarmoebiT -el, -ur morfemebs:

Sind-is-i Sid-el-i (// Sind-is-el-i) Sind-ur-i (// Sind-is-ur-i)

semantikuri analizis dros SesaZlebelia visaubroT mo-rfemaTa semantikur relaciaze, magaliTad:

mqonebloba _ uqonloba wign-ian-i _ uwign-o: sagnobrivi, fizikuri mniSvneloba. wign-ier-i _ uwign-ur-i: Tvisobrivi, Sinagani mniSvnelo-

ba. I. 10. fuZis Senebis (agebis) ori principi. vTqviT, fuZe

(formobrivadac da funqciuradac) unda ganimartos im urTier-TmimarTebaTa mixedviT, romlebsac igi amyarebs struqturis Se-madgenel sxva elementebTan. aqedan gamomdinare, unda dadgindes is urTierTmimarTebani, romlebic fuZis statuss qmnian.

ramdenadac fuZe permanentulad cvladi monacemia, Cveu-lebrivi movlenaa erTi romelime fuZisagan axali fuZis warmo-qmna. erTi da imave martivi fuZisagan (am SemTxvevaSi Zirisagan) SeiZleba vawarmooT mravali fuZe:

a-keT-a _ a-keT-eb-s _ ga-keT-eb-ul-i _ sa-keT-eb-el-i da sxva...

imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria urTierTmimarTeba erTi da imave martivi fuZisagan warmoebuli fuZeebisa mizez-Sedegobrivi TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba visaubroT fuZeTa warmoebis or prin-cipze:

1) SesaZlebelia, erTi fuZe iyos amosavali (sayrdeni) meo-risaTvis, meore _ mesamisaTvis da a. S. anu: erTi fuZe srulad ganmeordes meore fuZeSi, meore _ mesameSi da a. S.:

a-keT-a a-keT-eb-s a-keT-eb-d-a


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aseTi jaWvuri principiT erTmaneTze agebuli fuZeebi enaSi xSirad sakmaod mravalricxovania. fuZeTa warmoebis am princips vuwodebT fuZeTa warmoebis xazovan princips.

arsebobs fuZeTa warmoebis meore principi _ Canacvlebis principi. am SemTxvevaSi erTi fuZe ki ar aris sayrdeni (amosava-li) meore fuZisaTvis, aramed orive maTgans aqvs saerTo sayrde-ni fuZe:

ga-keT-eb-ul-i a-keTeb-s sa-keT-eb-el-i

akeTebs da gasakeTebeli, erTi mxriv, akeTebs da sakeTebe-li _ meore mxriv xazovani principiT miemarTeba erTmaneTs, xo-lo gakeTebuli da sakeTebeli _ Canacvlebis principiT.

erTi da imave martivi fuZisagan (am SemTxvevaSi Zirisagan) warmoebul formaTa sqemaze fuZeebi Cveulebriv an erTi princi-piT miemarTeba erTmaneTs, an _ meore principiT. magaliTi erTi zmnuri ZirisaTvis:

m-keT-eb-el-i

ga-keT-eb-ul-i a-keT-eb-d-a a-keT-eb-d-e-s

a-keT-a a-keT-eb-s ga-a-keT-eb-in-a a-keT-eb-in-eb-s ga-keT-d-a keT-d-eb-a keT-d-eb-od-a... keT-il-i u-keT-ur-i a-u-keT-ur-eb-s horizontaluri mimdevrobiT warmodgenili fuZeebi er-

TmaneTs xazovani principiT miemarTeba, vertikaluri rigebiT warmodgenili fuZeebi _ Canacvlebis principiT. am sqemis mixed-viT akeTebdes da keTdeboda erTimeores uSualod ar miemarTe-ba. am sqemidan formaTa ganviTarebis dinamika ase SeiZleba gamo-vweroT:

a-keT-a a-keT-eb-s a-keT-eb-d-a a-keT-eb-d-e-s ga-keT-d-a keT-d-eb-a keT-d-eb-od-a...


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SeniSvna: am SemTxvevaSi zmniswinsa da xmovanprefiqsebs mwkrivis fuZis elementad ar ganvixilavT.

sqemebSi warmodgenili yvela fuZe aris sayrdeni formaTa

garkveuli sistemisaTvis: mwkrivis paradigmisaTvis (mag.: akeT-a, akeTebd-a...), an brunebis paradigmisaTvis (mag.: sakeTebel-i...)

SeiZleba Segvxvdes SemTxvevebi, rom esa Tu is safexuri fuZeTa ganviTarebis dinamikaSi ar Candes sayrdeni konkretuli paradigmisaTvis... mag.:

dg-om-a m-dg-om-i deg dg-om sa-dg-om-i na-dg-om-i

mesame rigis formebi urTierTCanacvlebadi fuZeebia; maT-Tvis saerTo amosavali (sayrdeni) fuZe aris dg-om, Tumca es fuZe damoukideblad ar aris sayrdeni formaTa sistemisaTvis. dg-om tipis fuZes faruli fuZe ewodeba.

I. 11. `faruli fuZis~ principi. e. i. faruli aris fuZe,

romelic uSualod ar aris sayrdeni formaTa sistemisaTvis; mi-sgan iwarmoeba axali fuZe, romelic ukve sayrdeni xdeba forma-Ta sistemisaTvis. enaSi gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca romelime warmoebuli forma amosavlad varaudobs garkveul formas (fuZes), romelic damoukidebliv enaSi ar aris realizebuli (ar ixmareba). magaliTad, sa-dgur-i amosavlad varaudobs dg-ur- fuZes, romelic damoukidebliv enaSi ar ixmareba. aseve: `modernizebuli~ agebulebiT mimReobaa, nazmnari saxelia, daiS-leba ase: modernizeb-ul-i, sadac -ul mimReobis mawarmoebelia. mimReoba amosavlad zmnur fuZes varaudobs, aseTi fuZe unda yofiliyo a-moderniz-eb-s (a- dieqturi nawilaki, formanti, mo-derniz- nasesxebi Ziri, -eb Temis niSani), magram qarTulisaTvis ucnobia amgvari zmnuri fuZe. igi mxolod `saSen masalad~ aris gamoyenebuli. `dg-ur~, `moderniz-eb~ monacemebs pirobiTad fa-rul fuZeebs vuwodebT. wesi aseTia: faruli fuZe aucileblad monawileobs ama Tu im formis agebaSi, magram damoukidebliv enaSi ar aris xmarebuli.


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I. 12. gramatikuli mniSvneloba da leqsikuri mniSvnelo-ba. sityva icvleba orgvarad: leqsikuri mniSvnelobiT da grama-tikuli mniSvnelobiT.

leqsikuri mniSvnelobis cvlis SemTxvevaSi icvleba sagnob-rivi mimarTeba:

kac-i da sa-kac-e ori sxvadasxva sagania; anda: kac-ur-i _ Tviseba aRiniSneba... bar-i _ bar-av-s _ ori sxvadasxva movlenaa. leqsikuri mniSvnelobis cvlis dros xdeba sityvawarmoeba.

gramatikuli mniSvnelobis cvlis dros icvleba enobriv monacemTa Soris urTierTmimarTeba; sagnobrivi mimarTeba uc-vleli rCeba:

kac-i (xatavs), kac-ma (daxata), kac-s (dauxatavs)...

anda:

v-xatav (me mas), xatav (Sen mas), xatav-s (is mas)...

gramatikul mniSvnelobaTa cvlis dros xdeba formawarmoe-ba.

I. 13. gramatikul mniSvnelobaTa gamoxatvis saSualebani.

gramatikuli mniSvnelobis gamoxatvis ramdenime saSualeba arse-bobs; igi SeiZleba gamoixatos:

a) specifikuri formantiT (morfemiT): kac-i, kac-ma, kac-s... _ brunvis gramatikuli mniSvneloba gamoixateba brunvis niSne-biT _ -i, -ma, -s...

v-wer, wer-s... _ piris gramatikuli mniSvneloba gamoixate-ba piris niSnebiT _ v-, -s...

b) yalibiT: magaliTisaTvis: moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi gvaris zmnebs ara aqvT specialuri mawarmoeblebi (arsebobs aseTi gage-bac), magram maTi uRlebis paradigmaTa Sedareba dagvanaxebs, rom funqciuri sxvaoba gamoixateba gansxvavebuli yalibebiT:


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moqmedebiTi vnebiTi

v-a-Tb-ob v-a-Tb-ob-d-i v-a-Tb-ob-d-e (ga)-v-a-Tb-e (ga)-v-a-Tb-o (ga)-m-i-Tb-ia (ga)-m-e-Tb-o (ga)-m-e-Tb-o-s

v-Tb-eb-i v-Tb-eb-od-i v-Tb-eb-od-e ga-v-Tb-i ga-v-Tb-e ga-v-mTbar-var ga-v-mTbar-iyavi ga-v-mTbar-iyo

b) fuZis gaorkecebiT: vkece, vkece... iara, iara da...

g) supleturi formebiT (Zireuli morfemebis) monacvleo-biT:

me _ Cven Sen _ Tqven zis _ sxedan ambobs _ ityvis aris _ iqneba _ iyo...

d) konteqstiT (morfosintaqsuri saSualebiT):

kargi warmoCenilia masdaris saxeladi funqcia wera

warmoCenilia masdaris zmnuri funqcia kargad

monaberi _ gamosvliToba sarkmliT damSvenebuli _ Wurviloba

rom mosuliyo dawerda _ pirobiToba... adgeboda, dawerda _ xolmeobiToba... e) aRweriTad, modaluri elementebis gamoyenebiT: unda gavakeTo _ valdebuleba; gauqmebul iqna _ gauqmda... v) fonologiurad (morfonologiuri saSualebiT) _ fuZis

gaxmovanebis cvliT:

v-drek _ v-drik-e, v-Tl-i _ v-Tal-e...


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z) gramatikuli mniSvnelobis gansxvavebis funqcia zog Se-mTxvevaSi SeiZleba itvirTos intonaciam:

_ me gavakeTe. _ Seen? (CakiTxva) _ is mova. _ Sen? (kiTxva _ ar moxval?) gramatikul mniSvnelobaTa gamoxatvis es mravalferovani

SesaZleblobani SeiZleba dayvanili iqnes sam ZiriTad saxeobaze:

1. wminda morfologiuri; 2. morfonologiuri; 3. morfosintaqsuri.

Tumca enaSi am saxeobaTa ase mkveTrad gamijvna ar xdeba. xSiria SemTxveva, roca formaTa erTmaneTisagan ganmasxvaveblad erTdroulad ramdenime gramatikuli saSualeba SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli:

v-drek _ v-drik-e am SemTxvevaSi dapirispireba xdeba morfologiuri (-e) da

morfonologiuri (xmovanmonacvleoba) saSualebebiT. I. 14. mniSvnelobis morfologiuri gamoxatvis nairsaxeo-

bani. enaTmecnierebaSi ZiriTadad gamoyofen enaTa sam morfolo-giur tips, esenia: maizolirebeli, fleqsiuri da aglutinaciu-ri. Tanamedrove interpretaciiT es tipebi ase ganisazRvreba:

`maizolirebelia enebi, romlebSic advilad xorcieldeba s e g m e n t a c i a, anu gamonaTqvamTa danawevreba morfemad, mag-ram Znelia k l a s i f i k a c i a, anu sityvaTa paradigmatuli klasebis gamoyofa.

`fleqsiuria enebi, romlebSic advilia k l a s i f i k a c i a, magram Znelia s e g m e n t a c i a.

`aglutinaciuria enebi, romlebSic advilad xorcieldeba rogorc s e g m e n t a c i a, ise k l a s i f i k a c i a~ (T. gamyreli-Ze...).

segmentacia da klasifikacia Rrma lingvisturi azris Se-mcveli procedurebia:

segmentacia gulisxmobs imas, Tu rogor Seesabameba erTma-neTs morfemebi da is mniSvnelobebi, romlebic maT miewereba; anu _ erT morfemas erTi gramatikuli mniSvneloba Seesabameba Tu ramdenime.


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`klasifikacia gulisxmobs imas, Tu ramdenad qmnian gamoyo-fili morfemebi dapirispirebaTa Sinagan sistemas, rogoria maTi paradigmatuli urTierTmimarTebani~ (T. gamyreliZe).

qarTuli ZiriTadad aglutinaciuri tipis enaa. amitomac, upiratesad, gramatikuli mniSvnelobis gamoxatva aglutinaciu-rad xdeba: erT morfemas erTi gramatikuli mniSvneloba Seesaba-meba, anda erTi gramatikuli mniSvneloba formaSi Sesabamisad erTi morfemiT gadmoicema:

kac-eb-i _ ricxvis gramatikul mniSvnelobas -eb formanti gadmoscems, brunvis gramatikul mniSvnelobas _ -i formanti.

v-wer-T piris gramatikuli mniSvneloba v- prefiqsiT gad-moicema, ricxvis gramatikuli mniSvneloba _ -T sufiqsiT.

Tumca qarTulSi araa iSviaTi gramatikuli mniSvnelobis gadmocema fleqsiurad, roca erTi formanti ramdenime gramati-kul mniSvnelobas iTavsebs:

kac-T(a) _ T(a) formanti gamoxatavs rogorc mravlobiT ricxvs, ise _ irib brunvas;

wer-en _ -en sufiqsi mianiSnebs rogorc subieqtur mesame pirze, ise subieqtis ricxvze (mravlobiTi).

I. 15. paradigma. formaTa simravle SeiZleba dajgufdes da

dalagdes sxvadasxva principiT gansazRvruli wesiT. swored gan-sazRvruli wesiT dalagebul formaTa simravle qmnis paradig-mas.

paradigma SeiZleba iyos semantikuri da gramatikuli. er-Ti da imave semantikis mqone sxvadasxva fuZis mqone sityvaTa ga-rkveuli wesiT SekavSireba-dalageba qmnis semantikur paradig-mas.

ambobs _ ityvis _ Tqva aris _ iqneba _ iyo gramatikuli aris paradigma, romelic erTi da imave

Zireuli morfemebisagan sxvadasxva gramatikuli saSualebebiT warmoebul formaTa simravles qmnis:

wers _ werda _ werdes... kaci _ kacma _ kacs... gramatikulad rTuli forma SeiZleba iyos miRebuli de-

rivaciiT (anu warmoqmniT) da fleqsiiT (anu mimoxriT). Sesaba-


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misad, gramatikuli paradigma SeiZleba iyos derivaciuli da fleqsiuri. dervaciuli paradigmaa:

kac-i sa-kac-e kac-ur-i kac-oba... fleqsiuri paradigmaa: kac-i kac-ma kac-s kac-is... I. 16. morfemaTa gamoyofis principebi. tradiciulad mo-

rfemis gamoyofa xdeba ori pirobis dacviT: a) sityvis cvladi da mdgradi monakveTebis urTierTSefar-

debiT: kac-i kac-i kac-ma qal-i kac-s qar-i... pirvel SemTxvevaSi kac-i ucvlelia, cvladia -i, -ma, -s...

Sesabamisad, gamoiyofa kac- fuZe (fuZiseuli morfema) da -i, -ma, -s... morfemebi.

meore SemTxvevaSi cvladia kac-, qal-, qar-... ucvlelia -i. amis mixedviTac gamoiyofa kac-, qal-, qar- fuZeebi da -i morfe-ma.

b) gamoyofil elements unda hqondes an leqsikuri, an gra-matikuli mniSvneloba. morfema, romelsac leqsikuri mniSvnelo-ba aqvs, fuZiseuli morfemaa, oden- gramatikuli mniSvnelobis mqone morfema _ Cveulebrivi morfema, formanti, afiqsi.

morfema morfologiuri odenobaa, amitomac upirveles yovlisa misi morfologiuri (formobrivi) Tvisebani unda war-moCndes. qarTulSi xerxdeba gamoyofa ramdenime principisa, rom-liTac SesaZlebeli xdeba morfemis morfologiuri (wminda formobrivi) daxasiaTeba. esaa flagitaciis, dispoziciis, dizun-qciis principebi.


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I. 17. flagitaciis principi varaudobs morfemaTa iseT urTierTobas, roca erTi romelime morfema SeeTavseba (ramdeni-me SesaZleblidan) mxolod erT morfemas (da araviTar SemTxve-vaSi _ sxvas). amrigad, flagitacia (laT.: flagitatio `daJinebiTi moTxovna~) erTi morfemis mier meore morfemis daJinebiTi mo-Txovnaa, anu: erTi morfema meore morfemis aucilebel povnie-rebas Seapirobebs.

magaliTad, Sedegobis gamomxatvel (namyo drois saobieqto) mimReobas ori sufiqsi awarmoebs -il da -ul. semantikurad maT Soris araviTari gansxvaveba ar aris, maTi ganawileba wminda formobriv princips emyareba. Sdr.:

Reb-av-s Se-Reb-il-i a-R-eb-s ga-R-eb-ul-i anu: Tu zmnur formaSi gvaqs -eb Temis niSani, mimReobis

sufiqsur mawarmoebelTagan mas mierTveba mxolod da mxolod -ul. Tu fonetikurad imave Sedgenilobis -eb fuZiseuli gamou-nawevrebeli elementia, maSin mimReobis mawarmoebeli iqneba -il. ena zustad asxvavebs am or sxvadasxva -eb elements (Sdr.: ga-R-eb-ul-i da Se-R-eb-il-i, an: Se-kreb-il-i...) (b. jorbenaZe).

flagitaciuri mimarTebaa -i da -od morfemebs Soris uR-vlilebis paradigmaSi (mRer-i-s _ mRer-od-a, Sdr.: mRer-s _ mRer-d-a).

flagitaciis principi moqmedebs moqmedebiTisa da vnebiTis formaTa urTierTimarTebisas:

a-naT-eb-s naT-d-eb-a a-nT-eb-s i-nT-eb-a yalibi a + fuZe + eb SeiTavsebs sufiqsian vnebiTs, Tu

fuZe marcvlovania, prefiqsian vnebiTs _ Tu fuZe umarcvloa. I. 18. dispozicia Tanamimdevrobas, Tanaganlagebas gulis-

xmobs. is faqti, rom nebismier morfemas Tavisi mkacrad gansa-zRvruli adgili aqvs struqturaSi, dispoziciis principis mo-qmedebis Sedegia. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad warmoCndeba materia-lurad identuri, magram semantikurad gansxvavebuli morfemebis Sedarebisas: vnebiTiseuli -d yovelTvis sayrden fuZesa da Te-mis niSans Soris moeqceva (Sen-d-eb-a), xolo uwyvetlis -d yo-velTvis uSualod mosdevs Temis niSans (a-Sen-eb-d-a). dispozici-


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as Tavis mizezi aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi dispoziciis mizezi nairgva-ri sayrdeni fuZis mqoneblobaa: Sen-d-eb-a formisTvis amosava-lia wyvetilis fuZe: a-Sen-d-a Sen-d-eb-a. bunebrivia, -eb mo-eqceoda -d elementis Semdeg. meore SemTxvevaSi sayrdenia aw-myos fuZe: a-Sen-eb-s a-Sen-eb-da.

I. 19. dizunqciis principi gulisxmobs SemTxvevebs, roca

erTi da igive morfema ixamebs xan erT, xan meore morfemas, mag-ram urTierTSenacvlebis gareSe. magaliTad, -av TemisniSniani zmna Sedegobis mniSvnelobis gamomxatvel mimReobas ikeTebs xan -il, xan -ul morfemiT: mal-av-s da-mal-ul-i, magram: nay- av-s da-nay-il-i; dauSvebelia da-mal-il-i, ar gvxvdeba da-nay-ul-i. amgvar ganawilebas Tavisi istoriuli mizezi aqvs: is -av TemisniSniani zmnebi, romlebic mimReobas -il morfemiT iwarmoeben, istoriulad uTemisniSnoni iyvnen: nay-s, xoc-s, rek-s... amrigad, am SemTxvevaSi istorias eweva angariSi, sinqro-niulad ki dizunqciis principis moqmedebaze SegviZlia laparaki.

SeniSvna: aq saliteraturo enis monacemebzea saubari. dia-

leqtur nairsaxeobebs Tavisi mizezi da axsna aqvs.

zemoxsenebuli principebi SesaZloa kombinaciuradac moqme-

debdnen. magaliTad, ga-R-eb-ul-i _ -eb Temis niSani flagita-ciis prinicipis Sesabamisad ixamebs -ul morfemas, magram TviT -ul ki ukve dizunqciurad exameba ara mxolod -eb, aramed, -av, -am da -em Temis niSnebsac.

I. 20. konfiqsi TavsarT-bolosarTis (prefiqsisa da sufiq-sis) erTdrouli gamoyenebaa erTi konkretuli mniSvnelobis ga-mosaxatavad. m-Seneb-el-i, m-dum-are, si-Tb-o, si-xar-ul-i, sa-Cox-e, sa-jar-o... _ konfiqsebiT (m-el, m-ar, si-o, si-ul, sa-e, sa-o...) nawarmoeb formebad miiCneva. formaTa martivi Sepirispireba na-Tels xdis, rom konfiqsur warmoebas sul sxvagvari kvalifika-cia SeiZleba mieces.

Sdr., magaliTad:


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a-m-Seneb-el-i a-sa-Seneb-el-i a-u-Seneb-el-i am formebisaTvis saerTo mawarmoebelia -el; samive mimReo-

baa, nazmnari zedsarTavi, atributivi. imave formebs ganasxvavebs sami sxvadasxva prefiqsis mqoneb-

loba (m-, sa- da u-). bunebrivia, davaskvnaT: a) saerTo mniSvnelobas gamoxatavs saerTo elementi _ su-

fiqsi -el. b) gansxvavebul mniSvnelobebs gamoxataven gansxvavebuli

elementebi m-, sa- da u-. anu: -el awarmoebs mimReobis (nazmnari zedsarTavis) fuZes.

igive -el gvaqvs arqaul `mimGeobebSi~ vrc-el-i, Tx-el-i, grZ-el-i... formebSi. m-, sa da u formantebs sxva, damatebiTi mniS-vneloba SeaqvT imave fuZeSi; kerZod, m- gamoxatavs moqmeds, sa- _ daniSnulebas, u- _ uaryofas.

analogiurad daismis sakiTxi sxva konfiqsebis mimarTac... I. 21. morfemaTa semantikuri informaciulobis sakiTxi-

saTvis. morfema, rogorc wesi, garkveul semantikur informaci-as gamoxatavs. qarTulSi, rogorc aglutinaciuri tipis enaSi, umetesad advilad xerxdeba morfemaTa gamoyofac da maTi mniS-vnelobebis dadgenac.

v-mal-av-T: v- I subieqturi piris morfemaa, -T _ imave pi-ris mravlobiTobis gamomxatveli, mal- fuZiseuli morfemaa, -av _ Temis niSani (I seriis fuZis mawarmoebeli).

asea mravlisagan mraval SemTxvevaSi. SevudaroT axla erTmaneTs ori forma: i-xrC-ob-a _ i-xrC-v-eb-a -v fuZiseuli elementia. naTelia, rom -ob aq utoldeba ara -eb morfemas, aramed

-v-eb kompleqss, romelSic -v amosavali fuZis kuTvnilebaa, anu: -ob `difuzurad~ gamoxatavs im semantikas, romlis gamoxatvac sxva SemTxvevaSi -v-eb kompleqss akisria.

amave rigisaa -o i-y-o formaSi *i-yav-a.


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aqedan gamomdinare, rogor davSaloT `ixrCoba~ an `iyo~ tipis formebi? -ob, -o elementebSi Serwymulia morfemaTa zRvari, es elementebi erTdroulad gvawvdian informacias ro-gorc fuZiseuli elementebis, aseve sakuTriv morfemis Sesaxeb. morfologiuri analizis dros unda gaTvaliswinebul iqnes es momenti.

aqve dadgeba sakiTxi mniSvnelobagauCinarebuli formebis gamoyofis Sesaxebac. rogor unda daiSalos formebi `dRisiT~ (Sdr. `Ram-iT~), wign-i(v)-an-i, gon-i(v)-er-i, om-i(v)-an-oba?

dR-is-iT _ ras mivakuTvnoT -is _ fuZes (dRis-), Tu mo-rfemas (-isiT)?

ratom warmogvidgeba -ian morfemad? -i -iv xom fuZis mawarmoebeli elementia, iseve, rogorc -ier morfemis -i -iv! e. i. gvaqvs warmoebuli fuZe *wign-iv- (faruli fuZe), romel-sac erT SemTxvevaSi mierTvis -an, meore SemTxvevaSi -er morfe-ma. marTalia, wign-iv- damoukideblad ar ixmareba, magram:

a) damoukideblad ar ixmareba arc om-ian-i, arc qal-aC (Sdr. qalaC-una)...

b) gvaqvs formebi, sadac -iv produqtiuli mawarmoebelia: mxr-iv, damoukidebl-iv.

Semdeg: ra klasifikacia unda mieces -ier formants, Tuki viciT, rom garkveul garemocvaSi igi iqceva -ivr monacemad: gon-ivr-ul-ad?

gamoiyos Tu ara -ir elementi stv-ir-i formaSi, Tuki ar-sebobs stv-en-s? -ir araproduqtiulia, magram es ar niSnavs, rom igi morfema ar aris.

I. 22. araproduqtiuli morfemebi. zemoxsenebuli svams

sakiTxs araproduqtiuli morfemebis Sesaxeb, romlebic or jgu-fad nawildebian:

a) iSviaTi xmarebis morfemebi: -iv (mxr-iv), -av (ficxl-av), -ir (stv-ir-i, xS-ir-i, Sdr.: si-xS-o), ne- (ne-rwyv-i, Sdr.: rwy-av-s) da misT.

b) morfemebi, romlebic mxolod fuZis an sxva morfemebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis, magram formaTa Sedarebisas mainc calke elementebad gamoiyofa (Sdr.: qal-i _ qal-aC-un-a da kac-un-a)...


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I. 23. nasesxebi morfemebi. nasesxeb morfemaTa gamoyofis principi: morfema gamoiyofa maSin, Tuki damoukidebliv iqna ga-moyenebuli sxva fuZesTan. magaliTad, -ist gamoiyofa imitom, rom dasaSvebia ful-ist-i. magram fostalion-i formaSi ar gamoiyofa -lion elementi, radgan igi mTlianad nasesxebia si-tyvasTan erTad. amasTan dakavSirebiT gasarkvevi xdeba:

a) nasesxeb sityvaTa klasifikaciis principi: sesxeba sityvis enaSi Semosvlis faqtia, magram moxvdeba ra enaSi, igi ukve am enis kuTvnileba xdeba Tavisi fonetikuri da gramatikuli iersa-xiT. `sesxeba~ _ wminda enaTmecnieruli kvalifikaciaa, ontolo-giurad (sakuTriv enaSi) nasesxebi sityva arafriT gamoirCeva sxva, aranasesxebi, sityvebisagan.

b) fosta da fostalion-i _ orive nasesxebi sityvaa, mag-ram fonetikurad ise cvlili, rom arsebiTad gansxvavdeba Tavisi pirvandeli saxisagan. `fosta~ aSkarad gaqarTulda (iseve, ro-gorc, vTqvaT, `lursmani~ arab.: `musmar~) da es gaqarTule-buli forma aris sityvaSi fosta-lion-i. gvaqvs ki SesaZle-bloba nasesxebi sufiqsis kvalifikacia mivceT am SemTxvevaSi -lion elements?..

nasesxebi formantebi qarTulSi sakmaodaa: magaliTad, -nair (am-nair-i...), zogi kninobiTi sufiqsi, -ist, anti- (maristi, anti-saxelmwifoebrivi) da sxva.

I. 24. fonetikuri da morfologiuri faqtorebis urTi-

erTmimarTebisaTvis. morfologiis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas gverds ver avuvliT fonetikas, fonetikur cvlilebebs; iseve, rogorc ver moxdeba sintaqsuri faqtorebis ignorireba (zog SemTxvevaSi sintaqsuri principi morfologiur faqtTa klasifi-kaciis safuZveli xdeba; mag., metyvelebis nawilTa tradiciuli klasifikacia, brunebis problemebis ganxilva _ raoba, dalageba; seriebad dayofa mwkrivebisa da sxva).

morfologia da sintaqsi enaTmecnierebis erTi dargis ori nawilia da amiT SeiZleba aixsnas es Sepirobebuloba; fonetika-fonologia ki calke dargia enaTmecnierebisa. miuxedavad amisa, imdenad mWidroa kavSiri fonetikasa da morfologias Soris, rom zogjer gramatikis kursSi fonetikac SeaqvT, rogorc au-cilebeli nawili (ix. mag.: a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZ-


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vlebi, Tb., 1953, gv. 7-30). cxadia, aq igulisxmeba mxolod fone-tikuri sistema qarTuli enisa da ZiriTadi fonetikuri proce-sebi; Tumca aqvea miTiTeba, rom fonetika da gramatika sxvadas-xva dargia enaTmecnierebisa (gv. 1).

sityvaSi fonetikuri cvlilebebis mosaxdenad aucilebelia Sesabamisi garemo _ pozicia da cvlilebis momxdeni faqtoris mqonebloba. cxadia, amaTgan erT-erTi faqtoris arseboba ar iq-neba sakmarisi fonetikuri cvlilebebisaTvis, magram fonetikuri cvlileba SeiZleba ar moxdes maSinac, roca es orive piroba ar-sebobs _ pozicia da cvlilebis momxdeni faqtoric; amis mize-zi SeiZleba iyos is, rom fonetikurma cvlilebam morfologias gauwios angariSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, fonetikuri procesi morfologiurad unda iyos nebadarTuli, ar unda iyos morfo-logiurad akrZaluli.

ramdenime konkretuli magaliTi: fuZeTa erTi nawili zmnis sistemaSi dasturdeba sxvadasxva gaxmovanebiT: s-dev-s / s-di(v)-a, Tvlem-s / Ca-Tvlim-a, i-lxen-s / moi-lxin-a. isini ganixileba er-Timeoris fonetikur variantebad: i xmovniani fuZe aris redu-cirebuli variantebi e-xmovniani fuZisa. roca gvaqvs i- xmovnia-ni varianti, aucileblad gveqneba e > i fonetikuri procesis gamomwvevi momdevno xmovani (cvlilebis momxdeni faqtori). wesi piruku ar moqmedebs. SeiZleba fuZes daerTodes xmovani (cvli-lebis momxdeni faqtori), magram e gaxmovanebiT iyos warmodge-nili: m-dev-ar-i, m-Tvlem-are, mo-lxen-a... am da msgavs magaliTeb-Si fuZiseuli xmovnis sareduqcio poziciac aris da mareduci-rebeli faqtoric, ra xdeba? saqmeSi morfologia Caeria: e/i xmovanTa dapirispirebis morfologizacia moxda.

zmnaTa ZiriTad nawilSi I da II seriis fuZeTa dapirispire-bisaTvis Temis niSani aris gamoyenebuli. amave morfologiuri daniSnulebiT enam am tipis zmnebSi e/ i xmovanmonacvleoba gamo-iyena. e-xmovniani fuZe I seriis kuTvnilebad iqca, i-xmovniani _ II seriisa (xmovanTa dapirispirebam itvirTa is funqcia, rac aqvs Temis niSans rTul da martiv TemaTa dapirispirebisas); amis gamo fonetikuri cvlileba aikrZala I seriaSi (Sdr.: s-dev-en, Tvlem-en, i-lxen-en...). es morfologiuri statusi SenarCunebu-lia nazmnar saxelebSic: rogorc cnobilia, nazmnari saxelebis sayrdeni awmyos fuZea.


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amgvar SemTxvevaSi e/i procesi morfonologiur procesad unda iqnes gaazrebuli; mas ver miviCnevT wminda fonetikur pro-cesad, Tumca fuZeebs ganvixilavT, rogorc erTimeoris foneti-kur variantebs.

Slis / Sla, Tlis / Tla SeiZleba aseve ganvixiloT, ro-gorc fonetikuri variantebi erTi da imave fuZisa, magram mas ver ganvixilavT moqmed fonetikur procesad; moxda fonetikuri procesis morfologizacia _ II seriaSi srulxmovani fuZe da-mkvidrda, miuxedavad fonetikuri cvlilebis mosaxdenad aucile-beli poziciisa da cvlilebis momxdeni faqtoris mqoneblobisa.

wminda fonetikur (moqmed fonetikur) procesad miviCnevT iseT fonetikur variantebs, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, mov-kal _ mo-kl-es: Tu aris fonetikuri cvlilebebis mosaxdeni pozicia da cvlilebis momxdeni faqtori, xmovani yovelTvis reducire-bulia (kl-av-s, mo-kl-av-s, mo-kl-uli...), ganurCevlad misi mo-rfologiuri statusisa.

aq unda mivaqcioT yuradReba imasac, rom garkveuli mo-rfologiuri faqtebi SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli istoriuli fo-netikuri procesebis Sedegad, vTqvaT S3 -o (a), S3 -n (en), mag-ram dRevandel viTarebaSi isini damoukidebeli morfologiuri odenobebia.

I. 25. morfemaTa identurobis sakiTxisaTvis. roca vsaub-robT morfemaTa identurobaze, gavarCevT ori saxis iden-turobas _ funqciursa da formobrivs.

funqciurad identurni arian is morfemebi, romlebic erTsa da imave sistemaSi erTsa da imave funqcias asruleben. mag., saxelTa mravlobiTi ricxvis mawarmoeblebi -n da -eb (kac-n-i / kac-eb-i), e. w. Temis niSnebi -av (xat-av-s), -am (dg-am-s), -eb (akeT-eb-s), -ob (gm-ob-s) da misTanani.

formobrivi identifikaciis sakiTxi ufro rTulia. am SemTxvevaSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes:

a) materialuri Sedgeniloba, b) qmedebis unari, g) Tvisoba, d) pozicia struqturaSi.


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mxolod materialuri igiveoba ar aris sakmarisi morfe-maTa identurobis dasadgenad. magaliTad: a-keT-eb-s da gaa-keT-eb-ina _ materialurad da geneturad erTi da igive odenoba -eb ver CaiTvleba morfologiurad identurad, ramdenadac pirvel SemTxvevaSi igi Temis niSania (mxolod I seriis formebSi gvaqvs), meore SemTxvevaSi ki igi fuZis gamounawevrebeli ele-mentia srul paradigmaSi:

awmyo: a-keT-eb-s a-keT-eb-in-eb-s wyvetili: a-keT-a a-keT-eb-in-a akeT-eb-in-eb-s formis meore -eb elementi aris akeT-eb-s

formis -eb elementis identuri formobrivadac da funqci-uradac.

aseve -av elementi cur-av-s da i-cur-av-a formebSi. pirve-li cur-av-s _ icura paradigmis wevria, meore _ cur-a{v}-ob-s _ icur-av-a paradigmisa.

masalobrivi da funqciuri igiveoba -i elementisa wyveti-lis formebSi mov-kal-i da gavSr-i ar aris sakmarisi maTi mo-rfologiuri identurobis samtkiceblad _ gansxvavebulia maTi qmedebis unari: I SemTxvevaSi -i-s ar Seswevs Zala fuZiseuli xmovnis reduqciisa (Tumca a reducirebadi xmovania: mo-kl-a), meore SemTxvevaSi fuZiseuli xmovnis reduqciis mizezi (Sr Ser) -i elementi Cans.

aseve ar SeiZleba visaubroT -e elementis identurobaze wyvetilis iseT formebSi, rogorebicaa v-wer-e da va-q-e; erT SemTxvevaSi paradigmaSi e S3 piris niSans -a-s Seixamebs, meore SemTxvevaSi _ -o-s; rogorc irkveva, am gansxvavebis safuZveli maTi geneturi sxvaobaa: erT SemTxvevaSi -e TavisTavadi, damou-kidebeli sufiqsia (v-wer-e), meore SemTxvevaSi _ -ev sufiqsidan momdinare (va-q-e < *va-q-ev). Cven Tvisoba ganvsazRvreT, rogorc morfemiseuli xmovnis fonetikuri cvlis unari. am ori magali-Tis mixedviT _ Tvl-em-s da sc-em-s _ ver visaubrebT -em ele-mentis identurobaze, radganac erT SemTxvevaSi e xmovani monac-vleobs i-sTan (Tvl-em-s _ CaTvl-im-a), meore SemTxvevaSi igi imave viTarebaSi cvlilebas ar ganicdis (sc-em-s _ sc-em-a)... gan-sxvavebulia maTi sxva morfemebTan Sexamebis unaric: erTi ixa-mebs -il sufiqss (CaTvlem-il-i), meore -ul-s (gamocem-ul-i) da sxva.


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ar SeiZleba morfologiuri igiveobis niSani daisvas or formaSi _ va-Sen-eb da v-Sen-d-eb-i _ gamovlenil -eb elements Soris: isini gansxvavdebian uRvlilebiT, sxvadasxva poziciiT struqturaSi, morfemebTan SexamebiT da a. S.

magram, meore mxriv, garkveul morfologiur identurobaze SeiZleba visaubroT masalobrivad gansxvavebul odenobebs So-ris. magaliTad, -av da -am Temis niSnebze. maTi qmedeba, Tvisoba, pozicia struqturaSi, uRlebis Taviseburebebi (-av da -am TemisniSniani zmnebisa) emTxveva erTmaneTs. es maTi identifi-kaciis safuZvels qmnis.

I. 26. morfemaTa identifikaciis principisaTvis. Tu ma-

salobrivad gansxvavebul or morfologiur elements erT-nairi gramatikuli datvirTva aqvs, erTgvarad iqceva para-digmatuli Tu sintagmaturi TvalsazrisiT, saqme gvaqvs morfologiur identifikaciasTan. magaliTad: -av da -am Temis niSnebi morfologiurad identurni arian.

morfologiuri identifikacia ar unda avrioT tavtolo-giaSi. tavtologia iqneba imis aGniSvna, rom -av elementi mal-av-s formaSi da igive elementi gor-av-s formaSi erTi mor-fologiuri odenobaa.

I. 27. morfemis struqtura. qarTulSi gvaqvs samgvari Se-

dgenilobis morfema: xmovani, Tanxmovani da xmovan-Tanxmovnis kombinacia. xmovani an Tanxmovani morfema SeiZleba iyos prefiq-sulic da sufiqsuric (a-keTebs / keTeb-a, i-keTebs / Wr-i-s... m-xa-tav-s, da-g-xato-n...).

Taviseburebas avlens xmovan-Tanxmovnis kombinaciiT Sedgeni-li morfemebi. Tavkidura poziciaSi ZiriTadad gvaqvs Tanxmovan-xmovani (na-, sa-, ma-...), xolo bolokidura poziciaSi _ xmovan-Tanxmovani (-as, -an, -eb...). saubroben simetriis principzec:

na-texi da mtkiv-an sa-naTi da pir-as si-lurje da lurj-is


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cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi saubaria zogadad morfemaTa stru-qturul Taviseburebaze da ara simetriul morfemaTa raimegvar funqciur igiveobaze.

I. 28. mniSvnelobis gavlena formawarmoebaze. formawar-

moebis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas yuradReba unda mieqces mniSvnelo-bis gavlenas formawarmoebaze.

magaliTad, s-cem-s is mas: iseT konteqstSi, rogoricaa `deda Svils scems~, zmnuri forma srul paradigmas qmnis (scems, scemda, scemdes, scema, scemos, ucemia, ecema, ecemos), xolo mniSvnelobiT `Tma koWebamde scems~, zmnas ewarmoeba mxolod I seriis 3 mwkrivis formebi (scems, scemda, scemdes).

sxva magaliTi: adidebs formas mniSvnelobiT `didad xdis~ ewarmoeba Sesabamisi sufiqsuri vnebiTi (oTaxs adidebs _ oTaxi diddeba), magram mniSvnelobiT `xotbas asxams~ moqmedebiTma SeiZleba prefiqsuli vnebiTi gaikeTos (samSoblos adidebs _ samSoblo idideba viGacis mier).

I. 29. determinaciis principi. enis yoveli forma, yoveli

struqtura, yoveli sistema Tu qvesistema mkacrad determinire-bulia, gansazRvrulia sxva formiT, struqturiT, sistemiTa Tu qvesistemiT da Tavadac ganmsazRvrelad evlineba sxva formas, struqturas, sistemasa Tu qvesistemas. determinizmi gulisxmobs enobrivi faqtebis urTierTSepirobebulobas, da ara mxolod amas, aramed moqmedi sistemisa Tu struqturis farglebSi am elementTa Soris mizez-Sedegobriobis dadgenasac.

morfologiur kvleva-Ziebas swored es unda daedos safuZ-vlad: enobrivi formebis determinizmi _ mkacri mizez-Sedegob-rivi urTierTgansazRvruloba enobrivi elementebisa da amis sa-fuZvelze urTierTmimarTebaTa dadgena.

ras gulisxmobs enobriv formaTa determinizmi da rogor vlindeba igi konkretul enobriv sistemaSi, amis konkretul ni-muSad aseTi magaliTi mohyavT:

aviRoT wyvilebi: 1. a-TeTr-eb-s _ TeTr-d-eb-a 2. bar-av-s _ i-bar-eb-a || i-bar-v-i-s (b. jorbenaZe)


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tradiciuli ganmartebiT TiToeuli wyvilis Semadgeneli erTeulebi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba rogorc gvaris konversiu-li formebi: moqmedebiTi (aTeTrebs, baravs) da vnebiTi (TeTrde-ba, ibareba). es am formaTa funqciuri, Sinaarsobrivi daxasiaTe-baa. wminda formobrivi analizis safuZvelze xdeba formis Se-madgeneli elementebis segmentacia, irkveva TiToeuli formis Semadgenel elementTa funqcia rogorc paradigmul, ise sintag-mur formebTan, maTi urTierTmimarTebebi. `determinizmis prin-cipi ki varaudobs zemoaRniSnul formebs Soris mizez-Sedegob-rivi urTierTgansazRvrulobis dadgenasac, imis gamokvlevas, Tu romeli forma romliTaa pirobadebuli. amgvari midgoma Cvens SemTxvevaSi maSinve gaarkvevs, rom e. w. moqmedebiTi gvaris a + fuZe + eb awmyoseul yalibs, rogorc wesi, vnebiTSi sufiqsiani formebi Seesabameba (yalibi: fuZe + d + eb), xolo fuZe + av ya-libis mqone formebi e. w. prefiqsian vnebiTebs SeiTavseben (ya-libi: i||e + fuZe + ebi, an: i||e + fuZe + v + i). rasakvirvelia, gamonaklisebi aris (...), magram es gamonaklisebi, jer erTi, ukeT warmoaCenen mTeli sistemis elementebis mkacr urTierTSepiro-bebulobas da, garda amisa, dasvamen axal sakiTxs: ra aris mizezi amgvari `gadaxrisa~, sad unda veZioT misi safuZveli? es ki Seg-vaZlebinebs axali kuTxiT SevxedoT arsebuli lingvisturi prin-cipebis safuZvelze ukve TiTqosda kargad cnobil da dadgenil sakiTxebs~ (b. jorbenaZe).

rac ufro Rrmaa analizi, rac ufro Rrmad CavixedavT mo-vlenis arsSi, `determinizmis aSkara qmedebis ufro farTo, Se-iZleba iTqvas, globalur ares dagvalandinebs da naTlad dagva-naxebs enobriv formaTa mizez-Sedegobriv urTierTdamokidebu-lebis ucilobel faqts, rac agvaxsnevinebs kidec Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi arsebiTad ufro apriorulad SeniSnul, vinem faqtobriv dasabuTebul movlenas, rom yoveli cvlileba enis romelime monakveTSi arsebiTi xasiaTis Zvrebsa da cvlilebebs iwvevs TiTqosda savsebiT dacilebul formebsa da struqtureb-Si~ (b. jorbenaZe).

morfologiuri analizis dros enobrivi monacemebis Semad-genel elementebad danawevrebisaTvis (segmentaciisaTvis), cxadia, arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs am elementTa urTierTdeterminirebis faqtors. `determinacia enobrivi dinamikis TvalsazrisiTaa fa-


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seuli, enis Sinagani bunebiT gamowveul cvlilebaTa gamosaZieb-lad da ara enis abstrahirebuli statikuri sqemebis warmosad-genad~ (b. jorbenaZe).

arsebobs determinaciis ori saxeoba: a) warmoqmniTi determinacia _ roca urTierTSepirobebu-

li formebidan erT-erTi formobrivad aris warmoqmnili meori-sagan: a-keT-eb-s ga-keT-eb-ul-i; meore formisaTvis formobri-vad sayrdenia pirveli.

b) saurTierTo determinacia: roca erTi forma gulisxmobs meoris arsebobas da _ piriqiT, magram formobrivad erTi meori-sagan warmoqmnili ar aris; magaliTad: TrT-i-s TrT-od-a: aw-myoSi -i elementiani warmoeba gulisxmobs uwyvetelSi -od su-fiqsian warmoebas da _ piriqiT:

saubroben agreTve formobriv da funqciur determinacia-ze.

a) cur-av-s m-cur-av-i: forma m-cur-av-i formobrivadac da funqciuradac Sepirobebulia cur-av-s formiT.

b) Can-s m-Cin-ar-i: forma m-Cin-ar-i funqciurad isevea Sepirobebuli Can-s formisagan, rogorc wina magaliTSi meore forma pirvelisagan, magram formobrivad m-Cin-ar-i Cin fuZis mqone formasTan (gamo-a-Cin-a) aris dakavSirebuli. aseT SemTxve-vaSi gvaqvs mxolod funqciuri determinacia; wina magaliTSi _ formobriv-funqciuri determinacia.

I. 30. metyvelebis nawilebi. enaSi arsebuli sityvaTa ma-

ragi _ leqsikur erTeulTa raodenoba _ ganusazRvrelia. si-tyvebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba gramatikuli (morfologiuri da sintaqsuri), leqsikologiuri, semantikuri TvalsazrisiT. swored am niSanTa safuZvelze xdeba sityvaTa dajgufeba klase-bad, romelTac metyvelebis nawilebs uwodeben. qarTulSi tradiciulad gamoyofen 10 metyvelebis nawils:

1. arsebiTi saxeli: kaci, saxli, ocneba, daviTi, rioni... 2. zedsarTavi saxeli: didi, patara, qudiani, uqudo... 3. ricxviTi saxeli: erTi, aTi, milioni, mravali, cota... 4. nacvalsaxeli: me, Sen, igi... yvela, TiToeuli... 5. zmna: wers, xatavs, dgas, dafrinavs...


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6. zmnizeda: guSin, xval, aq, ase... 7. Tandebuli: -viT, -Tan, -ze... mier, gamo... 8. kavSiri: da, Tu, magram, xolo... 9. nawilaki: ar, vera, ho, diax... 10. Sorisdebuli: eh! vai! yoCaR!..

tradiciul klasifikacias, rogorc klasifikacias, bevri nakli aqvs: irRveva saklasifikacio principi (monacvleobs mo-rfologiuri, sintaqsuri, semantikuri da leqsikuri principebi) (arn. Ciqobava); magram miRebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, `miuxe-davad amisa, aseTi dayofiT tradiciulad SemuSavebul termi-nebs SeiZleba dResac hqondes teqnikuri gamoyeneba mecnierul gramatikaSi, radganac TviTeuli `metyvelebis nawili~ garkveuli gramatikuli niSnebis matarebelia, morfologiurisa an sintaq-surisa, da raime niSnis mixedviT gansxvavebuli danarCenebisagan~ (a. SaniZe).

morfologiis winamdebare kursis Sedgenisas Cven vemyare-biT b. jorbenaZis qvewarmodgenil Tvalsazriss:

tradiciul klasifikaciaSi morfologiuri TvalsazrisiT gamoiyofa ori jgufi metyvelebis nawilebisa: formacvalebadi da formaucvleli metyvelebis nawilebi.

pirveli xuTi _ arsebiTi saxeli, zedsarTavi saxeli, ri-cxviTi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli da zmna _ aris formacvalebadi na-wilebi; momdevno xuTi _ zmnizeda, Tandebuli, kavSiri, nawila-ki da Sorisdebuli _ miCneulia formaucvlel metyvelebis na-wilebad. gramatikuli TvalsazrisiT metyvelebis nawilTa am jgufis gamoyofa gaumarTlebelia: Tandebulisa da nawilakis me-tyvelebis nawilad gamoyofa ver egueba sityvis enaTmecnierul gansazRvras; faqtobriv, Tandebuli da nawilaki (da Zveli qar-TulisaTvis _ nawevari) arsebiTad aris morfema (nawevari ki _ morfemoidi). Sorisdebuli leqsikologiuri cnebaa da amitomac leqsikologiaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli, xolo morfologiurad igi an saxelis fuZed iqceva (vais gaveyare, uis Seveyare...), an _ zmnisa (viSobs, vaglaxebs...). kavSiri sintaqsuri cnebaa da sin-taqsSi unda iqnes ganxiluli. zmnizeda zmnis msazRvrelia; ro-gorc msazRvreli, igi zmnas brunvaSi ver SeuTanxmdeba, amito-mac tovebs formaucvleli sityvis STabeWdilebas. calke aRebu-


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li zmnizeda TavisTavad formacvalebadi sityvaa: misTvis dama-xasiaTebelia rogorc sityvawarmoeba, aseve _ formawarmoeba:

a) zmnizedisagan iwarmoeba msazRvreli (zedsarTavi): dRes _ dRevandeli weRan _ weRandeli... b) zmnizeda ibrunvis; marTalia, sxva saxelebTan SedarebiT

misi bruneba SezRudulia, magram morfologiurad mainc anga-riSgasawevia misi formacvaleba:

arsebiTi saxeli zmnizeda sax. dRe _ moTxr. dRe-m _ mic. dRe-s dRe-s naT. dR-is dRe-is (Semdeg) moq. dR-iT dRe-id-an viT. dRe-d dRe-mde

am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiTi saubari iqneba kur-

sis Sesabamis monakveTebSi (saxelTa bruneba, saxeluri sityvawar-moeba).

morfologiuri TvalsazrisiT sityvaTa formacvaleba ori saxisaa:

a) bruneba

b) uRleba

sityvebi swored amis mixedviT unda dajgufdes; sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, amis Sesabamisad unda gamoiyos: saxelebi da zmna me-tyvelebis nawilebi.

yvela brunebadi sityva _ aris saxeli; yvela uRlebadi sityva _ aris zmna. formobrivi TvalsazrisiT saxelebi SeiZleba orad gaiyos: a) arsebiTi saxeli (anu substantivi); b) msazRvreli saxeli (anu atributivi). tradiciuli zedsarTavi, ricxviTi da nacvalsaxeli (nawi-

lobriv) am meore jgufSi Semova. TiToeuli am jgufis saxelTa semantikuri daxasiaTebisas pirobiTad tradiciuli terminebis gamoyeneba SesaZleblad migvaCnia.


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faqtia isic, rom substantivebsa da atributivebs Soris mkacri semantikuri mijna ar aris:

kargi eqimi _ eqimi aq substantivia; eqimi CxeiZe _ eqimi aq atributivia... formobrivi TvalsazrisiT sxvaoba gvaqvs: brunebis princi-

pia gansxvavebuli (ix. saxelTa bruneba). substantivebis semantikuri Taviseburebebi (rac tradiciu-

lad sxvadasxva metyvelebis nawilad gaiazreboda) asaxvas povebs formawarmoebaSi.

msazRvrel saxelebSi, anu atributivebSi, gamoiyofa ori jgufi: saxelis atributivi (zedsarTavi, ricxviTi...) da zmnis at-ributivi (zmnizeda). formobrivad es ori jgufic gansxvavebulia.

`nacvalsaxelebi calke metyvelebis nawilad ar gamoiyofa, radgan nacvalsaxeli, romelic cvlis substantivs, rogorc me-tyvelebis nawili _ substantivia (misi ganzogadebuli saxeoba); nacvalsaxeli, romelic cvlis atributivs, rogorc metyvelebis nawili _ rCeba atributivad; rac Seexeba I da II piris nacvalsa-xelebs, sinamdvileSi isini arc arian nacvalsaxelebi: `me~ aris mosaubre piris saxeli, misi saxeldeba da ara romelime saxelis Semcvleli; `Sen~ _ saubris adresatis saxeli (da ara nacvalsa-xeli). ena solifsisturi sistemaa da misi es Tavisebureba Sesa-bamisad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. vuwodoT `me~ da `Sen~ formebs nacvalsaxeli, es igivea, `givi~, `daviTi~ formebis mi-marT `kaci~ gamovacxadoT nacvalsaxelad~ (b. jorbenaZe).

tradiciuli sistemis farglebSi saxelzmnis (sawyisisa da mimReobis) adgili sadavo iyo. mas damoukidebel metyvelebis na-wiladac miiCnevdnen. aq warmodgenili klasifikaciis mixedviT, sa-wyisi da mimReoba substantivisa da atributivis jgufebSi gana-wildeba.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT zemoTqmuls da mkacrad gavatarebT morfologiur princips, tradiciuli sistema metyvelebis nawi-lebisa gamartivebuli saxiT warmogvidgeba; gveqneba ori metyve-lebis nawili: substantivi

atributivi

2. zmna

saxelis atributivi zmnis atributivi

1. saxeli


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I. 31. saxelzmna metKvelebis nawilTa sistemaSi. metyve-lebis nawilTa tradiciul klasifikaciaSi garkvevas saWiroebs saxelzmnis adgili. Cveulebriv qarTul saenaTmecniero litera-turaSi araa erTgvarovani Tvalsazrisi. a. SaniZe saxelzmnas zmnis sistemaSi ganixilavs, arn. Ciqobava _ saxelis sistemaSi. Se-niSvnebs orive Tvalsazrisi iwvevs. saxelzmna brunebadi sityvaa; Tu zmnaa, maSin brunva zmnis kategoriac yofila. Tu saxelia, ramdenadac saxelzmnas moepoveba drois, gvaris da a. S. gageba, gamodis, rom es kategoriebi saxelisac yofila...

swored amgvari midgomis gamo daisva sakiTxi imis Taobaze, rom saxelzmna damoukidebeli metyvelebis nawilia (a. daviTiani). amgvari midgomac ver moxsnis problemas...

b. jorbenaZis klasifikaciiT saxelzmna saxelis sistemaSi un-da iqnes ganxiluli: ZiriTadi gansxvaveba zmnasa da saxels Soris formacvalebis saxeebia; zmna iuGvlis, saxeli _ ibrunvis. esaa morfologiuri daxasiaTeba am ori jgufisa. amgvari gaazrebiT, saxelzmna brunebadi sityvaa, e. i. saxelis sistemaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli.

mimGeoba rom dros ganarCevs, es semantikis sferoa: warsu-li drois semantika iseve ilandeba nawerSi, rogorc naqalaqar-Si; erTi nazmnari saxelia, meore warmoqmnili saxeli... gvaris ga-geba mimGeobaSi da gvaris gageba zmnur formebSi araa erTgvaro-vani movlena... amis Taobaze ufro vrclad qvemoT gveqneba sauba-ri.

I. 32. gramatikuli kategoriebi. kategoria `mecnierebisa

da filosofiis uzogadesi cnebaa. igi asaxavs universalur obieq-tur kavSirmimarTebebs~. zogadad kategorias ganixilaven, rogorc `logikur cnebas, romelic ganzogadebul formebSi asaxavs obieq-turi sinamdvilis ama Tu im mxares, maT urTierTkavSirsa da mi-marTebas~ (qegli).

mecnierebis yovel dargSi mecnieruli codna kategoriaTa sistemebSia moqceuli, amitom kategoriaTa dadgena-dazustebas mecnierebis nebismier dargSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba; asea enaTmecnierebaSic, kerZod, gramatikaSi.

specialur literaturaSi gramatikul kategoriaTa ganmar-tebisas araa erTgvarovani Sexeduleba. rig SemTxvevaSi gramati-


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kuli kategoria gaigivebulia morfologiur kategoriasTan. mag-ram, ramdenadac morfologia ganixileba rogorc nawili gramati-kisa (sintaqsTan erTad), morfologiuri da sintaqsuri kategori-ebis erToblioba qmnis gramatikul kategorias. ase rom, morfo-logiuri kategoria aris gramatikuli kategoria, magram gramati-kuli kategoria ar udris morfologiur kategorias. es aris sa-fuZveli imisa, rom xSirad ar imijneba gramatikuli da morfo-logiuri kategoriebi.

gramatikul kategorias `gramatikuli formisa da gramati-kuli Sinaarsis erToblioba qmnis~ (v. gaki). gramatikuli (mor-fologiuri) kategoriisaTvis gramatikuli (morfologiuri) niS-nis mqonebloba miiCneva arsebiTad. `morfologiuri kategoria saTanado afiqsebiT unda iqnes warmodgenili da ara fuZis mniSvnelobiT~ (arn. Ciqobava). ama Tu im enobrivi faqtis mor-fologiur kategoriad miCnevas `morfologiuri niSnis qona-uqonloba wyvets~. morfologiur niSnad ganixileba, erTi mxriv, morfologiuri inventari _ afiqsebi da, meore mxriv, morfolo-giuri yalibi. magaliTad, piris morfologiuri kategoria afiqsebiT gamoixateba, gvaris formaTa ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli morfologiuri niSani formobrivi yalibebia.

metyvelebis nawilTa formacvaleba gramatikuli kategorie-bis mixedviT xdeba.

b. jorbenaZe: TviT gramatikuli kategoria unda ganimartos rogorc gramatikuli sistemis agebis wesi (kanonzomiereba). ma-galiTad, wer-s forma enaSi imave fuZis mraval formasTan am-yarebs kavSirs:

i-wer-eb-a u-wer-s wer-en wer-a

wers forma marjvena rigis sxvadasxva formasTan Sewyvile-buli sxvadasxva gramatikuli sistemis wevri aGmoCndeba:

wer-s _ i-wer-eb-a erTi sistemaa (gvaris kategoria), wer-s _ u-wer-s meore sistemaa (qcevis kategoria), wer-s _ wer-en mesame sistemaa (ricxvis kategoria), wer-s _ wer-a meoTxe sistemaa (mwkrivis kategoria)...

wer-s


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TiToeuli sistemis agebisas moqmedebs erTi zogadi wesi: Sewyvilebuli formebi mxolod erTi gramatikuli niSnis mixed-viT arian gansxvavebuli; sxva gramatikuli niSnebi maT saerTo aqvT. magaliTad: pirvel wyvils (wer-s _ iwereba) yvela gramati-kuli niSani (yvela kategoria) saerTo aqvT, garda erTisa _ gvaris kategoriisa; meore wyvils (wer-s _ u-wer-s) formebi imis mixedviT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, Tu vis ganekuTvneba mo-qmedeba _ qcevis kategoria; mesame wyvils (wer-s _ wer-en) yvela kategoria saerTo aqvT, garda erTisa _ gansxvavebulia subieqtis ricxvi _ ricxvis kategoria; meoTxe wyvils (wer-s _ wer-a) gansxvavebuli aqvs mxolod mwkrivis kategoria... formaTa Se-pirispireba SeiZleba gagrZelebuliyo...

faqtia, is erTaderTi niSani, rac ganasxvavebs Sewyvilebul formebs, xdeba kidevac maTi Sepirispirebis mizezi; am niSnis mixedviT aigeba sistema. amgvarad agebul sistemas saxeli erqmeva imis mixedviT, Tu ra niSniT moxda misi ageba, rac warmoadgens kidec gramatikul kategorias.

gramatikuli kategoriis gansazGvrisas daculi unda iqnes ramdenime piroba:

a) gramatikuli kategoria efuZneba ori an meti formis Se-pirispirebas;

b) Sepirispirebul formaTa Soris (erTi kategoriis for-maTa Soris) sxvaobas mxolod erTi gramatikuli niSani unda qmnides;

g) Sepirispirebis principi niSandoblivi unda iyos yvela Sepirispirebuli formisaTvis. magaliTad, Sin da wer-s ver Seqm-nian gramatikul sistemas; Sesabamisad, es ori forma ar aris erTi da imave gramatikuli kategoriis ori wevri... wer-s da u-wer-s orive formisaTvis niSandoblivia qcevis semantika (mo-qmedebis gankuTvnis TvalsazrisiT gansxvavdebian isini erT-maneTisagan), amitom es ori forma qmnis sistemas.

sistema SeiZleba aigos semantikurad dapirispirebuli sity-vebiT, magram am sityvaTa Soris ar iyos formobrivi sxvaoba; sxvagvarad: sxvaobas ar qmnides morfologiuri niSani. aseT SemTxvevaSi saqme gveqneba semantikur kategoriasTan. qarTulSi semantikuri kategoriebia dro, kilo da sxva...


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33. metKvelebis nawili da gramatikuli kategoria. sxva-dasxva metyvelebis nawils sxvadasxva SesaZlebloba aqvs formacva-lebisa. swored formacvalebis SesaZleblobazea damokidebuli gramatikuli kategoriebis raodenoba; erT metyvelebis nawils Cveulebriv ramdenime kategoria moepoveba, magram sxvadasxva me-tyvelebis nawils kategoriaTa gansxvavebuli raodenoba SeiZleba hqondes. qarTul enaSi saxeli gramatikul kategoriaTa raodeno-biT Garibia, zmna _ gacilebiT mdidari. saxels moepoveba brunvi-sa da ricxvis kategoria; zmnas _ piris, ricxvis, gvaris, qcevis, mwkrivis da a. S. kategoriebi.

morfologiuri kategoriebi SeiZleba dajgufdes Semdegi niSnis mixedviT:

a) kategoriebi, romlebic saerToa saxelisa da zmnisaTvis, b) kategoriebi, romlebic mxolod saxelebs axasiaTebT, g) kategoriebi, romlebic mxolod zmnebisTvisaa niSando-

blivi.

I. 34. qarTuli enis morfologiuri analizis mizani da amocanebi. Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiuri analizis ZiriTadi mizani da amocanebi aris sityvis formis analizi, si-tyvis formacvalebis kanonebisa da kanonzomierebaTa gamovlena da Seswavla.

srulyofili morfologiuri analizisaTvis aucilebeli aris: a) formis sintaqsuri funqciisa da b) formis semantikis gaTvaliswineba. sintaqsuri da semantikuri faqtorebi moqmede-ben formawarmoebaze.

ramdenime konkretuli magaliTi:

a) zmnur formebs SeiZleba erTnairi morfologiuri yali-bi hqondes, magram sintaqsuri funqcia _ gansxvavebuli:

mef-ob-s _ is Tavdeb-ob-s _ is mas...

b) formebs morfologiuri yalibi da sintaqsuri funqcia SeiZleba erTnairi hqondes, semantika _ gansxvavebuli:

mef-ob-s is _ `mefea, flobs, batonobs~ nadir-ob-s is _ `nadirs iWers, klavs~...


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g) formebs SeiZleba erTnairi morfologiuri yalibi hqondes, magram sintaqsuri funqcia da semantika _ gansxvave-buli:

mef-ob-s is _ `mefea...~ mkurnal-ob-s is _ `mkurnalia~; is mas _ `kurnavs~; myofadi: umkurnalebs; is Tavs _ `(samkurnalod) eqimis pacientia~;

`kurnavs Tavis Tavs~ _ myofadi: imkurnalebs...

sxva magaliTi:

vaWaria (myofadi ara aqvs) vaWr-ob-s yidis (`wigniT vaWrobs~ _ wigns yidis):

myofadi _ ivaWrebs, wyvetili _ ivaWra.

saxelis SemTxvevaSi:

kac-is x-is saxli qorwineb-is

sintaqsurad samive SemTxvevaSi marcxena rigis sityvebi msa-zRvrelia; morfologiurad _ naTesaobiTi brunva, magram mkveT-rad gansxvavebulia semantika: kacis _ kuTvnilebas gamoxatavs, xis _ masalas, qorwinebis _ daniSnulebas...

erTi da igive sityva sxvadasxva semantikuri mniSvnelobiT

formawarmoebis sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebs avlens: s-cem-s _ am zmnas, mniSvnelobiT `deda Svils scems~ eqneba

sruli paradigma uGlebisa; mniSvnelobiT `Tma koWebamde scems~ _ eqneba mxolod pirveli seriis formebi...

amgvarad, morfologiuri analizisaTvis aucilebelia sin-taqsuri da semantikuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba.

nawili II. saxelisa da zmnis saerTo kategriebi. deiqsisis gamovlena

saxelisa da zmnisformawarmoebaSi II.1. saxelisa da zmnis formawarmoebis Sinagani urTier-

TkavSiri araerTgzis aris aRniSnuli. amas warmoaCens saxelis bruneba (anu saxelTa warmodgena aqtantebad), zmnis pirianoba (anu moqmedebaSi monawile saxelebis asaxva zmnaSi), saxelis ri-cxvis asaxva zmnaSi da misT. aRniSnul kavSirebs ufro metad warmoaCens formawarmoebis istoriuli viTarebis warmodgena. magaliTad, xelSesaxebad vlindeba masalobrivi Sexvedrebi, erTi mxriv, brunvis niSanTa konsonantur -s, -n, -d elementebsa da, me-ore mxriv, S3 piris niSanTa arqaul formantebs Soris (-s, -n, -d) (arn. Ciqobava, v. Tofuria); sainteresoa Tanxvedra S1 v- niS-nisa vi-n nacvalsaxelis Zireul elementTan, anda O1 m- prefiq-sisa -me nacvalsaxelTan da misT.

igulisxmeba, rom saxelis morfologiuri potencia zmnis formawarmoebaSic tovebda kvals, ramdenadac moqmedi Tu `sa-moqmedo~ saxelis raimenairi warmoCena zmnis pirianobis aucile-beli piroba iyo. rac ufro vSordebiT gramatikuli kategorie-bis Camoyalibebis istorias, miT ufro fermkrTaldeba da na-kleb xelSesaxebi xdeba aRniSnuli Sinagani kavSirebi, magram es mimarTebebi morfologiisa Tu semantikis (leqsikologiis) done-ze sinqroniuli analizis farglebSic SeiZleba iqnes danaxuli da kvalificirebuli.

II. 2. ricxvis gramatikuli kategoria. aRniSnuli Tval-

sazrisiT yvelaze TvalsaCino suraTs iZleva ricxvis gramatiku-li kategoria. miRebulia, rom ricxvi aris saxelisa da zmnis sa-erTo kategoria; amave dros, es kategoria aris erTaderTi, ro-melic saxelisa da zmnis gramatikul SeTanxmebas ganapirobebs.

amave dros, ricxvis kategoria damoukideblad damaxasiaTe-belia mxolod arsebiTi saxelisaTvis, ramdenadac arsebiTi saxe-


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li gamoxatavs (aRniSnavs) saganTa klass, saganTa klasi ki, Tavis-Tavad, raodenobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. zmna, misi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, damoukideblad ricxvis gamoxatvasTan, raodenobas-Tan ar aris dakavSirebuli. man SeiZleba asaxos mxolod ricxvi aqtantebisa. is, rac zmnaSi ricxvis formantebis saxiT vlindeba, aris gamoZaxili saxelis Sesabamisi morfologiuri kategoriisa. amitomac aris, rom ricxvis gamoxatva zmnaSi pirianobasTan aris ZiriTadad dakavSirebuli.

II. 3. orgvari mravlobiTi. arsebiTi saxeli orgvar mrav-

lobiTs iwarmoebs: -eb-ians da narTanians; es ori mravlobiTi gansxvavebuli tipologiisa da funqcionaluri datvirTvisaa.

-eb-iani mravlobiTi iyenebs mxolod -eb sufiqss da formas awarmoebs aglutinaciuri principiT: jer fuZe, Semdeg -eb, xo-lo Semdeg _ brunvis niSani:

skam-eb-i skam-eb-ma skam-eb-s skam-eb-is skam-eb-iT skam-eb-o

-eb formants saxelis morfonologiaSi iseTive Zala aqvs, rogoric -VC struqturis brunvis niSnebs (-is, -iT, -ad), anu ganapirobebs Sesabamisi saxeluri fuZis kumSvasa da kvecas (cxa-dia, yvela brunvaSi):

m g l - e b - i Z m - e b - i m g l - e b - ma Z m - e b - ma da a. S.

SeniSvna: -eb fuZis e xmovans ar kvecs: xe-eb-i... Tavad -eb formanti mosalodnel morfonologiur proce-sebs ar eqvemdebareba: is ucvlelia yvela pozicia-Si (saxl-eb-is...).

gansxvavebuli bunebisaa narTaniani mravlobiTi. gamoiyeneba ori sufiqsi: -n da -T(a). -n gamoiyeneba saxelobiTsa da wode-biTSi da misi gamoyeneba aglutinaciur princips icavs:

kac-n-i (Sdr. kac-eb-i) kac-n-o (Sdr. kac-eb-o)

II. saxelisa da zmnis saerTo kategoriebi

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-T(a) daboloebiani forma asrulebs yvela danarCeni brun-vis rols da misi gamovlena fleqsiuri xasiaTisaa: -T(a) iTav-sebs brunvisa da ricxvis gramatikul Sinaarsebs. Sdr.:

qal-Ta dRe _ qal-eb-is (dRe) narTaniani mravlobiTis morfonologia, Sesabamis sufiqsTa

struqturidan gamomdinare, aqtualuri araa: arc ricxvis niSne-bi iwveven fuZis cvlilebas, arc Tavad es niSnebi icvlebian: Zval-n-i, Zval-Ta (Sdr.: Zvl-is, Zvl-eb-i).

II. 4. orgvari mravlobiTis funqciuri ganawilebisaTvis.

sazogadod, -eb da -n(-T) sufiqsebi, rogorc morfologiuri elementebi, TiTqmis yovel fuZesTan Tanabari uflebamosilebiT arian aRWurvilni _ awarmoon mravlobiTi ricxvi. Tumca narTa-nian mravlobiTs upiratesad arqaulobis garkveuli stilisti-kuri elferi axlavs. funqcionaluri TvalsazrisiT ZiriTadi adgili -eb formants ukavia.

mainc rogoria maTi gavrcelebis zogadi suraTi? a) sazogado saxelebSi SeiZleba ugamonaklisod Segvxvdes

rogorc erTi, ise meore saxis mravlobiTi, oRond -eb ufro bunebrivi, Cveulebrivi metyvelebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, xolo -n(-T) sufiqsTa gamovlena markirebulia raime saxis sti-listikuri niuansiT.

b) moqmedebis saxelebSi (masdarebSi) -n(-T) sufiqsia gaba-tonebuli, oRond am SemTxvevaSi xelSesaxebia Sesabamis formaTa met-naklebi terminologiuri datvirTva: sja-n-i, cdan-i, tanjva-n-i, galoba-n-i...

g) -eb da -n(-T) TiTqmis Tanabrad aris gavrcelebuli sub-stantivis rolSi myofi Tu gasubstantivebuli zedsarTavi saxe-lebis mravlobiTis warmoebaSi. Sdr.: did-eb-i da patar-eb-i da `...mogrovdiT yvelani, did-n-i, mcire-n-i~...

Tumca igive zedsarTavi, gasubstantivebuli Tanamedrove terminologiuri SinaarsiT, mxolod -eb-s moiTxovs: TeTr-eb-i, wiTl-eb-i, mwvane-eb-i, Sav-eb-i... am SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa sufiqsis terminologiuri datvirTva.

d) ricxviTi saxeli msazRvrelad Tu substantivis rolSi mxolod -n(-T) sufiqsebs iTavsebs: `Svid-n-i gurjanel-n-i~, `as-n-i


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rad unda dedasa~... magram cifrebis (niSnebis) aRniSvnisas -eb gamoiyeneba: or-eb-i, xuT-eb-i...

e) nacvalsaxelTa erT nawilSi narTaniani warmoeba erTa-derTia... isi-n-i, ima-T... yvela-n-i...

meore rigis nacvalsaxelebSi n-(-T) upiratesobiT aris aR-Wurvili: zog-n-i (Sdr. zog-eb-i), ra-n-i, sxva-n-i...

mesame rigSi -eb sufiqss aqvs upiratesoba: Cven-eb-i, Tavis-eb-i... viRac-eb-i, raRac-eb-i...

v) terminologiur (nomenklaturul) SesityvebebSi, faq-tobriv, erTaderTia -Ta daboloeba: mweral-T-a kavSiri, mwvane-T-a moZraoba... gza-T-a saministro...

z) mravlobiTebi, sazogadod, kisrulobs zogi specifikuri Sinaarsis gamoxatvas; magaliTad:

_ sakuTar saxelebs, gvarebis garda, simravlis gamoxatva ar sWirdeba, magram garkveul (`ganzogadebis~) SemTxvevaSi amisi saWiroeba vlindeba:

`akakiebi, bakakiebi...~ `naTiebo, leilebo...~ gvarsaxelebi TavisTavad gulisxmobs simravles da erTi

gvaris warmomadgenelTa aRsaniSnavad mravlobiTic gamoiyeneba: burdul-eb-i, burdul-n-i... magram am or formas Soris gansxva-veba is aris, rom -eb-ians SeuZlia gamoxatos rogorc konkretu-li raodenoba (vTqvaT, `ori burduli~), ise mTeli gvaric, xo-lo -n sufiqsiani gvaris mTel simravles gulisxmobs.

_ nivTierebaTa saxelebi, sazogadod, mravlobiTs ver igu-ebs, magram romelime saxeldebuli nivTierebis nairgvarobis (formobrivi an Tvisobrivi nairsaxeobis) SemTxvevaSi mravlobi-Tis formebi aqtiurdeba:

mineraluri wylebi... xorcebi daaglijes... `suls miuZRvis xorcT naqmari...~ am jgufSic mravlobiTis formanti terminologiur da-

tvirTvasac iRebs: maril-eb-i, cil-eb-i... _ aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac mravlobiTis forma arsebiTad

imaves aRniSnavs, rasac TviT sityvis fuZe, anu formanti fun-qciurad neitralizebulia; Sdr.: kar-i _ kar-eb-i, Tma _ Tm-eb-i, saTval-e _ saTvale-eb-i...


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_ zogi sityva sabolood mravlobiTi formiT damkvidre-bula, rac ucxoenovan gavlenas unda mieweros: gastrol-eb-i, ardadeg-eb-i, memuar-eb-i...

II. 5. saxelis simravlis asaxva zmnaSi. rogorc iTqva, zmna

asaxavs saxelis mravlobiTobas. ufro davazustoT: zmnaSi aisa-xeba mxolod im saxelis mravlobiToba, romelic zmnasTan pirad aris Sewyobili, Sesabamisi moqmedebis aqtantia; metic SeiZleba iTqvas: daCndeba im saxelis ricxvi, romlis piric asaxulia zmna-Si. amave dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Sewyobil pirTa mrav-lobiTis asaxvis TvalsazrisiTac erTgvarovneba ar aris:

a) subieqturi piris mravlobiToba aisaxeba samsave pirSi: subieqturi wyoba:

moqmedebiTi vnebiTi e. w. saSuali 1 2 3

v-xatav-T xatav-T xatav-en

v-rCebi-T rCebi-T rCebi-an

v-kankaleb-T kankaleb-T kankaleb-en

amgvarad: I-II pirebSi aglutinaciuri principia daculi: calke _ piris niSani, calke _ ricxvis niSani:

1. v _ T 2. _ T III piri sxva princips gviCenebs _ pirisa da ricxvis gagebas

erTi sufiqsuri formanti iTavsebs: -en, -n, -an. III piris mravlobiTobis gamoxatva, piris aGniSvnis msgavsad,

sxvadasxva sufiqsiT xdeba: -en (xatav-en) -an (rCebi-an)

-n (xat-o-n), (darC-n-e-n) -nen (xatavd-nen), (darC-nen)

-es (daxat-es) ..... subieqtis mravlobiToba, Sesabamisi potenciis SemTxvevaSi,

erTnairad aisaxeba zmnaSi, ganurCevlad imisa, -eb-iania saxeli Tu narTaniani; oRond gasaTvaliswinebelia:

III piris mravlobiToba, Cveulebisamebr, ar aRiniSneba, roca subieqti usulo sagania:

xe-eb-i dga-s saxl-eb-i Sendeb-a


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SeniSvna: 1. es wesi moqmedia -eb-iani mravlobiTis SemTxve-vaSi, magram ricxvSi SeTanxmeba amoqmeddeba usulo sagnis narTanian mravlobiTTan: xe-n-i dgan-an.

SeniSvna: 2. -eb sufiqsiani usulo arsebiTi saxelis mrav-lobiTi aseve aisaxeba zmnaSi Sesabamisi subieq-tis personifikaciis SemTxvevaSi, an roca am subieqts gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri moqmedeba mie-wereba: foTlebi CurCuleb-en...

`xeebi rokviT daiZrnen qarSi...~ `mTebi TavCaCqnianebi fiqrs miscemian mwaresa...~

SesaZlebelia subieqti obieqturi piris niSnebiT iyos gamoxatuli (inversiis SemTxvevaSi). subieqtis mravlobiToba am SemTxvevaSic samive pirSi gamoxatulia (obieqturi wyobis tipo-logia ix. qvemoT):

1. da-gv-ixatav-s a-gv-iSenebi-a gv-iyvar-s 2. da-g-ixatav-T a-g-iSenebi-a-T g-iyvar-T 3. da-u-xatav-T a-u-Senebi-a-T u-yvar-T b) obieqturi piris mravlobiToba aisaxeba zmnis I-II pireb-

Si; am poziciaSi ZiriTadad iribi (uSualo) obieqti igulisxme-ba, magram aseve aisaxeba imave poziciaSi mdgomi pirdapiri obieqti; III piris obieqti mxolod tendencias amJRavnebs zmnaSi mravlobiTobis gamoxatvisas (usmen-T is maT, aZageb-T is maT _ aranormatiuli tipi), riTac mkveTrad gansxvavdeba inversiuli obieqturi wyobisagan.

obieqturi wyoba:

moqmedebiTi vnebiTi saSualo 1 2 3

gv-xatav-s g-xatav-T xatav-s

gv-emaleb-a g-emaleb-a-T emaleb-a

gv-gav-s g-gav-T h-gav-s

am SemTxvevaSic sruliad aSkaraa tipologiuri gansxvaveba I da II obieqtur pirTa mravlobiTobis gamoxatvisa zmnaSi: Tu II pirSi aglutinaciis principi moqmedebs (g _ T), rac gulisxmobs pirisa da ricxvis damoukidebeli elementebiT gamoxatvas, I pi-


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ris gv- prefiqsi sinTezuri gramatikuli Sinaarsisaa, is, ricxv-Tan erTad, piris gagebasac iTavsebs; Sdr.:

1. gv-aqv-s 2. g-aqv-T II piris -T sufiqsis win S3 -s sufiqsis dakargvis mizezi (is

bolo dromde SemorCa am poziciaSi: g-aqv-s-T), cxadia, ara gra-matikuli, aramed morfonologiuria (TanxmovanTa Tavmoyra).

III pirSi subieqturi da obieqturi pirebis mravlobiTobis damTxvevisas upiratesoba eniWeba subieqtur pirs:

isini Tqven g-ixatav-en (Sdr. moZv. da kuTx. g-ixatav-en-T) (Sdr. erTi mxriv: is Tqven g-ixatav-T meore mxriv: isini Sen g-ixatav-en) obieqtur pirTa mravlobiTobasTan dakavSirebiT cnobilia

agreTve sxvadasx

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