''ქრისტიანობის კვლევები'' # I Christian Researches # 1

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobisTbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti; qristianobis istoriis mimarTuleba da

studentTa samecniero-kvleviTi centri (Tbilisi)

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbisisi State University,Faculity of Humanities. History of Christianity and

Center of students’s in the History of Christianity (Tbilisi)

qristianobis kvlevebi

Christian Researches

I

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi 2008Tbilisi 2008

2

Q~qristianobis kvlevebi” warmoadgens qristiano-bis istoriisa da masTan momqmedi studentTa sa-mecniero wris periodul gamocemas. Jurnali in-terdisciplinuria da misi pirveli tomi eTmobastudentTa samecniero konferenciis_~qristianobada kultura” _masalebs.

redaqtori: qeTevan pavliaSvili profesori, istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori.

recenzentebi: 1) giorgi oTxmezuri profesori, istoriis mecniere- baTa doqtori. 2) giorgi papuaSvili docenti, istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidati

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2008

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, (: 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30E-mail: [email protected]

ISBN 978-9941-12-265-1

3

sarCevi

mariam nozaZeqristianobis safuZvlebis sakiTxi

gviandeli stoicizmis warmomadgenelTa

naazrevSi ................................................................................................ 5

mixeil qarTveliSvilierovnul-sarwmunoebrivi identurobis

problema ioseb stalinis TxzulebebSi ............ 20

ana doliZereligiuri motivebis zogierTi aspeqti

ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi ..................................... 28

daviT rekvavaxeTebis gansaxlebisa da eTnikuri vinaobis

sakiTxi bibliis mixedviT .................................................. 38

arCil xaCiZesaeklesio Semosavlebis gankargvis da

klirikosTa Senaxvis sakiTxebi Crd. afrikis

eklesiaSi ................................................................................................ 46

Tamar adamia“wminda ninos cxovrebis” paradigmatuli

saxismetyveleba. xis simbolika .................................... 57

gvanca burduliwminda mamaTa swavlebani siyvarulisa da

sinanulisaTvis (basili didi, ioane

oqropiri, efrem asuri) ......................................................... 67

giorgi gelutaSviliierusalimis jvris monastris metoqi

jvarismamis eklesia TbilisSi..................................... 76

4

naTia Skubulianimcire sjuliskanonisa da Tanamedrove

qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis

SedarebiTi analizisaTvis

(mkvlelobis Sesaxeb) ................................................................. 87

eTer bokelavaZesaeklesio-istoriul safuZvelTa

falsifikaciisaTvis kosovosa da afxazeTSi

(istoriuli paralelebi) .................................................... 96

cira SaloSvili~didi sjuliskanonisa~ da saqarTvelos

sisxlisa da samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsebis

SedarebiTi analizi (qonebrivi sakuTrebis

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebebi) ............... 119

giorgi metrevelisaqarTvelos sapatriarqos adgilis

istoriisaTvis msoflio marTlmadideblur

diptixSi .................................................................................................. 133

sandro nikolaiSvilisaxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierToba

adre Sua saukuneebSi ............................................................. 142

Tamar tlaSaZewmindanTa kanonizaciis evolucia

dasavleTis eklesiaSi ........................................................ 155

5

mariam nozaZeivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

I kursi

qristianobis safuZvlebis sakiTxi

gviandeli stoicizmis warmomadgenelTa

naazrevSi

qristianobis warmoSobis Taobaze arsebul

mraval polemikur mosazrebas Soris erT-erTi

aris versia, romlis mixedviTac qristianobis sa-

fuZlebi gviandeli stoicizmis wiaRSi unda veZi-

oT. upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom sto-

iciozmi Zv.w III saukunidan mkvidrdeba saberZneT-

Si, rogorc filisofiuri mimdinareoba, romlis

fuZemdebelia Zenon kitioneli (Zv.w 335-262 ww)1

stoicizmi dayofilia sam periodad da swored me-

sames, gviandel stoicizms ukavSireben qristiano-

bas, kerZod, gviandeli stoicizmis (ax.w. I s. ) sam

gamoCenil filosofoss: lucius anius senekas,

epiqtetesa da markus avrelius antoninuss.

sanam uSualod sakiTxis ganxilvaze gadavi-

dodeT, saWirod migvaCnia, aRvniSnoT, Tu ra gav-

1 r. gordeziani, m. danelia, Sesavali klasikurfilologiaSi, 2007, gv 217

6

lena hqonda imdroindel politikur viTarebas

sazogadoebasa da, gansakuTrebiT, filosofiur

skolebze. ax.w. I saukuneSi imperator oqtavianes

mmarTvelobidan moyolebuli (DZv.w 27 w. ) romSi,

formalurad, respublikuri mmarTveloba SenarCu-

nebuli iyo, magram princepsi, (anu “pirveli pir-

velTa Soris” ) saTaveSi edga magistratebsac da

senatsac. faqtobrivad, imperia erTi piris mier

imarTeboda, rac , upirveles yovlisa, niSnavda

imas, rom filosofia imperatoris survilebis

gavlenis qveS mainc eqceoda, winaaRmdegobis miu-

xedavad. amis magaliTia senekas is traqtatebi,

romlebic ideurad neronis mmarTvelobas upiris-

pirdeba (romelTa gamoc gauCnda senekas mowinaaR-

mdegeebi). Tumca, aseve, gavlenis sasargeblo

formis arsebobac SeiniSneba: rogorc cnobilia,

markus avreliusi exmareboda filosofiur sko-

lebs aTenSi. man daaarsa kaTedrebi, romlebsac

ori mowinaaRmdege filosofiuri mimdinareobis,

stoicizmisa da epikureizmis popularizacia unda

gaewiaT2. gavlenis avkargianobis miuxedavad, faq-

tia, rom politika da filosofia mWidrod iyo

dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. albaT, es gaxda mize-

2 markus avreliusi fiqrebi, Targmani b.bregvaZisa 1984,gv 39, winasityvaoba

7

zi imisa, rom XX saukunis mecnierebi saubroben

imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad axlos iyo im period-

Si dabal fenebSi gavrcelebuli da politikurad

devnili qristianuli ideologia da filosofiis

esa Tu is mimdinareoba. ase magaliTad, q-ni meri

WeliZe Tavis or naSromSi “elinizmis filoso-

fia” (1992 w. Tb.) da “elinizmis filosofia adre-

ul qristianul epoqaSi” (1998 w. Tb.) stoikos fi-

losofosTa naSromebis ganxilvisas wers, rom

qristianobis wanamZRvrebi swored stoicizmis wi-

aRSi momzadda da, rom maTma Semoqmedebam Teori-

uli safuZveli moumzada qristianobas.

gansxavebul daskvnamde mivyavarT gviandeli

stoikosebis biografiul cnobebs. aq, ra Tqma un-

da, igulisxmeba is cnobebi da varaudebi, romle-

bic istoriulad SemogvrCa da, romlebze day-

rdnobiTac, vfiqrob, warmoiSveba sawinaaRmdego

mosazreba. biografiaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba,

Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs maTi azrovnebis gamov-

lenas da xorcSesxmas realobaSi, radgan qmedeba,

upirvelesad, ganpirobebulia msoflmxedvelobiTa

da miznebiT. es ori motivi ki metad Taviseburi

iyo I saukunis romSi. am periodSi sazogadoebis

yvela fenaSi igrZnoba ampartavnebiTa da pativmoy-

vareobiT ganpirobebuli gulgriloba garkveul

8

RirebulebaTa mimarT. saberZneTis diadi kultu-

ris saxecvlileba da daknineba romis yoveldRiu-

robis maxasiaTebelia. stoeli filosofosebi,

eladuri kulturis gavleniT, am idealebis misaR-

wevad axal gzebs eZieben. es maT traqtatebSi naT-

lad ikveTeba, magram biografiuli cnobebi, gar-

kveulwilad, sapirispiroze metyvelebs da eWvqveS

ayenebs filosofosTa miznebis gansazRvris sa-

kiTxs.

gviandeli stoicizmis pirveli warmomadge-

neli lucius anius seneka (Zv.w. 4 – ax.w. 62 ww.) ma-

Ral senatorul sazogadoebas miekuTvneboda. man

kargi ganaTleba miiRo da 31 wels, egviptidan

dabrunebulma, iurisprudenciaSi saqmianoba daiw-

yo3. karieris dasawyisSi igi Tavisi filosofiuri

SexedulebebiT cdilobda, gavlena moexdina im-

droindel politikaze, magram es survili waruma-

tebeli aRmoCnda. mas araerTi brali wauyena im-

peratorma klavdiusma, ris Semdegac kunZul kor-

sikaze gadaasaxles. romSi igi mxolod 49 wels

dabrunda dedofal agripinas SemweobiT da misi

vaJis, neronis aRmzrdelad dainiSna. neronis tax-

tze asvlis Semdeg ki (54 w.) udides politikur

3 r. gordeziani, n. tonia, antikuri literatura 2007,gv 373

9

figurad iqca. am xanaSi senekas qoneba sagrZnob-

lad gaizarda da is erT-erT umdidresi kaci gax-

da romSi. Tumca mis imdroindel traqtatebSi

vawydebiT, rom igi materialuri faseulobebis

warmavlobaze “qadagebs” simdidris dagrovabis

paralelurad. am da sxva saxis acilebas xSirad

ganumartavs megobrebs da ambobs, rom misTvis ar

aris aucilebeli im “sikeTeebiT” cxovreba, rom-

lebzec wers: ”me ara var brZeni... amitom miznad

ar visaxav mivaRwio mTlian srulyofilebas, ara-

med me minda mxolod ugunur adamianze ukeTesi

viyo...”4

kidev erTi aspeqti, romelzec seneka msje-

lobs, aris socialuri Tanasworobis sakiTxi. igi

araerTgzis ganixilavs Tavis SromebSi monaTa

problemas: ” mona adamiania, Tanaswori sxva adami-

anisa. monis sulSi iseTivea siamaye, pativmoyvare-

oba, simamace, didsulovneba, rogorc sxva adamia-

nebSi, rogoric ar unda iyos maTi sazogadoebri-

vi mdgomareoba... me metyvian: isini xom monebi ari-

an, magram im monas aqvs Tavisufali suli”5 .

am da sxva Tamamma gancxadebebma mecnierebis

garkveuli nawili miiyvana im mosazrebamde, rom

4 m. WeliZe, elinizmis filosofia, 1992, gv 2745 m. WeliZe, dasax. naSr. gv 275

10

senekas Tavisi kacTmoyvare werilebiT aucileb-

lad eqneboda kavSiri qristianobasTan, maT Soris

m. WeliZis zemoTxsenebul naSromSi aRniSnulia: “

sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom senekas eTikis sa-

xiT qristianobis wanamZRvrebi momzadda, rom se-

neka iyo qristianobis biZa, masTan Teologiam mo-

raluri dasabuTeba moipova, radgan adamianis mi-

er zneobrivi movaleobebis dacva RmerTis arse-

bobis gamarTlebul erT-erT argumentad Camoya-

libda “. 6

sainteresoa, am mosazrebis gamoTqmis dros,

gaTvaliswinebuli iqna Tu ara senekas piradi

cxovrebis gza, radgan Tu sakiTxs sxva kuTxiT

SevxedavT, davinaxavT, rom Cvens xelT arsebuli

istoriuli cnobebidan gamomdinare, dasaSvebia va-

raudi imisa, rom seneka “aRiarebebs” Tavdacvis

mizniT werda. ufro zustad, Tavisi politikuri

poziciebis SesaniRbavad mas, ubralod, sWirde-

boda Tavdacva im ideiT, rom sikeTis mTesveli

iyo. aq, ra Tqma unda, niSandoblivia is faqti,

rom senekas mravali mowinaaRmdege gauCnda, maT

Soris imperator neronis saxiT. istoriulad

cnobilia, rom aRmzrdelisa da aRzrdilis urTi-

6 m. WeliZe, dasax. naSr, gv 272

11

erToba, sawyisi etapisagan gansxvavebiT, droTa

ganmavlobaSi ufro da ufro garTulda. miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom Tavis swavlebebSi seneka zneobrio-

bisaken mouwodebs nerons da traqtatSi “Semwyna-

reblobis Sesaxeb” igi mmarTvelis idealur saxes

warmoaCens, misi aRsazrdeli ver gaxda znesruli

monarqi da aRmzrdelTan dapirispirebiT, upirve-

les yovlisa, mis moZRvrebas aRudga win. es dapi-

rispireba, sabolood, neronis xeliT sikvdils

uqadda senekas, magram aq filosofosma Caidina

qristianuli TvalsazrisiT yvelaze gaumarTlebe-

li saqcieli: abazanaSi venebi gadaiWra da Tavi

moikla. es faqti, upirvelesad, logikurad migvi-

TiTebs imaze, rom senekas SeuZlebelia hqonoda

rwmena qristianobisa, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi igi

aucileblad Tamamad Sexvdeboda gardauval sik-

vdils da sicocxles TviTmkvlelobiT ar daas-

rulebda.7 miT umetes, rom mas mravali magaliTi

hqonda imisa, Tu rogor SeeZloT Tavis gawirva

ideologiisaTvis ubralo adamianebs. raRa Tqma

unda, aq igulisxmeba qristianTa masobrivi Jleti-

7 mecnierTa nawili am nabijs, ubralod, stuikurimoZRvrebis praqtikul cxovrebaSi realizebad miiCnevs,r.gordeziani, m. danelia, Sesavali klasikurfilologiaSi, 2007, gv 217, Tbilisi

12

sa da Seviwroebis faqtebi, romlebic neronis

epoqaSi arnaxuli simravliT gamoirCeoda. 8

gviandeli stoicizmis meore warmomadgene-

li epiqtete (50-138 ax.ww.) monad hyavda neronis yo-

fil monas epafrodites, romlis dawinaurebis

Semdeg, epiqtete ganTavisuflda. gaazatebis Sem-

deg man filosofias miuZRvna Tavi da 89 wels ni-

kopolSi daaarsa filosofiuri skola.9 misi nar-

kvevebidan Cvenamde mxolod mcire nawilma moaR-

wia. es gasakviri arcaa, radgan epiqtetes Tavad

araferi dauweria; misi moZRvreba Semogvinaxa is-

torikos Flavius adrianes wignma “mogonebebi

epiqteteze”10. am cnobebis mixedviT, igi Txzule-

bebSi saubrobs eTikaze, rogorc filosofiuri

moZRvrebis umTavres sakiTxze. aseve, ganixilavs

monobis sakiTxs da wers, rom mona SeiZleba uf-

ro metad iyos Tavisufali, vidre batoni. misi mo-

sazrebiT, namdvili Tavisufleba Sinagania: ” wa-

marTviT Cemi sxeuli, qoneba, patiosneba, ojaxi,

magram Cemi azrebi da neba aravis SeuZlia wamar-

Tvas, aravis SeuZlia daTrgunos”11 . mecnierTa na-

wili aqac imave pozicias inarCunebs; m. WeliZis

8 g. koplataZe, dasax. naSr. gv 40-489 m. WeliZe, dasax. naSr. gv 27710 b. bregvaZe, dasax. naSr. gv 28011 m. WeliZe, dasax. naSr, gv 279

13

“elinizmis filosofiaSi” epiqtetesTan dakavSire-

biT aRniSnulia, rom : “eptqtetes moZRvreba, sene-

kasTan erTad, imis nimuSia, gviandeli stoicizmis

formiT rogor mzaddeboda adrindeli qristia-

nobis epoqa Tavisi axali moraluri normebiT,

moTxovnilebebiT da interesebiT”12. epiqtetes

dros, marTlac, mzaddeboda ideologia qristia-

nobis momZlavrebisaTvis, magram epiqtetes miCneva

qristanobis fuZemdeblad misi SemorCenili Sro-

mebis mTavar aspeqtTa gaTvaliswinebiT sakmarisi

ar aris. Aaq, erTi mxriv, ufro mniSvnelovania

epiqtetes socialuri mdgomareoba. bunrebrivia,

Tavisuflebis mopovebis Semdeg yvela adamiani da-

iwyebda brZolas monaTa eqspulataciis winaaR-

mdeg. gansakuTrebiT ki swavluli epiqtete ar

darCeboda umoqmedod. igi, marTalia, ewinaaRmde-

geba monobas da Tanasworobis moTxovniT gamo-

dis, magram es ar unda iyos safuZvliani argumen-

ti imisaTvis, rom epiqtete qristianobis fuZemdeb-

lad miviCioT. miT umetes, romQI saukunidan ukve

sagrZnoblad gaizarda monaTa uflebebis dam-

cvelTa ricxvi. amas adasturebs Tavad imperator

markus avreliusis gadwyvetileba monaTa uflebe-

12 m. WeliZe, dasax. naSr. gv 282

14

bis gazrdis gamo; maT Soris aRsaniSnavia is faq-

ti, rom am reformis Semdeg monis mokvla danaSa-

ulad CaiTvala da, aseve, monas mieniWa sasamar-

Tlos winaSe wardgomis ufleba. es imaze metyve-

lebs, rom monaTa ganTavisuflebaze msjeloba im-

droisaTvis Cveuli movlenaa. iuristTa nawili ki

dResac fiqrobs, rom romaulma stoicizmma pirve-

lad Sexeda monas, rogorc sruluflebian adami-

ans.13

gansxvavebulia gviandeli stoicizmis mesa-

me warmomadgenlis markus avrelius antoninus av-

gustusis (121-180 ax.w ) cxovrebis gza da mis Sesa-

xeb SemorCenili arc Tu ise mwiri cnobebi. igi

taxtze 40 wlisa avida 161 wels.14 istorikosis

cnobiT, igi siyrmidanve seriozuli da dinji iyo,

ris gamoc misma babuam, imperatorma hadrianem “

verrissimus “, anu “znefaqizi”15 uwoda. Tumca mis

pirovnebas yvelaze ukeT warmoaCens Tavad markus

avreliusis Txzuleba “fiqrebi” , romelic kei-

sarma germanul tomebTan omis dros dawera duna-

13 v. metreveli, g. daviTaSvili, politikur dasamarTlebriv moZRvrebaTa istoria, 2002, gv..49.14 b. bregvaZe, dasax. naSr. gv 815 Targmanis meore variantis mixedviT, dasaSvebia“umarTlesi” r. gordeziani, n. tonia, antikuriliteratura gv 418

15

ispireTSi. naSromi warmoadgens sakuTari miznebi-

sa da miswrafebebis, SexedulebaTa da SecdomaTa

ganxilvas, romelic imdenad gulwrfelad da bu-

nebrivad aris gadmocemuli, rom mkiTxvels auci-

leblad afiqrebinebs, rom mis winaSe gamocdili

da dabrZenebuli kacis aRsarebaa. am varauds uf-

ro metad amtkicebs is faqti, rom markus avreli-

usis “fiqrebi” farTo sazogadoebisaTvis ar aris

gankuTvnili ( Txzulebis arsebobis Sesaxeb mxo-

lod avtoris sikvdilis Semdeg gaxda cnobili)16

. am mizezTa gamo ki, vfiqrobT, safuZvliania im

mosazrebis sarwmunod miCneva, romelsac avreliu-

si Tavis TxzulebaSi qristianebis Sesaxeb gamoT-

qvams. kerZod, igi kicxavs sulis cxonebisaTvis

Tavgadadebul qristianebs, amis mizezad ki asaxe-

lebs imas, rom sikvdilTan Sexvedrisas Sinagan

mzadyofnas Tavad tragizmisagan Tavisufal mov-

lenad miiCnevs da sikvdilTan miaxlovebisas

qristianTa “brma sikerpes” arafris momtans uwo-

debs.17

magram, isev da isev, “fiqrebidan” gamomdi-

nare, mecnierTa Soris aris eWvi markus avreliu-

16 r. gordeziani, n, tonia, antiluri literatura, 2007,gv 42217 markus avreliusi, fiqrebi, dasax. Targmani, gv 247

16

sis moZRvrebasa da qristianobas Soris kavSiris

Taobaze. am mxriv, sayuradRebo epizodia vnebaTa

da zraxvaTa daTmenis Sesaxeb mowodeba: “aris ka-

ci, romelic loculobs: ,,rogor daveuflo am

qals?!“ Sen ki iloce: ,,rogor davaRwio Tavi am

qalis flobis survils?!“ is: ,,rogor movicilo

Tavidan es kaci?!“ Sen: ,,rogor moviqce, rom ar

damWidres Tavidan mocileba misi?!“ is: ,,nu momas-

wreb Svilis sikvdils!” Sen: ,,nu momaswreb imas,

rom meSinodes Svilis dakargvis!“18 am da sxva

msgavsi saxis mowodebebis simravlem, bunebrivia,

mecnierebi daafiqra imaze, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu

ara, imperators hqonoda kavSiri qristianebTan.

magram istoriuli cnobebi ar adasturebs am vara-

uds: cnobilia, rom markus avrelius antoninusi

romma yvela tradiciis aRsrulebiT dakrZala da

mis pativsacemad taZari aigo, daarsda qurumTa

kolegia, xolo xalxma “keTilmowyale RmerTad”

gamoacxada imperatori. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu is-

torikosTa cnobebs yalbad miviCnevT, isedac bu-

nebrivia imis Tqma, rom, markus avreliuss, ro-

gorc reformator da, amave dros, siqveliT ga-

morCeul keisars, saxelmwifoebrivi religia unda

18 markus avreliusi, fiqrebi, dasax. Targm. gv 222

17

daecva, rogorc romis erTianobis SenarCunebis

erT-erTi umTavresi piroba19. amitom, gacilebiT

marTebulia imis mtkiceba, rom markus avreliusi

qristianTa winaaRmdeg gamovidoda, vidre imisa,

rom maTi, rogorc “seqtantebis” pozicias daicav-

da.

ganxilul magaliTTa safuZvelze, SeiZle-

ba iTqvas, rom qristianobis warmoSobis am versi-

as ar gaaCnia istoriul cnobebze damyarebuli sa-

fuZveli da, rom igi konkretul mecnierTa subieq-

tur mosazrebas warmoadgens. amaze mianiSnebs is

naSromi senekasa da pavle mociqulis mimoweris

Sesaxeb, romelic, dadasturda, rom gviandel pe-

riods ekuTvnis,20 rac, Tavis mxriv, asaxavs imis

mcdelobas, rom SuasaukuneebSi senekas moZRvre-

bis araswori gageba iSviaTi ar iyo. amitom, da-

saSvebi iqneba varaudi imisa, rom stoicizmisa da

qristianobis kavSiri dRemde arasando faqtebze

dayrdnobiT ivaraudes, radgan, rogorc Tavad

stoicizmis warmoSoba iyo logikuri da istoriu-

li aucileblobis mqone elinizmis filosofiaSi,

aseve, mniSvnelovani da gardauvali movlena iyo

19 b. bregvaZe, dasax. naSr. gv 44-4520 r.gordeziani, n.tonia, antikuri literatura, gv.374,Tb.2007

18

msoflio istoriaSi qristianobis ideologiis

TandaTanobiT damkvidreba. ase rom, SeiZleba iT-

qvas, Cv.w. I saukuneSi qristanobasa da stoicizms

mxolod epoqa aerTianebdaT, rac safuZvliani ar-

gumenti ar aris imisaTvis, rom gviandeli stoi-

cizmis warmomadgenlebi qristianobis fuZemdeb-

lad miviCnioT.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. markus avreliusi, fiqrebi, Targmani baCana bregvaZi-

sa, Tbilisi 1984

2. r. gordeziani, n, tonia, antikuri literatura, Tbi-

lisi 2007

3. r. gordeziani, m. danelia, Sesavali klasikur filo-

logiaSi, Tbilisi 2007

4. m. WeliZe, elinizmis filosofia, Tbilisi 1992

5. g. koplataZe, qristianuli eklesiis istoria, Tbili-

si 2007

6. v. metreveli, g. daviTaSvili, politikur da samar-

Tlebriv moZRvrebaTa istoria, Tbilisi 2002

19

Mariam Nozadze Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Faculity of Humanities, First year

The question of Christianity’s bases in the

conception of Late Stoicism

S u m m a r y

The article is about the versions of the bases of Christianity, which

has a connection with the Stoicism, a philosophical course, which was

created at the III century B.C. in Greece. The latest representatives of

Stoicism Seneca, Epictete and Marci Aurelii, mainly wrote about such

themes into their treatises, that they were considered to be very close to

Christianity, as they, herewith, were forming in the same epoch. But as

we look about the historical facts and biographical notifications of that

philosophers’ life we found that it’s practically impossible to announce

something resolutely about the relationship between Stoics and

Christianity.

20

mixeil qarTveliSviliivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis


magistraturis I kursi,specialoba_saqarTvelos istoria

erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi identurobis

problema iosen stalinis TxzulebebSi

qarTul realobaSi erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi

identurobis problemis mecnierul Seswavlas

udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba, radgan man didwi-

lad ganapiroba saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

ganviTarebis araerTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi.

aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT vfiqrobT, rom gansa-

kuTrebiT saintereso periods warmoadgens sabWo-

Ta epoqis saqarTvelo, radgan swored am period-

Si eyreba safuZveli saazrovno sistemis anu men-

talitetis imgvar formas, romelic Cvens cnobie-

rebaze dRemde sakmaod did gavlenas axdens. aqe-

dan gamomdinare am problemis mecnieruli Seswav-

la uaRresad mniSvnelovan da saSur saqmed mig-

vaCnia.

viziarebT ra samecniero literaturaSi gamoT-

qmul mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac sabWoTa pe-

riodis saqarTvelos istoria unda gaviazroT

sabWoTa kavSiris mTlian istoriasTan erTad, mig-

21

vaCnia, rom am epoqis mecnieruli Seswavla TiT-

qmis SeuZlebelia marqsizm-leninizmis Teoriuli

memkvidreobis saTanado gaazrebis gareSe, radgan

aRniSnuli gaxlavT is Teoriuli bazisi, romle-

sac daefuZna sabWoTa saxelmwifoebrioba da mas

gverds ver auvlis sabWoTa epoqaze momuSave ver-

cerTi mkvlevari.

aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT vfiqrobT gansakuT-

rebuli yuradReba unda mivaqcioT vladimer le-

ninis, lev trockisa da ioseb stalinis Semoqme-

debiTi memkvidreobis saTanado gaazrebas, radgan

maTma naazrevma Teoriuli safuZveli moumzada

sabWoTa politikur sistemas.

winamdebare gamokvlevis mokrZalebuli mizania

SeviswavloT ioseb stalinis TxzulebebSi erov-

nul-sarwmunoebrivi identurobis problemis adgi-

li da mniSvneloba. savsebiT bunebrivia, rom aR-

niSnuli uaRresad rTuli sakiTxis srulyofili

Seswavlis pretenzia ar gagvaCnia da am etapze

mxolod sakiTxis dasmiT SemovifarglebiT.

Semdgomi gaugebrobebis Tavidan acilebis miz-

niT gvsurs ganvmartoT, rom Tanamedrove samecni-

ero azrovnebaSi identurobis cneba ar gaiazreba,

rogorc udavo erTianoba. igi SeiZleba gaviaz-

22

roT problemad, romelic saerTo maxasiaTeble-

biT gamoirCeva.

qarTul, rusul da evropulenovan samecniero

literaturaSi ioseb stalini savsebiT samarTli-

anadaa miCneuli politikur moRvawed, romelic

Tavis Teoriul Tu praqtikul moRvaweobaSi gan-

sakuTrebiT did adgils uTmobda erovnul igive

nacionalur sakiTxs. misi mosazrebebi mTeli rigi

kritikuli SeniSvnebis miuxedavad dRemde didi

popularobiT sargeblobs da erovnuli sakiTxis

gadawyvetis erT-erT originalur, Tavisebur da

saintereso SemTxvevadaa miCneuli.

ioseb stalini bolSevik moRvaweTagan erT-er-

Ti gamorCeulia, vinc erovnuli sakiTxi siRrmise-

ulad Seiswavla da am Temas araerTi publicis-

turi werili da broSura miuZRvna. unda vivarau-

doT, rom aRniSnuli muSaoba Tavdapirvelad vla-

dimer leninis uSualo iniciativiT xorcildebo-

da, razec savsebiT samarTlianad SeniSnavs saer-

TaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriis aRiarebuli

specialisti keneT n. uoleci. erovnul sakiTxSi

„Tavisi Tavdapirveli mosazrebebis mcdarobis aR-

moCenis Semdeg lenini gulmodgined Seudga sxva

axsnis Ziebas, radgan es socialisturi Teoriis

23

gadasarCenad iyo aucilebeli“ aseTi axsna ki man

swored ioseb stalinis naazrevSi ipova.

Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom ioseb stalinis mTe-

li SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba Zlieraa ideolo-

gizirebuli, metic aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT io-

seb stalini Tavad gvevlineba ideologiis er-

Tgvar Camomyalibeblad.

pirveli naSromi, romlic ioseb stalinma

erovnuli sakiTxis ganxilvas miuZRvna aris ~ro-

gor esmis social-demokratias nacionaluri sa-

kiTxi“, romelic gazeT ~proletariatis brZolis“

1904 wlis 1 seqtembris me-7 nomerSi daibeWda.

statiaSi uaResad saintereso daskvnebia gake-

Tebuli, kerZod ioseb stalini pirdapir wers:

„nacionaluri sakiTxi sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva

interesebs emsaxureba, sxvadsxva elfers iRebs

imis mixedviT Tu romeli klasi da rodis wamo-

wevs mas.“ aRniSnuli fraza mniSvnelovania, imiT,

rom ioseb stalini pirdapir aRniSnavs, rom erov-

nuli sakiTxis erTjeradad gadawyveta marTebuli

ar iqneba da igi epoqasTan mimarTebaSi unda gai-

azrebodes.

marTlac, SemdgomSi naTlad davrwmundebiT,

rom ioseb stalinis mTelma rigma Sexedulebebma

drois Sesabamisi cvlilebebi ganicada.

24

zemoaRniSnuli statia warmnoadgens qarTul

sinamdvileSi arsebuli nacionalisturi miswrafe-

bebis erTgvar mimoxilviT analizs.

mTeli rigi sakiTxebis ganxilvisas ioseb sta-

lini midis saintereso daskvnamde, romlis mixed-

viTac ruseTis imperiaSi Semavali xalxebis naci-

onaluri sakiTxi ruseTis proletariatma unda

gadawyvitos.

amave statiaSi ioseb stalini axasiaTebs ra

qarTul feodalur nacionalizms masTan erTad

ganixilavs samRvdeloebis rolsac, romelic mas

ukiduresad uaryofiTad miaCnia, Tumca aRniSnul

sakiTxze vrclad ar Cerdeba da mxolod SeniS-

vnis saxiT akeTebs.

Semdgomi publicisturi naSromi, sadac ioseb

stalini erovnul sakiTxs exeba aris ~marqsizmi

da nacionaluri sakiTxi“. es werili funamenturi

xasiaTisaa da mas gverds ver auvlis sabWoTa

erovnul sakiTxze momuSave vercerTi mkvlevari,

masSi ioseb stalinis adrindelma mosazrebebma

ramdenadme cvlilebebi ganicades da Camoyalibe-

buli saxe miiRes. masSi naTladaa Camoyalibebuli

erTaTviTgamorkvevis principi, romelic rogorc

cnobilia proletariatis internacionalur Ta-

nasworobasa da Zmobas unda dafuZneboda.

25

aRniSnul naSromSi yuradRebas iqcevs erTi sa-

intereso fraza ~saeklesio rwmena feodaluri

erovnuli grZnobebis gamoxatulebas warmoadgens“

aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom io-

seb stalini ar uaryofda sarwmunoebis rols.

savsebiT bunebrivia, rom igi am mimarTulebiT

msjelobas ar agrZelebs, radgan es kategoriu-

lad ewinaaRmdegeboda sociial-demokratTa ofi-

cialur Sexedulebebs, religiisadmi, romelic am

ukanasknelis Taviuflebis ideiT praqtikulad

aTeizmis propagandirebas axdenda.

am werilSi ioseb stalini ukve aqtiurad Seewi-

naaRmdega partiis SigniT arsebul dapirispire-

bebs da cdilobs Tavisi Sexedulebebi warmoadgi-

nos, rogorc erTaderTi uryevi WeSmariteba.

oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg sabWoTa xeli-

suflebis gamarjvebis Semdeg ioseb stalini

erovnul sakiTxs sainteresod ganixilavs broSu-

raSi ~mimdinare sakiTxebi“, sadac oqtombris re-

volucias ruseTis imperiaSi myofi erebis ganTa-

visuflebis istoriul Sanss uwodebs, aq ioseb

stalini SedarebiT vrclad Cerdeba eklesiis

rolze da mas kategoriulad uaryofiTad axasia-

Tebs.

26

rodesac ioseb stalinis TxzulebebSi erov-

nul sakiTxze vsaubrobT yuradReba unda mivaqci-

oT im faqts, rom masSi sarwmunoebrivi aspeqtebis

Sesaxeb laparaki TiTqmis saerTod ar gvxvdeba,

Tumca aris calkeuli miniSnebebi, „sulier rol-

ze“, „idealur ganxilvaze“, sadac SeiZleba viva-

raudoT, rom sarwmunoeba unda igulisxmebodes.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ioseb sta-

linis TxzulebebSi erovnuli sakiTxis gadaw-

yvets uaRresad mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs,

rac Tavis mxriv ganpirobebulia problemaTa aq-

tualurobiTa da gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobiT,

rac Seexeba sarwmunoebas igi gaiazreba, rogorc

wmenis Tavisuflebis Sedegi.


1. ioseb stalini, Txzulebani, tomi I, Tb., 1947

2. erasti axobaZe, erovnuli sakiTxis istori-

idan saqarTveloSi (1900-1917ww.), Tb., 1965

3. vaxtang guruli, ioseb juRaSvilis arCeva-

ni, Tb., 2007

27

4. qeTevan pavliaSvili, saqarTvelos samoci-

qulo marTlmadidebeli eklesiis istoria,

1800-1945, naw. I, Tb., 2008

5. nodar naTaZe, eri da erovnuli kultura,

Tb., 1990

6. Francoit Furet, Staline et la question nationale, Paris,

1987

7. keneT n. uolci, adamiani, saxelmwifo da

omi, Teoriuli analizi, Tb., 2003

MMikheil KartvelishviliThe first year MA student of Ivane Javakhishvili

Tbilisi State University,Faculty of humanities,

direction of history of Georgia

Natiional and religional identical problems in the Ioseb

Stalin’s works

Summary

In this article is disscused national and religional identical

problems in the Ioseb Stalin’s works. the main stages it’s

development and charactericts, it are concrete historical-

political and cultural importartance.

28

ana doliZeivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis


I kursi

religiuri motivebis zogierTi aspeqti

ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi

msoflio litraturaSi realizmis damkvidrebas

Tan axlda erTgvari skepticizmi religiisadmi,

rac renesansuli motivebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. aRor-

Zinebis xanis zegavlena an pirdapir daetyo

teqsts ( balzaki, stendali, floberi), an garkve-

uli improvizaciis ufleba daitova (tolstoi).

rwmenisadmi Tanmimdevruli damokidebuleba, misi

konceptualuri gadmotana literaturaSi TiTqmis

uaryofili iyo. am mxriv gamonakliss qarTuli

realizmi, kerZod ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba

warmoadgens. qarTveli klasikosis nawarmoebebis

erT-erTi ZiriTadi (Tu umTavresi ara) ganmsaz-

Rvreli xazi swored ufalTan mimarTebas, marTma-

dideblur-qristianuli msoflxedvis mkiTxvelTan

mxatvruli formiT mitanas gulisxmobs.

amis nimuSia ilias `locva~, romelic saxare-

biseuli mcnebebis da cnebebis leqsis saxiT amet-

yvelebis qrestomaTiuli magaliTia. ilias `loc-

29

va~ leqsikiTac ki mihyveba `mamao Cvenos~ _`mamao

Cveno, romelica xar caTa Sina.., “im gansxvavebiT,

rom ilias locvaSi naxsenebi ar aris `puri arso-

bisa~, magram TavisTavad igulisxmeba. leqsSi yu-

radReba gamaxvilebulia sulier sazrdelze, ro-

melic xels uwyobs adamianis SemoqmedTan kav-

Sirs, misi sulis zeaRsvlas. poeti muxlmodreki-

li da `lmobieri~ dgas uflis winaSe. `lmobieri~

niSnavs sxvis Semwyalebels, mzad myofs, Seundos

sxvas Secodeba.

uflis locvis citirebas eklesiasturi xedva

mosdevs _ ,,arca simdidris, arc didebis Txovna

ar minda” da winaswarmetyveluri fraza,Mromel-

Sic cxadadaa bibliuri sentenciebi warmodgeni-

li. SeadareT: ,,giyvardes mteri Seni...” da

,,... mterTaTvisac, romelT

Tundac guls laxvari mkran,

gTxovde, Seunde, ar ician

RmerTo, ras iqman.”

poetis Txovna uflisadmi ar aris gansazRvru-

li piradi sargebliT. iliam icis, rom misi loc-

va wmindaa (Tavad uwodebs ase) da ar unda Seu-

racxyos is miwieri surviliT:

`ar minda amiT Seuracxvyo me locva wminda...~

30

poeti mxolod erTi TxovniT mimarTavs ufals

_ mieniWos mas RvTaebrivis Secnobis unari, raTa

Seimecnos uflis mier `namcnebi siyvaruli~. ili-

am kargad uwyis, ras niSnavs siyvaruli, rom uf-

lis trfoba mas mxolod moyvasis siyvaruls ar

avaldebulebs; rom moyvruli siyvaruli moicavs

moyvrisa da mtris _ orives _ siyvaruls.

`xolo me getyui Tqven: giyuarded mterni Tqu-

enni da akurTxevdiT mwyevarTa TquenTa da keTil-

sa uyofdiT moZuleTa TquenTa da ulocevdiT

maT, romelni gmZlavrobdnen Tquen da gdevniden

Tquen~ (mate 5, 44).

mxolod am gziT _ mtris siyvaruliT _ Seic-

nobs adamiani srulyofil siyvaruls; swored am

gziT aRwevs misi locvac srulyofas. mtris siy-

varulis motivis warmoCeniT ilias locva wminda

xdeba, radgan poeti Zlevs adanianTaTvis dauZle-

vels da mtris Sendobas, mtris kargadmyofobas

SesTxovs ufals.

ilias kidev ori locviTi Janris leqsi aqvs

Seqmnili. esenia: `locva~(`odes demoni urwmunoe-

bis~) da `g. abx…~. orive leqsi uflisadmi mimar-

Tvas warmoadgens. `odes demoni...~ saxarebiseuli

ambis, uflis cxovrebis erTi monakveTis _ geTse-

maniaSi iesos locvisa da qcevis _ Tanagancdaa.

31

urwmunoebis demoni, adamianTa macdunebeli, sawam-

laviT savse Tass awvdis wmindans, romelic Tavi-

si cxovrebiT baZavs ufals da mzadaa mis Sesasme-

lad. da mainc, miuxedavad amisa, igi dazRveuli

araa xorcieli grZnobisgan, romelsac SiSi hqvia.

amitom SesTxovs poeti ufals:

`da ukeTu ars SesaZlebeli,

me ganmariden igi sasmeli!~

da rogorc ki iesos am sityvebs ebmis misi

uaryofa, iliasac maSinve ukan miaqvs Tavisi sit-

yvebi:

`magram Tu RmerTo, Sen RvTaebas surs,

raTa gamocda miT hqondes Cems suls,

ganhqren Sen xmasTan survilni Cemni

da iyavn neba, ufalo, Seni!~

`iyavn neba Seni~ _ es sityvebi locvis umaRle-

si safexuria, wminda locvaa; xolo mTeli leqsi

wmindanis msoflxedvis gamoxatulebaa, kacis, ro-

melic mzad aris tanjvisaTvis. `sulieri Serige-

ba, Cven unda gavigoT da gamovsaxoT rogorc qme-

deba, rogorc moZraoba sulisa, rogorc procesi,

romlis msvlelobaSi Tavs iCens Zal-Ronis daZab-

va da brZola da arsebiT momentad gvevlineba

tkivili, sikvdili, mwuxare grZnoba araraobisa,

tanjva sulisa da xorcisa (g. farulava, mxatvru-

32

li saxis bunebisaTvis Zvel qarTul prozaSi, Tb.,

1982)

rac Seexeba leqss `g. abx/azs/~, konkretul miZ-

Rvnas warmoadgens, poetis pirad survilebs yrmi-

sadmi, anu aq Cans moyvruli siyvarulis gamom-

JRavneba, romelic `sawuTros kacTa~ cnobierebiT

_ keTili survilebiT _ ki ar ganisazRvreba, ara-

med qristianuli idealiT, yrmisaTvis tanjvis nu-

geSis STagonebiT.

literaturis kritikaSi SeniSnulia erTi as-

peqtic ,,yvarlis mTebidan”. poeti Tavis saprogra-

mo sityvaSi adresats vertikalurad miemarTeba.

igi TiTqos Tavis gegmas ufals gaandobs da mia-

barebs. am leqsSi isic kargad warmoCndeba, rom

`yrma~ axlos dgas ufalTan, swvdeba mis simaR-

les, magram zrdasTan erTad Sordeba mas da saWi-

ro xdeba sxva gza moZebnos ufalTan misasvle-

lad. es gza ganaTlebaa, romelic ilias Semoqme-

debaSi aRiqmeba ara mxolod rogorc swavla-ga-

naTleba (risTvisac miemgzavreba is peterburgSi),

aramed rogorc _ amaRleba, sulis ganaTleba. es

kargad Cans ilias mTel rig nawarmoebebSi mkveT-

rad gamoxatuli `kvali ganaTlebulis~ motivi-

dan. gavixsenoT ilias leqsi `qarTvlis dedas~:

`dedav! ismine qarTvlis vedreba:

33

ise aRzarde Sen Svilis suli,

rom win gauZRves WeSmariteba,

ukan hrCes kvali ganaTlebuli~.

ilias locvebidan erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia

`aCrdilSi~ CarTuli `dedao RvTisav...~

,,dedao RvTisav, es qveyana Seni xvedria…...

Sens meoxebas nu moakleb am tanjuls xalxsa;

saRmrTod miiRe sisxli, romel am xalxs uR-

vria,

CagrulT sasoo, nu arideb mowyale Tvalsa!~

_ es sityvebi pirdapiri miniSnebaa imaze, rom

ilias mTeli programa, `Sromis axsnis~ CaTvliT,

konstituciuri modelisaa da transcendentalur

nebas ukavSirdeba. Txovnac Sesabamisia:

`CagrulT sasoo, nu gvarideb mowyale Tval-

sa...~

vfiqrobT, poemis SesavalSic daxatulia adami-

anis ganwmendis, amaRlebis procesi, romlis gare-

Sec SeuZlebelia `wminda locva~. es procesi am

sityvebiT gamoixateba:

`ama nugeSiT aRZruli suli

aRmevso nelis sixaruliTa,

eWvTagan winaT gvemuli guli

gancxovlda wmindis siyvaruliTa;

gardmomevlina yovlad SemZlebi

34

qveynisa amis sikeTis rwmena,

aRmifrTovana man ocnebebi

da ganmiwminda xedva da smena.~

calke Temaa ilias `gandegili~; Cven mxolod

erT frazas SevexebiT _ `xsna yvelgan aris~, ro-

melic am SemTxvevaSi imiT aris saintereso, rom

termini `xsna~ usaTuod religias, qristianobas

ukavSirdeba. ilia fiqrobs, rom yvelgan, yvela

sferoSi, yvela mxares adamiani swored xsnisaT-

vis unda iRvwodes, mxolod am Rvwis formebia

sxvadasxvagvari.

marTmadideblur-qristianuli msoflxedva

TvalsaCinod aisaxeba ilias prozaSic. oTaraanT

qvrivi qristianuli mcnebebis matarebeli adamia-

nis magaliTia, luarsabi ki maTi naklebobis;

,,mgzavris werilebis” manifestic amgvar ideebs

aviTarebs, rom araferi vTqvaT `glaxis naambobs”

moZRvarze, romelic nimuSia WeSmariti mRvdelmsa-

xurisa, adamianuri siTbos, siyvarulis da sulie-

rebisa. magaliTad mogvyavs mTavari gmiris, gabri-

elis sityvebi, miseuli daxasiaTeba moZRvrisa:

`me im mRvdelzed sityva Zalian gagigrZele,

batono, da ybedobaSi nu CamomarTmevT. oriode na-

Teli dRe me imasTan gamitarebia, gonebisa da ada-

mianobis Tvali,_ avad Tu kargad,_ imasTan amixi-

35

lebia. Cemis bnelis cxovrebis gzazed imis meti

varskvlavi ar amosula, _ da am upiro qveyanam

sxva nura damayvedros ra. amitom miyvars me im

mRvdelzed laparaki. roca ki vlaparakob xolme,

suli isev sulobs, roca imas vaxseneb, damijereT,

rom me imis xsenebazed am qveynad kidev madli

RvTisa mwams, kidev mgonia, rom es qveyana Sesafe-

ria da am qveyanasTan Zafi ar gamwydomia. daloca

RmerTma is kacad-kaci!..~ `kacad-kaci~ RvTis saxea,

zneobis etalonia, rwmenis Camnergavia, adamianTa

gadamrCenelia iseve, rogorc ufali.

ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi naTlad gamoixa-

ta qristianuli motivebi: yrmis ufalTan siaxlo-

vis, tanjviT bednierebis mopovebis, uflis mcneba-

Ta qadagebis, sisrulisaken swrafvis, moyvasisa da

mtris siyvarulis, mtris siyvaruliT ki srulyo-

filis _ uflis _ Secnobis, uflisadmi baZvis da

rwmeniT saukuno cxovrebis mopovebis. Cven mxo-

lod am motivebis zogierT aspeqts SevexeT.

36

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. axali aRTqumai, saqarTvelos sapatri-

arqos gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1955.

2. farulava griver, mxatvruli saxis bu-

nebisaTvis Zvel qarTul prozaSi, Tbi-

lisi, 1982.

3. WavWavaZe ilia, TxzulebaTa sruli kre-

buli oc tomad, t. I, `mecniereba~, `sab-

WoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1987.

4. WavWavaZe ilia, TxzulebaTa sruli kre-

buli oc tomad, t. II, `mecniereba~, `sab-

WoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1987.

37

Anna Dolidze Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University


Some Aspects of Religious Motives In the Literary Works of

Ilia Chavchavadze

Summary

This paper analyzes religious motives in the literary works of

XIX century Georgian classical author Ilia Chavchavadze. These

motives are not represented in his works perfectly; author speaks

only about some of them: about the closeness of the Father and

Son; the achievement of the happiness by the way of torture,

preaching the Divine commandments, love one’s neighbor and

enemy – the way which shows us how to attain the perfection - to

conceive the God - and to achieve the eternal life by faith.

38

daviT rekvavaivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetihumanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

specialoba: Turquli ena da literaturaIII kursi

xeTebis gansaxlebisa da eTnikuri vinaobis

sakiTxi bibliis mixedviT

Tanamedrove TurqeTis aziuri nawili _

anatolia, romelsac ZvelTaganve uwodebdnen ag-

reTve `mcire azias~, kacobriobis civilizaciis

erT-erT uZveles keradaa ariarebuli. es aris sak-

maod vrceli teritoria, sadac aTaswleulTa man-

Zilze xdeboda sxvadasxva warmoSobis tomTa Tu

xalxTa Sereva. Zv. aRmosavleT xanaSi aq araerTi

didi Tu patara saxelmwifo warmoiqmna, magram

sxvadsxva garemoebaTa gamo isiniTndaTan gaqrnen

istoriis aspaerezidan ise, rom verc erTma maT-

ganma ver moaRwia Cvens epoqamde.

am uzarmazar teritoriaze kulturulad

uZvelesi xanebidanve dawinaurda aR. anatolia,

gansakuTrebiT ki mcire aziis centraluri nawi-

li, sadac Camoyalibda saxelmwifo, romelic

erT-erT udides politikur Zalad gadaiqca ara

marto mcire aziaSi, aramed maSindel axlo aRmo-

39

savleTSic. es iyo xeTebis samefo anu x a T i,

romelic Zv. w II aTaswleulSi arsebobda da mci-

re aziis Zvel istoriaSi mTeli epoqa Seqmna.

`Zvel aRTqmaSi~ `xeTebi~ ramdenimejeraa

naxsenebi, magram aq igulisxmebian ara II aTaswle-

ulis centralur mcire aziaSi mosaxle tomebi,

aramed is xeTebi, romlebic Crd. siriaSi cxov-

robdnen Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi, e.w. `gviandeli xe-

Tebi~.

`Zveli aRTqmis~ xeTebis Sesaxeb arsebul

cnobaTa Soris mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia miTi-

Tebebs, romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvsaz-

RvroT xeTebis gansaxlebis areali siria-pales-

tinaSi. `dabadeba~ (10,15) gvanmcnobs, rom xeTebi

qanaanis Svilis qetelis STamomavlebad iTvlebi-

an da sxva moZme qanaanis tomebTan erTad mosax-

leoben sidonidan gerasamde, anu samxreT sirii-

dan samxeT palestinamde gadaWimul teritoriaze.

asurul babilonur wyaroebSi `xaTis~ uZ-

velesi moxsenieba ganekuTvneba samsudiTanas me-

fobis xanas, roca xeTebmababilons ilaSqres da

bolo mouRes babilonis I dinastias.

Zv. w. I aTaswleulis droindeli asuruli

da urartuli wyaroebi Crd. siriiasa da mcire

aziis aR. nawils `xaTes qveyanas~ uwodebdnen.

40

swored es garemoeba aisaxa `Zvel aRTqmaSi~, rom-

lis mixedviT `Zeni qetisni~ Crd. siriis mcxovreb-

ni gamodian.

`dabadebaSi~ (15,18) moTxrobilia RmerTsa

da abraams Soris dadebuli pirobis Sesaxeb, rom-

lis ZaliTac: `mas dResa Sina aRuTqva ufalman

aRTqumaÁ metYvelman: `Teslsa Sensa mivscne qveya-

na es emdinariTgan egviptisad, vidre mdinaredmde

didad evfratad. kinevelni da kenezelni da kedma-

zelni da qetelni da ferezelni...~

amgvarad RmerTis pirobis Tanaxmad abraa-

mis STamomavlobis e.i. ebraelebis xelSi unda ga-

davides qanaanuri tomebiT da maT Soris dsaxle-

buli teritoria nilosidan evfratamde, e.i. si-

ria-palestina SuamdinareTamde. adre ganxiluli

cnobis msgavsad es miTiTebac ar gvaZlevs saSua-

lebas konkretulad ganvsazvRoT xeTebis adgil-

mdebareoba siria-palestinaSi.

`dabadebaSi~ xeTebi kidev sam adgilas

arian moxseniebulni. I cnoba exeba abraamis dak-

rZalvas (25,9), meore gvamcnobs iakobis anderZis

(49,29), xolo mesame mogviTxrobs iakobis dakrZal-

vis Sesaxeb (50,13).

41

~gamosvlaTa wignSi~ xeTebi 6 adgilas

arian moxseniebulni. eqvsive cnoba CvenTvis sain-

tereso problemas exeba.

`Zveli aRTqmis~ pirveli 2 wignisgan gan-

sxvavebiT, danarCeni 3 wigni mwir cnobebs gvaw-

vdis xeTebis Taobaze.

...da kidev erTi cnoba, romelic xeTebis

adgilmdebareobaze migviTiTebs. cnoba, romelSic

CamoTvlilia iso naves (`Zveli aRTqmis~ VI wigni)

mier iordanis dasavleT mxares dapyrobil same-

foTa saxelebi. (T. 12,7-8): `da ese mefeni amorevel-

ni, romelni moisrna iso da ZeTa israelisaTa wi-

aR iordanesa da zRuasa Tana balgads, velsa ze-

da libanisasa vidre mTadmde alegisad aRmaval-

Tasa seirad da misca igi iso naTesavTa israeli-

saTa samkvidrebelad nawilad maTa~.

amrigad, es miTiTeba xeTebis samkvdro ad-

gilad palestinis Crd. nawils asaxelebs.

sxva qanaanuir tomebTan erTad xeTebi

cxovrobdnen palestinis iseT qalaqebS, rogori-

caa ierusalimi, sodomi samaria, razec mowmobs

iezekielis wignSi daculi 2 cnoba: aRniSnul qa-

laqebSi, dasaxlebulma ebraelebma daiviwyes is

adaT-wesebi, romlis mixedviTac ekrZalebodaT

ucxo tomebTan qorwineba. amas ki Sedegad is moh-

42

yva, rom xalxi gadagvarda da gamoiwvia winaswar-

metyvel iezekielis mier ierusalimis mcxovrebTa

dawyevla: `Ziri Seni da Soba Seni queyanisagan qa-

naanisa. mama Seni amoreveli da deda Seni qette-

la~ (T. 16,3).

amrigad, xeTebi mosaxleobdnen zemoaRniS-

nul qalaqebSi, xSirad qorwindebodnen ebraeleb-

ze, risTvisac am ukanasknelT RmerTi risxva da-

atydaT Tavs.

`Zvel aRTqmaSi~ mravlad moipoveba cnobe-

bi xeTebios eTnikuri vinaobis Sesaxeb. `dabadeba~

(T 10,15) mogviTxrobs: `ese Sobani ZeTa noesTan:

sem, qam da iafet. da iyvnes maTda Zeni Semdgomad

wyliT rRunisa... xolo qanan Sva sidon pirmSod

da qeteli da iobosleli da amoreveli da gerge-

seveli...Semdgomad ganeTesnes tomni qanaanelTani~.

am cnobis mixedviT, xeTebis winapari qete-

li, noes SviliSvilis-qanaanis Zea, xolo misi Zme-

bi qanaanuri-semituri tomrbis mamamTavrebi.

amgvarad, Tu zemoxsenebul miTiTeba sver-

wmunebiT, maSin xeTebi qanaanur-semitur warmomav-

lobis eTnikur jgufad unda miviCnioT, aqedan ga-

momdinare biblia xeTebs semitebad Tvlis. miuxe-

davad imisa, rom ebraelebi warmomavlobiT imave

qanaanur-semitur jgufs miekuTvnebian, rogorc

43

zemoT CamoTvlili tomebi. `Zveli aRTqma~ maT aS-

karad apirispiurebs erTmaneTTan. xeTebis eTniku-

ri dapirispireba semit-ebraelebTan aSkarad

vlindeba `mefeTa III wgnSi~ (11,3): `da mefe solo-

mon iyo dedaTmoyuare da moiyvanna colni ucxo

TeslTagan mravalni da asuli igi faraosi da mo-

avelTa da amoniotelTa da idumelTa da asuras-

tani da qetelTa da amorevelTa~.

aqedan gamomdinare bibliuri tradicia xe-

Tebs miakuTvnebs qanaanur-semitur warmomavlobis

tomebs, Tumca aSkarad mijnavs semit-ebraelebisa-

gan.

xeTebis eTnikuri vinaobis garkvevisTvis

aucilebelia SeviswavloT Tu ras niSnavs sakuT-

riv termini “hatti” da Zvel aRTqmaSi moxseniebu-

li xeTuri sakuTari saxelebi.

istoriulad dadasturebuli, rom termini

“hatti”-s qveS moiazreboda xaTis qveyana, qalaqi

xaTusa da am qalaqis uZvelesi mosaxleoba `xaTe-

bi~ an kidev `protoxeTebi~. termini “hatti” aRniS-

navda im samefos, romlis dedaqalaqic iyo “hat-

tutas” anu `xeTebis samefo~.

asuruli, elamuri, gvianbabilonuri da

urartuli wyaroebi amave terminis qveS gulis-

44

xmoben xeTebis imperiis yofili teritoriis mo-

saxleobas (mcire azia, siria-palestina).

pirvelad `xeTuri~ sakuTari saxelebi

gvxvdeba `dabadebis~ 23-e TavSi, sadac laparakia

abraamis meuRlis saras dasaflavebis Sesaxeb.

arabulad `abu~ niSnavs mamas, xolo `me-

liqi~ mefes. aSkaraa, romes saxelic semituri

warmomavlobisaa. saxeli `uria~ aseve semituria

da iTragmneba, rogorc `naTeli RvTisa~.

yovelive es sulac ar gulisxmobs

imas, rom am saxelis matarebeli xalxi aucileb-

lad semitebi unda yofiliyvnen. savaraudoa isic,

rom terminSi `xeTi~ `Zveli aRTqma~ miiCnevs ara

romelime gansazRvrul xalxs, aramed arasemitu-

ri zedafenis warmomadgenlebs.


1. Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria, § 5 –

xeTebis Zveli samefo, gv. 218-223, Tb. 1988w;

2. erekle astaxiSvili – xeTebi bibliaSi, Tb.

2005w;

3. erekle astaxiSvili _ xeTebis adgilmdeba-

reoba bibliis mixedviT, Tb. 2005w;

45

4. erekle astaxiSvili _ xeTebis eTnikuri vi-

naoba, Tb. 2005w;

5. biblia, Zveli aRTqma.

David Rekvava Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Faculity of Humanities, Direction TurkishLanguage and Literature.Third year

The question of the lokalization an the etnic personality of Hittes bythe Bible

S u m m a r y

In the work I discussed the living site of the “hitittes”

tribe. There is discussed historical events and notifications of the

first millenium B. C. as well.

I have also directed my attention to the “hitittes” ethical

personality and to the origin of the word “hatti”.

46

arCil xaCiZeTbilisis sasuliero akademia,RvTismetyvelebis fakulteti

III kursi

saeklesio Semosavlebis gankargvis da

klirikosTa Senaxvis sakiTxebi

Crd. afrikis eklesiaSi

sxvadasxva adgilobriv eklesiebs Soris

erT-erTi yvelaze nayofieri da gamorCeuli Crdi-

loeT afrikis eklesia iyo. am eklesiaSi gansa-

kuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda kanonSemoqmedebiT

process da saeklesio cxovrebis praqtikuli mxa-

ris aseTi saxiT fiqsacias. amaze am eklesiaSi ga-

marTuli mravali saeklesio krebac metyvelebs,

romlebze ganxilulTa Soris umniSvnelovanes sa-

kiTxTagani Semosavlebis gankargva iyo. msgavsad

yvela sxva eklesiisa, afrikis eklesiaSic sam-

RvdeloebisaTvis, rogorc saeroTagan gansxvave-

buli klasis adamianebze, romlebic RmrTismsaxu-

rebas aRasrulebdnen, SemowirulobiT arseboba

iyo dadgenili. netari avgustine samRvdeloebis

aseT rCenas macxovrisa da misi mowafeebis maga-

liTTan akavSirebs. afrikeli samRvdeloebis rCe-

nis pirvel wyaros morwmuneTa nebayoflobiTi Se-

47

mowiruloba warmoadgenda. metad sarwmunoa, rom

II da III saukuneebSi sasuliero wodebis Senaxvi-

saTvis rogorc iudevlebidan ise warmarTebidan

axalmoqceulTagan metad uxvi Semowirulobebi

Sedioda eklesiaSi. es Sesawiravebi upiratesad

fulis saxis iyo, risTvisac ukve tertulianes

dros eklesiebSi arsebobda gansakuTrebuli Wur-

Weli, romelSic yovelTviuri nebayoflobiTi Se-

sawiravi ikribeboda. fuladi Sesawiravebis garda

wiravdnen xils da miwis nayofs, Rvinos, rZes da

purs, romlebic rogorc wesi kvira dRes mihqon-

daT xolme eklesiaSi. karTagenis mesame saekle-

sio krebam daadgina, rom trapezisaTvis Rvino da

puri SeewiraT. karTagenis IV krebis dadgenilebe-

bi gvaZlevs safuZvels vivaraudoT, rom arsebob-

da ori saxis Sesawiravi, erTi trapezisaTvis, sa-

kurTxevlisaTvis, xolo meore _ eklesiis sala-

rosaTvis. sakurTxevels Rvinis da puris garda

arafers swiravdnen. gamonakliss warmoadgenda

rZe da Tafli, romelsac eklesia locviT akur-

Txebda, maT iyenebdnen kaTakmevelTa naTlobisas,

romlebsac sTavazobdnen SeesvaT rZe da Tafli,

rogorc qristianTa ucodvelobis niSani da ag-

reTve simbolo naTlobis gziT aRTqmul miwaze

damkvidrebisa, sadac moedineba rZe da Tafli, anu

48

qristes eklesiaSi. netari avgustine aseve axse-

nebs kerZo sacavebs – salaroebs, sadac inaxav-

dnen sels, selis Sesamosels da sxv. iyo Tu ara

afrikis eklesiaSi meaTedis wesi gavrcelebuli

pirveli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi, dazustebiT

Tqma ar SegviZlia, am sakiTxs garkveviT pirveli

avgustine axeba. rogorc Cans, afrikis eklesiaSi

garda mudmivi Semosavlisa, rasac meaTedi da Se-

sawiravebi warmoadgenda, arsebobda gadasaxadi

mRvdelmoqmedebisaTvisac, aseTi varaudis safuZ-

vels gvaZlevs netari avgustines wuxili da Civi-

li imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom bevri asrulebs

mRvdelmoqmedebas da qadagebs ara imdenad Tavisi

valdebulebis gancdiT da Tavad am moqmedebebis

mniSvnelobis SegnebiT, ramdenadac amaSi garkveu-

li gadasaxadis aRebis surviliT. garda yovel-

Tviuri da yoveldRiuri nebayoflobiTi Sesawira-

visa samRvdeloebisaTvis, gansakuTrebul SemTxve-

vebSi xdeboda xolme morwmuneTagan eqstraordi-

naluri Sesakrebelis mokrebac. aseT Sesakrebels

axsenebs kviprianec, romelmac, roca Seityo numi-

dieli qristianebis barbarosebis mier datyvevebis

ambavi, maT gamosasyidad amgvari xerxiT 1 000 000

sestercia Seagrova. xandaxan iyo xolme SemTxve-

viTi Semowirulobeic xelisuflebis mxridan. ma-

49

galiTad unda aRvniSnoT konstantine didis Sewi-

ruloba afrikeli samRvdeloebisaTvis. aseTi Sem-

TxveviTi Semosavlebis garda samRvdeloeba mud-

miv Semosavals iRebda misTvis Sewiruli miwebi-

dan, agarakebidan, savargulebidan, saxlebidan da

im yvelafridan, rasac uZravi qoneba qvia. Crdi-

loeT afrikis samRvdeloebis sasaxelod unda

iTqvas, rom aseTi saxis Semowirulobebs isini

mxolod maSin iRebdnen, roca igi nebayoflobiT

iyo gacemuli da aranair wyenas ar gaaCenda Sem-

wirvelis naTesavebSi. Tavad avgustinec, romelic

xSirad kicxavda mavanT, rom maT metad mcirediT

gaamdires eklesia, acxadebda, rom man, visac surs

sakuTar Zes daaklos memkvidreoba da eklesia Caa-

nacvlos mas (rogorc memkvidre), jobia sxva vinme

moZebnos, vinc aseT memkvidreobas miiRebs,

oRond ara avgustine; igi urTavda kidec, rom:

`RmerTma qnas, rom veravin ver naxos~. amitom, ro-

ca erTma hiponielma warCinebulma TavisTvis mxo-

lod mcire Semosavali daitova da TiTqmis mTe-

li qoneba eklesias gadasca, Semdeg ki inana saq-

cieli, ukan gamoiTxova naCuqrobis furceli da

mis nacvlad garkveuli Tanxa gaagzavna, avgusti-

nem mas erTic daubruna da meorec, da daumata,

rom eklesia miiRebs mxolod nebayoflobiT Semo-

50

wirulobas da arasodes iZulebiTs. sasuliero

wodebis Senaxvis saukeTeso saSualebad avgusti-

nes ar miaCnda miwebi, uZravi qoneba da a.S. aramed

amtkicebda, rom urCevnia icxovros mrevlis Semo-

wirulobiT, vidre marTos saeklesio qoneba da

mzadaa gasces kidec igi, Tuki eklesiis msaxurebi

Zveli aRTqmis RvTismsaxurTa msgavsad icxovreb-

dnen da maTive msgavsad trapezidanve gamoikvebe-

bodnen. unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom eklesia ar mi-

iCnevda arcerT Semowirulobas mxolod Tavis sa-

kuTrebad, aramed mis did nawils iyenebda qvrive-

bis, oblebis, Raribebis, patimrebis da sxvebis Se-

sanaxad da gamosakvebad. eklesiis am msaxurebi-

saTvis avgustine araviTar sazRvars ar cnobda

da saswrafod cdilobda maT dakmayofilebas,

radgan Sesawiris mesakuTreebad miaCnda ara mxo-

lod klirikosebi, aramed Raribebi da gaWirvebu-

lebi.

saeklesio qonebis mTavari ganmkargveli epis-

koposi iyo, rac kviprianes araerTi weriliTac

dasturdeba. magaliTad erTgan is ambobs, rom or

aRmsarebels _ celerines da avreliuss, romle-

bic wignismkiTxvelebad daniSna, presviteris wi-

li mieRoT. sxvagan is ambobs, rom devnulebaSi

myof presviterebsa da diakvnebs SeunarCundeT Ta-

51

visi wili saeklesio Semosavlebidan. igi aseve

sjis zogierT urC da gamousworebel klirikoss

erTTviani anazRaurebis dakavebiT. SeuZlebelia

ar vTqvaT, rom episkoposi ar iyo ukontrolo ba-

toni da ganmkargveli da ar SeeZlo am qonebis

Tavis nebaze xarjva, aramed unda gafrTxileboda

mas da Seenaxa Raribebi. saerTod ki afrikis ek-

lesiaSi sasuliero pirebi saeklesio qonebis gan-

kargvis movaleobas erT-erT yvelaze mZime da Ta-

visTvis usiamovno saqmed Tvlidnen, radgan igi

wyvetda maTi ZiriTadi movaleobis aRsrulebas.

imisaTvis, rom episkoposisaTvis saeklesio qone-

bis gankargvis mZime saqme SeemsubuqebinaT, am ek-

lesiis krebebze dadginda, rom mis damxmared ar-

qipresviteri da arqidiakoni gamorCeuliyvnen,

romlebic Raribebze da oblebze izrunebdnen.

amave krebam gansazRvra, rom maT, vinc qristes-

Tvis ewama, diakvnebisagan mieRoT Tavisi arsebobi-

saTvis saWiro saxsari. Cans rom saeklesio qone-

bis ganmkargveli garkveuli organo afrikis ek-

lesiaSi namdvilad arsebobda. zogierT afrikul

eklesiaSi savaraudoa ekonomosis specialuri Ta-

namdebobis arsebobac. amas gvafiqrebinebs is, rom

netarma avgustinem sikvdilis win mTeli Tavisi

qineba erT presviters gadasca, romelsac mis si-

52

cocxleSive ebara saeklesio saxli, evaleboda

Semosavlebze zrunva da maT Semodineba-gadineba-

ze angariSis Cabareba.

erT-erTi yvelaze bundovani sakiTxia, Tu ro-

gor iyofoda saeklesio Semosavlebi klirikosebs

Soris. avgustinesagan vigebT, rom Semosavlebis

gayofisas gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT sargeblob-

da episkoposi, Tumca isic aucileblad jdeboda

samarTlianobisa da kacTmoyvareobis CarCoebSi.

cota mets vigebT kviprianesagan. is gvamcnobs,

rom Tavis karTagenel klirikosebs TveSi erTxel

unawilebda Semosavals, mRvdlebs ki orjer uf-

ro mets aZlevda vidre sxvebs, pavle mociqulis

sityvebis Tanaxmad: `romelni keTilad ZRodian

xucesni, oris nawilisa pativisa Rirs iyvned, uf-

roÁs xolo, romelni Surebian sityviTa da moZ-

RurebiTa~ (1 tim. 5. 17). sxvaTa Soris didi wili

da TviT presviterebis odenic ki SeeZloT mie-

RoT dabal klirikosebs, Tu isini gansakuTrebul

gulmodginebas gamoiCendnen, an TavdadebiT daa-

mowmebdnen qristes sarwmunoebas. safiqrebelia,

rom yovelTviurad iyofoda mxolod fuli, sxvag-

vari Sesawiravebi ki yoveldRiurad, ukidures

SemTxvevaSi ki yovelkvireulad nawildeboda. mag.

puri da Rvino. Tumca ki yvelanairi Sesawiravidan

53

garkveuli wili gaWirvebulebisaTvis iyo gankuT-

vnili da amaSi eklesiis gulmowyalebas ar SeiZ-

leboda sazRvrebi hqonoda, karTagenis IV krebam

daadgina, rom eklesiaSi momsaxure Raribebs, mo-

xucebs da yvela uZlur adamians meti miscemoda,

vidre axalgazrdasa da janmrTels. Tu eklesiis

Semosavali ver akmayofilebda klirikosTa Senax-

vis moTxovnebs, episkoposs neba eZleoda gaeyida

eklesiis qoneba maTi cxovrebiseuli moTxovnebis

dasakmayofileblad. magram raTa am uflebiT ro-

melime episkoposs borotad ar esargebla, kanone-

biT gansazRvruli iyo, rom eklesiis qonebis ga-

yidvamde igi jer sakuTar samRvdeloebas dakiT-

xoda, Semdeg mxaris primass da sxva mezobel

episkoposebs, imis dasadgenad, marTla saWiroa

Tu ara iseTi ukiduresi zomebisaTvis mimarTva,

rogoricaa eklesiis qonebis gayidva.

CrdiloeT afrikis eklesiaSi ara marto neba-

darTuli, aramed rekomendirebulic ki iyo, rom

klirikosebi damatebiTi xelobiT dakavebuliyvnen.

savaraudoa, rom es wesi mxolod dabal kliriko-

sebze vrceldeboda, romlebsac naklebi valdebu-

leba hqondaT eklesiis winaSe da amasTan xSirad

sakmaod didi ojaxis rCenac uwevdaT, rasac saek-

lesio Semosavali da wili ver eyofoda. netari

54

avgustine aramarto emxroboda, aramed moiTxovda

kidec rogorc samRvdeloebisagan, ise monazvnebi-

sagan rame xelobiT dakavebas. TviTon ki wuxda,

rom qristianTa Soris davebis mudmivi momrigeb-

lobis gamo ver axerxebda TviTonac dakavebuli-

yo rame saqmiT. igives emxroboda ruspiis episko-

posi fulgenciusi da monazvnebs monastrebTan ba-

Rebis gaSenebas avalebda, riTac ara marto TiTon

ikmayofilebdnen saWiroebebs, aramed exmarebodnen

sxvebsac.

Tumca samRvdeloebas neba hqonda darTuli

dakavebuliyo xelsaqmiT da sxvadasxva sasargeb-

lo xelobiT, meores mxriv mas ekrZaleboda imgva-

ri saqmianoba, rasac SeeZlo Crdili mieyenebina

an eWvi gaeCina misi avtoritetis mimarT. qristes

mRvdlisaTvis Seufereblad iyo miCneuli da ukve

kviprianes dros ekrZaleboda samRvdeloebas rai-

me saxis saero valdebulebebis, magaliTad meur-

veobis an Tavdebobis kisreba, radgan, vinc er-

Txel Tavi Seswira trapezs, SemdegSi locviTa

da kurTxeviT unda ecxovra. sxva mraval moTxov-

nebs Soris unda gamovyoT, rom gansakuTrebiT ik-

rZaleboda mevaxSeoba. samRvdelo wodebis warmo-

madgenels aseve ekrZaleboda vaWroba, radgan amas

SeeZlo igi sixarbisaken miedrika, rasac Tan sic-

55

rue da tyuili sdevda. aseve ekrZalebodaT sar-

Cos Sovna Teatralur warmodgenebSi monawileo-

biT. imisaTvis, rom sasuliero wodebis gamorCeni-

saken swrafva SeezRudaT, karTagenis adgilobri-

vi krebis 41-e kanoniT dadginda, rom is kliriko-

sebi, romlebsac aranairi qoneba ar gaaCndaT Ta-

vis saxelze xarisxSi ayvanamde da SemdegSi gax-

dnen miwebis da sxva saxis qonebis mflobelebi,

uflis salaros mZarcvelebad iqnebodnen gamoc-

xadebulni Tu am yvelafers eklesias ar gadas-

cemdnen. Tavis nebaze klirikosebs SeeZloT gamoe-

yenebinaT is, rac memkvidreobiT, an vinmesagan sa-

Cuqrad hqondaT miRebuli. aseve episkoposebs ek-

rZalebodaT memkvidred warmarTis gamocxadeba

da valdebulni iyvnen daetovaT anderZi, raTa ti-

tulis Sesaferisi qoneba sworad miemarTaT. maga-

liTad, ruspiis episkoposma fulgenciusma Tavisi

eklesiis ekonomoss sikvdilis win dautova zus-

tad gawerili anderZi, sadac miTiTebuli iyo

ramden Tanxas tovebda da radgan qonebas Raribeb-

ze anawilebda, saxelebiT CamoTvlida TiToeul

maTgans da imas, Tu vis ramdeni rCeboda. netarma

avgustinem naTesavebs araferi dautova, radgan

mxolod biblioTeka gaCnda da isic hiponis ekle-

sias uanderZa. igi fuls naTesavebs sicocxleSic

56

mxolod maSin da imdens aZlevda, ramdensac hipo-

nis eklesiis sxva gaWirvebuls miscemda.

zogadad Crd. afrikis eklesiis klirikosebs

Tavisi neba-surviliT mxolod im qonebis gankar-

gva SeeZloT, romelic sasuliero wodebaSi Ses-

vlamde hqondaT SeZenili, an amis Semdeg, mxolod

memkvidreobis an saCuqris saxiT miRebuli, sxva

SemTxvevaSi, anu, roca qoneba sasuliero wodeba-

Si yofnisas iyo SeZenili, is eklesias unda dar-

Cenoda, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda sasu-

liero piri gankveTiliyo kidec.


1. Извеков Николай, Иерархия Северо-Африканской

церкви. Вильна. 1884.Archil Khachidze

Tbilisi Theological AcademyFaculity of Theology

Third yearTo manage church income and klerguman keeping questions

in the church of north AfricaSummary

The subject is about the one of the oldest church of north Africa and

the practice of Carthage church to distribute incomes and about the

feeding of members of the church. in the subject is shortly retell about

bishops and the meaning of clergymans and the place according this.

57

Tamar adamiaivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis


I kursi

“wminda ninos cxovrebis” paradigmatuli

saxismetyveleba. xis simbolika

me-4 saukune yvelaze mniSvnelovani periodia

saqarTvelos istoriaSi .am epoqas ukavSirdeba

movlena,romelmac,SeiZleba iTqvas,gansazRvra eris

Semdgomi bedi,ganviTarebis gza da erTgvari ga-

datrialeba moaxdina adamianTa cnobierebaSi. es

saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad

gamocxadeba iyo.

udavoa,rom warmartobidan qristianobaze ga-

dasvla ar aris ioli,igi umtkivneules Zvrebs

ukavSirdeba.amasTanave, Zalian sainteresoa kul-

turaTa cnobierebebis Serwymis,gardasaxva-gadamu-

Savebis procesi,rac cxadad Tu dafaruladaa ga-

movlenili unikalur qarTul agiografiul na-

warmoebSi_”wm.ninos cxovreba”.

marTalia,Zegli me_9 saukuniT TariRdeba mag-

ram mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs,rom “ninos cxovre-

bis” teqsti sxvadasxva drosaa Sesrulebuli da

masSi uZvelesi pasaJebis gamovlenaa SesaZlebe-

58

li.r.siraZem “ninos cxovrebis” mxatvrul saxeTa

sistemas mniSvnelovani gamokvleva uZRvna,romel-

Sic gamokveTilia Txzulebis araerTi saxe-simbo-

lo.am mravalsaxeobidan Cven varCevT xis simboli-

kas.Cveni Temis mizania,gamovkveToT “ninos cxovre-

bis” redaqciaTa mixedviT xeTa simboluri dat-

virTva.SevisawavloT,Tu ramdenad mihyveba igi mi-

Toss da rogor xdeba misi “moqceva”;bibliuri

wignebis, saRvTismetyvelo literaturis moSveli-

ebiT davZebnoT misi winamZRvrebi da vaCvenoT misi

paradigmuli Sinaarsi.

sxvadasxva tradiciaSi bevri xe iTvleboda

wmindad an magiurad.aseTi damokidebuleba xeebis

jadosnuri Zalisadmi warmomdgaria primitiuli

rwmenisagan,rom xeSi cxovroben RvTaebebi an su-

lebi.gasulierebuli xeebis simbolika Semonaxu-

lia evropul folklorSi adamiani-xis da mwvane

adamianis saxiT.xis jadosnuri Zala araerTxel

vlindeba zRaprebSi.

TandaTanobiT Zlevamosili xis idea,rogorc

RvTaebrivi Zalis gamovlineba da SemaerTebeli

cisa da miwisa gadaiqca simbolur gamoxatulebad

sicocxlisa da kosmogoniuri xisa.misi fesvebi

aris qvesknelSi,Rero amodis sknelSi,xolo misi

wvero zecas swvdeba.es simbolo TiTqmis yvela

59

xalxis miTologiaSia.es xe,sxvadasxva tradiciaSi

izrdeba wminda mTaze an samoTxeSi da misi fesve-

bidan moedineba RvTaebrivi wyaro(2,82).adamini

odiTganve eTayvaneboda am saocar qmnilebas.

qarTul xalxur sityvierebaSi daculi sakma-

od vrceli masala ki miuTiTebs,rom aranakleb

popularuli unda yofiliyo xis kulti CvenSic.

al.oCiauris xevsurul masalebSi daculia

gadmocema Subnuris xatis daarsebis Taobaze.erT-

erTi ojaxis keraSi amosula ifnis xe,rac imis ni-

Sani iyo,rom am adgils RvTaeba daepatrona.mar-

Tlac,mosaxleobas miutovebia igi da aq Subnuris

xati damkvidrebula.saintereso warmodgenebi ukav-

Sirdeba xevsurTa saxlis Tavxes,romelsac kezi

ewodeba.kezi Zalian msxvili xea da Zirs boZebi

udgas.igi mTel saxls amagrebs,ris gamoc saxlSi

mTavar sayrdenad Tvlian.amboben,rom yvela saxls

yavs “mekeziswvre angelozi”,romelsac ojaxis

mfarvelobas SesTxoven.

am ori SemTxvevidan _ erTgan keraSi amosu-

li xe RvTaebis gamovlinebas warmoadgens,xolo

meoregan saxlis sayrdenSi damkvidrebulia oja-

xis mfarveli suli.

orive magaliTi cxadhyofs,rom saxlis arqi-

teqturaSi Sesuli xis sakraluri xasiTi ukavSir-

60

deba bunebaSi arsebuli,gaRmerTebuli xeebis

rwmenas.xis kultis farTod gavrcaelebas saqar-

TveloSi miuTiTeben iv.javaxiSvili,n.mari da

v.bardaveliZe.maT xis kultis gadmonaSTebi daa-

dastures rogorc yofaSi,ise werilobiT wyaroeb-

Si kultmsaxurebaSi,enobriv monacemebsa da topo-

nimikaSi aRsaniSnavia,rom saqarTvelos mTielTa

Soris xis dargva salocavSi bevrad ufro mniS-

vnelovan samsaxurad iTvleboda,vidre cxovelis

Sewirva(3,98)

xis kultTan dakavSirebuli legendebi gviC-

venebs,rom Cveni winaprebis kosmogoniur Sexedu-

lebebSi xes gardamavali rgolis funqciac ekis-

reboda.misi an xidan caSi asuli Sibis saSuale-

biT RvTaebebi,romlebic xSirad astralur sxeu-

lebs ganasaxierebdnen,cidan eSvebodnen da xeze

daivanebdnen(4,187).xe moiazreboda rogorc kavSiri

casa da miwas Soris,rogorc dedaboZi,romelic

samyaros centrSi iyo aRmarTuli da bibliuri

iakobis kibis datvirTvas imeorebda.xe iyo nayofi-

erebisa da sicocxlis ZalTa gamgebeli,samyarosa

da,Sesabamisad,kulturis centri.

“wminda ninos cxovrebis” uZveles,Satber-

dul-WeliSur redaqciaSi gvxvdeba xis kultTan

dakavSirebuli araerTi epizodi,romelTa Seswav-

61

liTa da amave nawarmoebis sxvadasxva redaqcieb-

Tan SedarebiT araerTi saintereso Sexeduleba

da varaudi warmoiSva.

wm.ninos mier brinjis xisTvis Tavis Sefareba

da masze jvris gamosaxva davukavSireT qarTul-

xalxur warmodgenebSi Semonaxul legendas,rom-

lis Tanaxmadac,me-17 s. lanCxuTSi,eklesiis dan-

grevis Semdeg wm.giorgis xati davanebula iqve

mdgomi muxis xis totebze. xati iqidan axladaSe-

nebul eklesiaSi gadausvenebiaT,magram is isev xe-

ze dabrunebula.ase grZeldeboda manam,sanam muxis

adgilas axali eklesia ar aages,sadac xati sabo-

lood damkvidrebula(4.187).

rogorc vxedavT,RvTaebis miwieri sadgomi

aris sakulto xe,romelic TavisTavad kultis

obieqtia an sakulto nagebobasTan dgas.”wm.ninos

cxovrebaSi” naxsenebi brinjis xec sakulto adgi-

las,armazis mTaze idga.wm.nino swored am sakra-

lur adgilas mivida da jvris gamosaxviT erTgva-

rad qristes rwmeniT dabeWda,suli STabera,axali

SinaarsiT datvirTa es miTologema.nawarmoebSi

pirvelad swored am epizodSia warmodgenili mi-

Tosuri xis qristianuli adaptacia.mxatvruli da

saxismetyvelebiTi TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvne-

lovania wm.ninos sizmris epizodi,sadac saubaria

62

samefo baRze,romlis aRwerilobac sakmaod dama-

jereblad hgavs bibliuri samoTxis baRs,da

frinvelebze ,romlebic mdinareSi Cadian,”babilo-

sa moisTulebdian” da amboben,rom wm.ninos ekuT-

vnis samoTxe.sayuradreboa is momenti,rom sxvadas-

xva redaqciaSi sxvadasxva xezea saubari da zo-

gan,misi saxeli saerTod ar ixsenieba.es faqti Se-

iZleba samefo baRis bibliuri samoTxis baRTan

msgavsebis kidev erT magaliTad miviCnioT,radgan

zustad ar aris cnobili Tu risi xe idga samoT-

xeSi.rogorc bibliur,ise am siuJetSi yuradReba

gamaxvilebulia ara xeebis saxeobaze,aramed maT

mniSvnelobaze,aseve SesaZlebelia,is mdinare,rome-

lic samefo baRSi moedineboda da romelSic Ci-

tebi Cadiodnen,samoTxis baRis oTx mdinares davu-

kavSiroT.frinveli suliwmindis simboloa,rome-

lic mdinareSi Cadis,anu erTgvarad simbolurad

madls gadascems,romelic Semdgom mTel baRs moe-

fineba.samoTxis oTx mdinaresac,romlebic sicoc-

xlis xesTan iRebda saTaves,sasicocxlo energia

gadahqonda samyaros oTxive kuTxeSi(8,73).Tu wina

epizods qarTuli xalxuri legenda davukavSi-

reT,rogorc vxedavT,am SemTxvevaSi ukve bibliur

winamZRvrebTan gvaqvs saqme .

63

Zalian sainteresoa samefo baRSi sparsi xu-

ras gankurnebis epizodi,radgan aRniSnul monak-

veTSi kargad Cans,Tu raoden didi Zalis matare-

belia odesRac warmarTuli xis kulti,rogori

siwmindiTa da saswaulebrivi ZaliT gamoirCe-

va.kurneba swored am gamorCeuli xeebis samyo-

felSi aResruleba,radgan is qristianuli mad-

liT aivso,Zvels daefuZna axali,qristianuli

cnobiereba.

saxismetyvelebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelova-

nia abiaTar mRvdlis monaTxrobi mcxeTeli urie-

bis mier mis “baginTan”mdgari xis moWris Sesa-

xeb,radgan am epizodSi SegviZlia aRmovaCinoT

warmarTuli rwmenis kvali,romlis mixedviTac

xis waqceva,moWra niSnavda xis sulis mok-

vlas,rwmenis Seryevas.SesaZloa am aqtiT mcxeTe-

li uriebi mRvdlisTvis sarwmunoebrivi zianis mi-

yenebas apirebdnen.d.frezeri wignSi “zolotaia

vetv” aRniSnavs,rom Zveli slavebi muxas eTayvane-

bodnen da roca qristianebs am wminda xeebis moW-

ra dauwyiaT,xalxi Zalian ganicdida,radgan es ma-

Ti rwmenis mospobas niSnavdao.

sayuradReboa sajvre xesTan dakavSirebuli

epizodi,romlis moWris TariRad miCneulia 25

marti da Zalin sainteresoa,rom swored am dges

64

xdeboda warmarTuli kultis mixedviT sakulto

xis moWra.es xe Tavisuflad SegviZlia davukavSi-

roT bibliur sicocxlis xes,romlis Sesaxeb war-

modgenebi farTod Cans gavrcelebuli mTel sa-

qaTveloSi.v.bardaveliZis mixedviT,sicocxlis xis

variantebia CiCilaki,aseve saqorwino ritualebSi

gavrcelebuli “maSxala” an “CiraRdani”.rogorc

vxedavT,erTi da igive monakveTi erTdroulad

bibliur simbolikasac atarebs da Zvel qarTul

xalxur warmodgenebsac exmaureba.Cven SegviZlia

davimowmoT r.siraZis mosazreba,rom “wm.ninos

cxovrebaSi “ uSualo Sexvedra gvaqvs miTosuri

da Suasaukuneobrivi saxismetyvelebisa.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SegviZ-

lia davaskvnaT,rom xe uZvelesi miTologiuri

kultmsaxurebis obieqtia rogorc msoflioSi,ise

saqarTveloSi.sxvadasxva tradiciaSi is iyo gaaz-

rebuli,rogorc sicocxlis,sikvdilisa da ganax-

lebis,dinamiuri zrdis,cisa dam iwis kavSi-

ris,RvTaebaTa sadguris da TviTon RvTaebis sim-

bolo.da bolos,rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,qris-

tianulma sarwmunoebam es warmarTuli simbolo

ki ar akrZala da uaryo _ SeiTvisa da axleburad

gaiazra,qristianul kanonikas moargo.am ori kul-

turis Serwyma-morigebis magaliTebi ki TvalsaCi-

65

nodaa warmodgenili unikalur qarTul agiogra-

fiul nawarmoebSi “wminda ninos cxovreba”.


1.revaz siraZe; “qarTuli agiografia” ;nakaduli

;Tbilisi; 1987w.

2.simboloTa leqsikoni; jek tresideri; moskovi;

2001w.

3.v.bardaveliZe; ”uZvelesi religiuri warmodgene-

bi”; 1957w

4.i.surgulaZe;” qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis sim-

bolika”; Tbilisi; 1993w.

5.Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeg-

lebi; t. 1; Tbilisi;1963w.

6.”cxovreba wminda ninosi Sedgenili didis arse-

nic qarTlisa kaTalikozisa mier”;gamocema saek-

lesio muzeumisa; Tbilisi;1902w.

7.ucnobi avtoris “ninos cxovreba”;qarTuli pro-

za; Tbilisi; 1982w.

8.simboloTa,niSanTa da emblemaTa enciklopedia;

moskovi; 2 000w.

9.”moqcevai qarTlisai”; axladaRmoCenili sinuri

redaqciebi ;Tbilisi;2007w.

66

10.a.SaniZe; qarTuli xalxuri poezia;xevsuru-

li;Tbilisi; 1931w.

11. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis Zeglebi;Satberdis

krebuli; mecniereba;Tbilisi;1979w.

12.k.kekeliZe; etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literatu-

ris istoriidan; Tbilisi;1956w.

Tamar Adamia Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University


S u m m a r y

It’s a khown fact, that in old times some people edolized trees.

The tree is one of the Symbols in christian religion too.

Imaging coposition is about threes heathenish and Christian

simbolic which is shown in “Life of saint Nino”

67

gvanca burduliivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis


magistraturis I kursi,specialoba_saqarTvelos istoria

wminda mamaTa swavlebani siyvarulisa da

sinanulisaTvis

(basili didi, ioane oqropiri,

efrem asuri)

Q

qristianobis umTavresi mcneba siyvarulia. gan-

kacebuli ufali aris yovelis arsebis mizezi da

piroba. Qqristianobam sul sxva saxiT dagvanaxa

RvTis arsi: “RmerTi siyvarul ars” (ioane 4,8) –

vkiTxulobT saxarebaSi. esaa yvelaze saukeTeso

ganszRvra RvTis bunebisa da Cvendami misi damoki-

debulebisa. Aamitomac namdvili qristianis mTeli

moRvaweoba gansaxierebaa WeSmariti siyvarulisa

da saTnoebisa, radganac igi grZnobs, rom ufali

misi usazRvrod mosiyvarule, mowyale da codva-

Ta mimtevebelia.

Mmxolod uflis siyvaruli aris erTaderTi

gza, romelsac adamiani WeSmaritebis Secnobamde

mihyavs. Mmxolod RvTis siyvaruli aniWebs adami-

68

ans im madls, romelic mas sikeTis samsaxurSi

ayenebs.

rodesac mociquleba hkiTxes macxovars, Tu

ra iyo Yyvelaze umTavresi mcneba, macxovarma upa-

suxa: “Seiyvaro ufali RmerTi Seni yovliTa gu-

liTa SeniTa da YyovliTa suliTa SeniTa da

YyovliTa gonebiTa SeniTa. Eese ars didi da pir-

veli mcnebai da meore, msgavsi misi: “Seiyvaro

moyvasi Seni, viTarca Tavi Tvisi.” (maTe, 37-39) um-

Tavresi mainc siyvarulis mcnebaa.

Qqristianuli cxovrebis erT-erTi umniSvne-

lovanesi safexuria sinanuli da aRsareba. Qqris-

tiani mudam unda fiqrobdes Tavis codvebze. yu-

radRebiT unda Cxrekdes ara marto saqciels, ara-

med gulis siRmesac.

Aam TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa

wminda mamaTa swavlebebi. amjerad mxolod basi-

li didisa, ioane oqropirisa da efrem mcires

swavlebebze SevCerdebi romelic siyvarulsa da

sinanuls exeba.

B basili didi werda, rom adamianis dacema da

uflisagan moSoreba codviT iwyeba, amitomac yo-

veli adamiani Tavis-TavSi unda ebrZodes codvas

da ganeSoros mas. Ppirvel rigSi adamianma unda

69

mospos Tavis-TavSi codvis mizezi, risi saSvale-

bac adamianebs Tavdad ufalma uboZa.

wminda mama Tvlis, rom codviT dacema adamia-

nisa pirvel rigSi gulis dabinZurebiT iwyeba.

ukeTuri saqmeebi boroti ganzraxvidan modis, xo-

lo ufalma ki adamianebs yoveli ukeTuris dasaT-

rguunda sikeTe uboZa.

U ufalma yovel borotebas sikeTe daupirispira

da adamianebsac cxovrebaSi am principiT xel-

mZRvaneloba urCia. Mmankierebebis daZleva sxva-

dasxva saSualebebiT SeiZleba. Aai, ras wers basi-

li didi amis

Sesaxeb: “RmerTs moucia Cvenda sabrZolve-

lad, gansaromelad yovlisagan borotisa, TiToe-

ulad wina-aRsadgomli: winaaRsadgomlad bnelisa-

naTeli, da simwarisa- sitkboebai, da Zilisa wina-

aRsadgomlad – mRviZarebai da SimSilisa- ganZRo-

mai, gemoTmoyvarebisa- marxvai, Surisa – siyvaru-

li, ampartavnebisa – simdable da sinanuli.”21

Aadamianis cxovrebaSi movlenili gansacdeli

Tu sixaruli uflis mieraa daSvebuli, amitomac

wminda mamaebi gvaswavlian, rom yovelive sixaru-

li iqneba Tu satanjveli madlobiT SevxvdeT,

21 wminda mamaTa swavlani; gv. 187. Tb. 2002

70

radgan RvTis nebis gareSe araferi xdeba cxovre-

baSi.

Uuflismier dawesebuli kanonebiT cxovreba da

am gzaze siaruli arc iseTi advilia, rogorc Se-

iZelba erTi SexedvT Candes, magram roca adamiani

erTxel am gzas daadgeba, sxvagan aRar unda gada-

uxvios, radgan maSin sasjeli ufro didia.

“ukeTu ganewesos kaci marjveniT, ara miidri-

kos igi marcxeniT da ukeTu ara uvar-yos samar-

Tali ara SeerTos igi sacdursa usamarTlobisa-

sa.”

B basili didi werda, rom qristes mcnebaTa

dacva iyo pirveli gamomxatveli uflismieri say-

varulisa, xolo vinc ar icavda qristes mcnebebs,

mas arc ufali uyvarda.22

wminda mama ioane oqropiri Tvlida, rom ada-

mianis ganwmendis erTaderTi saSvaleba sinanulia,

radgan sinanulSi myof adamians ufali Seundobs

da Seiwyalebs. ase Saewyala ufalma sinanulSi

myofi petre.

ioane oqropiri sinanulSi myof adamians das-

neulebuls, sikvdilis piras misuls adarebda,

romelic mkurnalisa da moZRvris meSveobiT gani-

22 RvTisaTno cxovrebis wesebi- wminda basili didi; Tb.2005

71

kura, ise codvils, codviT dacemuls aRadgens

ufali Senanebis Semdeg.

“moviswrafoT cremlTa sinanulad, rameTu

cremlTa mier aRadgina qristeman safalviT laza-

re oTxisa dRisa mkudari, rajams-igi mariam dai

misi cremloda winaSe misa.”

“moviswrafoT sinanulad mowyalebiTa glaxak-

Ta, obolTa da qvrivTa da romelni-igi daglaxak-

nes mermisisaTvis simdidrisa. mieciT mas, romel-

man igi Tqva, viTarmed “mSioda da ara meciT me

Wamadi; mwyuroda da ara masviT; ucxo viyav da

ara SemiwynareT me; SiSuel viyav da ara SemmoseT

me; sapyrobiles viyav da ara moxved Cemda.” ( maTe

25, 42-42)

ioane oqropiris swavlebiT gza xsnisa da

codviT dacemulis aRdgomisa aris mowyaleba da

qvelmoqmedeba, radgan Tavad ufali aris mowyale

da saxieri, radganac ufali Seundobs kacT mra-

val Secodebas, aseve adamianebsac misca Zala Sew-

yalebisa da Sendobisa.

codva udidesi satanjvelia, radgan yovelgav-

ri codva nebayofilebiT uaris Tqmaa RvTaebriv

naTelze, xolo yovelgvari codva Secodebaa Ta-

vad siyvarulis winaaRmdeg, imdenad ramdenadac

ufali Tavad siyvarulia.

72

rac Seexeba siyvaruls, ioane oqropirma ase

martivad ganmarta igi: “siyvaruli aris saZirkve-

li, wyaro da deda yovelTa keTilTa”, rasac sxva

wminda mamebic eTanxmebian. isaak asurma siyvaru-

li zeciur samoTxes Seadara, xes cxovrebisas,

sufevas uflisas, rac fasalmuniT gavmcno. (fs.

109,15)

rogorc Cveni wminda mamebi aseve efrem asuric

adamianis cxovrebis gamsazRvrel faqtorad siyva-

ruls miiCnevs da mas umTavres adgils miakuT-

vnebs. Eefrem asuris swavlebiT siyvaruliT gake-

Tebul saqmeebs ufali Seiwiravs, siyvaruli aris

is Zala, romelic ixsnis adamianebs codvisagan,

magaram wminda mama gvaswavlis aseve imasac, rom

crua is adamiani vinc ambobs ufali miyvarso da

gverdSi mdgomi moyvasis siyvaruli ar gaaCnia.

“ mtyuar ars da WeSmaritebai ara ars mis Tana,

rameTu romelasa ara uyvardes Zmai Tvisi, romel

ixila, viTar uyvardes RmerTi, romel ara uxi-

lavs?” ( ioane, 4,20)

cxadia, rom uflis siyvaruli moyvasis siyva-

ruls gulisxmobs, TviT rjulic amazea damyare-

buli, radgan RvTis mcnebaTa Sesruleba siyvaru-

liT SeiZleba mxolod.

73

wminda efrem mcires swavlebiT ar arsebobs

qveyanaze da arc caTa Sina upatiosnesi imaze, ro-

goric siyvarulia. saRmrTo siyvaruli aris saTa-

ve yovelive sikeTisa, siyvaruli aris mizezi saT-

noebisa da udidesi magaliTi siyvarulisa da mis-

ken mowodebisa TviTon ufalia.

U ufalma siyvaruliT sikvdili daTrguna. siyva-

rulma samoTxis kari gaaRo da caTa sasufeveli

Seamzada mokvdavTaTvis. ioanes saxareba ki gvam-

cnobs, rom imaze didi siyavruli ar arsebobs am

qveyanaze, roca moyvasisaTvis Tavganwirva SeuZ-

lia adamians.

U uflismier siyvarulTan dakavSirebiT marTe-

buli iqneba Tu gavixsenebT uwmindesisa da uneta-

resis sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriar-

qis ilia meoris sityvebs:

“ axalSobili yrmis, ieso qristes saxiT

RvTaebrivi siyvaruli gardamovida qveynad, raTa

adamiani sauflo didiebis Tanaziari gamxdariyo.

RvTis gankacebis diad saidumlos bolomde veras-

dros Seicnobs Cveni goneba. Uufalma ganxorcie-

lebiT cxadyo Tavisi unapiro siyvaruli kacTa

modgmisaTvis, siyvaruli, romeli aris aRmadgine-

beli, mkurnali, SemakavSirebeli, gadamrCeneli.

beTlemis gamoqvabulis bagaSi mwoli Cvili, mac-

74

xovari maradiuli magaliTia Tavmdablobisa, mas-

wavlebeli Tanadgomisa, Zmobisa, Tanasworobisa,

Tanxmobisa da siyvarulisa.

Aam saTnoebebiT, rom SevimosoT, jer sakuTar

sulSi Caxedva unda SevZloT, unda SevicnoT Tavi

Tvisi.”23

Dda marTlac siyvaruli Znelad asaxsneli

grZnobaa, magram erTi ram ki cxadia, rom siyvaru-

li RvTisagan gamodis da amave dros Cveni mimyva-

nebelia RmerTTan.

Ggamoyenebuli literatura

1) saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari; Tbilisi;19892) saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari; Tbilisi;19953) saRvTimetyvelo krebuli #2; Tbilisi; 18974) RvTisaTno cxovrebis wesebi – wminda mama ba-sili didi kesaria- kabadokiis arqiepiskoposi;Tbilisi; 2005

5) wmindanTa cxovreba; t. I; Tbilisi; 20036) wminda mamaTa swavlani (basili didi, ioaneoqropiri, wm. efrem asuri da sxvani); Tbilisi;20027) qarTuli oTxTavis ori bolo redaqcia; Tbi-lisi; 1979

23 saRvTismetyvelo krebuli ; Tbilisi; 1987

75

MGvanca BurduliThe first year MA student of Ivane Javakhishvili


direction of history of Georgia

Saint Fathers tought about love and regert

It is very interesting to know saint fathers explanation about

real love and regert.The main point af this work is that fact that

“God is love.”

It is very difficult to explaine what is love but it is clear that it

comes from God and it is the oniy way which lead people away to

God.

76

giorgi gelutaSviliTbilisis sasuliero akademia,RvTismetyvelebis fakulteti

II kursi

ierusalimis jvris monastris metoqi

jvarismamis eklesia TbilisSi

mravalsaukunovani qarTuli saxelmwifos is-

toriis sxvadasxva etapze gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-

loba eniWeba mis saerTaSoriso kontaqtebsa da

kavSir-urTierTobebs.

saerTaSoriso sarbielze uZvelesi droidan

did rols asrulebdnen, rogorc saero, ise sasu-

liero moRvaweni.

uflis moRvaweobis vrceli areali palestina-

ierusalimi adreve moeqca Cvens gonier winaparTa

yuradRebis sferoSi. isini didad zrunavdnen

@”wmida miwaze” qarTvelTa saqmianobis gasafarTo-

eblad.

ierusalimTan saqarTvelos urTierToba sauku-

neTa siRrmeSi iRebs saTaves.

qarTvel saxelmwifo da sasuliero moRvaweTa

erToblivma Zalisxmevam daamSvena palestinis

sxvadasxva adgili, gansakuTrebiT “wminda qalaqi”

– ierusalimi.

77

qristianobis gavrcelebas Tan mohyva eklesia-

monastrebis mSenebloba, rogorc saqarTveloSi

ise mis farglebs gareT.

ierusalimis eklesia-monastrebSi qarTvelebis

moRvaweobis xana, anu rogorc xSirad ixsenieba,

ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoria, moicavs

daaxloebiT Tormetsaukunovan periods: V s-is

pirveli naxevridan, petre iberis mier ierusalim-

Si da mis maxloblad qarTuli monastrebis daar-

sebidan, XVIII s-is dasawyisamde, rodesac qarTve-

lebma dakarges uflebebi TavianT monastrebze.(1,

69-92)

saqarTvelos politikuri Sesustebisa da same-

fo-samTavroebad daSlas ucxoeTSi mdebare qar-

Tul monastrebsac daetyo. Semcirda saqarTvelo-

dan wasuli berebisa da momlocvelebis raodeno-

bac, ris gamoc mZime ekonomikur viTarebaSi aRmoC-

nda ierusalimis jvris monasteri.

qarTveli mefeebi da didebulebi xSirad swi-

ravdnen ierusalimis wminda adgilebs sxvadasxva

Sewirulobebs. (2,14)

TandaTanobiT, saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebis ga-

Rebuli Sewiruloba aRar kmaroda sameurneo xar-

jebisa da osmalTagan dadebuli gadasaxadebis

dasafaravad.

78

amitom Tavisi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gan-

samtkiceblad monastrebs sWirdebodaT (stabilu-

ri) Semosavali, rac umTavresad mxolod uZravi

qonebis mesakuTreobas SeeZlo uzrunveleyo.

cnobebi ierusalimis metoqi eklesiebis Sesaxeb

qarTul istoriul wyaroebSi dadasturebulia

XVI-XVII saukunidan da dakavSirebulia yma-mamu-

lis SewirvasTan ierusalimisadmi, romelic daiw-

yo am droidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze. XVI s-

is dasasrulze ufro adrindeli cnobebi jvris

monastris kuTvnili eklesiebisa da yma-mamulebis

Sesaxeb, romlebic aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (da

saerTod saqarTveloSi) mdebareobdnen,@@ ar mog-

vepoveba. sainteresoa, rom aseTi cnobebi ar Seuna-

xavT jvris monastris svinaqsarul aRapebs, maSin,

rodesac es aRapebi warmogvidgenen mdidar masa-

las im SewirulebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic misdioda

jvars XI-XVII saukuneebis manZilze. maT Soris

aris cnobebi im uZravi qonebis Sesaxeb, romelsac

flobda jvari palestinaSi (3,14)

metoqi, rogorc am sityvas sulxan-saba ganmar-

tavs, aris “samyofi monacvle”. (4) Zveli qarTuli

enis leqsikonSi metoqis Sesaxeb weria: “monastris

kuTvnili daqvemdebarebuli eklesia mamuliT” (5)

79

iv. javaxiSvili ,,cxovreba ioanesi da efTÂmesi”

da aTonis aRapebidan motanili magaliTebis gan-

xilvisas werda: “metoqis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas

is garemoeba Seadgens, rom igi monastris ,,gareT”

mdebareobda, xSirad moSorebiTac… metoqebSi

xilnarebi da sasoflo meurneobis sxva dargis

uZravi qoneba hqondaT, rasakvirvelia, eklesiac

iyo. amgvarad, irkveva, rom metoqi monastris er-

Tnairi axalSeni iyo, romelic mTavari deda mo-

nastrisagansaWiro sameurneo, an sxva raime miz-

nebs emsaxureboda, magaliTad mimosvlisas, ro-

gorc gzaze sadgomi sastumro. (6,25-26) amgvarad,

metoqi anu nacvali eklesiebi, DSendeboda mTavari

monastrisagan Sors mdebare samonastro mamulSi

da warmoadgenda administraciul centrs maTi

marTva-gamgeobis saqmeSi. jvris monasteri aRm. sa-

qarTveloSi miwebs flobda qar-

Tlisa da kaxeTis samefoSi, Sesa-

bamisad ToToeul am kuTxeSi

jvars ekuTvnoda erTi an ramdeni-

me eklesia. (7,116-120)

jvaris mamis eklesia

ierusalimis jvris monasters TbilisSi ekuT-

vnoda jvaris mamis eklesia, rogorc saxelwodeba

80

migvaniSnebs is iyo ierusalimis arqimandritis,

jvris monastris winamZRvris da yma-mamulebis gam-

geblis, jvaris mamis rezidencia, “ierusalimis ma-

maTa sadguri.” (8,5) eklesia mdebareobs Zvel Tbi-

lisSi, sionis mopirdapire mxares. vaxuSti bagra-

tioni mis Sesaxeb ambobs: “eklesia jvaris, gumba-

Tiani, mSvenieri.”(9,55) igi miCneulia XVI s-is meo-

re naxevris nagebobad.(10,32,;51) platon ioseliani

CvenTvis ucnob, romeliRac wyaroze dayrdnobiT

wers, rom ierusalimis sapatriarqos ukve V sau-

kuneSive hqonia TbilisSi Tavisi metoqi eklesia,

romelic dangreula XIV s-is bolos Temur-len-

gis Semosevis Sedegad. MmogvianebiT, mis nangreveb-

ze aSenebula axali dRemde arsebuli. garda ami-

sa, jvaris mamis eklesia Tavisi arsebobis manZil-

ze iyo metoqi ierusalimis sami qarTuli monas-

trisa: ilia winaswarmetyvelisa, jvarisa da wmin-

da iakobisa. jvaris mamis istoriis aseTi adreu-

li xanis Sesaxeb garda platon ioselianis am

cnobisa, sxva raime sabuTi ar mogvepoveba. (11,27)

dokumenturad dadasturebuli cnobebi jvaris ma-

mis eklesiis Sesaxeb gvxvdeba XVII s-is dasasru-

lidan. ierusalimis patriarqi dosiTeosi (1666-

1707ww.) erT-erT Tavis werilSi Txovs erekle I-s,

rom man gamouyos jvris monasters erTi eklesia

81

TbilisSi, sadac misi warmomadgeneli papa sergi

moawyobda senakebs wminda saflavis mamebisaTvis.

Nnazaralixanis(erekle 1) mier 1692 wels gacemul

erT sabuTSi naTqvamia: “mokiTxul vqeniT da aq qa-

laqSi, jvaris monastris metoqi saydari yofili-

yo. JamTa viTarebisagan iq, im saydris garSemo,

somxebi dasaxlebuliyvnen. isini iqdan avyareT da

is adgili, viTac jvaris monastrisa yofiliyo, is

jvaris monasters SevwireT da jvaris mama par-

Tens uboZeT"(12) disiTeos patriarqis werils ex-

maureba 1694 wels nazaralixanis mier gacemuli

kidev erTi sabuTi, sadac weria: ”viguleT da vi-

gulsmodgineT raiTamca mcired raime msaxurebabi-

na taZrisa TqvenisaTvis, awe vixileT tfilis qa-

laqsa Sina metoqi jvaris monastrisa eklesia Jam-

Ta viTarebisagan gaoxrebuliyo, ganvawmendineT da

wmindiT aiazmiT vakurTxebineT tfilel mitropo-

lit domentis.”(13) imave sabuTSi aRniSnulia, rom

eklesiis maxloblad mcxovrebi ori komli erov-

nebiT somxebi, vinme yuTluaSvilebi jvris monas-

trisaTvis SeuwiravT da, rogorc amgvar SemTxve-

vaSi xdeboda xolme, yovelgvari saxelmwifo ga-

dasaxadebisagan gauTavisuflebiaT.

aRniSnul sabuTebSi yuradRebas iqcevs eklesi-

is maxloblad mcxovrebi somxebis ayra, xolo

82

Semdeg maTi Sewirva jvris monastrisadmi. b. arve-

laZis azriT es gamowveuli unda yofiliyo Semde-

gi mizeziT: somexi moqalaqeebis kompaqturad da-

saxleba qarTuli eklesiebis maxloblad xSirad

mTavrdeboda imiT, rom isini epatronebodnen xol-

me am eklesiebs da gadaaqcevdnen maT somxur ek-

lesiebad, sxva SemTxvevaSi marTlac gaugebaria,

ratom unda moeTxova nazaralixans am teritorie-

bis somexi moqalaqeebisagan gaTavisufleba. (14,28)

imave sabuTSi aRniSnulia, rom eklesiis max-

loblad mcxovrebi ori komli erovnebiT somxebi,

vinme yuTluaSvilebi jvris monastrisaTvis Seuwi-

ravT da, rogorc amgvar SemTxvevaSi xdeboda

xolme, yovelgvari saxelmwifo gadasaxadebisagan

gauTavisuflebiaT.

aRniSnul sabuTebSi yuradRebas iqcevs eklesi-

is maxloblad mcxovrebi somxebis ayra, xolo

Semdeg maTi Sewirva jvris monastrisadmi. b. arve-

laZis azriT es gamowveuli unda yofiliyo Semde-

gi mizeziT: somexi moqalaqeebis kompaqturad da-

saxleba qarTuli eklesiebis maxloblad xSirad

mTavrdeboda imiT, rom isini epatronebodnen xol-

me am eklesiebs da gadaaqcevdnen maT somxur ek-

lesiebad, sxva SemTxvevaSi marTlac gaugebaria,

83

ratom unda moeTxova nazaralixans am teritorie-

bis somexi moqalaqeebisagan gaTavisufleba (15,28).

rogorc am warweridan irkveva karibWe da sax-

lebi auSenebiaT 1825 w-s. es karibWe XX saukunis

20-ian wlebamde jer kidev arsebobda.(16,28) (amJa-

mad aRniSnuli karibWis qva samreklos karibWeSia

CaSenebuli. g. g.).\

eklesiis aRmosavleT kedelze marcxena mxares

aris qvis fila berZnul-rusul-qarTuli warweriT.

berZnuli warweris qarTuli Targmani aseTia: “ ar-

qimandriti ieroTeosis samoseli ganisvenebs Rmer-

TSi. 12 noemberi 1896 w.”

yuradRebas iqcevs, agreTve, erTi garemoeba: sa-

istorio wyaroebSi ierusalimis jvris monastris

metoqi eklesia TbilisSi ramdenimenairadaa moxse-

niebuli. nazaralixanis mier gacemul sabuTSi igi

iwodeba “jvris monastris metoqi saydari.” (17)

anton kaTalikosi uwodebs “jvris mamis monas-

ters”, xolo 1844 wels Sedgenil eklesiaTa nusxa-

Si meeqvse adgilze dgas da ixsenieba “ierusali-

mis jvaris amaRlebis eklesia.” (18)

saistorio sabuTebidan aSkaraa, rom saqarTve-

loSi ierusalimis miwismflobeloba ZiriTadad

Camoyalibda XVI saukunis meore naxevridan, XVII

s-is meore naxevramde da miwebis Sewirvis parale-

84

lurad xdeboda eklesiebis Sewirvac. jvarismamis

eklesia warmoadgenda yma-mamulebis mmarTveli

berZeni sasuliero piris rezidencias. misi aSene-

bis dro XVI saukunis meore naxevriTaa daTariRe-

buli da amave droisaTvis unda iyos Sewiruli

ierusalimisadmi.


1. e. mamisTvalisSvili. qarTvelebi da bibliu-

ri samyaro, Tb., 1998,

2. el. metreveli. masalebi ierusalimis qar-

Tuli koloniis istoriisaTvis (XI-XVII sau-

kuneebi), Tb., 1962,

3. iqve

4. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli,

t. II, Tb., 1991

5. il. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsiko-

ni, Tb., 1973

6. n. xuciSvili, ierusalimis jvris monastris

miwis mflobeloba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1999,

7. n. xuciSvili, istoriul-filologiuri kre-

buli, Tb., 1997, ierusalimis jvris monas-

tris metoqi eklesiebi

8. pl. ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi XII, Tb.,

1978,

85

9. vaxuSti bagrationi, saqarTvelos geogra-

fia, Tb., 1997

10. v. beriZe, XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli sa-

eklesio xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1999

11. v. beriZe, iqve; n. xuciSvili, ierusalimis

jvris monastris miwis mflobeloba saqar-

TveloSi, Tb., 1999,

12. saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi

(scsa), 1450-51/183

13. scsa, 1450-51/177

14. n. xuciSvili, ierusalimis jvris monastris

miwis mflobeloba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1999

15. v. dondua. kalmasoba, rogorc yofa-cxovre-

biTi movlena Zvel saqarTveloSi, v. beriZe.

XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli saeklesio

xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1999,

16. v. beriZe, iqve

17. scsa, 1450-51/188

18. xelnawerTa instituti. AD-799

86

Summary

In the work presented us we discussed as fast as possible

the church (dependent on the Jerusalem Cross Monastery),

the history of the Cross Father church. The exact date of the

church's construction is not know, but it considered to be

built in the second half of the 16th century.

Supposedly Cross Father Church was donated to the

Jerusalem Cross Monastery immediately after it was built

and was the residence of the archimandrites who had arrived

from Jerusalem and were the rulers of patrimony.

87

naTia Skubulianiivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,iuridiuli fakulteti

I kursi

mcire sjuliskanonisa”

da Tanamedrove qarTuli sisxlis

samarTlis kodeqsis SedarebiTi

analizisaTvis(mkvlelobis Sesaxeb)

saeklesio Sinaarsis Zeglebs qristianul qvey-

nebSi, da kerZod, saqarTveloSi, moqmedi samar-

Tlis mniSvneloba hqondaT. aseTi Zeglebi orgva-

ria: msoflio krebebis kanonmdebloba, romelic

gadmoTargmnili iyo qarTulad da qarTuli, e.i.

adgilobrivi saeklesio krebebis dadgenilebebi.

“mcire sjuliskanoni” swored msoflio krebebis

kanonmdeblobas miekuTvneba, romelic aTonis

iverTa monasterSi moRvawe qarTvelma saeklesio

samarTlis cnobilma specialistma eqvTime mTaw-

mindelma Seadgina, berZnuli kanonikuri samar-

Tlis sxvadasxva wyaros gadamuSavebisa da masSi

qarTuli masalebis Setanis gziT. Zegli Sedgeni-

lia 1005-1028 wlebSi.

sasurveli iqneba, oriode sityviT ganvixi-

loT ra kavSiria “mcire sjuliskanonsa” da “did

sjuliskanons” Soris. am ori Zeglis Sedarebisas

88

irkveva, rom garkveul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT

maTi avtorebi erTi da imave wyaroebiT sargeb-

lobdnen. bralis sakiTxi orive ZeglSi erTnai-

rad aris gadmocemuli. maT Soris gansxvaveba

terminebSi SeiniSneba. “didi sjuliskanoni” gansa-

kuTrebiT mdidaria samarTlebrivi Sinaarsis ter-

minebiT.

“mcire sjuliskanoni” oTxi nawilisgan

Sedgeba: 1) meeqvse msoflio krebis (trulis 692w.

kreba) kanonebi. 2) kanonni SecodebulTani ioane

mmarxvelisa. 3) kanonni dRiTi-dReTa cdomaTani. 4)

Zeglis wera sarwmunoebisa. eqvTime mTawmindelma

msoflio saeklesio krebis kanonebi gadaamuSava

da qarTul sinamdviles miusadaga. am ZeglSi mra-

vali muxli Tavad eqvTimes dawerilia. “mcire

sjuliskanoni” metad mniSvnelovan cnobebs Sei-

cavs sisxlis samarTlis problemebis Sesaxeb.

kerZod, danaSaulis, sasjelis Sesaxeb da rac

mTavaria, masSi damuSavebulia bralis problema

da misi calkeuli saxeebi.

ioane monazoni Tavis SromaSi – “kanonni

SecodebulTani” – acxadebs, rom amqveynad rva

xorcieli codva arsebobs, rogoricaa siZva, mru-

Soba, mamaTmavloba, sisxlaRreva, uasakoTgam-

xrwneloba da a.S. Tumca, yvelaze uares codvad

89

nebsiT da uneblie mkvlelobas miiCnevs. swored

am danaSaulis sakiTxs ganvixilavT winamdebare

naSromSi da SevecdebiT, aq moyvanili mkvlelo-

bis saxeebi da sasjelebi dRevandelobisas Seva-

daroT.

upriani iqneba, “mcire sjuliskanonTan” er-

Tad mokled ganvixiloT Tanamedrove sisxlis sa-

marTlis kodeqsi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTa-

uris 1993 wlis 26 dekembris gankargulebiT da-

fuZnda samarTlebrivi reformis saxelmwifo ko-

misia, romelmac miznad daisaxa samarTlis Ziri-

Tad dargebSi fundamenturi sakanonmdeblo aqte-

bis – kodeqsebis momzadeba. qarTuli sisxlis sa-

marTlis kodeqsis SemmuSavebeli dargobrivi ko-

misiis Sromis Sedegad Seiqmna kodeqsi, romelic

saqarTvelos parlamentma 1999 wlis 22 ivliss mi-

iRo. xolo ukve 2000 wlis 1 ivnisidan sisxlis sa-

marTlis kodeqsi ZalaSi Sevida da amoqmedda. am

sakanonmdeblo aqtis Seqmna mniSvnelovani movle-

naa Cveni qveynis istoriaSi.*

ioane monazoni Tavis SromaSi mkvlelobis

Sesaxeb Zalzed mcire informacias gvawvdis. mas

erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli aqvs nebsiTi da uneb-

* saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. 2007 w.

90

lie mkvleloba da ar saubrobs mis sxva saxeebze.

danaSaulis aseT dayofas dRevandeli termino-

logiiT ganzraxva da gaufrTxilebloba Seesaba-

meba. avtoris azriT, “nebsiTi mkvlelobis codva

aris yvelaze ufro gaumarTlebeli, Tumca arc

esaa miutevebeli. rac Seexeba uneblie mkvlelo-

bas, igi Rirsia yovelgvari Sendobisa rogorc ad-

vilad gasamarTlebeli.”* aRsaniSnavia is garemoe-

ba, rom XI saukunis dasawyisSi, anu im periodSi,

rodesac “mcire sjuliskanoni” Seiqmna, sasjelis

ZiriTad saxes uziarebloba warmoadgenda. amis

Sesabamisad, nebsiTi mkvlelobis epitimia oc we-

liwads Seadgenda, xolo unebliesi – aTs.

saqarTvelos konstituciis me–15 muxlis

mixedviT, sicocxle adamianis xelSeuvali ufle-

baa da mas icavs kanoni. igi uzenaes samarTlebriv

Rirebulebas warmoadgens.* sisxlis samarTlis

kodeqsic, ra Tqma unda, Seesabameba konstitucias

da sicocxlis mospobisTvis gansakuTrebiT mZime

sasjelebs awesebs. ganzraxi mkvleloba isjeba

Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT Svididan Txutmet

wlamde da mas gaaCnia sxvadasxva saxeebi: ganzrax

mkvleloba damamZimebel garemoebaSi, mkvleloba

* “mcire sjuliskanoni”. Tbilisi.2003w. gv 3

91

msxverplis TxovniT, mkvleloba uecari, Zlieri

sulieri aRelvebis mdgomareobaSi, adamianis

TviTmkvlelobamde miyvana, dedis mier axalSobi-

lis ganzraxi mkvleloba da a.S. xolo sicoc-

xlis mospoba gaufrTxileblobiT isjeba Tavi-

suflebis SezRudviT vadiT xuT wlamde an Tavi-

suflebis aRkveTiT vadiT oridan oTx wlamde.

rogorc vxedavT, Tanamedrove kanonmdeb-

loba mkvlelobas ufro farTo masStabiT ganixi-

lavs da ar Semoifargleba mxolod da mxolod

ganzraxi da gaufrTxileblobiTi mkvlelobiT.

sasjelis daniSvnis dros yuradReba eqceva mra-

val garemoebas: rogor sulier mdgomareobaSi im-

yofeboda damnaSave danaSaulis Cadenis dros,

surda Tu ara mas am Sedegis dadgoma, Caidina Tu

ara man es danaSauli iZulebiT, muqariT, Santa-

JiT da a.S. “mcire sjuliskanonSi” ki mkvleloba

ase dakonkretebiT ar aris ganxiluli. es faqti,

ra Tqma unda, mravali garemoebiT aris gamowveu-

li, maTgan yvelaze mTavari ki is aris, rom eqvTi-

me mTawmindelis naSromsa da Tanamedrove kanon-

mdeblobas erTmaneTs 9 saukune aSorebs.

“mcire sjuliskanonis” mesame nawilSi –

“yoveldRiur SecodebaTa kanonebSi” – basili

dids, ioanes msgavsad, moxseniebuli aqvs nebsiTi

92

da uneblie mkvleloba. Tumca, amis garda, igi

mkvlelobis sxva ramdenime saxesac ganixilavs. ma-

galiTad, yaCaRuri mkvleloba, romelic isjeboda

21 wlis uziareblobiT, brZolaSi kvla - isjebo-

da 14 wlis uziareblobiT da a.S. aRsaniSnavia,

rom mkvlels sasjeli umsubuqdeboda im SemTxve-

vaSi, Tu igi Tavis Cadenil codvas sinanuliT eki-

deboda. es movlena SegviZlia SevadaroT im gare-

moebas, rom dRevandeli kanonmdeblobis gaTva-

liswinebiT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mkvleli danaSa-

uls aRiarebs, mas SedarebiT msubuqi sasjeli Se-

efardeba.

wminda basili didi calke muxlebSi saub-

robs Cvil da uSobel bavSvTa mkvlelobaze da

ganasxvavebs sasjelebs imis mixedviT, Tu rogor

aris Cadenili danaSauli. mag.: “Tu vinme Cvils

Sobs, magram ugulebelyofs mas da amis gamo Cvi-

li mokvdeba, mkvlelobis sasjels daeqvemdeba-

ros.”* xolo isini, vinc wamlebis miRebiT klaven

uSobel isjeba jarimiT an sazogadoebisTvis sa-

sargeblo SromiT vadiT oras ormoc saaTamde,

anda gamasworebeli samuSaoTi vadiT erTidan or

wlamde. ufro mZime sasjeli edeba abortis Cam-

93

dens im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is gamoiwvevs Svilosno-

bis samudamo moSlas an sicocxlis mospobas.*

sainteresoa is faqti, rom wminda basili

didi erT-erT muxlSi ambobs: “is qali, romelic

Zaldatanebuli iqneba da iZulebiT gaixrwneba

vinmesgan, Tu mSveleli aravin iyo, aseTi qalwu-

li udanaSauloa, xolo moZalade – mkvleli.”***

anu avtori am codvas mkvlalobas adarebs da

iseTsave sasjels uwesebs mis Camdens, rogorc si-

cocxlis momspobs.

“mcire sjuliskanons” erTiani sakanon-

mdeblo aqtis mniSvneloba ar aqvs, radganac igi

eqvTime mTawmindelma sxvadasxva berZnuli wyaro-

dan Targmna, Tumca igi XI saukunis erT-erTi um-

niSvnelovanesi samarTlis Zeglia. Zalzed samwu-

xaroa is faqti, rom dReisaTvis XI saukuneSi yve-

laze gavrcelebul sasjels – uziareblobas –

ar gaaCnia raime

datvirTva da es sasjeli Tavisuflebis aRkveTam

Secvala. Tumca, yuradsaRebia is garemoebac, rom

“mcire sjuliskanonSi” moxseniebul ZiriTad sas-

jels ar gaaCnia samarTlebrivi datvirTva da sa-

* saqarTvelos konstitucia. 2007w. muxli 15

94

eWvoa, am sasjelma Tanamedrove epoqaSi danaSau-

lis raodenobis Semcireba an aRkveTa gamoiwvios.

_________

* “mcire sjuliskanoni”.Tbilisi..2003w. gv.113

* saqarTvelos konstitucia. 2008 w. muxli 15

* „mcire sjuliskanoni“. Tbilisi. 2003w. gv.132.


1. “mcire sjuliskanoni”, Tb., 2003

2. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. gam.

„samarTali’. 2007w.

3. saqarTvelos konstitucia.

4. ivane surgulaZe – “qarTuli samarTlis isto-

riis wyaroebi”..

5. “saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da samarTlis is-

toria”. -valerian metreveli. gam. “meridiani”.

2003 w.

6. “saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari”. – av-

torTa koleqtivi.

7. ”sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili.” – avtor-

Ta koleqtivi ( a. gabiani, n. gvenetaZe, i. dva-

liZe, n. Todua, m. mamulaSvili, g.naWyebia, g.

tyeSelaZe, g. xuroSvili.) gam. „meridiani“.

2007w.

95

MNatia ShkubulianiIvane Javakhishvili

Tbilisi State University,Faculty of law,

first year

“Mcire sjuliskanoni”comparative

analisis of Georgian Criminal Law.

(About murder)

S ummary

Comparative analysis about crimy against the propersty

between church law “mcire sjuliskanoni” and conterprorary

Georgian Criminal Law is discussed in this work the similarities

and differences are marked between the old and todays Georgian

Law.

96

eTer bokelavaZeivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarulmecnerebaTa fakulteti.

specialoba istoria IV kursi

saeklesio-istoriul safuZvelTa

falsifikaciisaTvis kosovosa da

afxazeTSi

(istoriuli paralelebi)

kosovosa da afxazeTis problemaTa Sina-

arsobrivi msgavsebebis Sesaxeb ukanaskneli

aTwleulis manZilze mravali mosazreba iqna

gamoTqmuli rogorc qarTul, ise ucxour sa-

mecniero wreebSi. mkvlevarTa nawili maT

identurobas usvams xazs, nawilis azriTi ki,

maT urTierTgamijvnas didi mniSvneloba aqvs

rigi politikuri procesebis regulirebis

kuTxiT. aRsaniSnavia is, rom kosovosa da af-

xazeTis sakiTxTa irgvliv gamoqveynebul naS-

romTa umravlesoba mis politikur WrilSi

ganxilvasa da umTavresad, politikur aspeq-

tebze aqcentirebas moicavs. aRniSnulis fon-

97

ze, sainteresod mogvaCnia sakiTxis dasma da

gaanalizeba sarwmunoebriv-kulturuli faq-

toris farTod ganxilvis safuZvelze.

kosovosa da afxazeTis regionebi ZvelTa-

ganve serbul da qarTul saxelmwifoTa um-

niSvnelovanes geopolitikur da kulturul

centrebs warmoadgendnen. geografiulma mde-

bareobam mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli maT da-

winaurebas savaWro-ekonomikuri kuTxiT jer

kidev antikuri periodidan; mogvianebiT ki,

romis, bizantiisa Tu nacionalur saxelmwi-

foTa sazRvrebSi, maT uaRresad mniSvnelova-

ni politikuri da kulturuli roli mieni-

WaT.

kosovosa da afxazeTis teritoria iTvle-

ba macxovris mociqulTa mier ganaTlebul mi-

webad. kerZod, saxarebiseuli gadmocemebiTa

da istoriuli wyaroTa mowmobiT, cnobilia,

rom balkaneTis n/k-is samxreT da aRmosavleT

nawilSi qristes sityva iqadages wminda an-

driapirvelwodebulma da pavle mociqulma,

CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi ki mociqulma an-

driam da svimon kananelma. I-IV ss-Si am teri-

98

toriebze ukve Camoyalibda qristianuli sae-

piskoposoebi. ax. w. V-VI ss-Si serbTa balka-

neTis n/k-ze damkvidrebisaTanave kosovosa da

metoqiis teritoria (~kosovo” warmodgeba

serbuli sityvisagan “kos:~, rac qarTulad

~Sav SaSvs” niSnavs, ~metoqia~ ki berZnuli

sityvaa da samonastro miwas aRniSnavs) iqca

serbTa ganaxlebisa da kulturis mniSvnelo-

van punqtad.

istoriulad cnobilia, rom serbTa masob-

rivi qristianizacia daiwyo VII-s-is pirvel

naxevarSi bizantiis imperator herakles mmar-

Tvelobis Jams. cnobili rusi mkvlevaris sku-

ratis mixedviT, sawyis etapze serbTa qristi-

anuli Temebi romis eklesiis samwysos warmo-

adgendnen, Tumca mas Semdeg, rac 732 wels

imperatorma leon isavrielma romis paps Ca-

moarTva serbebiT dasaxlebuli aRmosavleT

iliriis teritoria, serbebi konstantinepo-

lis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebaSi gadavid-

nen (13, 100). aRniSnul faqts didi mniSvnelo-

ba aqvs Tanamedrove albanur istoriografia-

Si Zveli iliriis mkvidr albanelTa kaToli-

99

kobisa da uSualod kosovos teritoriaze

Suasaukunovani albanuri kaTolikuri ekle-

sia-monastrebis arsebobis Sesaxeb mosazrebis

farTod gavrcelebis pirobebSi. kerZod, al-

banel mkvlevarTa nawili (i. ragova, m. sopi)

~ilirizmis~ Teoriaze dayrdnobiT, miiCnevs,

ra albanelebs kosovos avtoqtonur mosaxle-

obad, aRniSnul teritoriaze arsebul Suasa-

ukunovan qristianul taZrebs albanur kaTo-

likur kerebad naTlavs. sainteresoa is, rom

maTi garkveuli nawili kosovoSi priStinas

axlos, q. ulpianaSi asaxelebs pirvel alba-

nel qristian mowameebs. aRniSnulTan dakavSi-

rebiT unda iTqvas, rom istoriul wyaroebSi

albanelTa moxseniebas ~arberebis~ saxelwo-

debiT, vxvdebiT mxolod ax. w. XI saukunidan,

bizantiur qronikebSi, romelTa mixedviTac

arberia mdebareobda Tanamedrove albaneTis

centralur nawilSi. serbuli wyaroebi ki

mxolod XIV saukunidan icnoben informacias

kosovos teritorize albanur tomTa gansax-

lebis Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba kosovoSi ulpia-

nas pirvelmowameebsa da kaTolikuri eklesia-

100

monastrebis arsebobis faqts unda aRiniSnos,

is rom q. ulpianaSi IIs-Si marTlac vxvdebiT

pirvelmowameebs florassa da lorass, ro-

melTac orTodoqsaluri eklesia pativs mia-

gebs. kosovoel albanelTa Soris ki arcerTi

wyaro ar adasturebs am wmindanTa kultis

arsebobas. niSandoblivia agreTve isic, rom

kaTolikur eklesia-monastrebs kosovos teri-

toriaze vxvdebiT jer kidev XIIIs-dan, uSua-

lod serbeTis samefo dinastiis warmomadge-

nelTa iniciativiTa da mfarvelobiT agebuls

(23).

albanel istorikosTa mxridan Sua sau-

kunovan serbul taZarTa sakuTar sarwmunoeb-

riv-kulturul centrebad gamocxadebis ten-

dencias saintereso paraleli SeiZleba moe-

Zebnos qarTul sinamdvileSi afxazeTis sa-

kiTxis saxiT. kosovosagan gansxvavebulma pi-

robebma da umTavresad saerTo rwmenis faq-

torma aq dRis wesrigSi daayena afxazeTis

damoukidebeli eklesiis arsebobis sakiTxi.

gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebSi afxazeTis xe-

lisuflebis iniciativiT, kvlav ganaxlda af-

101

xazeTis eklesiis saqarTvelos sapatriarqos-

gan gamoyofis procesi. kerZod, cnobilia,

rom 1995 wels afxazeTis xelisuflebis meTa-

urma (v. arZinba) TxovniT mimarTa moskovisa

da sruliad ruseTis patriarqs aleqsi II-s

afxazeTis eparqiis ruseTis eklesiasTan Se-

erTebis Sesaxeb. 1997 wlis ianvarSi ki gaimar-

Ta cxum-afxazeTis samRvdeloebis kreba, ro-

melmac miiRo dadgenileba saqarTvelos sa-

patriarqos iurisdiqciidan gasvlisa da e.w.

CrdiloeT kavkasiis eparqiasTan mierTebis Se-

saxeb (sinamdvielSi, ruseTis eklesiasTan Se-

erTebis Sesaxeb, radgan Crd. kavkasiis yvela

eparqia Sedis ruseTis marTlmadidebeli ek-

lesiis iurisdiqciaSi) (1,3-5). aRniSnuli pro-

cesebis paralelurad, afxazur da rusul sa-

mecniero wreebSi daiwyo afxazeTis eparqiis

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiisagan

gamoyofis istoriuli safuZvlebis Zieba. rac

maTi mxridan (e. ajinjali, d. dbari, e. smiri,

d. sarsania) afxazeTis sakaTalikosos-afsuur

eklesiad, xolo afxazeTis teritoriaze ar-

sebul qarTul eklesia-monasterTa _ afsuur

102

qristianul centrebad gamocxadebaSi gamoixa-

ta. SemuSavebul iqna Teoria afsuaTa I_VI ss-

Si monaTvlis Sesaxeb (1, 9-16).

qarTul istoriografiaSi gamoTqmuli mo-

sazrebis Tanaxmad, mociqulTa qadagebis Sem-

deg, afxazeTis miwaze qristianuli sarwmuno-

ebis kvlav ganvrcoba da ganmtkiceba dakavSi-

rebulia romis imperiisagan devnili qristia-

ni meomrebisa (mag. orentiosi) da mRvdelmTav-

rebis (klimenti romaeli (Is), ioane oqropiri)

saxelebTan (1, 51-55). afxazeTSi qristianobis

farTod gavrcelebis udavo faqtze metyve-

lebs biWvinTis episkopos stratofiles mona-

wileoba I msoflio saeklesio krebaze. qar-

Tul da ucxour wyaroTa mixedviT, aRniSnu-

li periodisaTvis Tanamedrove afxazeTis te-

ritoria dasaxlebuli iyo dasavlur qarTu-

li-kolxuri tomebiT. cxadia, swored isini

warmoadgenden Crd-das saqarTvelos terito-

riaze arsebuli eklesiis samwysos. rac Seexe-

ba afsuebs, maTi I-VI ss-Si monaTvlis faqti

seriozul eWvs badebs, radgan aRniSnuli pe-

riodisaTvis maTi afxazeTSi gansaxlebis faq-

103

ti arcerTi saistorio wyaroTi ar dasturde-

ba.

serbeTisa da saqarTvelos marTlmadide-

bel eklesiaTa istoriidan farTodaa cnobi-

li is samonastro kerebi Tu saepiskoposo

kaTedrebi, romlebic saukuneTa manZilze ser-

buli da qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobisa da

saeklesio-diplomatiur centrebs warmoadgen-

dnen da, romlebic swored kosovosa da afxa-

zeTis teritoriazea ganfenili. aRniSnuli

TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis

mqonea kosovoSi peCis, xolo afxazeTSi _biW-

vinTis sakaTedro taZrebi. peCis samonastro

kompleqsi XIIIs-is Sua xanebSi, serbeTis arqi-

episkopos arsen I-is mier iqna agebuli. 1253

wels aq q. JiCidan gadatanil iqna saarqiepis-

koposo rezidencia. 1346 wlidan ki rodesac

serbeTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia saarqie-

piskoposodan ayvanil iqna sapatriarqo ran-

gSi, peCis monasterma ~peCis sapatriarqos~ sa-

xelwodeba miiRo (13, 19).

104

peCi

aRniSnuli saxelwodeba SemdgomSi sru-

liad serbeTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis

aRmniSvnel sinonimad iqca. niSandoblivia is,

rom peCis sapatriarqos arseboba ar Seuwyve-

tia osmalTa batonobis periodSic da Tana-

medrove etapze, uaRresad saintereso faqts

warmoadgens, is rom, serbeTis marTlmadide-

bel eklesiaSi arsebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad,

yoveli axali serbi patriarqis belgradSi

intronizaciis Semdeg, misi aRsaydreba xdeba

peCis monasterSic (peCis arqiepiskoposis tax-

tze) (13, 115). serbeTis marTlmadidebeli ek-

lesiis saWeTmpyrobeli ki iwodeba ~peCis mTa-

varepiskoposad, belgrad-karlovacis mitro-

politad da sruliad serbeTis patriarqad~.

105

peCis sapatriarqo taZarTan SedarebiT

gacilebiT met saukunes iTvlis biWvinTis ka-

Tedra afxazeTSi, romelic jer kidev adreq-

ristianul xanaSi daarsebula. saqarTvelos

gaerTianebis periodSi igi manamde arsebul

berZnuli eklesiis iurisdiqciisadmi daqvemde-

barebuli kaTedridan qarTul saepiskoposo

biWvinTa

kaTedrad gadaiqca. IXs-Si biWvinTa ukve dasav-

leT saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso rezidencias

warmoadgenda. biWvinTis (afxazeTis) sakaTa-

likosos arseboba ar Seuwyvetia saqarTve-

los marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sapatriarqo

rangSi ayvanis Semdeg, aramed igi warmoadgen-

da saqarTvelos sapatriaqoSi Semaval saek-

lesio samTavros (3, 45). XVs-is 70-ian ww-Si

saqarTvelos calkeul politikur erTeule-

106

bad daSlis pirobebSi, afxazeTis sakaTali-

koso dawinaurda. man TviT ierusalimel-anti-

oqieli patriarqisgan miiRo avtokefalia da

mitropolit ananias SefasebiT, Tavi ~qristes

mier~ dadgenil ~yovlisa saqarTvelos~ mwyem-

sad gamoacxada. Cvenamde moaRwia erTma sa-

buTma dadasturebulma biWvinTis mamamTavar

grigolis mier, sadac igi ~yovlisa saqarTve-

los kaTalikozad~ iwodeba (3, 49). XVIs-Si af-

xazeTis teritoriaze Crd. kavkasiur tomTa

da maT Soris afsuaTa Camowolis Sedegad

biWvinTis kaTedra gauqmebul iqna.. sakaTali-

koso rezidenciam ki biWvinTidan gelaTSi

gadmoinacvla (3, 55).

kosovosa da afxazeTis teritoriaze um-

niSvnelovanes serbul da qarTul saeklesio

centrebs warmoadgendnen agreTve studenica

da bedia. studenicas monasteri XII s-is miwu-

rulsa da XIII s-is damdegs, serbeTis didi

mTavris stefane nemanis mier iqna agebuli.

amave taZarSi aRikveca igi berad svimeonis sa-

xeliT da aqve iqna dabrZanebuli misi miron-

mdinare sxeulic. studenicas monasterSi moR-

107

vaweobda stefane nemanis vaJi da serbeTis

marTlmadidebeli avtokefaluri eklesiis

pirveli saWeTmpyrobeli wminda saba (rastis-

lav nemani) (7, 24).

studenica stefane nemani (umcrosi)

studenicas monasterSi dRemdea SemorCenili

nemanTa samefo dinastiis warmomadgenelTa

gamosaxulebani da, rac uaRresad mniSvnelo-

vania, aq ganisvenebs gaerTianebuli serbeTis

pirveli mefe_stefane nemani (umcrosi) (7, 36).

Tavisi mniSvnelobiT studenicas monas-

ters afxazeTSi utoldeba bediis taZari.

cnobilia, rom igi ~afxazTa mefem~ da

SemdgomSi erTiani saqarTvelos pirvelma

http://images.google.ge/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rodoslovlje.com/medieval_serbia/pictures/studenica.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.rodoslovlje.com/medieval_serbia/eng/galleries-monast.htm&h=206&w=199&sz=5&hl=ka&start=47&tbnid=Ebd1Rpdz8KQCJM:&tbnh=105&tbnw=101&prev=/images?q=Studenica&start=36&gbv=2&ndsp=18&hl=ka&sa=N

108

bedia bagrat III

xelisufalma bagrat III-m aago X saukuneSi.

manve daarsa bediis saepiskoposo kaTedrac.

taZarSi Semonaxulia bagrat III-is gamosaxu-

leba eklesiis modeliT xelSi (samxreT ked-

lis aRmosavleT nawilSi) (9, 21-22). 1014 wels

bediis taZarSi dakrZalul iqna gaerTianebu-

li saqarTvelos pirveli mefe bagrat III, ris

gamoc SemdgomSi bedieli episkoposi samefo

saflavis mfarvelad iTvleboda. (~xelmwifis

karis garigeba”) (9, 24).

afxazeTisa da kosovos teritoriaze gar-

da zemoaaRniSnulis samonastro kerebisa,

funqcionirebda iseTi mniSvnelobis saekle-

sio-diplomatiuri centrebi, rogorebicaa Ji-

Cisa da prizrenis saepiskoposoebi kosovoSi,

109

xolo drandisa da moqvis saepiskoposoebi

afxazeTSi.

JiCis monastris daarseba serbuli eklesi-

is didi reformatoris wminda sabasa da misi

Zmis (SemdgomSi serbeTis pirveli mefe) ste-

fane pirvelkurTxeulis saxelebTan aris da-

kavSirebuli. serbeTis marTlmadidebeli av-

tokefaluri eklesiis dafuZnebis dRidan

(1219w.) vidre 1253 wlamde igi serbeTis mTava-

repiskposis sakaTedro taZars warmoadgenda.

JiCi prizreni

serbi xalxi mas dRemde ~serbul eklesiaTa

dedas” uwodebs (17). rac Seexeba prizrenis

saepiskoposos igi jer kidev wminda sabas

moRvaweobamde warmoadgenda mniSvnelovan sae-

piskoposo kaTedras kosovos centrSi. ganvi-

Tarebul Sua saukunebSi ki man serbeTis

110

mZlavri ekonomikuri da politikur-diploma-

tiuri centris funqciebi SeiTavsa. serbeTis

nacionalur poeziaSi mas xSirad ~serbeTis

konstantinepoladac~ ki moixsenieben (40).

aranaklebi mniSvnelobis mqone iyo da-

savlur qarTuli samefosaTvis Sua saukunova-

ni moqvisa da drandis saepiskoposoebi. orive

maTgani Xs-Si iqna daarsebuli. msgavsad priz-

renisa, cnobilia, rom moqvis saepiskoposo

garda sasuliero daniSnulebisa, saxelmwifo

mniSvnelobis diplomatiur funqciebs asru-

lebda gvian SuasaukuneebSi. kerZod, cnobi-

lia, rusi elCebis pavle zaxarievisa da

moqvi dranda

fedot elCinis viziti 1640 wels moqvis sae-

piskoposoSi, samegrelos mmarTvel levan II

111

dadianTan diplomatiuri molaparakebis miz-

niT (12, 117-118). moqvis taZari XIX saukuneSi

warmoadgenda SarvaSiZeTa sagvareulo saZva-

les (33, 65). aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ro-

gorc moqvis, ise drandis saepiskoposoebma

arseboba Sewyvites XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi

Crdilo kavkasiidan afxazur tomTa moZale-

bis gamo (b. lominaZe. T. Jordania).

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze,

vfiqrobT, naTeli unda iyos Tanamedrove af-

xaz (da maTTan erTad rus) Tu albanel

mkvlevarTa argumentaciis usafuZvloba, qar-

Tul da serbul qristianul keraTa sakuTar

erovnuli kulturis Zeglebad warmoCenis sa-

kiTxSi. istoriis falsifikaciis utyuar das-

turs warmoadgens Tavad kosovos (deCani, ban-

Ska, mitrovica, lJeviSka, priStinas monaste-

ri) da afxazur miwebze (lixni, ilori, Zveli

gagra, komani, soxumis sakaTedro taZari) ar-

sebul eklesia-monasterTa arqiteqturuli

stili; arqeologiuri, lingvisturi, epigra-

fikuli, anTropo-geografiuli monacemebi da

sxv.

112

Kkosovosa da afxazeTis miwaTa udidesi

sarwmunoebriv-kulturuli da istoriuli

mniSvnelobis gaazreba qmnis safuZvels serb

da qarTvel mkvlevarTa Soris xSir SemTxve-

vaSi, tendenciur SefasebaTa CamoyalibebisaT-

vis. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos is, rom maTi um-

ravlesoba obieqtur, istoriul safuZvlebs

eyrdnoba. Aase, mag: cnobili serbi mkvlevari

duzan batakoviCi Tavis naSromSi “kosovosa

da metoqiis Sesaxeb” wers: “igi warmoadgens

im Senobis qvakuTxeds, rogoricaa serbeTis

erovnuli panTeoni. rodesac saubroben, rom

kosovos gareSe ar arsebobs araviTari ser-

beTi da serbi eri, es ar aris marto XIX s-is

erovnuli romantizmis aRorZineba, igi gulis-

xmobs gacilebiT ufro mets, vidre mxolod

teritorias, romelic dafarulia misi kul-

turisa da civilizaciis ZeglebiT, ufro me-

tia, vidre myarad warmodgenili erovnuli da

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba, _ miiCne-

ven, rom Kkosovo da metoqia serbTa identu-

robis gasaRebia” (14).

113

d. batakoviCis Sefasebas exmianeba ameri-

keli mkvlevaris protopresviter Tomas hop-

kos Sexeduleba kosovosa da metoqiis Sesa-

xeb: “kosovos olqi aris serbuli qristiano-

bisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis akvani. . .

kosovo igivea serbebisTvis, rac ierusalimi

da sioni ebraelTaTvis, bostoni da axali in-

glisi_TeTri rasis anglosaqsi protestanti

amerikelebisaTvis” (The Newspaper “OCA”, 1999,

june).

vfiqrobT, msgavs SefasebaTa ganvrcoba

SesaZlebelia afxazeTzec. Crdilo-dasavleT

saqarTvelos teritoria, romelic erTiani

qarTuli samefos SeqmnisTanave iqca qarTuli

erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganuyofel na-

wilad, warmoadgens saqarTvelos eklesiisa

da qarTuli sulierebis saZirkvels. saqvey-

nod cnobil zogad sruliad saqristiano

siwmindeTa (wminda mociqul svimon kananelis

saflavi, wminda ioane oqropiris gansasvenebe-

li(amJamad mxolod sarkofagi inaxeba afxa-

zeTSi), wminda RvTismSoblis sartyeli bedia-

Si da sxv.) mis wiaRSi arsebobis faqti kidev

114

erTxel adasturebs mis usazRvro mniSvnelo-

bas rogorc sakuTriv erTiani qarTuli sa-

xelmwifoebriobisaTvis, ise msoflio qristi-

anuli samyarosaTvis.

Bb i b l i o g r a f i a

samecniero literatura da wyaroebi

1. gamaxaria j, afxazeTi da marTlmadideblo-

ba (Is._1921), Tb., 2005

2. gasviani g. ~mcnebai sasjuloi” qristianuli

sarwmunoebis mdgomareobisa da afxazeTis

cnebaze. marTlmadidebloba afxazeTSi da

erovnuli TviTidentifikaciis sakiTxebi,

Tb., 2005

3. mTavarepiskoposi anania jafariZe, afxazeTi,

qarTvelTa gaafxazeba, Tb., 2007

4. ~mosaxsenebeli mimosvlaTaTvis da qadageba-

Ta yovladqebulisa da didebulisa mociqu-

lisa andriasi”.

5. mRvdelmTavari inokenti xersoneli, ~wminda

mociqul pavles cxovreba, Rvawli, dasja”

Targmani g. royva, Tb., 2004

115

6. pavliaSvili q, marTlmadidebluri afxaze-

Ti (recenzia m. i. tarnavas naSromze), ~afxa-

zeTi” #1, Tb., 2004

7. ~cxovreba wminda sabasi, serbeTis mTavare-

piskoposisa, Tb., 2003

8. xvistani r, bedia_Sua saukuneebis saqarTve-

los religiur-politikuri centri, Jurn.

~saistorio Ziebani”, #3, Tb., 2000

9. xorava b, bediis saepiskoposo, Jurn. ~sais-

torio Ziebani”, #3, Tb., 2000

10. xorava b, drandis saepiskoposo, marTlmadi-

debloba. afxazeTSi da erovnuli TviTiden-

tifikaciis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2005

11. jojua d, kosovos precendenti, Jurn. ~sais-

torio Ziebani”, #8-9, Tb., 2006

12. Воронов Ю.Н,В Мире архитектурных ПамятниковАбхазии, М.,1978

13. Скурат К.Е. История поместних ПравославнихЦерквей,М., 1994,т,1

14. Batakovic D, Kosovo and Metohia (internet versia)

15. Bogdanovic D, The Kosovo Question: Past and Present(internet versia)

16. Cirkovic S, Rises and Falls of the Serbian Statehood inMiddleages. (internet versia)

116

17. Dragnic A, Todorovic S, The Saga of Kosovo (inter-

net versia)

18. Non-Albanian Elements within the Fabric of AlbanianPeople(internet versia)

19. Patriachate of Pec(internet versia)

20. Patriachate of Serbia(internet versia)

21. Popovic R, Serbian church in History(internet ver-sia)

22. Tbeolojikal V, Kosovo in the History of SerbianChurch(internet versia)

23. The Spiritual and Cultural heritage of Kosovo andMetofia. (internet versia)

Pperioduli gamocemebi:

24. gaz. “madli” Tb. 1996 #6(111)

25. gaz. “mrevli” Tb. 1999 #1

26. gaz. “sapatriarqos uwyebani” Tb. 1999 #18



29. Jurn. “gumbaTi” Tb. 2007 #4

30. Jurn. “karibWe” Tb. 2006 #4 (39)

31. Jurn. “karibWe” Tb. 2006 #8 (43)

117

32. Jurn. “karibWe” Tb. 2008 #9 (96)

33. Jurn. “jvari vazisa” Tb. 1995 #1

internet saitebi

34. www.rastko.org.yu/kosovo/pecarsija/istorijat/img/jpg

35. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch of Serbia

36. http// www.serbianorthodoxchurch.net/historyofchurch

37. http//lamar.coostate.edu/~grjan/kosovohistory.html

38. http//www.rastko.org.yu/kosovo/pecarsija/istorijat/index-eng.html

39. http//www.kosovo.net/kosovo1.html

40. http//www.kosovo.net/default3.html

41. http://religion.ng.ru/facts/2004-04-07/1-albania.html.

http://www.rastko.org.yu/kosovo/pecarsija/istorijat/img/jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch

http://www.serbianorthodoxchurch.net/historyofchurch

118

MEter BokelavadzeIvane Javakhishvili

Tbilisi State University,Faculty of humanities,specialization –history

IV year

Temperal and historical fountations’s falsification in Kosovoand in Abkhazia (historical paralels)

Summary

In this article is disscused very important question in modern

historiographie- temperal and historical fountations’s falsification

and historical paralels in Kosovo and in Abkhazia, the questions

lern’s actuality and importance . The basic of this researches are

modern therotical and methodological approaches and scientifical

researches.

119

cira SaloSviliivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisiuridiuli fakulteti

I kursi

~didi sjuliskanonisa~ da

saqarTvelos sisxlisa da samoqalaqo

kodeqsebis SedarebiTi analizi(qonebrivi_sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

danaSaulebebi)O

saqarTvelo erT_erTi ZirZveli qristianuli qve-

yanaa. Cvens samSobloSi qristianobas misi xan-

grZlivi istoriis ganmavlobaSi, didi gavlena

aqvs cxovrebis yvela sferoze, maT Soris samar-

Talzec. saukuneTa manZilze qveyanaSi iqmneboda

da iTargmneboda samarTlis saeklesio Zeglebi

da eWvgareSea, rom moqmedebda kidec; amjerad

Tqvens yuradRebas mivapyrobT ~did skuliskanons~

da vecdebiT, aRmovaCinoT msgavseba Tu gansxvaveba

imdroindel realobasa da Tanamedroveobas So-

ris. aRniSnuli Zegli marTlmadidebluri qristi-

anuli eklesiis ZiriTadi kanonikuri kodeqsia da

sabolood Camoyalibda IX saukunis ukanasknel

meoxedSi 14_titulovani nomokanonis e.w. 883 wlis

redaqciis saxiT. konstantinopolis 980 wlis sa-

eklesio krebaze ki zogadqristianuli saxel-

120

mZRvanelos saxe miiRo.1 Zegli qarTulad Targmna

arsen iyalToelma XI_XII saukuneebis mijnaze.

berZnulad ~sjuliskanoni~ aris nomokanoni, rac

niSnavs kanons, wess; nomokanonebi ewodeboda mar-

Tlmadidebluri saeklesio samarTlis krebulebs,

romlebic Seicaven eklesiis Sinaganawess, agreT-

ve, yofa_cxovrebisa da saojaxo samarTlis debu-

lebebs.2 ~didi skuliskanoni~ pirobiTad iyofa

oTx nawilad: ~mociqulTa~, ~msoflio saekleso

krebebis kanonebi~, ~adgilobrivi saeklesio kano-

nebi~, ~adgilobriv saeklesio moRvaweTa episto-

laruli kanonmdebloba~.

upriani iqneba, naSromSi ramdenime sityviT

davaxasiaToT saqarTvelos sisxlisa da samoqa-

laqo kodeqsebic. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTa-

uris 1993 wlis 26 dekembris gankargulebiT, da-

fuZnda samarTlebrivi reformis saxelwifo komi-

sia, romelmac miznad daisaxa samarTlis ZiriTad

dargebSi fundamenturi sakanonmdeblo aqtebis _

kodeqsebis _ momzadeba. qarTuli sisxlis samar-

Tlis kodeqsis SemmuSavebeli dargobrivi komisia

Tavdauzogavad Sromobda, ris Sedegadac Seiqmna

kodeqsi, romelic 1999 wlis 22 ivniss miiRo sa-

1 ~didi sjuliskanoni~, e. gabiZaSvili, red. Tb., 1975. gv 5

2 k. kekeliZe, ~Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria~, Tb., 1957, tomi I, gv 531

121

qarTvelos parlamentma, xolo ZalaSi Sevida 2000

wlis 1_el ivniss. unda aRiniSnos, rom axali sa-

zogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Sesatryvisi sis-

xlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis Seqmnam, arsebu-

li samarTlebrivi tradiciebisa da dasavlur sa-

marTalTan harmonizaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, didi

garja da Zalisxmeva moiTxova. kanonSemoqmedTa

azriT, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi gardamavali

periodis sakanonmdeblo aqtia, romelic amoqmede-

bis Semdeg TandaTan ixveweba, Tumca ar egebis

imis SeumCnevloba, rom is pirveli sisxlis samar-

Tlis kodeqsia, romelSic qarTvel kanonSemoqmed-

Ta damoukidebeli sakanonmdeblo neba gamJRav-

nda.3

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo ko-

deqss, igi 1997 wlis 25 nombers amoqmedda. misi mi-

Reba umniSvnelovanesi niSansvetia qveynis kanonSe-

moqmedebis ganviTarebaSi. axali kodeqsiT, admi-

nistraciul _ mbrZanebluri ekonomikis dominire-

buli mdgomareobis nacvlad, wesrigdeba civili-

zebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobani. samoqalaqo

3 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, gamomcemloba ~samarTali~,

2007, gv 3

122

kodeqsi yoveldRiurobis momwesrigebel normebs

yvelasa da TiToeuls exeba.4

rogorc naSromis saTaurSi aRiniSna, ganvi-

xilavT qonebriv _ sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimar-

Tul danaSaulebTan dakavSirebul muxlebs ~didi

sjuliskanonsa~ da axal kanonmdeblobaSi. dasaw-

yisisaTvis upriani iqneba, movaxdinoT qonebisa da

sakuTrebis cnebebis definicia: ~qoneba, am kodeq-

sis mixedviT, aris yvela nivTi da aramaterialu-

ri qonebrivi sikeTe, romelTa floba, sargebloba

da gankargva SeuZliaT rogorc fizikur, ise iu-

ridiul pirebs da romelTa SeZenac SeiZleba Se-

uzRudavad, Tuki es akrZaluli ar aris kanoniT,

da ar ewinaaRmdegeba zneobis normebs, _ ambobs

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 147_e muxli.5 ~didi sjuli-

kanonSi~ ar aris saubari qonebis cnebaze; Zveli

qarTuli samarTlis mkvlevarebi qonebis Semdegna-

ir ganmartebas iZlevian: termini ~saqoneli~ sxva-

dasxva mniSvnelobisa da Sinaarsis matarebeli

iyo. Zvel epoqaSi ~saqoneli~ niSnavda rogorc su-

lier, ise usulo sikeTes, Rirebulebas. Zalze iS-

4 saqarTvelas samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari_gamomcem-loba~samarTali~, 2002, wigni pirveli, gv 75 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi_ gamomcemloba ~bo-na kauza~, Tb, 1007. gv.47

123

viaTad, magram igi zogadad qonebis aRmniSvneli

terminicaa, _ ambobs valerian metreveli,6 Tumca

ar akonkretebs zust termins, romelic am cnebas

gamoxatavda. rac Seexeba sakuTrebas, saqarTvelos

samoqalaqo kodedeqsis 170_e muxlis mixedviT: ~me-

sakuTres SeuZlia, kanonismieri an sxvagvari, ker-

Zod, saxelSekrulebo SeboWvis farglebSi Tavi-

suflad flobdes da sargeblobdes qonebiT (niv-

TiT), ar dauSvas sxva pirTa mier am qonebiT sar-

gebloba, gankargos igi, Tuki amiT ar ilaxeba me-

zoblebisa an sxva mesame pirTa uflebebi anda,

Tu es moqmedeba ar warmoadgens uflebis boro-

tad gamoyenebas.~7 iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, piradi

sakuTrebis aRmniSvneli termini iyo ~sazepuro~.

igi warCinebul pirTa sakuTrebis aRsaniSnavad ga-

moiyeneboda, Tumca es ar aris am uflebis zogadi

cnebis gamomxatveli termini. ~sakuTreba~, ro-

gorc aseTi, pirvelad V saukuneSi gvxvdeba ~Su-

Sanikis wamebaSi~. v. metreveli sxvadasaxva samar-

Tlis Zeglebis dakvirvebis Sedegad sakuTrebis

cnebis aseT definicias axdens: ~qarTul samar-

6 v. metreveli_saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da samar-Tlis istoria_ gam. ~meridiani~2003, gv3077 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi_ gamomcemloba ~bo-na kauza~, Tb, 1007. gv51

124

TalSi sakuTreba gansazRvrulia, rogorc sruli

da gansakuTrebuli batonoba sxvadasxva saxis si-

keTeze, anu sakuTrebis uflebis obieqtebze~.8

qarTuli Tanamedrove samarTali gamoyofs

qonebrivi _ sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli da-

naSaulebis ramdenime saxes: qurdoba, yaCaRoba,

Zarcva, TaRliToba, gamoZalva... saqarTvelos sis-

xlis samarTlis kodeqsis 177_e muxlis mixedviT:

~qurdoba, ese igi sxvisi nivTis faruli daufle-

ba marTlsawinaaRmdego misakuTrebis mizniT, _

_ isjeba Tavisuflebis SezRudviT vadiT erTi-

dan sam wlamde anda Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT imave

vadiT.~9

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom sisxlis samarTalSi

yoveli danaSauli, romelic Cadenilia ganmeore-

biT an damamZimebel garemoebebSi, amkacrebs sas-

jels.

~didi sjuliskanonSi~ vkiTxulobT: ~Tu

qurdma TviTon moinanios da Tavi TviTon gaam-

JRavnos, mxolod erTi weli aekrZalos mas siw-

8 v. metreveli_saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da samar-Tlis istoria_ gam. ~meridiani~2003, gv3099 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, gamomcem-loba ~samarTali~, 2007. gv 124

125

mindeTa ziareba~.10 _ basili didi, muxli 61. _

Zegli erTmaneTisagan mijnavs saflavTa da ekle-

siaTa gaqurdvas da ufro mkacr sasjels awesebs:

~saflavTa mZarcveleba ganiyofeba Sesandoblad

da Seundoblad. Tu vinme cxedars moeridos, da-

marxuli sxeuli xeluxleblad datovos da da-

marxos isev... Tumca saqebeli arc es iyos, magram

Cveulebas es miuCnevia Sesandoblad... xolo gaC-

xreva, mtvrad da miwadqceuli xorcisa da Zvle-

bis aqeT_iqiT mimoyra... unda daisajos im kanonis

mixedviT, romliTac ganakanoneben martiv siZvas.~11

qarTuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ar ganar-

Cevs erTmaneTisagan saflavebis, taZrebisa da sxva

sazogadoebriv adgilebsa Tu kerZo sakuTrbaSi

momxdar qurdobas. albaT, imitom, rom TviTon

faqti ukve marTlsawinaaRmdego da dasjadia; pa-

suxismgeblobis damZimeba damnaSavis interesebs

ewinaaRmdegeba; . Tanamedrove kanonmdeblobisa da

sasjelaRsrulebis sistemaSi ki erT_erTi yvela-

ze aqtualuri damnaSaveTa da patimarTa uflebe-

bia. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom praqtikaSi,

xSirad, mniSvneloba eniWeba danaSaulis adgils.

10 saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari _ sapatriar-qos gamocema, 1987, gv. 41811 iqve: 441

126

didi sjuliskanonSi~ vkiTxulobT: ~siwmindeTa

mkrexeloba, saeklesio nivTebis mitaceba, Zveli

aRTqmis mixedviT, Rirsia, aranaklebi sasjelisa,

vidre mkvleloba, radgan kacismkvlelica da

RvTisaTvis Sewiruli qonebis momxveWelic Caqol-

viT isjeba~12, _ basili didi.

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsisagan gansxvave-

biT vaxtangis samarTlis wigni axdens diferenci-

rebas qurdobisa, imis mixedviT, Tu sad aris Cade-

nili igi. 155_e muxli saydris gatexvas, jvrisa

da xatis damtvrevas, xelmwifis salaros gatexvas

Cveulebriv qurdobaze mZime danaSaulad miiCnevs,

Tumca sasjelis gadawyvetas mefesa da kaTali-

koss miandobs.13 am muxliT irkveva, rom Zvelad

msgavs danaSaulebs saero xasiaTis ZeglebSic

eniWeboda mniSvneloba, rac, albaT, saero da sa-

suliero xelisuflebis erTianobaze mianiSnebs;

es tendencia, saubedurod, dRes aRar aris gamok-

veTili. ~didi sjuliskanonSi~ sakmaod xangrZli-

vi Ziebis Sedegadac versad wavawydiT sxva qoneb-

riv danaSaulebs, Tumca dRevandelobaSi am qmede-

baTa statistika sakmaod did ricxvebs xatavs,

12 iqve: 44113 v.metreveli “saqarTvelos saxelmwigosa da sa-marTlis istoria”, gam “meridiani” 2003, gv

127

ris gamoc miviCnevT, rom saWiroa TiToeuli gan-

vixiloT cal_calke. aqve davZenT dananebiT, rom,

rogorc Cans, es qmedebebi dRevandelobaSi gaxda

aseTi ~aqtualuri~, ~didi sjuliskanonis~ Sem-

qmnelT ki saWirod ar CaTvales misi moxsenieba.

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom im epoqaSi saerTod ar

xdeboda msgavsi danaSaulebi, an imdenad umniSvne-

lo raodenobiT, rom ZeglSi ar asaxula. axla ki

ganvixiloT TiToeuli: ~Zarcva, ese igi, sxvisi

moZravi nivTis aSkara daufleba marTlsawinaaR-

mdego misakuTrebis mizniT, _

_isjeba jarimiT an Tavisuflebis SezRudviT

oridan sam wlamde anda Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT

vadiT samadan xuT wlamde, _ vkiTxulobT sis-

xlis samarTlis kodeqsis 178_e muxlSi. kodeqsis

179_e muxliT yaCaRoba ganimarteba, rogorc qmede-

ba sxvisi moZravi nivTis marTsawinaaRmdego mita-

cebis mizniT, Cadenili sicocxlisaTvis an jan-

mrTelobisaTvis saSiSi ZaladobiT anda aseTi Za-

ladobis gamoyenebis muqariT.

TaRliTobaze saubaria 180-e muxlSi. TaRli-

Toba ewodeba sxvisi nivTis an qonebrivi sikeTis

motyuebiT miRebas, xolo gamoZalva (181-e muxli)

es aris pirisaTvis nivTis, qonebrivi sikeTis, an

qonebiT sargeblobis moTxovna, rasac Tan axlavs

128

dazaralebulis an misi axloblebis likvidaciis

da maTi jamrTlelobis dazianebis an raime sxva

muqara.14 aq kidev erTxel gavavlebT paralels

vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wignTan; amjerad yaCaRo-

basTan dakavSirebiT:”... …dedakacs rom zed Sebmu-

li an kidebuli iaraRi an Tma, an Tmis satani,

rac ram feri samkauli zed Sexsnas an SeaWras,

monaparic Svideulad misces da sisxlis naxevari-

ca”15 _ aqedan varkvevT, rom am qmedebas Zegli

lamis mkvlelobamde amZimebs. dasafiqrebelia is

faqtic, ratom aris moxseniebuli qmedeba mxolod

saero xasiaTis samarTlis wyaroebSi. rTuli da-

sajerebelia CvenTvis rom “didi sjulikanonis”

Seqmnis periodSi saerTod ar gvxvdeboda qmedeba

da mxolod mogvianebiT iCina Tavi.

Zveli qarTuli samarTali mkacrad ebrZoda

sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulebs. da-

wesebuli iyo Semdegnairi sasjeli _ naparavis Ca-

morTmeva da patronisaTvis dabruneba. garda ami-

sa, parvisaTvis naqurdalis Svidmagi Rirebuleba

unda gadaexada qurds. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT,

14 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, gamomcemloba ~sa-

marTali~, 2007. gv 124_12715 v.metreveli “saqarTvelos saxelmwigosa da sa-marTlis istoria”, gam “meridiani” 2003, gv 303

129

aseTi sasjeli pirvelad Cadenili danaSaulisaT-

vis iyo dawesebuli, xolo Tu qurdoba meored an

warmdebobiT (midrekilebiT) iyo Cadenili, igi

ufro mkacrad isjeboda.16 dasanania, rom aRniSnu-

li danaSaulebi ar aris moxseniebuli “didi sju-

liskanonSi”, radgan saintereso iqneboda sasuli-

ero pirebis mier qmedebaTa definicia da dakvafi-

cireba, maTi Sedareba TanamedroveobasTan. aRniS-

nuli sakiTxis kvlevas SevecadeT imitom, rom

gagverikvia mizezi, Tu ratom ar aris moxseniebu-

li qonebrivi danaSaulebis bevri saxe Zvel sasu-

liero kanonmdeblobaSi. miuxedavad Cven mier wa-

moyenebuli ramdenime varaudisa, dazustebiT vera-

fers vityviT. agreTve sainteresoa isic, Tu ra-

tom ar aris dRevandel kanonmdeblobaSi dife-

rencirebuli Cveulebrivi qurdoba da saflavebi-

sa da taZrebis gaqurdva. es faqti garkveulwi-

lad icavs sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso “hu-

manizmis princips” _ romelic aris ormagi gage-

bis; erTi mxriv es principi gamoiyeneba im pirebis

mimarT, romelTac pirvelad da arc Tu ise mZime

danaSauli Caidines, maT winaaRmdeg iyeneben huma-

nur RonisZiebebs. humanizmis meore arc Tu umniS-

16 iqve : gv 272

130

vnelo mxares warmoadgens _ sazogadoebis da mi-

si wevrebis dacva danaSaulisagan. am SemTxvevaSi

humanizmi gamoixateba daundobel brZolaSi im pi-

rebis mimarT, romelTac mravaljer Caidines mZime

danaSauli. humanizmis principis pirvel SemTxveva-

Si, albaT, isic moiazreba, rom danaSaulis simZi-

mis gansazRvrisas mniSvneloba ar unda mieniWos

misi Cadenis adgils. amas mowmobs isic, rom sa-

marTlianobis principis mixedviT sisxlis samar-

Tlis pasuxisgebaSi micema unda emyarebodes mxo-

lod obieqtur, damajerebel da kanonisadmi zus-

tad Sesatyvis monacemebs. obieqturobaze saubari

SeuZlebeli iqneba Tu pirs sasjels davumZimebT

danaSaulis adgilis mixedviT, miuxedavad imisa,

rom zneobrivi Tu qristianuli, am SemTxvevaSi _

subieqturi _ principebi, absoluturad sxvas

gvkarnaxoben.

dananebiT davZenT, rom Tanamedrove kanon-

mdeblobaSi aRmofxvrilia “did sjuliskanonSi”

moxseniebuli sasjeli _ uziarebloba. rac, saube-

durod, Cveni azriT, kidev ufro gvafiqrebinebs,

rom saero da sasuliero xelisufleba gamijnu-

lia erTmaneTisagan, an ubralod, maTi erTianobis

damadasturebeli faqtebi ar aris asaxuli kanon-

mdeblobaSi. Tumca aq Cndeba kidev erTi kiTxva,

131

romelzec pasuxs ver vpoulobT da amas dros mi-

vandobT: gaamarTlebs ki dRes es sasjeli, aR-

kveTs danaSauls?!


· k. kekeliZe_ ~Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis is-

toria~_ Tb, 1957

· e. gabiZaSvili_ ~didi sjuliskanoni~, red.,

1975

· ~saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari~_ sapat-

riarqos gamomcemloba, 1987

· ~saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-

si~_gam. ~samarTali~, 2007

· sisxlis samarTlis zogadi nawili~, saxel-

mZRvanelo, avtorTa kolegia: a. gabiani, n.

gvenetaZe, i. dvaliZe, n. Todua, mg. mamulaS-

vili, g. naWyebia, g. tyeSelaiZe, g. xuroSvi-

li. gam. ~meridiani~, 2007

· ~saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi~_ gam.

~bona kauza~, 2007

· ~saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komenta-

ri~_ I wigni. gam. ~samarTali~ 2002

132

· v. metreveli_ ~saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa

da samarTlis istoria~_ gam, ~meridiani~_

2003

· iv. surgulaZe_ ~qarTuli samarTlis isto-

riis wyaroebi~, 2002

MCira ShaloshviliIvane Javakhishvili

Tbilisi State University,Faculty of law,first year

“Didi sjuliskanoni” comparative analisis of GeorgianCivil and criminal law. (Crime against the property)

S u m m a r y

Comperative analysis abaut crimy against the properstybeatween Church Low, “Didi sjuliskanoni” and conterproraryGeorgian civil low is discuced in this work the similarities anddifferenes are marked beatween the old and todays Georgian low.In several cases paralel is given with “book of Low” by KingVakhtang the VI.

133

giorgi metreveliTbilisis sasuliero akademia,RvTismetyvelebis fakulteti

II kursi

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos adgilis

istoriisaTvis msoflio

marTlmadideblur diptixSi

diptixi aris marTlmadidebluri RvTismsaxu-

rebis dros adgilobriv eklesiaTa moxsenebis ri-

giToba, anu msoflios marTlmadidebel eklesia-

Ta moxseniebis rigi. Tavdapirveli diptixis Seq-

mnis mizezi aRm. romis imperiaSi warmoiqmna. ekle-

siaTa rigi imdenad didi iyo, rom imperiis erTia-

nobisa da dauSlelobis saWiroebam moiTxova gan-

sazRvruliyo eklesiaTa rigiToba da damokidebu-

leba erTmaneTis mimarT. aRsaniSnavia, rom sarwmu-

noebrivTan erTad eklesiaTa mimdevrobas da ama

Tu im eklesiebis adgils ditixSi gansazRvravda

konkretuli kaTedris an misi saxelmwifos poli-

tukuri da ekonomikuri siZliere.

diptixis Sedgenas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

mieqca IV-V saukunis Semdeg, konstantinepolis

episkoposis adgilis gansazRvrisas (konstaninepo-

lisa da qalkedonis msoflio saeklesio krebaze)

(6:275). trulis krebam ki gansazRvra V-VI ss-Si

134

arsebuli urTierTdamokidebuleba. imperiis ekle-

siaTa Soris pirveli iy romis saydari, meore kon-

stantinepolis, mesame aleqsandriis, meoTxe anti-

oqiim mexuTe ki ierusalimisa.

bagrat III-is mier qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis

gaerTianebas saqarTvelos teritoriaze moqmedi

ori adgilobrivi eklesiis, ~afxazeTisa“ da

„mcxeTis“ sakaTalikosos gaerTianeba mohyva. da-

arsda erTiani qarTuli eklesia saqarTvelos sa-

patriarqos saxelwodebiT, daisva sakiTxi saqar-

Tvelos sapatriarqos adgilisa msoflio mar-

Tlmadideblur diptixSi.

Cvens mier zemoTmoyvanil qalkedonisa da tru-

lis msoflio saeklesio krebebis dadgenilebebSi

diptixis Sesaxeb, araferia naTqvami saqarTvelos

kaTolikosze, radgan es krebebi gansazRvravdnen

mxolod imperiis SigniT Semavali avtokefaluri

eklesiebis moxseniebis rigiTobas. aseT dros iba-

deba kiTxva, Tu riTi vixelmZRvaneloT saqarTve-

los mamamTavris adgilis ZiebaSi.

sanam uSualod adgilis Ziebas SevudgebodeT,

mogaxsenebT Tu romel adgilze Tvlidnen Tavs

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patiarqebi da rogori

diptixiT sargeblobdnen isini.

135

saqarTvelos eklesia, rogorc yovelTvis erTgu-

li damcveli msoflo saeklesio dadgenilebebisa,

aRiarebda qalkedonisa da trulis krebebis dad-

genilebebs, romliTac msoflios pirveli xuTi

eklesiis diptixi gansazRvruli iyo. Tavis ad-

gils ki qarTveli patriarqebi yovelTvis maT Sem-

deg Tvlidnen.

1057 wels mefe bagrat IV-is Sewirulobis si-

gels SiomRvimisadmi aqvs eklesiis meTauris mina-

weri, romlis Tanaxmadac is Tavs ayenebs meeqvse

adgilze. vinc es sigeli daarRvioso wers patri-

arqi „krulmca ars. . . xuTTa patriarqTa juariTa.

.. Cem glaxakisa juariTa“ (3;5-7)

1259 wlis Sewirulobis dawerils rkonis monas-

trisadmi amtkicebs saqarTvelos eklesiis meTau-

ri ~Cuenca, glaxakni, qristes mier Semdgomad

xuTTa patriarqTa... suetis cxovelis meequsisa

patriaqs da qristes mier yovlisa saqarTvelos

kaTalikozi nikoloz vamtkiceb da warvswer...“

zemoT moyvanili amonaridebidan Cans, rom qarTve-

li patriarqebi Tavs meeqvse adgilze Tvlidnen.

cnobila, rom Sua saukuneebis istoriis dasas-

ruli bizantiis dacemis TariRiT aris gansaz-

Rvruli, ris gamoc italiis qalaqebSi ferarasa

da florenciaSi 1437-39 ww Catarda gaxmaurebeli

136

uniaturi kreba, romelic miznad isaxavda dasav-

leTisa da aRmosavleTis ekleisebis gaerTianebas.

am gaerTianebis sanacvlod bizantias evropisagan

arsebobis SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebeli daxmare-

bis imedi hqonda.

msoflio saeklesio krebebma XV s. pirvel naxe-

varSi Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles dones miaRwi-

es. isi saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis organoebs

warmoadgendenen da ganixilavdnen aramarto sasu-

liero, aramed saero da politikur sakiTxebsac

(4;10)

ferara-florenciis saeklesio krebis Cvenamde

moRweul wyaroebs warmoadgens aqtebi, romlebic

kaTolikeTa da prolaTinurad ganwyobili ber-

Znuli delegaciis nawilis Tvalsazriss gadmog-

vcems. mesame wyaros warmoadgens diakvnisa da di-

di eklesiarxis silvestris memuarebi, romlebic

man 1444 w. axlo xanebSi dawera. laTinur versias

pirobiTad „Acta Latina“-s uwodeben, xolo ber-

Znuls ki „Acta Graeca“-s. es wyaroebi ganxiluli

aqvs oleg JuJunaZes naSromSi „saqarTvelos war-

momadgenelTa monawileoba 1437-39 wlebis ferara-

florenciis saekleso krebaze“.

sanam uSualod CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs Se-

vudgebodeT, gavixsenoT saqarTvelos samefosa da

137

misi eklesiis maSindeli mdgomareoba. iseT dros,

roca bizantiis imperia arsebobis ukanasknel

dReebs iTvlida saqarTvelos saTaveSi didad wo-

debuli mefe aleqsandre idga. igi cdilobda Te-

mur lengis Semosevebisagan dasustebuli saqar-

Tvelos maqsimalur gaZlierebas da misi eklesiis

udidesi mzrunveli iyo. faqtebidan Cans, rom Tu

qveynis politikur-ekonomikur gaZlierebas eqceo-

da ufro didi yuradReba, igi eklesiis gaZlie-

rebsken iyo mimarTuli. amas adasturebs diakvan

siropulosis cnobebi. memuarebidan vgebulobT,

rom konstantinepolis patriarqs survili hqonda

krebis konstantinepolSi Catarebisa, risTvisac

is Tanxebis miRebas ruseTis Semdeg saqarTvelosa

da serbeTis arqiepiskoposebisagan imedovnebda.

igive memuarebidan vgebulobT berZenTa azrs sa-

qarTvelos patriarqze „mas uxvad aqvs simdidre,

masTan arqaukli mivida da misgan mxolod oci

aTasi miiRo... igi mTeli aRmosvleTis patriar-

qia...“

saqarTvelos samefosa da eklesiis aseTi poli-

tikur-ekonomikuri siZlieris fonze ar unda iyos

gasakviri eklesiisaTvis kuTvnili meeqvse adgili

ferara-florenciis saeklesio krebaze, romelic

gadmocemulia „Acta Latina“-Si. mogvyvavs nawyveti

138

aqtebidan: ~patriarqis Semdeg oTx skamze ganlage-

buli iyvnen herakliis arqiepiskoposi (romelsac

aleqsandriis patriarqis kanonieri mandati hqon-

da da misi adgili ekava), antioqiis patriarqis mi-

er gamogzavnili efesos arqiepiskoposi, ierusa-

limis patriarqis warmomadgeneli – menezis arqie-

piskoposi da iberiis mefis warmomadgebeli-iberi-

is mitropoliti“ (5;214). maS ase, saqarTvelos ek-

lesiis warmomadgenels ferara-florenciis saek-

lesio krebaze ekava marTlmadidebelTa rigSi me-

xuTe, xolo zogadad eklesaTa diptixSi meeqvse

adgili.

am krebiT Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Sua

saukuneebSi saqarTvelos eklesias Tavisi sarwmu-

noebrivi da politikur-ekonomikuri siZlieris ga-

mo msoflio diptixSi meeqvse adgili ekava.

1453 wels daeca bizantiis imperia. 1490 wlis aq-

tiT faqtobrivad gaformda saqarTvelos daSla

samefo samTavroebad, amieridan saqarTvelos ek-

lesias saerTaSoriso asparezze veRar umagrebda

zurgs Zlieri qarTuli saxelmwifo da aseT viTa-

rebaSi msoflioSi gamoCnda axali Zala romelic

Tavs „mesame roms“ uwodebda da Tavs bizantiis

memkvdred acxadebda. XVI-s-Si ruseTma manamde ar-

naxul siZlieres miaRwia. mefed nakurTxma ivane

139

IV mrisxanem (1553-1584) mTeli epoqa Seqmna ruseTis

istoriaSi da igi Zlier centralur samefod Ca-

moayaliba. 1588 wels moskovSi Cavida konstantine-

polis patriarqi ieremia, romelTanac molaparake-

bis Semdeg, 1598 wels mitropoliti iobi ruseTis

patiarqad ikurTxa.

ruseTis sapatriarqos daarsebiT situacia ic-

vleba diptixSic. bizantiis dacemiT aRmosavlur-

ri qristianoba Zlier ekonomikur kriziss ganic-

dida. ruseTma ki Tavisi politikuri da ekonomi-

kuri siZlieriT moaxerxa, rom msoflo patriar-

qebs da maT Soris saqarTvelosac, igi mexuTe ad-

gilze eRiarebinaT.

amasve adasturebs kaTolikos-patriarqi anton I-

ic, roca mas ruseTSi Casuls sinodis wevrebis

winaSe mouwia Tavisi marTlmadideblobis dacva

„rasaca aRiarebs da daamtkicebs, Seiwynarebs da

miiRebs dRes wminda eklesia aRmosavleTisa, ro-

mel ars konstantinepolisa, aleqsandriisa, anti-

oqiisaa da ierusalimisa da yovlisa ruseTisa me-

ca aRviareb ...“ Cvens mier moyvanili es dokumenti

faqtobrivad asaxavs marTlmadideblur eklesiaTa

diptixs Sua saukuneebis Semdeg. 1881 wels, anton

II-is ruseTSi gawveviT moixsna saqarTvelos sa-

140

patriarqos adgilis sakiTxi marTlmadideblur

eklesiaTa rigSi.

dasasruls, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Sua saukune-

ebSi roca saqarTvelo Tavisi ganviTarebis maRal

safexurxe idga da rodesac saqaRvelos sapatri-

arqo Zlieri qveynis, Zlier eklesias warmoadgen-

da, mas mowinave adgili ekava msoflio eklesiaTa

rigSi. misi adgili ganisazRvreboda marTlmadi-

deblur diptixSi mexuTe, xolo msoflio eklesi-

aTa rigSi meeqvese adgiliT. daSlili saqarTve-

los arsebobis periodSi saqarTvelos eklesiam

da misma saWeTmpyrobelma kuTvnili adgili ru-

seTs dauTmo da TviTon erTi adgiliT ukan gada-

inacvla.


1. mTavarepiskoposi anania jafariZe, saqarTve-

los samociqulo eklesiis istoria, tomi II,

Tb. 1998.

2. merab vaCnaZe, vaxtang guruli, ruseTis is-

toria (uZvelesi droidan 1801 wlamde), Tb.

2004.

3. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, tomi II, Tb.

1965.

141

4. oleg JuJunaZe, saqarTvelos warmomadge-

nelTa monawieloba 1437-39 wlebis ferara-

florenciis saekleso krebaze.

5. ilia tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis arqiveb-

sa da wignTsacavebSi (XIII-XVIss), Tb. 1984.

6. didi sjuliskanoni, Tb. 1975.

7. mTavarepiskoposi anania jafariZe, saqarTve-

los samociqulo eklesiis istoria, tomi

III, Tb. 1999.

8. evsevi nikolaZe, saqarTvelos eklesiis is-

toria, tf. 1918.

142

sandro nikolaiSviliivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetishumanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis

magistraturis I kursi,specialoba_msoflio istoria

saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTo-

ba adre Sua saukuneebSi

saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierToba Sua

saukuneebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia. sa-

kiTxi uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo mTeli Sua sau-

kuneebis ganmavlobaSi da mas aqtualuroba dRe-

sac ar daukargavs.

am problemis ganxilvisas, aucileblad mig-

vaCnia SevexoT saero da sasuliero xelisufle-

bis urTierTobis erTmaneTisagan kardinalurad

gansxvavebul or models: aRmosavlur (bizantiur)

da dasavlur qristianul modelebs. mecnierTa

garkveuli nawili qristianul samyaroSi arsebu-

li urTierTobis zemoaRniSnuli modelebis iden-

tifikaciisas iyeneben iseT terminebs, rogoricaa

“cezaropapizmi” da “Teokratia”.

cezaropapizms SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT mmarTve-

lobis iseTi forma, rodesac saero xelisufali,

xSir SemTxvevaSi imperatori, gvevlineba umaRles

143

avtoritetad religiis sferoSi da acxadebs pre-

tenzias papobaze, anu is aris mefe-mRvdeli [4,2].

Teokratia, mmarTvelobis iseTi formaa, ro-

desac umaRlesi sasuliero xelisufali (romis

papi) axorcielebs politikur Zalauflebas da

Tavis avtoritets saero saqmeebSi mefeze an impe-

ratorze maRla ayenebs. SesaZlebelia, es koncef-

cia ar aris srulyofili da rTulia maTi aseTi

formiT aRmosavlur an dasavlur qristianuli

samyarosTvis mikuTvneba. am sakiTxze dResac az-

rTa sxvadasxvaobaa.

zemoaRniSnuli kvlevis mizans warmoadgens

im mizezebis dadgena, romlebmac ganapiroba sae-

ro da sasuliero xelisuflebis urTierTobis

Taviseburebebis Camoyalibeba bizantiis imperiasa

da dasavleT evropaSi.

IV saukuneSi romis imperiaSi arsebuli kri-

zisi ara marto politikur, aramed cxovrebis yve-

la sferoSi vlindeba. mosaxleobis didi nawilis

religiuri grZnobebi aSkara kriziss ganicdis.

warmarTuli kultebi veRar akmayofilebs xalxis

sulier moTxovnilebebs, kargavs ra pirvandel

mniSvnelobas, isini Cveulebriv yofiTi kulturis

nawilebi xdeba. romis imperiaSi aSkarad mZlav-

robs aRmosavluri provinciebidan Semosuli kul-

144

tebi da filosofiur-mistikuri ideebi, xdeba

RvTaebebis sinkretizacia. xSir SemTxvevaSi, mo-

saxleobis didi nawilisaTvis gaugebaria axali

filosofiur-mistikuri ideebi. axali religia _

qristianoba, Tavisi sayovelTao, gasagebi ideebi-

Ta da monoTeizmis wyalobiT swrafad vrceldeba

mosaxleobaSi.

ax. w. IV saukuneSi romis imperiaSi qristia-

nobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebam warmar-

Tuli saxelmwifos transformacia gamoiwvia, rac

gamoixata rogorc religiur, aseve politikur da

socialur-ekonomiur sferoebSi mimdinare mniSvne-

lovani gardaqmnebiT. gansakuTrebuli Zvrebi sa-

xelmwifo wyobilebasa da politikur instituteb-

Si SeimCneoda.

oqtaviane avgustusis reformis Sedegad Camo-

yalibda imperatoris tradiciuli kulti, romel-

mac odnav saxecvlili formiT mravali saukune

iarseba, maT Soris qristianul periodSic. impera-

tori erTpirovneuli mmarTveli, UUumaRlesi qu-

rumi (pontifex maxzimus) da RvTebac gaxda. parale-

lurad SeizRuda senatis uflebebi da misi mniS-

vneloba politikur cxovrebaSi formaluri gax-

da. imperiis aRmosavluri provinciebis mzardma

progresma imperatoris yuradRebisa da politiku-

145

ri centris am mimarTulebiT gadatana gamoiwvia.

diokletiane Tavisi rezidenciisaTvis ukve aRmo-

savleTs irCevs, cvlis mmarTvelobis sistemas da

rac mTavaria, imperatoris kultis sruliad ax-

lebur, aRmosavlur models qmnis. mmarTvelobis

aRmosavluri sistemis mimzidveloba aSkarad

TvalSisacemi gaxda _ imperatoris Tayvaniscema

sparsul stilSi xorcieldeba, sul ufro ikarge-

ba Zveli romauli xasiaTi da sabolood, impera-

tori kidev ufro ganyenebul pirovnebad gvevli-

neba. yovelive es aSkarad warmatebuli aRmoCnda

imperatoris Zlierebisa da didebis xazgasasme-

lad.

konstantine I-ma kargad moirgo da SeiTvisa

diokletianes novatoruli ideebi da misi srul-

yofac moaxdina.

rodesac sakiTxi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos

urTierTobis adreul etaps Seexeba, gverds ver

avuvliT “pirveli qristiani imperatoris” _ kon-

stantine I didisa da misi epoqis daxasiaTebas.

swored konstantines saxelTan aris dakavSirebu-

li qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxa-

deba da mTeli rigi Kkulturul-politikuri xa-

siaTis reformebi, romelmac warmarTuli saxel-

mwifos qristianul imperiad gardaqmnas Seuwyo

146

xeli. ra Tqma unda Zveli, warmarTuli tradicie-

bis, azrovnebis formis da religiuri kultebis

transpormacia rTuli da xangrZlivi procesi aR-

moCnda. qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad ga-

mocxadebis pirvelsave etapze gamovlinda is sir-

Tuleebi, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo axali

“qristiani imperatoris” koncefciis Camoyalibe-

basTan, kerZod, imdroindeli sazogadoebisaTvis

Zalze problemuri aRmoCnda antikur-elinuri

msoflmxedvelobisagan erTbaSad gaTavisufleba.

yvelaze naTlad antikur-elinuri ideebis gavlena

gamoixata imperatoris kultis gardaqmnisas, ro-

desac man qristianuli ideebic SeiTvisa. qristia-

nuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo da reli-

gia erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad unda yofili-

yo, xolo es azri ewinaaRmdegeboda imas, rac

mTeli antikuri periodis ganmavlobaSi erTmane-

Tisagan ganuyofelad da Serwymulad arsebob-

da[4,6]. konstantinesa da imdroindeli politiku-

ri elitisaTvis rTuli aRmoCnda antikuri mem-

kvidreobis uaryofa, amitomac “umaRlesi qurumi”

(pontifex maximus) gardaiqmna “RvTiT kurTxeul mo-

narqad”, romelsac Zalaufleba TviT uflisagan

hqonda boZebuli. am SemTxvevaSi, aSkarad hqonda

adgili warmarTuli da Kqristianuli ideebis

147

sinkretizacias, rac imperators uflebas aZlevda

gamxdariyo umaRlesi avtoriteti saeklesio saqme-

ebSic ki. inteleqtualuri da impulsuri aRmosav-

leTisaTvis imperatori eklesiisa da imperiis er-

Tianobis simbolod Camoyalibda da IV saukuneSi

Seqmnili mmarTvelobis es modeli karga xans Se-

morCa bizantielTa cnobierebaSi.

zemoaRniSnuli koncefciis SemuSavebaSi didi

wvlili IV saukunis istorikoss, Teologsa da

saeklesio moRvawes evsevi kesariels miuZRvis,

romelmac Zalze gadaWarbebulad Seafasa impera-

toris roli TviT qristiani xalxebis gadarCenis

saqmeSi da amiT pirdapir daamkvidra antikuri

gadmonaSTi qristianul azrovnebaSi. mecnierTa

garkveuli nawili, maT Soris fiustel de kulan-

Ji, mas bizantiuri “cezaropapizmis” sulisCam-

dgmeladac miiCnevs[4,8]. Tumca xelaRebiT mtkiceba

imisa, rom bizantiaSi eklesia da saxelmwifo ar

iyo erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli, ise, rogor amas

dasavleli mecnierebi miiCneven, simarTles ar Se-

esabameba.

qristianobis gamarjvebis Semdeg, imperiaSi

Tavis adgilis damkvidreba daiwyo Zlierma da sa-

xelmwifos msgavsad ierarqiulad organizebulma

eklesiam, romelic sakuTari erTobiT mkveTrad

148

gansxvavdeboda misi winamorbedi, warmarTuli re-

ligiuri sistemisagan. saero xelisuflebis gver-

diT aRmocenda Zlieri, organizebuli da mtkice

ideologiis mqone instituti. swored aqedan moyo-

lebuli iwyeba imperatorisa da eklesiis uflebe-

bis arealis gansazRvra.

325 wels qalaq nikeaSi mowveulma I msoflio

saeklesio krebam zustad gamoxata saero da sasu-

liero xelisuflebis urTierTdamokidebulebis

is forma, romelic aRmosavluri qristianuli

samyarosaTvis xangrZlivad ucvleli darCa. Aari-

ozulma eresma saxelmwifos orad gaxleCis sa-

SiSroeba Seuqmna. swored am konkretul situacia-

Si, imperatorma gamoiyena Tavisi Zalaufleba da

misi brZanebiT mowveul iqna saeklesio kreba. kre-

bas uSualod imperatori adevnebda Tvalyurs,

krebis sxdomasac igi xsnida da misi avtoritetic

saeklesio saqmeebSi sasuliero pirebisaTvis ab-

soluturad misaRebi iyo. sazeimo sxdomaze impe-

ratoris mier warmoTqmuli misasalmebeli sityva

misi avtoritetisa da amave dros, krebis legiti-

murobis kidev erTi xazgasmaa. swored aqedan mo-

yolebuli, aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi saekle-

sio krebebi sasuliero sferoSi umaRles avtori-

tetadaa miCneuli. xSir SemTxvevaSi, saeklesio

149

krebebis mowvevis gadawyvetilebac da masze sabo-

loo sityvis warmoTqmac imperatoris prerogati-

vas warmoadgens. kardinalurad gansxvavebulia vi-

Tardeba dasavleT qristianul samyaroSi, sadac

umaRlesi sasuliero piri - romis papi pretenzias

acxadebs iyos uzanaesi xelisufali ara marto

saeklesio, aramed politikur cxovrebaSic. amas

ramodenime mizezi ganapirobebda. romis imperiis

krizisi ufro TvalSisacemia mis dasavleT na-

wilSi da swored amiT aixsneba imperatoris aRmo-

savleTisaken swrafva, rac 330w. axali dedaqala-

qis _ konstantinopolis daarsebiT dagirgvinda.

odesRac didebiT mosili qalaqi romi da

mTlianad italia Tavis pirvandel mniSvnelobas

kargavs. inteleqtualur-SemoqmedebiTi unaris

mqone mosaxleobis nawilic aRmosavleTisaken is-

wrafvis. germanel tomTa Semosevebi sul ufro

da ufro autanels xdis politikur mdgomareo-

bas. centraluri xelisufleba dezorganizebulia.

476 wels dasavleT romis ukanaskneli imperatori

goTebis mier taxtidan iqna Camogdebuli, riTac

xangrZlivad daesva wertili imperiaSi mSvidobasa

da stabilurobas. anarqiis periodSi papis mniS-

vneloba TandaTanobiT izrdeba. xSiria SemTxveve-

bi, rodesac umaRlesi sasuliero piri sakuTari

150

niWisa da unaris wyalobiT axerxebs Tavidan aaci-

los mosaxleobas mZime krizisi. 451 wels erTa-

derTi Zala, romelmac molaparakebebisa da didi

gamosasyidis safasurad romi kidev erTi, amjerad

atilas, darbevisagan ixsna papi leo I iyo. poli-

tikuri anarqia da centraluri xelisuflebis si-

suste papis, rogorc erTaderTi xelisuflis ro-

lis zrdas mniSvnelovnad aCqarebda. amave dros,

dasavleT qristianul samyaroSi romi erTaderTi

samociqulo avtokefaluri eklesia iyo, rasac

ver vityviT aRmosavleTze, sadac ukve arsebobda:

antioqiis, ierusalimis, aleqsandriisa da kon-

stantinopolis kaTedrebi.

dasavleTis inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobe-

bis daqveiTebas Tan mohyva elinistur-antikuri

tradiciebisa da memkvidreobis ufro mkveTri Se-

susteba aq, vidre aRmosavleTSi. aRmosavluri

sivrcisagan gansxvavebiT, swavla-ganaTlebis sis-

tema mTlianad sasuliero wodebis xelSi moeqca,

ramac eklesiis Zlierebis arsebobas Seuwyo xeli.

adre Sua saukuneebSi dasavleTSi aSkarad igrZno-

boda eklesiis dominirebis procesi. sainteresoa

IV saukunis Teologisa da saeklesio piris neta-

ri augustines koncefcia sasuliero da saero xe-

lisuflebis Sesaxeb, romelic man Tavis ,,RvTis

151

qalaqSi” Camoayaliba. man sasuliero xelisufle-

ba saeroze maRla daayena evsevi keserielisagan

gansxvavebiT, romelic imperators gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas aniWebda. netari augustine kaToli-

kuri eklesiisaTvis uaRresad didi avtoriteti

iyo da romis papebic warmatebiT iyenebdnen mis

naSromebs sakuTari uzenaesobis dasabuTebisaT-

vis.

amgvarad, saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTi-

erTobis ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli siste-

mis Camoyalibebas qristianul samyaroSi ramode-

nime faqtori ganapirobebda: politikuri, socia-

lur-ekonomikuri da mentaluri. aRmosavleTis ek-

lesiis gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba ganpirobebuli

iyo bizantiis imperatoris ganuzomeli avtorite-

tiT, mosaxleobis gansxvavebuli cnobierebiTa da

Zlieri antikuri memkvidreobis SenarCunebis wya-

lobiT. xolo dasavleTSi politikuri xelisuf-

lebis sisustem, germanuli tomebis migraciam da

erTaderTi romis saeklesio kaTedris arsebobam

saxelmwifosa da eklesiis xangrZliv dapirispire-

bas Seuwyo xeli.

152

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi daLliteratura:

1. В.В. Болотов, Лекции по истории Древней Церкви

2..А.А. Васильев, История Византийской империи, т. 1, M.

1996

3. Енё Гергей, Иcтория Папства, М, 1996

4. Жилъбер Дагрон, Восточный цезаропапизм.

www.gummer.info.

5. Шарль Диль, О с н о в н ы е п р о б л е м ы

в и з а н т и й с к о й и с т о р и и , M . , 1947.

6. А.В. Карташев, Вселенские Соборы, M., 2006

7. А.П. Лебедев, Христианский Мир и Эллино-Римская

Цивилизация, СП., 2005

8. Й.Лортц. История Церкви рассмотренная в связи с

историей идей

9. М.Э. Поснов, История Христианской Церкви

10. Б.Рассел, История Западной философии, Новосибирск,2003

11. CHRISTOPHER BRYAN. Render to Caesar: Jesus, the EarlyChurch, and the Roman Superpower, Оoxford. 2005

153

MSandro NikolaishviliThe first year MA student of Ivane Javakhishvili


direction of history of World

The relationship between church and state in earlymiddle ages

Summary

The relationship between church and state is one of the most

important issues in Medieval History. When Christianity was

declared as state religion in Roman Empire a newly formed

church became the strongest organization. After division of the

Roman Empire two different distinctive relations formed between

secular and Church authorities. In the west, strong, ideological

and political circumstances determined the Pope’s dominant

power. After the fall of Western Roman Empire in 5th century no

signal secular power emerged in West and the Pope religious

authority gained also secular functions.

Different process took place in Eastern Roman Empire also

known as Byzantium. The strong secular power and authority of

emperor didn’t give possibility church to be dominant, on the

contrary church and state were separate. Sometimes church was

under the big influence of the state... It will be very useful finally

to conclude and analyze the characteristic of ‘Caesaropapism”.

154

Was it typical for Western Europe in middle ages or for

Byzantium?

When we are dealing with relationship between state and

church we have to mention about Constantine I who transformed

the religious and political ideology, created new Christian empire,

with strong cult of Christian emperor.

The different cultural, religious and exceptional form of

thinking which developed in Byzantium and in Europe was very

important. Those issues determine the totally different relation

between State and Church.

155

Tamar tlaSaZeivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetishumanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

specialoba-filosofiaIV kursi

wmindanTa kanonizaciis evolucia

dasavleTis eklesiaSi

qristianuli eklesia Tavisi arsebobis ad-

reuli sawyisebidanve pativs miagebs im pirovne-

bebs, romlebmac sagangebo RvawliTa da saTnoe-

biT gamoiara amqveyniuri cxovreba da didi msaxu-

reba gauwia eklesias. xSirad es mowameobrivi aR-

sasruliTac ki gamovlindeboda.

Tavdapirvelad ,,wmindanad” iwodaboda yove-

li monaTluli qristiani, eklesiis wevri, magram

IV saukunidan am sityvam sagangebo Sinaarsi SeiZi-

na da mxolod garkveul pirovnebebze gavrcelda.

pirvelni, romelTac miiRes ,,wmindanis”saxelwoda-

ba, am sityvis sagangebo mniSvnelobiT iyvnen moci-

qulebi da mowameebi.

wmindanTa dasSi Seracxva, romelic X sau-

kunidan laTinuri sityviT `kanonizaciiT~ moixse-

nieboda, warmoadgenda saeklesio xelisuflebis

garkveul qmedebas, aqts, sarwmunoebis gardac-

vlil moRvaweze. eklesiis istoriaSi kanonizaci-

156

am mravali saxecvlileba ganicada. xSirad masTan

iyo dakavSirebuli mcdeloba aecilebinaT wmin-

danTa dasSi siwmindiT saeWvo pirTa Seracxva.ase

magaliTad, Zvel eklesiaSi wmindanad Seracxul

adamianTa gancalkevebuli aqti ar moiTxoveboda

da saqme Semoifargleboda mxolod maTi saxele-

bis zepiri moxseniebiTa da aRsasrulis dReze

dResaswaulis dawesebiT.

ukve II saukunis saeklesio wyaroebSi saxa-

rebiseul movlenaTa aRsaniSnavad dawesebuli

sadResaswaulo dReebis gverdiT gvxvdeba cnobebi

mowameTa xsenebis dReebis aRniSvnis Sesaxeb. ad-

reuli periodis eklesiaSi Tayvaniscemul wmin-

danTa ricxvis Sesaxeb SeiZleba vimsjeloT Cve-

namde moRweuli kalendrebis, martirologebisa

da monologiebis mixedviT. maT Soris yvelaze ad-

rindeli III_IV saukunis martirologebi ZiriTa-

dad laTinuri sasamarTlo aqtebis, e.w. ,,prokon-

sulTa aqtebis” Targmans, an gadamuSavebul vari-

ants warmoadgenen.es aqtebi imperator konstanti-

nes brZanebiT imperiis yvela did qalaqSi inaxe-

boda. romis xelisuflebis faqtobrivi aqtebis

garda, I_II sakuneebidan Cvenamde SemorCenilia ama

Tu im mowamis cxovrebis aRweris pirveli mcde-

157

lobebi eklesiis mxridanac, rac mowameTa Tayva-

niscemaze metyvelebs.

Zveli eklesiis mowameTa Sesaxeb Semor-

Cenili Canawerebi sakmaod moklea, radgan romis

sasamarTloze stenografistTa mier xdeboda mxo-

lod mosamarTleTa SekiTxvebisa da braldebul-

Ta pasuxebis Cawera. sasamarTlo Canawerebs hqon-

da dakiTxvis oqmis saxe, sadac dasawyisSi aRniS-

nuli iyo prokonsulis saxeli, romlis olqSic

imarTeboda sasamarTlo, Semdeg weli, Tve, ric-

xvi, zogjer miTiTebuli iyo droc. bolos moce-

muli iyo dakiTxvis teqsti, romelic warmoadgen-

da dialogs sasamarTlo moxeleebsa da bralde-

buls Soris. dakiTxvis dasasruls igi prokonsu-

lis brZanebiT xmamaRla ikiTxeboda. Semdeg ki ga-

mohqondaT gadawyvetileba da acxadebdnen gana-

Cens.

wmindanTa Soris iricxeboda qristesaTvis

yveli wamebuli, romelTa saxelebic, rogorc mo-

wameobrivi sisxliT ganwmendilebisa maTi cxovre-

bis gamoZiebis gareSe avsebdnen wmindanTa dass.

eklesia zogjer am sasamarTloebze gzavnida pirs

romelsac evaleboda Caewera dakiTxulis naambo-

bi. es Canawerebi mogvianebiT SeuerTda monologi-

ebs rogorc ,,wamebani” da dalagebul iqna romis

158

kalendris dReebis mixedviT.IV saukunis bolos

kalendari sruli gaxda. wmindanTa ricxvi ki im-

denad gaizarda, rom wlis manZilze maTi xsenebis

gareSe ar rCeboda arc erTi dRe. magram aseTi

sruli Zveli qristianuli kalendari Cvenamde ar

SemorCenila.

imis gamo, rom V saukunis dasawyisisaTvis

wmindanTa pativad dResaswaulebis gamarTvam sak-

maod farTo xasiaTi miiRo, saeklesio xelisuf-

leba valdebuli gaxda Tvalyuri edevnebina wmin-

danTa SeracxvisaTvis da aseve aRekveTa cru kano-

nizebis faqtebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapirvelad

wmindanebi umetes SemTxvevaSi adgilobrivi Tayva-

niscemiT ganididebodnen, Semdeg ki maT mier aR-

srulebul saswaulTa gamovlenasTan erTad, maTi

Tayvaniscema saerTo saeklesio xasiaTis xdebo-

da.

kanonizacia wesebis dacviT rom Sesru-

lebuliyo, dasavleTis eklesiaSi, adgilobriv

episkoposs evaleboda Tvalyuri edevnebina am

procesisaTvis da Tavisi azri Seetyobinebina ro-

mis papisaTvis, romelsac kardinalebTan erTad

gadamwyveti xma ekuTvnoda ama Tu im pirovnebis

wmindanad aRiarebis sakiTxSi. pirveli kanonizeba

exeboda augsburgis episkopos ulrixs, romelic

159

993 wels Sesrulebul iqna pap ioane XV-s mier

romis provinciis episkoposTa krebulTan er-

Tad.mogvianebiT episkoposTa krebam dakarga Tavi-

si mniSvneloba wmindanTa kanonizaciis saqmeSi,

rac mTlianad papisa da kardinalebis xelSi aR-

moCnda.

romaul-kaTolikur eklesiaSi wmindanad

Sesaracxi pirovnebisTvis arsebobda garkveuli

pirobebi, romelTa dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi da

gardacvalebidan xuTi wlis gasvlis Semdeg iwye-

boda kanonizaciis procesi. pirobebi iyo Semdegi:

kuTvnileba eklesiisadmi, kanonizebadi sikvdili,

Sesaracxi pirovnebis cxovrebis siwminde da sas-

waulebis gamovlineba. saswaulis aRsruleba wmin-

danad Seracxvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani pirobaa,

romelic sikvdilis Semdeg unda aResrulebodes

moRvawis mier, amasTan es unda iyos aranakleb

oTxi saswaulisa,romelic damowmebul iqneba

TviTmxilvelebis mier.

dasavleTis eklesiaSi kanonizaciis aqts

XVII saukunidan win uZRoda beaTifikaciis aqti,

romelic warmoadgenda kanonizaciis dabal safe-

xurs, rodesac adamiani sikvdilis Semdeg cxadde-

boda netarad, Tumca amiT ar wydeboda misi wmin-

danobis sakiTxi. pirveli yvela wesiT gaformebu-

160

li beaTifikacia Sesrulebul iqna francisko

solskovos mimarT 1662 wels papis benediqte XIV-

s mier. manve daawesa gansazRvruli moTxovnebi be-

aTifikaciis procesis, romlis Tanaxmadac unda

Semowmebuliyo wmindanad Sesaracxi pirovnebisaT-

vis dawerili Txzuleba (aseTis arsebobis Sem-

TxvevaSi), unda Sefasebuliyo gmirobis xarisxi

da aseve gamocxadebuliyo mis mier Sesrulebuli

saswaulis faqti.

beaTifikaciis aqti dayofili iyo gamosac-

del processa da TviT beaTifikaciis aqtad. masSi

monawileobdnen rqmenis win wamomwevni, romelTac

sxvagvarad eSmakis winaSe wmindanis damcvelic

ewodeboda, romlis movaleoba iyo naTeli moefi-

na wmindanad gamosacxadebeli kandidatis cxovre-

bidan garkveul momentebisaTvis. mas hyavda opo-

nenti, romelic cdilobda dasaxelebuli argumen-

tebis uaryofas. adgilobrivi episkoposis mier

moZiebuli da mopovebuli masalebi Sesaracxi pi-

rovnebis Sesaxeb, gansaxilvelad waredgineboda

sagangebo kongregacias da amiT amoiwureboda ga-

mosacdeli procesi, ris Semdegac dgeboda Tavad

beaTifikaciis aqti, romelic mdgomareobda speci-

alur da generalur inkviziciaSi, ganacxadebda

ra sakiTxs didebisa da saswaulebis Sesaxeb, ri-

161

Tac garkveuli unda yofiliyo damtkicebulia Tu

ara moRvawis siwminde, mis mier aRsrulebuli

saswaulebi.

beaTifikaciis ceremonia rogorc wesi tar-

deboda da tardeba wminda petres taZarSi, sadac

farads xdidnen netaris xats, ikiTxeboda dekreti

beaTifikaciis Sesaxeb, wmindanis locva da

sruldeboda himni.

beaTifikaciis aqtis Semdeg papis TanxmobiT

dgeba kanonizebis aqti, imave rigiT, riTac beaTi-

fikacia aRsrulda. Tumca zogierT SemTxvevaSi

SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas specialuri ganCineba,

yovelgvari formalobis gareSe wmindanad Serac-

xvis Sesaxeb.

dasasruls, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wmindanTa

kanonizacia eklesiis istoriaSi arasdros ar yo-

fila erTsaxovani. Seracxvis yovel calkeul Sem-

TxvevaSi arsebobda gansakuTrebuli mizezebi,

romlebic SeiZleba damokidebuli yofiliyo ro-

gorc moRvawis mier arCeul Rvawlze, aseve im su-

lier moTxovnilebebze,romlebic yovel istori-

ul momentSi eklesias miaCnda aucileblad.

eklesiis arsebobis sxvadasxva istoriul pe-

riodSi, wmindanTa kanonizebis mizezebisa da sa-

xesxvaobisas erTi ram yovelTvis ucvleli rCebo-

162

da: yovelgvari Tayvaniscema wmindanisa warmoad-

genda RvTis siwmindis gancxadebas da yovelTvis

aResruleboda eklesiis neba-surviliT.


1. Канонизация святых в ХХ веке, М., 1999

2. Полный православный богословний словарь, М., 1992

3. Католическая Энциклопедия

4. panaiotis bumisi, kanonikuri samarTali,

Tb., 2007

163

MTamar TlashadzeIvane Javakhishvili


specialization –philosophyIV year

The evolution of canonization of saints in WestChristian Church

Summary

This work describes the evolution of canonization in West

Christian Church. Here are discussed first steps of canonization

when adoration of saints require any separate formal acts. in this

work there are represented the changes which were happening

during centuries and there are also characterized the canonization

and beatification acts the remain the same until today.

''ქრისტიანობის კვლევები'' # I Christian Researches # 1

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Transcript of ''ქრისტიანობის კვლევები'' # I Christian Researches # 1