HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH...6 kdpj cupikfs; fz;fhzpg;G mikg;G I.!sivil

H U M A N

R I G H T S

W A T C H

Fw;wr; nraYf;F cle;ij 1

[dtup 2007 Volume 19, No 1 (C)

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4 gmk<kh<hm<m!-jtRoeiVueqe<!sqxqbkibiI?!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<H!fmk<kqb!OfIgiez</!ng<OmihI?!3117/ 5 NBk!Olikz<gtqz<!ngh<hm<Mt<t!sqxiIgt<!fze<!okimIhie!J/fi/!sjhbqe<!uqOsm!NOzisgI!nze<!ovig<!nuIgtqe<!nxqg<jg/!http://www.un.org/children/conflict/pr/2006/-11-13statementfromthe127.html )\euvq!:/!3118?<!outqbqmh<hm<mK*


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6 UNICEF njlh<hqeiz<!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<Hg<G!3118?!\euvq!23z<!Ht<tquqhvr<gt<!upr<gh<hmme/ 7 Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqe<!hk<kqvqjg!nxqg<jg?!“hqvs<siv!NBklig<gh<hMl<!sqXuI!dvqjlgtqe<!Kvkq]<m!fqjzjl”!csl<hI!33?!3117!lx<Xl<!“ ‘kuXkzie’!gmk<kz<!fimgk<kqe<<!hq<e<ei<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqeI!34!sqxiIgjt!uqMuqk<keI”/!Agence France – Press,!csl<hI!2:?!3117


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II. hvqf<Kjvgt<!!gV{i!GPuqeVg<G!!

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10 International Crisis Group, (sIuOks!ofVg<gc!GP* “ -zr<jg!;!slikies<!osbx<him<ce<!Okiz<uq/” Nsqbi!okimIhie Crisis Group nxqg<jg!-z/!235?!ful<hI!39?!3117?!hg<!:!


nuvK!GPuqejvBl<!nl<Olikz<!kuqIh<H!yh<hf<k!uqkqgTg<G!njluig!yPGukx<G!nK!ujgosb<kqVg<g%Ml<?!we<hOkiM!wkqIgiz!Ohs<SuiIk<jkgtqz<!hr<Ghx<Xukx<Gl<!nuIgTg<G!-mltqk<kqVg<Gl</!Hzqgt<!-bg<gl<!-kx<G!lXh<Hk<!okvquqk<kK!lm<Mle<xq?!Olikz<!kuqIh<H!yh<hf<kk<kqe<!uqkqgTg<G!-{r<g!gV{i!GPuqeVl<<!“klqp<!Kj{h<!hjmbqeI”!(Tamil paramilitary group)11!we<X!gVkh<hm<M!fqviBkhi{qbig<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml<?!we<Xl<!OgivqeI/!Olikz<!kuqIh<H!yh<hf<kk<kqe<!gQp<!kir<gt<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqe<!yV!hGkqbevigOu!-Vf<kkiz<!nf<k!uqkqgt<!(provision)!keK!hjmb{qgjtg<!gm<Mh<hMk<k!lim<miK!we<X!%xq!gV{i!nkje!fqvigvqk<kiI/!3117l<!N{<cz<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqx<Gl<!gV{i!n{qg<Gl<!-jmOb!sqX!sqX!lm<mk<kqzie!hpqh<Gh<!hpq!uir<Gl<!kig<Gkz<gt<!okimIsqbig!fmg<g!Nvl<hqk<ke/!!!3115l<!N{<cz<?!gV{i!klqp<!lg<gt<!uqMkjzh<!Hzqgt<!(TMVP)!we<El<!nvsqbz<!gm<sqjb!njlk<kOkiM?!3117z<!ogiPl<H!dm<hm!fim<ce<!gqpg<G!lium<m!fgvr<gtqz<!gm<sqg<!givqbizbr<gjtBl<!fqXuqeiI/!gm<sqbqe<!kjzuI!we<x!ujgbqz<?!wkqIuVl<!gizr<gtqz<!OkIkz<gtqz<!Ohim<cbqMuK!okimIhie!keK!uqVh<hk<jkBl<!gV{i!outqbqm<miI/!!gV{iuqe<!outqObx<xlieK!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqx<G!g{qslie!hikqh<jh!Wx<hMk<kqbK/!nh<hqtuieK!sqz!Nbqvg<g{g<gie!nr<gk<kuIgjt!nu<uqbg<gk<kqx<G!-z<zilz<!osb<kK!lik<kqvlqe<xq?!gqpg<G!ligi{k<kqz<!Lg<gqblie!hGkqgtqz<!nK!ogi{<cVf<k!Nkqg<gk<jkBl<?!nr<G!juk<kqVf<k!gm<Mh<him<jmBl<?!lx<Xl<!Hkqb!Nt<!OsIh<Hg<gie!utk<jkBl<%m!-z<zilz<!osb<kK/!Hzqgt<!kvh<hqz<!Wx<hm<m!hzuQelie!fqjzjljb!Hvqf<K!ogi{<mke<!giv{lig?!nu<uqbg<gk<kqe<!lQK!hivqb!ntuqz<!Hkqb!kig<Gkz<gjtk<!okiMh<hke<!&zl<?!Hzqgtqe<!gm<Mh<him<cz<!dt<t!g{qslie!hqvOksr<gjgt!uqMuqg<gOui!!nz<zK!LPjlbie!oux<xqjb!ohxg<%cbkigOui!-Vg<Gl<?!we<x!fl<hqg<jg!-zr<jg!-vi[uk<!kjzjlg<G!Wx<hm<cVg<gg<%Ml<!!3117!.!fMh<!hGkqbqzqVf<K!nkqgvqk<k!Olikz<gt<!!nvsir<gh<!hjmbqeVg<Gl<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqx<GlqjmOb!sqX!sqX!lm<mk<kqz<!fqgp<f<k!Olikz<gt<!3117!\`jz!likk<kqzqVf<K!hivqb!-vi[u!fmucg<jggtig!lixqe/!3113l<!N{<M!Olikz<!kuqIh<H!yh<hf<kk<kqe<!hqe<eI!.!kqVOgi{ljz!fgvk<kqx<G!nVOg!njlf<kqVf<k!uiuqobie<xqe<!KVS!uibqjz!Hzqgt<!-bg<gl<!&cuqm<mjkk<!okimIf<Ok?!-zr<jg!-vi[uk<kqeI<!hivqb!-vi[uk<!kig<Gkz<!ye<jx!Nvl<hqk<keI/!Neiz<!KVS!uibqz<!lQ{<Ml<!kqxg<gh<hm<m!hqe<eVl<!nk<kig<Gkz<!okimIf<kK/!!!!-vi[uk<kqeI!Wx<geOu!Nvl<hqk<K!okimIf<K!ogi{<cVf<k!kig<Gkz<!fmucg<jgg<G!Olzkqg!dkuqg<gig!nkqg!-vi[uk<kqeI!ngx<xh<hm<M?!ohVl<hiZl<!ouXjlbig!-Vf<k!kqVOgi{ljz!lium<mk<kqe<!&K~I!we<El<!fgvk<kqz<?!\`jz!likk<kqz<!nvsqe<!kig<GkZg<G!hkqz<!kig<Gkjz!Hzqgt<!-bg<gl<!Lkzqz<!Olx<ogi{<meI/!nOkOujt!Ng <̂m<!fMh<hGkqbqz<?!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqeI!bip<h<hi{!Gmifim<jmBl<!GXgqb!gizk<kqx<G!fim<ce<!Wjeb!hGkqbqzqVf<K!K{<ck<K?!Gmifim<ce<!lQK!hivqb?!Neiz<!Okiz<uqgvlie!kig<Gkz<!ye<jxBl<!Olx<ogi{<meI/!bip<h<hi{l<!lQkie!nf<kk<!kig<Gkziz<!Wx<hMk<kh<hm<m!

11 CFA, sec. 1.8.


hivqb!kx<gizqg!leqkihqlieh<!hqjvs<sqjebieK!)humanitarion crisis*?!nMk<kMk<k!likr<gtqz<!HzqgTl<!nvsir<gLl<!bip<!Gmifim<Mg<Gt<!sqg<gqbqVf<k!6!-zm<sl<!lg<gTg<G!nusqblie!nk<kqbiusqb!d{U?!wvqohiVt<!lx<Xl<!lVk<Ku!uskqgt<!Ohib<s<!OsVujk!dXkq!osb<ukx<Gk<!Okjubie!fmucg<jggjt!wMg<gk<!kuxqbke<!giv{lig?!nK!yV!fQ{<mgiz!leqkihqlieh<!hqjvs<sqjebig!Ng<gh<hm<mK/!bip<h<hi{k<Kg<G!osz<Zl<!svg<Gg<!gh<hz<gjt!kil<!kig<gh<!Ohiukig!Hzqgt<!-bg<gl<!ns<SXk<kqb!nOkOujt?!nvsir<glieK!Hzqgtqe<!gm<Mh<him<Mh<!hqvOksk<Kg<%mig!Gmifim<Mg<Gs<!osz<Zl<!hqvkie!hijkjb!kqxh<hkx<gie!Lbx<sqgjt!njv!leKmOeOb!Olx<ogi{<mK/!!!osh<oml<hI!likk<kqzqVf<K!hz!hivqb!-vi[u!fmucg<jggt<!Olx<ogit<th<hm<me/!kqVOgi{ljz!GmiUg<G!nh<hiZt<t!Ogf<kqv!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!uib<f<k!sl<H,I!fgvk<jk!-zr<jg!-vi[uk<kqeI!jgh<hx<xqeI/!bip<h<hi{g<!Gmifim<cZl<!gqpg<gqZl<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqe<!fqjzgt<!lQK!fmk<kqb!kig<Gkz<gtqe<!OhiK!sqz!F~x<Xg<g{g<gie!hjmbqejv!-vi[uk<kqeI!-pf<keI/!!

!!!

3117?!\`e<!26l<!kqgkq!squqzqbe<!Oh'f<okie<xqe<!lQK!Hzqgt<!-bg<gl<!fmk<kqb!g{<{qouck<!kig<Gkzqz<!ogiz<zh<hm<m!78!Ohvqe<!dmz<gt<!%m<mig!nmg<gl<!osb<bh<hMl<!ohiKh<!HjkGpq/!

© 2006 Q. Sakamaki/ Redux !

okimIf<K!fqgp<f<k!sgz!Olikz<gtqe<!OhiKl<?!-V!siviVOl!squqzqbe<gtqe<!hiKgih<H!Gxqk<K!nkqg!ng<gjx!gim<muqz<jz/!\`e<!likk<kqz<!Hzqgt<!-bg<glieK!squqzqbe<gt<!hb{qk<k!OhVf<okie<jx!Gxqjuk<K!fmk<kqb!


g{<{qouck<!kig<Gkzqz<!hz!sqxiIgt<!dm<hm!75!OhI!ogiz<zh<hm<meI/!Ng <̂m<!likk<kqz<!Hzqgtqe<!gm<Mh<him<Mh<!hGkqbqz<!-Vf<k!gm<cml<!ye<jx!Gxqjuk<K!-zr<jg!uqlieh<!hjmbqeI!fmk<kqb!G{<M!uQs<sqz<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqeiz<!squqz<!hiKgih<H!hjmg<gig!hbqx<sq!upr<gh<hm<Mg<!ogi{<cVf<k!62!-tl<!oh{<gt<!ogiz<zh<hm<meI/!3118?!\euvq!6.7l<!kqgkqgtqz<!ogiPl<Hg<G!okx<Og!ohiKlg<gt<!hb{qk<k!OhVf<Kgjt!Gxqjuk<K!fmk<kh<hm<m!kig<Gkz<gTg<G!Hzqgt<!-bg<gOl!ohiXh<H!we<X!fl<hh<hMuOkiM?!nk<kig<Gkz<gtqz<!32!hb{qgt<!ogiz<zh<hm<mOkiM!231!Ohi<!gibljmf<keI/!!3117l<!N{<ce<!-Xkq!likr<gtqz<!lm<mg<gth<H!lium<mk<kqz<!gV{i!GPuqeI!-br<gqb!hGkqjb!n{<lqk<k?!uigjvh<!hqvOksk<kqz<!-V!kvh<H!hjmbqeVg<G!-jmOb!fmf<k!Olikz<gt<!ohVl<hiZl<!fQ{<mK~v!wxqgj{k<!(long-rang artillery)!kig<Gkz<gtigOu!fjmohx<xe/!nkeiz<!Wx<hm<m!ohVltU!hikqh<Hg<gjt!ohiKlg<gOt!kir<gqg<!ogi{<meI/!-ml<ohbIf<k!lg<gt<!kr<gqbqVf<k!Lgil<gt<!dm<hm?!ohiKlg<gt<!ofVg<glig!uip<f<k!-mr<gtqz<!-Vf<K!Hzqgt<!-bg<glieK!gevg!NBkr<gtiz<!kig<Gkz<!fmk<kqbke<!&zl<?!ohiKlg<gtqe<!dbqVg<G!nkqg!Nhk<kie!fqzjljb!dVuig<gqeI/!-vi[uk<kqeI!nk<kig<GkZg<G!ohVl<hiZl<!hkqz<kig<Gkz<gjt!nz<zK!g{<&ck<kelie!wxqgj{!kig<Gkz<gjt!Olx<ogi{<meI/!-f<k!ohVOug!fmucg<jg!giv{lig!-ml<!ohbIf<K?!yV!himsijzg<G!outqOb!kR<sljmf<kqVf<k!squqzqbe<gt<!51!OhI!ful<hI!9l<!kqgkq!ogiz<zh<hm<mKme<?!211!OhVg<G!Olz<!gibljmf<keI/!okimIf<Kl<!wxqgj{k<!kig<Gkz<gt<!fqgpzil<!we<gqe<x!ns<sk<kqe<!giv{lig?!31?111x<Gl<!Olx<hm<m!lg<gt<!klK!dbqVg<G!Wx<hmg<%cb!Nhk<jkBl<!ohiVm<hMk<kilz<!hz!fim<gtig!giMgTg<%mig!fmf<Kl<?!sqX!ut<tr<gtqz<!ntUg<gkqglie!fhIgt<!WxqBl<?!Hzqgtqe<!gm<Mh<him<Mh<!hqvOksk<jk!uqm<M!outqObxqeI/!nOfglie!GMl<hr<gt<!kx<OhiK!gV{i!GPuqeI!ose<Xuvg<%cb!hGkqgtqz<!fqs<sblx<x!$p<fqjzjlbqe<!gQp<!uip<gqe<xeI/!!-u<uxqg<jg!wPkh<hm<Mg<!ogi{<cVg<Gl<OhiK?!uigjvbqz<!okimIsqbig!Olikz<gt<!fqgp<f<k!u{<{l<!-Vh<hOkiM?!Nbqvg<g{g<gie!squqzqbe<gt<!-ml<ohbIf<k!u{<{Lt<teI/!3118l<!N{<cz<?!wr<G!wh<OhiK!Hkqb?!hivqb!-vi[u!fmucg<jggt<!fqgPl<!we<hK!fqs<sblx<xkig!-Vg<gqxK/!Neiz<!nu<uixe!Olikz<!fmucg<jggt<?!Hzqgt<!-bg<gLl<!lx<Xl<!gV{i!GPuqeVl<!klK!hjmgtqz<!h{qbix<Xukx<oge!sm<m!uqOviklig!fhIgjtg<!gmk<Kukx<Gl<?!hzik<givlig!sqxiIgjth<!hqch<hkx<Glie!osbx<himcz<!=MhMukx<gie!nPk<kr<gjt!nuIgt<!lQK!dVuig<gg<%Ml</23!!!!!

12 -vi[ul<!okimIf<K!kig<Gkz<gjt!fmk<kq?!yV!lik!gizk<kqx<Gt<!uigjvh<!hGkqjb!jgh<hx<Xl<!we<X!-zr<jgbqe<!-vi[uk<!kthkq!svk<!ohie<Osgi?!3118/!\euvq!3l<!kqgkq!%xqeiI/!“gqpg<G!ligi{k<kqz<!Lx<xig!Hzqgjt!fqI&zlig<gqb!hqe<eI?!umg<jg!uqMuqh<hkx<gig!LPh<!hzLl<!hqvObigqg<gh<hMl<?” we<X!-vi[uk<!kthkq!%xqeiI. hq/Og/hizs<sf<kqve<? “!liIs<!likltuqz<!gqpg<jg!uqMuqg<gzil<!we!-zr<jg!-vi[l<!fl<HgqxK” aqf<K <̂kie<!jml<̂ <!)HK!cz<zq*, January 3, 2007, http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1887249,001302310000.htm (January 9, 2007!z<!hiIg<gh<hm<mK) and “nMk<kK!bip<h<hi{l<?!-v[uk<!kthkq!lgi!fibg<gIgtqml<!%xqeiI,” Daily Mirror (Colombo), January 3, 2007, http://www.dailymirror.lk/2007/01/03/front/5.asp (January 9, 2007z<!hiIg<gh<hm<mK).!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


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64 “uiIk<jkgjt!guelig!hqvObigqBr<gt<?!kqV/!ovig<?”!omb<zq!fqB, <̂!)ogiPl<H*?!3117?!ful<hI!26/!http://www.dailynews.lk/2001/pix/PrintPage.asp?REF=/2006/11/15/main_Editorial.asp (2007 \euvq!3z<!hiIg<gh<hm<mK*/!65 Krishan Fransis, “sqxiIgjth<!hjmgtqz<!OsIg<Gl<!fmucg<jgg<G!-zr<jg!nvsir<gl<!dkUukig!J/fi/!Gx<xl<!sim<MgqxK?”!nOsisqObm<mm<!hqv <̂?!3117?!ful<hI!24/!66 “biI!-f<k!ovig<@”?!Oksqb!hiKgih<Hg<gie!Dmg!jlbl<?!3117?!csl<hI!6/!http://www.nationalsecurity.lk/fullnews.php?id=2665 !)3117?!csl<hI!27z<!hiIg<gh<hm<mK*/


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67 “Hzqgtqe<!Gx<xs<sim<MgjtOb!J/fi/uqe<!ovig<Gl<!kqVl<hk<!kqVl<hg<!%XgqxiI!–!gV{i!GP?”!Asian Tribune, 3117?!ful<hI!27? http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/3241 )3118?!\euvq3z<!hiIg<gh<hm<mK* 68 leqk!dvqjlgt<!lx<Xl<!OhvpqUgt<!okimIhie!njls<sI!lgqf<k!slvsqr<aUme<?!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<H!fmk<kqb!OfIgi{z<?!o\eQui?!3117?!csl<hI!2/ 69 leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<Hg<G?!nze<!ovig<gqml<!-Vf<K!Ofvcbig!gqjmg<gh<ohx<x!kguz<?!3118?!\euvq!27/!70 “-zr<jg;!gV{i!GPuqeviz<!sqxiIgt<!gmk<kh<hMujk!dmecbig!fqXk<Kg?”!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<hqe<!Hkqb!outqbQM?!3117?!ful<hI!39/!!http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/11/28/slanka14678.htm.!!


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73 vr<g!\b$vqb?!“J/fi/K~Kujv!jgbi{<muIgt<!biI@” Sunday Observer (Colombo), 3117?!ful<hI!2:? http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2006/11/19/fea02.asp )3118?\euvq!:z<!hiIg<gh<hm<mK*


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74 NBk!Olikz<gtqz<!ngh<hm<Mt<t!sqxiIgt<!okimIhie!J/fi/!osbzitI!fibgk<kqe<!nxqg<jg?!3117?!yg<OmihI?!37?!!S/2006/826, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GENN06/577/95/PDF/N0657795.pdf?openElement (2007, \euvq!6z<!hiIg<gh<hm<mK) 75 “sqxiIgjth<!hjmgtqz<!OsIk<Kh<!hbe<hMk<Kujkk<!kMh<hkx<G!J/fi/Ume<!OsIf<K!-br<Gukx<G!gV{i!-{g<gl<!okvquqk<Kt<tiI/”!NBk!Olikz<gTl<!sqxiIgTl<!okimIhig?!osbzitI!fibgk<kqe<!uqOsm!hqvkqfqkqbqe<!givqbizbl<!outqbqm<m!Dmg!nxqg<jg?!3117?!csl<hI!5/!http://www.un.org/children/conflict/pr/2006-12-07srilankakarunaco34.html (2007?!\euvq!4z<!hiIg<gh<hm<mK*/ 76 Ibid 77 Ibid


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NBkg<!GP!ye<xqeiz<!-v{<miuK!kmjubig!klK!yV!lge<!gmk<kh<hm<m!sl<hul<!-K?!we!nk<kiBl<!kf<jkBl<!%xqeiIgt</!Wx<geOu!nuIgtqe<!&k<k!lgje!3!uVmr<gTg<G!Le<eI!Hzqgt<!-bg<gl<!gmk<kqs<!ose<xK/!3117l<!N{<M!\|e<!likl<!gmk<kh<hm<m!nOk!lge<!3116l<!N{<cZl<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kiz<!gmk<kh<hm<mie<?!Neiz<!hqe<eI!uqMuqg<gh<hm<mie</!!

!!!

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© 2006 Fred Abrahams/ Human Rights Watch

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103 gmk<kh<hm<m!yV!-jtReqe<!sqxq<bkiBme<?!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<H!fmk<kqb!OfIgi{z<?!nl<hijx!lium<ml<?!3117!ng<OmihI/ 104 dt<TI!GcbqVh<hitI!yVuVme<?!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<H!fmk<kqb!OfIgi{z<?!lm<mg<gth<H!lium<ml<?!3117!ng<OmihI/ 105 gmk<kh<hm<m!yV!-jtReqe<!kibiVme<?!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<H!fmk<kqb!OfIgi{z<?!lm<mg<gth<H!lium<ml<?!3117!ng<OmihI/


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106 Rachel Brett and Margaret McCallin, Radda Barnen, “sqxiIgt<;!g{<gTg<G!Hzh<hmik!sqh<hib<gt<?”!2::9?hg</:9/!Olikz<!fqjzlgt<!sqxiIgt<!Olz<!Wx<hMk<Kl<!kig<gr<gt<!okimIhie!J/fi/uqe<!gx<jgg<gig!Olx<ogit<th<hm<m!sl<hug<!gx<jg?!Garca Macheluqeiz<!kbivqg<gh<hm<M!2::7z<!J/fi/uqml<!yh<hjmg<gh<hm<mK/ 107 dkiv{k<kqx<Gh<!hiIg<g? Yvonne Kearins, GOug<gI!Jg<gqb!fiMgt<!givqbizbl<?!“-zr<jgbqz<!oh{<!sqxiI!hjmbqet<!yVuvqe<!Gvz<?”!3114!\euvq/!


!Olikz<gt<!fqgPl<!$p<fqjzbqz<!nvsir<gh<!hiKgih<H!hjmbqeviz<!Olx<ogit<th<hm<m!nk<KlQxz<gTl<?!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqz<!sqxiIgt<!OsVukx<G!w{<j{b<!uiIk<Kt<tK/!nvsir<gk<kqeiz<!Olx<ogit<th<hm<m!jgKgt<!sqk<kqvujkgt<?!sm<muqOviklie!kMk<K!juh<Hg<gt<?!uqsivj{gt<?!lv{!k{<mjegt<?!hizqbz<!hzik<givr<gt<!lx<Xl<!gi{ilz<!Ng<Gkz<!dm<hm<m!Olislie!nk<KlQxz<gtqeiz<?!klqp<!sqxiIgt<!Ofvcbig!hikqg<gh<hm<Mt<teI/!2::4l<!N{<M!um<Mg<Ogim<jmbqz<!hz!utVl<!-tubkqeI!)25!–!35!ubK*!okimIhig!Olx<ogi{<m!Nb<Ugtqe<hc?!umg<gqz<!uiPl<!sqxiIgtqz<!giz<uisqg<G!Olx<hm<OmiI?!klK!GMl<h!nr<gk<kuIgt<!lQK!fqgp<kh<<hm<m!ue<Ljxgt<!lx<Xl<!nk<KlQxz<gjt!Ofvcbig!g{<gtiz<!g{<Mt<teI/219!nke<!hqvkqhzqh<hig!sqxiIgt<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gkqz<!Osi<f<K!klK!GMl<hr<gjtBl<!s&gk<jkBl<!hiKgig<g!LjeuOkiM?!gmf<kgiz!nk<KlQxz<gTg<G!wkqvig!hpquir<gUl<!Lbx<sqg<gqe<xeI/!!!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqeI!sqxiIgjt!klK!hjmb{qgtqz<!OsIh<hkx<G!ns<SXk<kz<!lx<Xl<!hzik<givr<gjth<!hiuqg<gqe<xeI/!Hzqgt<!-bg<glieK!sqxiIgjt!himsijzgtqz<!-Vf<K!uQm<Mg<G!osz<Zl<OhiOki!nz<zK!uQm<cz<!-Vf<K!outqbqz<!osz<Zl<OhiOki!gmk<kqs<!osz<gqe<xeI/!Gxqh<hig!gqpg<G!ligi{k<kqz<!Hzqgt<!-bg<glieK!“yV!GMl<hk<kqx<G?!yV!fhI”!we<gqe<x!ogit<jgjb!nLz<h<hMk<kq!dt<teI/!“klK!Ofig<gk<kqx<gig”!yu<ouiV!GMl<hLl<!yV!lgjeObi!nz<zK!yV!lgjtObi!kv!gmjlh<hm<Mt<tiIgt<!we?!klqp<!GMl<hr<gTg<G!Hzqgt<!nxquqk<Kt<teI/!!!3113l<!N{<M!Olikz<!kzqIh<H!yh<hf<kl<!jgobih<hl<!-mh<hm<m!hqe<eVl<%m!Hzqgt<!-bg<glieK!sqxiIgjt!gmk<kqs<!ose<Xt<tK/!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<hieK!3115l<!N{<M?!Gxqh<hig!lm<mg<gth<H?!kqVOgi{ljz!lium<mr<gtqz<!sqxiIgt<!hjmgtqz<!OsIg<gh<hMuK!okimIhig!uqsivj{gjt!Olx<ogi{<mK/21:!Hzqgt<!-bg<glieK!okimIs<sqbig!klqpIgtqe<!uQMgtqz<!ose<X!klK!-bg<gk<kqx<G!yV!hqt<jtjb!gm<mibl<!kvOu{<Ml<!we!nh<ohx<OxiIgjt!Ogm<Mt<tK?!we!fil<!nxqf<K!ogi{<Omil</!nkx<G!lXh<Hk<!okiquqk<k!GMl<hr<gTg<G!nuIgt<!ofVg<Guivl<!ogiMk<kOkiM?!ns<SXk<kqBl<!dt<teI/!kir<gt<!osiz<ukx<G!-{g<gl<!okvquqg<giuqm<miz<?!nuIgtqe<!hqt<jtgt<!hzik<givlig!ogi{<MOhigh<hMuiIgt<!nz<zK!ng<GMl<hk<kqZt<t!OuX!hqt<jtgt<?!ohvqbuIgt<!ogi{<MOhigh<hMuiIgt<?!nz<zK!ng<GMl<hk<kqeI!klK!uQMgjt!uqm<M!outqObx!fqIh<hf<kqg<gh<hMuiIgt<?!we!nh<ohx<OxiIgTg<G!%xh<hm<Mt<tK/!yV!lgjeObi!yV!lgjtObi?!kiligOu!Le<uf<K!ogiMg<g!lXk<k!GMl<hr<gtqz<!-Vf<K!yV!hqt<jt!-vU!Ofvk<kqz<!nuIgt<!uQm<cz<!juk<Ok!hzik<givlig!gmk<kh<hm<Mt<teI?!nz<zK!ns<sqxiIgt<!Ogibqz<!juhur<gtqz<!hr<Ghx<Xl<OhiOki?!himsijzg<G!osz<Zl<OhiOki?!Hzqgt<!-bg<g!nr<gk<kuIgtiz<!ogi{<M!osz<zh<hm<Mt<teI/!!!Hzqgt<!-bg<glieK!Gxqh<hig!25g<Gl<!27!ubkqx<Gl<!-jmh<hm<m!sqxiIgjtOb!klK!hjmb{qgtqz<!OsIh<hkx<G!Gxq!juk<kiZl<?!sqz!Ofvr<gtqz<!nuIgt<!22nz<zK!23!ubK!sqXuIgjtBl<!gmk<kqs<!ose<Xt<teI/!oh{<!hqt<jtgt<!ohVf<okijgbqz<!OsIg<gh<hm<Mt<tOkiM?!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqeiz<!hjmgtqz<!

108 D.J. OsilSf<kvl<?!sqxiIgtqe<!leuM!)bip<h<hi{l<;!bip</!hz<gjzg<gpgl<?!2::4* 109 hiIg<g!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<H?!ns<sk<Kt<!uip<kz<;!-zr<jgbz<!sqxiI!hjmbqeVl<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gLl<? vol 16. no.13(c), ful<hI 2004, http://hrw.org/reports/2004/srilanka1104.


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110 “Nt<OsIh<hqz<!hiz<!fqjz!Nb<U?”!UNICEF,!kguz<gt< UNICEF-eiz<!upr<gh<hm<me?!3117?!csl<hI 11. 111 UNICEF-eiz<!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<hqx<G!upr<gh<hm<m!Ht<tq!uqhvr<gt<?!3118?!\euvq!23/ !


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112UNICEF-eiz<!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<hqx<G!upr<gh<hm<m!Ht<tq!uqhvr<gt<?!3118?!\euvq!23 113Ibid 114 -zr<jg!g{<gi{qh<H!GP?!“yOv!hiIjubqz<!Bk<k!fqXk<k!lQxz<gt<?”!okiGg<gh<hm<m!Ht<tq!uqhvr<gt<?!3113?!ohh<vuvq!33!–!3117?!csl<hI!42/!


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115 UNICEF-eiz<!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<hqx<G!upr<gh<hm<m!Ht<tq!uqhvr<gt<?!3118?!\euvq!23/ 116 Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqe<?!nvsqbz<!hqvqUk<!kjzuI?!S/h/!klqp<osz<ueqmlqVf<K!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<hqx<G!nEh<hq!jug<gh<hm<m!gckl<?!3117?!csl<hI!6?!“klqpQp!sm<mk<Kjx!sqxiI!hiKgih<H!sm<mk<jk!nLZg<G!ogi{<MuVgqxK/”!klqp<!ofx<?!3117?!yg<OmihI!36?!!http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html/catid=13&artid=20025!)3118?!\euvq!4z<!hiIg<gh<hm<mK*/ 117 sqxiI!hiKgih<H!nxqg<jgg<G!okimIs<sq?!“-zr<jgk<!kQuqe<!umg<G!gqpg<Gh<!hGkqgtqz<!NBk!Olikz<gtqz<!sqxiIgt<?!3117!Ng <̂m<?!“sqxiI!hiKgih<H!nkqgivsjh?!Hzqgt<!-bg<g!slikies<!osbzgl<?!3117?!csl<hI/


nEh<hh<hMukx<G!fmucg<jggt<!wMg<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml<!we<Xl<?!ubK!Gjxf<kuIgjt!hjmgtqz<!OsIh<hjk!kMh<hkx<gig?!wPk<K!&z!dk<kvUgt<!klK!sgz!gt!nkqgivqgTg<Gl<!upr<gh<hm<Mt<tkig?!leqk!diqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<hqx<G!nEh<hqjuk<k!Nu{l<!ye<xqe<!&zl<!klqp<s<osz<ue<!okiquqk<kiI/229!!!3117!\`e<!lik<kqx<Gl<!ful<hI!likk<kqx<Gl<!-jmbqz<?!2:8!ubK!Gjxf<k!sqxiIgt<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqeiz<!uqMuqg<gh<hm<mkig!Hzqgt<!-bg<gl<!%XgqxK/!3117l<!N{<cz<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqz<!OsIk<Kg<!ogit<th<hm<m!28!ubkqx<G!Gjxf<k!OlZl<!226!sqXuIgt<!-e<El<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqml<!-Vh<hkig!nK!%XgqxK/!sIuOks!sm<mk<!kvikvr<gtg<G!njlb!28!ubkqx<G!Gjxf<k!sqxiIgt<!hjmgtqz<!OsIk<Kg<!ogit<th<hmg<%miK!we<hjk!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqeI!Wx<Xg<!ogit<tikOkiM?!28ubkqx<G!Gjxf<k!fqjzbqz<!hjmgtqz<!OsIk<Kg<!ogit<th<hm<M?!hqe<eI!nuIgTg<G!28!ubK!fqvl<Hgqe<x!hm<sk<kqz<!nuIgjt!uqMkjz!osb<uK!nusqbl<!-z<jz!we<El<!fqjzh<him<jmBl<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqeI!ogi{<cVg<gqe<xeI/22:!!!Jg<gqb!fiMgt<!sjhbqeKl<!nvs!siIhx<x!fqXuer<gtqeKl<!lx<Xl<!Wjeb!nvsir<gr<gtqeKl<!okimIs<sqbie!sIuOks!nPk<kr<gt<!giv{lig?!3113g<Gl<!!3117l<!N{<Mg<Gl<!-jmh<hm<m!gizk<kqz<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqeiz<!sqxiIgjt!hjmbqz<!OsIg<Gl<!fmucg<jgbieK!SliI!71uQkl<!Gjxf<kK!we<Ox!%xOu{<Ml</!wu<uixibqEl<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gl<!sqxiIgjt!hjmbqz<!OsIg<gqe<xeI/!Gxqh<hig!3116l<!N{<M!hqx<hGkqbqz<!Olikz<!fqzjlgt<!nkqgiqg<g!okimr<gqbKl<?!hqt<jtgjtk<!kviuqm<miz<!Bk<kl<!okimr<gqb!hqe<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gl<!kr<gTg<G!hiKgih<H!kvlim<miK!we<X?!kr<gjt!Hzqgt<!ns<SXk<kqbkig!hz!ohx<OxiIgt<!sIuOks!njlh<Hg<gtqml<!okiquqk<keI/231!likl<!ye<Xg<G!SliI!61!sqxiIgjt!hjmbqz<!OsIg<gh<hm<mjl!okimIhig!Hzqgt<!-bg<gl<!lQK!Gx<xl<!sim<mh<hm<m!sl<hur<gjt!UNICEF!Nu{h<hMk<kqBt<tOkiM?!-k<okijgbieK!nuIgt<!-g<giz!gm<mk<kqz<!uqMkjz!osb<k!sqxiIgtqe<!w{<{qg<jgbqe<!6!lmr<giGl<!we<hK!Gxqh<hqmk<kg<gK/232!!!3116!hqx<hGkqbqZl<?!3117l<!N{<cZl<!Olikz<!fqzjlgt<!nkqgiqk<k!hqe<eI?!sqxiIgt<!hjmbqz<!OsIg<gh<hMl<!sl<hur<gt<!okimIhie!Ljxh<hiMgt<!UNICEF<!njlh<hqx<G!gqjmh<hK!Le<ejvuqm!lqgUl<!Gjxf<kK/!nkx<G!giv{l<!-K!okimIhig!Ljxbqmg<%miK!we!nuIgt<!ohx<OxiIgt<!lQK!Ohim<m!Olzkqg!nPk<kr<gTl<!nkeiz<!nkqgiqk<k!ns<sLl<!we<Ox!%xzil</!“sIuOks!fhIgtqml<!fQr<gt<!Ohib<!Ljxbqm<miz<!dr<gt<!hqt<jtgtqe<!dmjz!lm<Ml<kie<!hiIh<hQIgt<”

118 Ibid., p.5 119 Ibid. 120 Charu Lata Hogg, The Royal Institute of International Affairs and the coalition to stop the Use of Child Soldiers, “Child Recruitment in South Asian Conflicts: A Comprehensive Analysis of Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bangladesh,” 2006, p. 10. 121 UNICEF-eiz<!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<hqx<G!upr<gh<hm<m!Ht<tq!uqhvr<gt<?!3118?!\euvq!23/!3117z<!olik<klig!249!sqxiIgt<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kiz<!uqMkjz!osb<bh<hm<M;t<teI?!svisvqbig!likk<kqx<G!23!OhI!hVlm<mig!uqMkjz!osb<bh<hm<Mt<teI/!


we!sqz!GMl<hr<gtqml<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqeI!%xqBt<tkig!sqz!ohx<OxiIgt<!okiquqk<Kt<teI/233!!!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqx<Gl<!nvsir<gk<kqx<Gl<!-jmObbie!hivqb!-vi[u!fmucg<jggt<!nkqgiqg<g!nkqgiqg<g?!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqe<!hjmb{qgtqz<!dt<t!!sqxiIgTg<gie!Nhk<Kl<!nkqgvqk<ke/!nvsir<gk<kqe<!-zg<Ggt<!lQkie!-vi[u!fmucg<jgbqe<!OhiK!Hzqgt<!sqxiIgjt!=MhMk<Kukiz<?!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqe<!ktr<gt<!lQK!-zr<jg!-vi[uk<kqeI!Olx<ogit<Tl<!kig<Gkz<gtqe<OhiK!-s<sqxiIgt<!gibh<hMuK?!nr<guQeliuK!lx<Xl<!ogiz<zh<hMukx<gie!uib<h<Hg<gt<!lqgUl<!nkqgiqk<k!u{<{Lt<te/!!Hzqgt<!-bg<g<kqeiz<!sqxiIgt<!hjmbqz<!OsIk<Kg<!ogit<th<hm<mkig!Beqosh<!njlh<hqeiz<!Nu{h<!hMk<kh<hm<m!olik<k!sl<hur<gtqz<?!2?796!sl<hur<gt<!)794!-e<eLl<!29!ubkqx<G!Gjxf<kuIgt<!dm<hm*!-e<eLl<!wu<uqk!g{g<GgTg<Gl<!dm<hMk<kh<hmilz<!-Vg<gqe<xe/!-uIgt<!-e<eLl<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqOzOb!h{qbix<XgqxiIgt<!we!fl<hh<hMgqe<xK/!-K!okimIhig!lqg!GjxuigOu!nxqg<jgbqMkz<gt<!(underreporting)!fjmohXgqe<x!fqjzbqz<?!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqe<!hjmb{qgtqz<!-Vg<Gl<!sqxiIgtqe<!d{<jlbie!olik<k!w{<{qg<jg!5?111k<jkBl<!uqm!nkqgliekiGl</!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

122 sIuOks!le<eqh<Hs<!sjh?!“gqpg<gqz<!ns<sl<!fqjxf<k!$pz<?”!3117?!ohh<vuvq!4?!http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGASA370012006?open&of=ENG-LKA!)3118?!\euvq!4z<!hiIg<gh<hm<mK*!


!VIII.!sqxiIgt<!hjmbqz<!OsIg<gh<hMuK!okimIhig!

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123 J/fi/!hiKgih<Hs<!sjh!hqvgmel<! 1379 (2001), S/RES/1379(2001), http://www.un.org/special-rep/children-armed-conflict/KeyDocuments/Printable/Resolution/S-RES-1379English.html (accessed January 3, 2007), para 9 b. 124 hiIg<g/!J/fi/!hiKgih<Hs<!sjh!hqvgmel 1539 (2004), S/RES/1539(2004), http://www.un.org/special-rep/children-armed-conflict/KeyDocuments/Resolution/S-RES-1539English.html (accessed January 3, 2007), para. 5 c; Resolution 1612 (2005), S/RES/1612(2005), http://www.un.org/special-rep/children-armed-conflict/Download/S-RES-1612e.pdf (accessed January 3, 2007), para. 9; and the Statement by the President of the Security Council, S/PRST/2006/48, November 28, 2006, http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/632/29/PDF/N0663229.pdf?OpenElement (accessed January 3, 2007), para.4. 125 3113!z<!outqbie!nxqg<jgbqz<!J/fi/!hiKgih<Hs<!sjhbqe<!fqgp<sq!fqvZg<Gt<!nmr<gqb!uqmbr<gtqe<!nch<hjmbqz<!gzf<Kjvbimh<hmiuqm<miZl<?!Hzqgtqeiz<!sqxiIgt<!hjmgtqz<!OsIgh<hMuK!okimIhig!nxqg<jgbqe<!dt<tmg<gk<kqx<Gt<!gzf<Kjvbimh<hm<;Mt<tK/


Olikz<gtqz<!sqxiI!hjmbqevig!hiuqh<hkqz<?!-u<uqV!kvh<hqeVl<!ohiXh<hig!dt<teI!we!nu<uxqg<jg!Sm<cg<!gim<MgqxK/237!!!NBk!Olikz<gtqe<!OhiK!sqxiIgtqe<!lQK!fqgp<k<kh<hMl<!nk<KlQxz<gt<!okimIhig?!dmecbieKl<?!fl<hqg<jgbieKl<?!dXkqbieKlie!kguz<gjtk<!kqvm<Mukx<G!WKuigUl<?!g{<gi{qh<H!lx<Xl<!gqvllig!nxqg<jgbqMkz<!Ohie<xux<Xg<gie!osbz<!Ljxobie<jx!fqXUl<hcbigUl<?!!hiKgih<Hs<!sjhbieK!3116l<!N{<cz<!osbzitI!fibgk<jkg<!Ogm<Mg<ogi{<mK/238!-s<!osbz<Ljxjb!Lke<!Lkzqz<!fjmLjxh<!hMk<Kukx<G!hm<cbzqmh<hm<m!WP!fiMgtqz<!-zr<jgBl<!ye<xiGl</!-zr<jgbqz<!sqxiIgjt!hzuf<klig!hjmgtqz<!OsIk<kz<?!nuIgjt!hjmbqevig!hiuqk<kz<!dm<hm?!sqxiIgt<!lQK!fmk<kh<hMl<!nk<KlQxz<gt<!okimIhie!kguz<gjtk<!kqvm<c?!nk<kguz<gjt!J/fi/!kjzjlbgk<kqx<G!gqvllig!nEh<hq!juh<hkx<gig?!J/fi?OuiM!okimIhie!osbz{qgTl<?!nvs!siIhx<x!fqXuer<gTl<!nmr<gqb!uqOsm!h{qg<GP!(Task Force*!ye<Xl<!njlg<gh<hm<mK/!!!Gxqh<hig?!fqjzjlgjt!g{<gi{qk<K!uqhvr<gt<!kqvm<mz<?!we<El<!osbe<Ljx%mig!kqvm<mh<hm<m!kguz<gt<!okimIhig!guek<kqz<!wMh<hkx<Gl<?!nk<kguz<gtqe<hc!sqxiIgt<!lQK!fqgp<kh<hMukig!nxqg<jgbqmh<hMl<!nk<KlQxz<gt<!okimIhig!dmecbig!wMg<gh<hm!Ou{<cb!fmucg<jggt<!hx<xq!hiKgih<Hs<!sjhg<G!hvqf<Kjvgt<!upr<Gukx<giUl<?!NBk!Olikz<gtqz<!sqxiIgt<!okimIhie!osbx<him<Mg<!GP!ye<jx!(working group)!dVuig<Gukx<Gl<!hiKgih<Hs<!sjhbieK!3116z<!fmucg<jg!wMk<kK/!3116l<!N{<M!njlg<gh<hm<m!osbx<him<Mg<!GPuieK!H'{<c?!ogir<Ogi?!$mie<?!lx<Xl<!Cote d’ Ivoire!Ngqb!fiMgt<!okimIhie!nxqg<jggjt!guek<kqx<G!wMk<kK/!sqxiIgjth<!hjmbqz<!OsIk<kz<!okimIhig!ogir<Ogi!\efibgg<!Gcbvsqe<!lQK!kx<OhiK!-Vg<Gl<!kjmgtie?!hb{k<!kjm?!osik<Kg<gjt!fgvuqmilz<!osb<kz<!(asset freezes)!we<heux<jx!fjmLjxh<!hMk<Kl<hc!osbx<him<Mg<!GP!hvqf<Kjv!osb<kK/!-u<uVm!Nvl<hk<kqz<?!sqxiIgjth<!hjmbqz<!OsIk<kz<!dm<hm!OuX!hz!nk<KlQxz<gt<!okimIhig!Cote d’ Ivoire!uqe<!NBkg<!GPuqe<!kthkqg<ogkqvigUl<!kjmgjt!nLz<h<hMk<k!hiKgih<Hs<!sjh!fmucg<jg!wMk<kK/!!-zr<jgbqz<!NBk!Olikz<gtqz<!=Mhm<Mt<t!kvh<hqeIgt<!sqxiIgt<!lQK!Olx<ogit<Tl<!nk<KlQxz<gt<!okimIhig!3118!\euvqbqz<!osbzitI!fibgl<!nxqg<jgobie<jx!slIh<hqk<kiI/!3116?!ful<hI!Lkzil<!kqgkqg<Gl<?!3117?!ng<OmihI!32l<!kqgkqg<Gl<!-jmh<hm<m!gizk<kqz<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kiZl<!gV{i!GPuqeviZl<!Olx<ogit<th<hm<m!sqxiIgjt!hjmbqz<!OsIg<Gl<!osbx<hiMgt<!okimIhie!uqhvr<gjt!nu<uxqg<jg!dt<tmg<gqbqVf<kK/!nu<uqV!siviVl<!dmecbig!sqxiIgjt!hjmbqz<!OsIh<hjkBl</!nuIgjt!hjmbqevig!hiuqh<hjkBl<!fqXk<k!Ou{<Ml<!we<Xl<?!klK!hjmb{qgtqz<!Wx<geOu!-Vg<Gl<!sgz!sqxiIgjtBl<!uqMuqg<g!Ou{<Ml<!we<Xl<?!nu<uxqg<jg!OgivqbqVf<kK/!Hzqgt<!-bg<glieK!okimIs<sqbig!nk<KlQxzqz<!=Mhm<M!uf<Kt<tjlbiz<? “Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqe<!-vi[u!lx<Xl<!nvsqbz<!kjzjl!lQK!-zg<G!juk<K!dmec!fmucg<jg!wMg<g!Ou{<Ml”!weUl<!nu<uxqg<jg!OgiVgqe<xK/239!“gqpg<G!ligi{k<kqz<!gV{i! 126 NBk!Olikz<gTl<!sqxiIgTl<!okimIhie!osbzitI!fibgk<kqe<!nxqg<jg?!3117?!ng<OmihI 26 http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/577/95/PDF/N0657795.pdf?OpenElement (accessed January 3, 2007). 127 J/fi/!hiKgih<Hs<!sjh!hqvgmel< 1612, para. 3. 128 “-zr<jgbqz<!NBk!Olikz<gTl<!sqxiIgTl<!okimIhie!osbzitI!fibgk<kqe<!nxqg<jg?!3117?!csl<hI!31/


GPuqeviz<!Olx<ogit<th<hMl<!sqxiIgjt!hjmbqz<!OsIh<hK/!nz<zK!gmk<KuK!Ohie<x!osbx<hiMgTg<G?!-zr<jgh<!hiKgih<Hh<!hjmbqe<!sqz!sg<kqgt<!dmf<jkbig!-Vh<hkig!jug<gh<hMl<!Gx<xs<sim<Mgt<!okimIhig?!dmecbig!uqsivj{gjt!Olx<ogit<t!Ou{<Ml<”!we!nu<uxqg<jgbieK!-zr<jg!nvsir<gk<jkBl<!OgivqbqVf<kK/!NBk!Olikz<gTl<!sqxiIgTl<!okimIhie!hiKgih<Hs<!sjhbqe<!osbx<him<Mg<!GP!3118!ohh<vuvqbqz<!-u<uxqg<jg!okimIhig!guek<kqz<!wMg<g!-Vh<hOkiM?!wMg<gh<hm!Ou{<cb!fmucg<jggt<!okimIhig!ke<!hvqf<Kjvgjt!olik<k!hiKgih<H!sjhbqmLl<!Le<jug<g!-Vg<gqxK/!!!


IX.!sm<mk<!kvikvr<gt<!!sqxiIgjth<!hjmbqz<!OsIh<hkx<gie!sIuOksk<!kjm!!sqxiIgjth<!hjmgtqz<!OsIk<K!nuIgjt!hjmbqevig!hiuqh<hke<!&zl<?!Hzqgt<!-bg<gl<?!gV{i!GP!Ngqb!-VuVOl!sIuOks!sm<mk<jk!lQxq!uVgqe<xeI/!!gV{i!GPuqeviz<!Olx<ogit<th<hMl<!sqxiIgjt!hjmbqz<!OsIg<Gl<!fmucg<jggTg<G!yk<kijs!upr<Guke<!&zLl<?!nuIgtqe<!gmk<kz<gjtk<!kMh<hkx<G!hbEt<t!fmucg<jggjt!wMg<gikqVh<hke<!&zLl<?!OsIg<gh<hm<m!sqxiIgt<!!!hiKgih<hig!uqMuqg<gh<hMukx<G!fmucg<jg!wMg<gikqVh<hke<!&zLl<?!-zr<jg!nvsir<gLl<!si<uOks!sm<mk<jk!lQxq!uVgqe<xK/!!sqxiIgjt!hjmgtqz<!OsIk<kz<!lx<Xl<!nuIgjt!-vi[u!OlikOziM!okimIhie!h{qgtqz<!=MhMk<Kkz<!we<hux<jx!sIuOks!leqkihqlies<!sm<mr<gTl<!)Bk<k!sm<mr<gt<*!leqk!dvqjls<!sm<mr<gTl<!kjm!osb<Kt<te/!si<uOks!lm<mk<kqzz<zik!NBk!Olikz<gtqe<OhiK!(non-international armed conflict),!nvsir<gr<gOti!nz<zK!nvsir<glz<zik!NBkg<!GPg<gOti?!26!ubkqx<G!Gjxf<k!sqxiIgjt!hjmgtqz<!OsIh<hK?!nz<zK!nuIgjt!hiuqh<hjk?!2:5:l<!N{<M!o\equi!dme<hcg<jgbqe<!IIuK!sm<muig<gl<!kjmosb<gqxK/!-s<sm<mk<!kvikvlieK?!2::2z<!-zr<jg!nvsir<gk<kqeiZl<!jgs<sik<kqm<M!Wx<Xg<ogit<th<hm<m!sqxiIgt<!dvqjls<!sisek<kqZl<!)Convention on the Rights of Child*!hqvkqhzqg<gqe<xK/23:!sqxiIgjt!hjmbqz<!OsIk<K!nuIgjt!hbe<hMk<Kujkk<!kjm!osb<ukieK!-h<OhiK!si<uOks!vQkqbig!fjmLjxh<hMk<Kl<!sikiv{!sm<m!lvhigqbqVh<hOkiM!)customary international law*?!NBk!Olikzqz<!=Mhm<Mt<t!njek<K!kvh<hqejvBl<!-K!gm<Mh<hMk<kg<!%cbkig!dt<tmg<Ggqe<xK/!!3113l<!N{<cz<!nLZg<G!uf<k?!NBk!Olikz<gtqz<!sqxiIgjt!=MhMk<Kkz<!okimIhie!sqxiIgt<!dvqjlgt<!hx<xqb!dme<hcg<jgbqe<!Olzkqg!sm<muig<gk<kqz<!-zr<jgBl<!yV!kvh<hiGl</241!wf<kouiV!NBk!Olikz<gtqe<!OhiKl</!hzuf<kligOui!nz<zK!OuXuqkligOui!fmk<kh<hMl<!Nm<OsIhqz<!Ofvcbig!hr<Ogx<hkx<gie!Ngg<!Gjxf<k!ubokz<jz!29!we!sqxiI!dvqjlgt<!okimIhie!dme<hcg<jg!sm<muig<glieK!kvLbIk<kh<hm<Mt<tK/!nvsz<zik!NBkh<!hjmgTg<Gl<!-s<!sm<muig<glieK!gmh<hiMgjt!uqkqk<Kt<tK/!“nvs!hjmgTg<G!Hxl<hig!-br<Ggqe<x!NBkg<!GPg<gTl<?!29!ubkqx<G!Gjxf<k!fhIgjt!wf<ks<!$p<fqjzbqe<!gQPl<!NBk!Olikz<gtqe<!OhiK!hbe<hMk<kg<!%miK”?!we!5uK!svk<K!okvquqg<gqe<xK/242!“-u<uixie!fmucg<jggjt!Gx<xs<!osbz<gtigg<!g{<M?!nux<jxk<!kMh<hkx<gie!sm<mvQkqbie!fmucg<jggt<!Olx<ogit<TuK!dm<hm?!-k<kjgb!sgz!Nm<OsIh<Hg<gjtBl<!kjmosb<ukx<G!

129 sqxiIgt<!dvqjls<!sise (CRC), G.A. res. 44/25, annex, 44 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 167, U.N. Doc. A/44/49 (1989), entered into force Sept. 2, 1990. The CRC has been ratified by all states except Somalia and the United States. 130 sqxiIgjt!NBk!Olikz<gtqz<!=MhMk<KuK!okimIhie?!sqxiIgt<!dvqjls<!sisek<kqe<!241uK!Olzkqg!dme<hcg<jg adopted May 25, 2000, G.A. Res. 54/263, Annex I, 54 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 7, U.N. Doc. A/54/49, Vol. III (2000), entered into force February 12, 2002. Sri Lanka ratified the protocol on September 8, 2000. Sri Lanka’s initial report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child on compliance with the Optional Protocol was due in 2004, but at this writing it has not yet been submitted. 131 Ibid., art.4.


ohiVk<klie!fmucg<jggjt!wMg<g!Ou{<Ml<?”!we!ns<sm<muig<gl<!nvsir<gr<gTg<Gl<!gmh<hiMgjt!uqkqg<gqe<xK/243!!nvsir<gh<!hjmgtqz<!fhIgt<!SbuqVh<hqz<!uf<K!OsVukx<gie!ubokz<jz!okimIhig?!Olzkqg!sm<muig<glieK!Gxqh<hqm<m!ubokz<jz!wjkBl<!ujvbXg<giuqm<miZl<?!Sb!uqVh<hqz<!nvsir<gh<!hjmgtqz<!uf<K!OsVukx<gie!Ngg<!Gjxf<k!ubokz<jz!okimIhig?!nvsir<gr<gt<!kiligOu!gm<Mh<hMl<!-j{h<!hqvgmeolie<jx!osb<b!Ou{<Ml<!weUl<?!ns<sm<muig<gl<!OgiVgqe<xK/!nu<uiX!ujvbXg<gh<hMl<!ubokz<jzbieK!27!uqm!Gjxuig!-Vg<g!LcbiK/!-zr<jgjbh<!ohiXk<kujv?!nvsir<gh<!hjmgtqz<!uf<K!OsVl<!Ngg<!Gjxf<k!ubokz<jzbig!29!ubK!we<hjk?!ns<sm<muig<gk<kqz<!jgobih<hlqm<M!Wx<Xg<!!ogit<Tl<OhiOk!nvsir<gk<kiz<!hqvgmeh<hMk<kh<hm<Mt<tK/!weOu?!-zr<jgbqz<!nvs!lx<Xl<?!nvs!siIhz<zik!hjmbqeI!-Vkvh<hqZl<!wz<ziuqklie!Nm<OsIh<Hg<Gl<!-f<k!ubokz<jzbieK!fjmLjxh<hMk<kh<hmz<!Ou{<Ml</!!!2:::l<!N{<cz<!sIuOks!okipqz<!fqXuek<kqe<!)ILO*!nr<gk<Ku!fiMgtiue?!nkq!Olislie!sqxiI!okipqz<!Ljxjl!okimIhie!dme<hcg<jgjb!)293*!(Worst form of Child Lobour Conventions)!Wglekig!fqjxOux<xqe/!29!ubKg<G!Gjxf<k!sgzjvBl<!sqxiIgt<!we!nK!ujvbXh<hOkiM?!nkq!Olislie!sqxiI!okipqz<!Ljxjl!we<hjk!keK!ujvuqzg<g{k<kqx<Gt<!hqe<uVliX!dt<tmg<gqbqVg<gqxK/!

!sqxiIgjt!gmk<Kkz<!lx<Xl<!uqx<hje!osb<kz</!gmEg<gig!ncjlh<!hMk<kz<?!h{<j{!ncjl!Ljx?!hzuf<k!nz<zK!gm<mib!OujzLjx!lx<Xl<!hzuf<klig!sqxiIgjt!hjmgtqz<!OsIk<kz<!nuIgjt!Olikz<gtqz<!=MhMk<kz<!dm<hm<m!sgzuqklieKl<!ncjlk<kek<jk!yk<k!fmucg<jggtiGl</244!

!-zr<jg!nvsir<glieK!3112l<!N{<M!liIs<!2l<!kqgkq?!nkq!Olislie!sqxiI!okipqz<!Ljxjl!okimIhie!yh<hf<kk<kqz<!jgs<sik<kqm<mK/!“sgzuqk!nkq!Olislie!sqxiI!okipqz<!Ljxjljb!ncObiM!-z<ziokitqh<hkx<Gl<?!nkjek<!!kjmosb<ukx<Gl<!dmecbie?!gik<kqvlie!fmucg<jggjt/!nusv!uqmbligg<!gVkq?!-zr<jg!nvsir<gl<!Olx<ogit<t!Ou{<Ml<?”!we!-u<Ume<hcg<jgbieK!-zr<jg!nvsir<gk<kqx<G!gmh<hiMgjt!uGk<kK/245!293uK!dme<hcg<jgbqe<hc?!nvsir<glieK?!nkq!Olislie!sqxiI!okipqz<!Ljxjlbqz<!sqxiIgjt!=MhMk<Kl<!$p<fqjzjlgjtk<!kMk<kz<?!nu<uixie!$p<fqjzjlgtqz<!-Vf<K!sqxiIgjt!ngx<Xkz<?!lx<Xl<!nuIgTg<G!HeIuip<utqk<K!nuIgjt!lQt!s&gk<kqz<!gzg<gs<!osb<kz<?!Ohie<xux<Xg<gie!fmucg<jggjtBl<!Olx<ogit<tz<!Ou{<Ml</246!293uK!dme<hcg<jgBme<!%mOu!Le<jug<gh<hm<Mt<te!2:1uK!hvqf<Kjvgtiue?!29!ubkqx<G!Gjxf<k!sqxiIgjt!hjmgtqz<!OsIg<Gl<!fmucg<jgjb!gqvqlqez<!Gx<xs<!osbzig!nxquqg<Gl<hc!nvsir<gk<jk!Dg<Guqg<gqxK/247!!

132 Ibid. 133 nkq!Olislie!sqxiI!okipqz<!Ljxjljb!kjmosb<uKl<!dmec!fmucg<jg!wMh<hKl<!okimIhie!dme<hcg<jgjb ILO dme<hcg<jg!-z . 182 (nkq!Olislie!sqxiI!okipqz<!Ljxjl!okimIhie!dme<hcg<jg), adopted June 17, 1999, 38 I.L.M. 1207 (entered into force November 19, 2000). 134 Ibid., art.1. 135 Ibid., arts 6, 7a, 7b. 136 ILO nkq!Olislie!sqxiI!okipqz<!Ljxjljb!kjmosb<ukx<Gl<!dmec!fmucg<jg!wMh<hkx<Glie!hvqf<Kjvgt<, June 17, 1999, ILO No. R190, art. 12.


ILO uqe<!293uK!dme<hcg<jgjb!dXkq!osb<gqe<x!uqkk<kqz<?!-zr<jg!nvsir<glieK!3116l<!N{<cz<!Gx<xuqbz<!sm<mk<kqz<!(Penal Code)!kqVk<kk<jk!ogi{<Muf<kK/!hzik<givlig!nz<zK!gm<mib!nch<hjmbqz<!sqxiIgjth<!hjmbqz<!OsIh<hkieK!gqvqlqez<!Gx<xole<Xl<!nkx<G!nkq%cbkig!31!uVm!sqjxk<!k{<mje!upr<gh<hmzil<!weUl<!nvsir<gl<!nxquqk<kK/248!!!!sqxiIgjt!hjmbqz<!OsIk<kz<!yV!Bk<kg<!Gx<xl<<!!!26!ubkqx<G!Gjxf<k!sqxiIgjt!hjmgtqz<!OsIh<hKl<?!nuIgjt!Olikz<gtqz<!=MhMk<KuKl<?!Ovilieqb!sise!sIuOks!Gx<xuqbz<!fQkqle<xk<kqe<hc!)ICC*?!YI!Bk<kg<!Gx<xligOu!g{qg<gh<hMl</!Oksqb!nvsir<g!nr<gk<kuIgtqeiOzi?!nvsz<zik!NBkg<!GPg<gtqe<!nr<gk<kuIgtiOzi!-u<uixie!Nm<OsIh<H!Olx<ogit<th<!hMlieiz<?!nK!yV!Bk<kg<!Gx<xligOu!-s<sm<mk<kqe<!gQp<!g{qg<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml<?!we<hK!yV!siselig!2::9l<!N{<M!\`jz!likk<kqz<!Wx<Xg<!ogit<th<hm<mK/249!!3118l<!N{<M!ujvbqZl<!sIuOks!Gx<xuqbz<!fQkqle<xk<kqe<!-s<sisek<jk!Wx<Xg<!ogit<Tgqe<x!nr<gk<kuvig!-zr<jg!nvS!-z<zikqVh<hqEl<?!26!ubkqx<G!Gjxf<k!sqxiIgjt!NBkg<!GPg<gtqz<!OsIh<hkx<G!ohiXh<hie!keq!fhIgt<!wuVl<?!fjmLjxbqZt<t!sIuOks!sm<mk<kqe<hc!Bk<kg<!Gx<xr<gjt!Olx<ogi{<mkx<G!ohiXh<Ohx<g!Ou{<cbuIgtiuI/!o\eQui!yh<hf<kk<kqe<!Olzkqg!sm<muig<gl<!lx<Xl<!sqxiIgt<!dvqjl!okimIhie!yh<hf<kl<!Ohie<xux<xqeiz<!Le<jug<gh<hm<m!sIuOks!kvikvr<gTg<G!-Vf<k!hvf<Khm<m!uvOux<jhBl<!Wx<Xg<!ogit<tjzBl<!g{<[x<x!sqObvi!zqObieqe<!uqOsm!fQkqle<xk<kqe<!Ole<LjxbQm<M!sjhbieK?!3115l<!N{<M!Ol!likk<kqz<?!26!ubkqx<G!dm<hm<muIgjt!hjmgtqz<!OsIk<Kg<ogit<Tujk!kjm!osb<gqe<x!2::7g<G!Le<jeb!sm<mk<jk?!upjlbie!sIuOks!sm<mlvhig!Ng<Gl<hc!kQIh<htqk<kK/!!!26!ubkqx<G!Gjxf<k!sqxiIgjt!hjmgtqz<!OsIk<Kg<!ogit<ukx<G!ohiXh<hig!-Vg<Gl<!keqfhIgt<?!klK!-f<k!fmucg<jggTg<G!gqvqlqez<!Gx<xr<gjt!Hvqf<kuIgtig!ohiXh<Ohx<g!Ou{<cbuIgt<?!weUl<!sqObvi!zqObieqe<!uqOsm!fQkqle<xl<!OlZl<!nxquqk<kK;!!

sqxiIgjt!hjmbqz<!Osi<g<Gl<!fmucg<jggtiue?!sqxiIgt<!lQK!lqgh<!hikglie!uqjtUgjt!Wx<hMk<Kgqe<xK/!nch<hjm!dk<kvuikr<gt<!lqg!Olislig!lQxh<hMukieK?!nkqz<!=MhMl<!keqfhjvBl<!ng<gqiqlqez<!Gx<xk<kqx<Gh<!ohiXh<hig<GgqxK/!sqxiIgjt!hjmgtqz<!OsIh<hkieK!Wx<geOu!sIuOks!Gx<xuqbz<!fQkqle<xk<kqx<gie!2::9l<!N{<M!dOvilieqb!sisek<kqe<hc!gqvqlqez<!Gx<xligqxK/!sqxiIgt<!hjmbqz<!OsIg<gh<hMuK!okimIhig!kx<OhiK!!fjmLjxbqz<!dt<t!sm<m!lvhqbz<!uqPlqbr<gjt!)existing customary norm) dXkqosb<K!-j{k<kqVg<Gl<!-s<sm<mlieK?!HkqbokiV!sm<mk<kqe<!Okjujb!nusqblx<xkig<Ggqe<xK/24:!

137 -zr<jg!Gx<xuqbz<!sm<ml<?!hqvqU!469 A, 3116z<!kqVk<kh<hm<mK/ 138sIuOks!Gx<xuqbz<!fQkqle<xk<kqe<!dOvilieqb!sisel<, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/9, July 17, 1998, entered into force July 1, 2002, arts. 8(2)(b)(xxvi) and 8(2)(e)(vii). 139 Summary of Decision on Preliminary Motion on Lack of Jurisdiction (Child Recruitment), Prosecutor v. Sam Hinga Norman, Appeals Chamber of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, May 31, 2004, Case Number SCSL-2003-14-AR72 (E).


!Hzqgt<!-bg<gl<!lx<Xl<!gV{i!GP!Ngqb!-V!kvh<hqeVl<!klK!hjmb{qgtqz<!sqxiIgjts<!OsIk<Kg<!ogi{<Mt<teI/!UNICEF!njlh<hqx<G!gqjmg<gh<!ohx<Xt<t!kguz<gtqe<!nch<hjmbqz<!sqxiIgtqe<!ubokz<jzgtiue?!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kiz<!OsIg<gh<hm<Mt<t!sqxiIgtqz<!28!uQkliOeiI!)2?123!OhI*!26ubkqx<G!Gjxf<kuIgtiuI/!gV{i!GPuqeviz<!OsIg<gh<hm<Mt<t!sqxiIgtqz<!6uQkliOeiI!)21!OhI*!26ubkqx<G!Gjxf<kuIgtiuI/251!!!!gmk<kz<gTl<!hzuf<k!Nt<!OsIh<Hl<!!Olikz<gtqz<!=Mhm<Mt<t!kvh<hqeIgtiz<?!fhIgt<!hzuf<klig!gmk<kh<hMkz<?!hizk<givlig!hjmgtqz<!OsIg<gh<hMkz<!dm<hm?!yV!fhvqe<!Skf<kqvlie!osbx<him<jm!lXkzqg<gqe<x!ujgbqz<!wOks<skqgivlig!osbx<hMkjz!sIuOks!leqkihqlie!sm<mlieK!kjmosb<gqe<xK/!dt<fim<M!NBk!Olikz<!)non-international armed conflicts*!fqjzjlgTg<G!ohiVf<Kgqe<xKl<?!2:5:l<!N{<cz<!fie<G!o\eQui!dme<hcg<jggTg<G!ohiKuieKlie!4uK!sm<muig<glieK?!sgz!squqz<!lg<gTl<!sleig!fmk<kh<hm!Ou{<Ml<!weg<!OgiVukeiz<!.!wOks<skqgivlig!Sk<kqvk<kqx<G!kjmOhiMkz<!we<hK!wu<ujgbqZl<!osbx<hMk<kh<hm!LcbikkiGl</252!!!-zr<jgbqe<!hbr<gvuik!kjms<!sm<mr<gt<!!-zr<jg!nvsir<glieK!‘hbr<gvuikl<!lx<Xl<!Gxqh<hqm<m!hbr<gvuik!fmucg<jggjt!kMk<kZl<!fqXk<KkZl<?’!we<El<!klK!Hkqb!nusvgizs<!sm<muqkqgjt?!3117?!csl<hI!7z<!nLZg<G!ogi{<M!uf<kK/!wf<kouiV!fhVl<?!hbr<gvuik!fmucg<jggtqz<!=MhMl<!GPg<gTme<!okimIH!juh<hK?!lx<Xl<!nu<ujgbie!fmucg<jggtqz<!=MhMuK!we<hux<jx!ns<sm<mlieK!kjm!osb<gqxK/253!nk<!kjms<sm<mlieK?!sqxiIgt<!dm<hm!sgz!fhIgjtBl<!dt<tmg<GuOkiM?!hzik<givlig!OsIg<gh<hMkz<?!gmk<kh<hm<M!OsIg<gh<hMkz<!nz<zK!ns<sl<!giv{lig!OsVkz<!we<hkx<Gl<!nu<uixie!GPg<gtqz<!SbuqVh<hqz<!Ohib<s<!OsVuK!we<hkx<Gl<!-jmOb!wf<kuqklie!OuXhiMgjtBl<!uqkqg<guqz<jz/!-ke<!giv{lig?!gV{i!GPuqeviZl<!Hzqgt<!-bg<gk<kqeiZl<!hzuf<klig!OsIg<gh<hMl<!sqxiIgTl<%m!-s<sm<mk<kqe<!gQp<!Gx<xl<!sim<mh<hmzil</!nk<Kme<!Gx<xl<!fq'hqg<gh<hm<miz<?!hk<K!uVm!sqjxk<!k{<mje!kQIh<htqg<gh<hmzil</254!!Gxqh<hig?!hbr<gvuik!fmucg<jggtqz<!=Mhm<Mt<t!GPg<gtiz<!sqxiIgt<!hjmbqz<!OsIg<gh<hMujk!kjmosb<uK!hx<xq?!-k<kjms<sm<mlieK!wkjeBl<!Gxqh<hqmuqz<jz/!

140 UNICEF-eiz<!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<hqx<G!upr<gh<hm<m!Ht<tq!uqhvr<gt<?!3118?!\euvq!23/ 141 hiIg<g 1949 o\equi!dme<hcg<jg?!svk<K 3; see also!sIuOks!osR<sqZjus<!sr<gl< (ICRC), sIuOks!leqkihqlies<!sm<mlvH (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005), see rule 99 and accompanying text. 142 nusvgizs<!sm<ml<!)hbr<gvuikl<!lx<Xl<!Gxqh<hqm<m!hbr<gvuik!fmucg<jggjt!kMk<kZl<!fqXk<KkZl<!nusvgizs<!sm<ml<*!3117/!sm<m!-z/8?!3117!csl<hI!7l<!kqgkq!fjmLjxg<G!ogi{<Muvh<hm<mK?!sm<m!-z/!3?!4/!!143 Ibid., sm<m!-z/!7


!

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3117!yg<Omihvqz<?!nusv!fqjzjlgt<!Nb<uitI!Fred Abrahams?!nusv!fqjzjlgt<!NOzisgI!Oliver Bercault?!Nsqbh<!hqvquqx<gie!NOzisgI!Andrew Kendle NgqObiI?!fie<G!uiv!gizlig!-zr<jgbqz<!Olx<ogi{<m!kguz<!Osgvqh<H!Nb<Uh<!h{qbqe<!nch<hjmbqOzOb!-u<uxqg<jgbieK!kbivqg<gh<hm<mK/!Fred Abrahams -u<uxqg<jgjb?!sqxiIgt<!dvqjlgt<!hqvquqe<!h{qh<hitI Jo becker nuIgTme<!OsIf<K!wPk<kig<gl<!osb<kiI/!!!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<hqe<!Oujzk<kqm<mh<!hqvquqe<!NOzisgI!Ian Gorvin, Nsqb!hqvqUg<gie!fqjxOux<xkqgiv!h{qh<hitI!Brad Adams,!lx<Xl<!sm<m!NOzisgI!James Ross!NgqObiI!-u<uxqg<jgjb!ofxqbig<gl<!osb<keI/!Nsqbh<!hqvquqe<!-j{bitI!Dominique Chambless,!-u<uxqg<jgjb!yPr<gjlh<hkx<G!dkuqeiI/!-u<uxqg<jgg<gie!kbivqh<H!dkuq?!Fitzroy Hepkins, Andrea Holley,!!Grace Choi!NgqObiviz<!upr<gh<hmmK/!!-k<kqm<mk<kqx<G!NkvU!upr<gqbjlg<gig!Cordaidg<G!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<H!fe<xq!okvquqg<gqe<xK/!!!-u<uxqg<jgg<gig!hivqb!ntuqz<!dkuqgjts<!osb<k?!-zr<jgbqz<!-Vg<Gl<!leqk!dvqjlgt<!osbx<him<mitIgTg<G?!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<H!ke<!fe<xqgjtk<!okvquqg<gqe<xK/!-zr<jgbqz<!fquiv{!njlh<Hg<gTme<!h{qbix<Xl<!hz!fhIgTl<!lqgh<!ohXlkqlqg<g!kguz<!ut!&zr<gtig!-Vh<hKl<!fq'h{ligqBt<tK/!!!!-ju!wz<ziux<Xg<Gl<!Olzig?!-zr<jgbqz<!gmk<kZg<G!dt<tie!sqxiIgtqe<!ohx<OxiIgt<?!lqgUl<!Nhk<kie!fqjzjlbqe<!gQPl<?!klK!Ofvk<jk!yKg<gq!kl<!nuzlie!fqjzjl!okimIhie!kguz<gjt!upr<gqbjlg<gig?!nuIgTg<G!wlK!fe<xqgt<!dvqk<kiGgqe<xe/!nuIgtqe<!sqxiIgt<!lqg!uqjvuqz<!kl<!uQMgTg<G!kqVl<hq!uv!Ou{<Ml<!we<x!nuIgtqe<!fl<hqg<jgg<G!-u<uxqg<jgbieK!slIh<h{ligqe<xK/!!!!!!!!!!!

!!

!!!!!


!!!!!!!

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!!

!\eikqhkq!lgqf<k!vi\hg<]!\eikqhkq!osbzgl<!ogiPl<H!>!zr<gi!12!-z/!:5!22!3442357x<G!okijzlmz<!(facsimile*!&zl<!nEh<hh<hm<mK!!OlkG!\eikqhkq!nuIgm<<G?!!-zr<jgbqe<!gqpg<Gh<!hqvif<kqbk<kqz<!sqxiIgt<!gmk<kh<hMl<!fqjzjl!okimIhig!lqGf<k!ng<gjxBme<!-jk!fie<!wPKgqOxe</!fQr<gt<!fe<xigOu!nxqf<Kt<thc?!sqxiIgjt!hzuf<klig!hqck<K!NBk!Olikz<gtqz<!=MhMk<Kl<!osbx<him<cz<!Hzqgt<!-bg<glieK!okimIs<sqbig!=Mhm<M!uf<kqVh<hKl<!.!sIuOks!leqkihqlies<!sm<mk<jkBl<!leqk!dvqjls<!sm<mk<jkBl<!Olislig!lQXgqe<x!-k<kjgb!osbx<him<jm!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<hieK!okimIs<sqbigUl<!gMjlbigUl<!g{<ck<K!uf<Kt<tK/!Neiz<?!sqxiIgjt!gmk<kq!NBk!Olikz<gtqz<!=MhMk<Kl<!fmucg<jggTg<G!-zr<jg!nvsir<gk<kqe<!hiKgih<H!hjmbqeVl<!dmf<jkbig!osbx<hMukig!lqgUl<!lejks<!sR<szh<!hMk<Kgqe<x!Nkivr<gt<?!n{<jlbqz<!wlg<G!gqjmk<Kt<te/!!nvsir<g!hiKgih<Hh<!hjmbqevqe<!sqz!hqvquqeIgt<!gV{i!GPuqeVg<G!dkuqBl<!yk<kijsBl<!upr<gq!uVukig?!NBk!Olikz<gtqz<!ngh<hm<Mt<t!sqxiIgt<!okimIhig?!osbzitI!fibgk<kqe<!uqOsm!hqvkqfqkqbqe<?!uqOsm!NOzisgvie?!K~KuI!nze<!ovig<!nuIgt<!gmf<k!uivl<!nxqg<jgobie<jx!outqbqm<cVf<kiI/!UNICEF!njlh<hqe<!nxqg<jgbqe<hc?!ng<GPuieK!3117!\`e<!likk<kqz<!lm<Ml<!lm<mg<gth<H!lium<mk<kqz<!261g<G!Olx<hm<m!sqxiIgjt!gmk<kqs<!ose<Xt<tK/!Wjeb!hz!gmk<kz<gt<?!nl<hijx!lx<Xl<!kqVOgi{ljz!lium<mr<gtqz<!fmk<kh<hm<Mt<te/!nvsir<glieK!-g<gmk<kz<gjt!ohiXjlbig!hiIk<Kg<!ogi{<cVg<gqxK!we<Xl<?!-ju!okimIhig!uqsivj{gjt!Olx<ogit<t!kuxqbqVg<gqxK!we<Xl<?!sqzOujtgtqz<!nkqz<!Ofvcbig!hr<Ogx<gqxK!we<Xl<?!K~KuI!ovig<!nuIgt<!%XgqxiI/!!

HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th Floor New York, NY 10118-3299 Tel: 212-290-4700 Fax: 212-736-1300 Email: [email protected]

Kenneth Roth, Executive Director Michele Alexander, Development & Outreach

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P rogram Di rec tors Brad Adams, Asia Holly Cartner, Europe & Central Asia Peter Takirambudde, Africa José Miguel Vivanco, Americas Sarah Leah Whitson, Middle East & North Africa Jamie Fellner, United States Joseph Amon, HIV/AIDS Peter Bouckaert, Emergencies Bruni Burres, International Film Festival Richard Dicker, International Justice Bill Frelick, Refugee Policy Arvind Ganesan, Business & Human Rights Steve Goose, Arms LaShawn R. Jefferson, Women’s Rights Scott Long, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Rights Joanne Mariner, Terrorism & Counterterrorism Lois Whitman, Children’s Rights

Advocacy D i rec tors Steve Crawshaw, United Nations Mariette Grange, Geneva Marianne Heuwagen, Berlin Lotte Leicht, European Union Tom Malinowski, Washington DC Tom Porteous, London

Boa rd o f D i rec tors Jane Olson, Chair Bruce J. Klatsky, Vice-Chair Sid Sheinberg, Vice-Chair John J. Studzinski, Vice-Chair Omar Amanat Lloyd Axworthy David M. Brown Jorge Castañeda Tony Elliott Michael G. Fisch Michael E. Gellert Richard J. Goldstone Vartan Gregorian James F. Hoge, Jr. Wendy Keys Robert Kissane Joanne Leedom-Ackerman Josh Mailman Susan Manilow Kati Marton Linda Mason Barry Meyer Pat Mitchell Joel Motley Samuel K. Murumba Catherine Powell Sigrid Rausing Victoria Riskin Kevin P. Ryan Darian W. Swig John R. Taylor Shibley Telhami Robert L. Bernstein, Founding Chair, (1979-1997) Jonathan F. Fanton, Chair (1998-2003) Bruce Rabb, Secretary

BERLIN · BRUSSELS · CHICAGO · GENEVA · LONDON · LOS ANGELES · MOSCOW · NEW YORK · SAN


!!!kqV/!\eikqhkqbuIgOt?!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<H!Skf<kqvlig!Olx<ogi{<m!kguz<!kqvm<Ml<<!Nb<UgTl<?!K~KuI!ovig<gqEjmb!kguz<gjt!dXkqh<hMk<Kgqe<xe/!gmf<k!likl<!fil<!gqpg<G!lium<mr<gtqz<!Olx<ogi{<m!Nb<uqe<!&zl<?!gV{i!GPuqeviiz<!Olx<ogit<th<hm<m!gmk<kz<gt<!lx<Xl<!nkqz<!nvsir<g!hiKgih<H!hjmbqeVg<G!-Vg<Gl<!hr<G!okimIhie!uqhvr<gt<!dm<hm?!Nm<Oshk<kqx<gqmlx<x!Nkivr<gjt!fil<!kqvm<cBt<Otil</!sqz!sl<hur<gtqe<OhiK?!gV{i!GP!nr<gk<kuIgt<!uf<K!sqxiIgjt!ogi{<M!osz<ukx<G!Le<eI?!sqxiIgjtBl<!-jtRIgjtBl<!-vi[uk<kqeI!Sx<xqujtk<K!nuIgtqe<!ohbIgjth<!hkqU!osb<Kt<teI/!gmk<kh<hm<m!klK!hqt<jtgt<!gV{i!Lgilqz<!kMk<K!jug<gh<hm<cVh<hjk!nh<ohx<OxiIgt<!okimIsqbig!g{<Mt<teI/!nK!lm<Mle<xq?!gmk<kh<hm<m!sqxii<gjt!lm<mg<gth<H!lium<mk<kqzqVf<K?!-vi[u!lx<Xl<!ohizQsivqe<!hz!Osikjes<!siucgjtg<!gmg<gilz<!ouzqgf<jkjb!$pUt<t!hGkqg<G!uiger<gt<!&zl<!ogi{<M!osz<z!LcbiK/!ohizQsivqeiz<!giuz<!gig<gh<hMl<?!lm<mg<gth<H!lx<Xl<!nl<hijx!lium<mr<gtqZt<t!TMVP!givqbizbr<gtqZl<!gmk<kh<hm<m!klK!hqt<jtgt<!-Vh<hjk!Wjeb!ohx<OxiIgt<!g{<Mt<teI/!!!wlK!hb{k<kqe<OhiK!kqvm<mh<hm<m!kguz<gtqe<!nch<hjmbqz<!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<hieK!nxqg<jgobie<jx!outqbqmUt<tK/!K~KuI!nze<!ovig<gqeiz<!Le<jug<gh<hm<m!Gx<xs<sim<Mg<gt<!okimIhig!uqsivj{gjt!Olx<ogit<Tl<hc!fQr<gt<!dk<kvuqm<Mt<tjl!okimIhig!fil<!lgqp<sqbjmgqOxil<//!ns<sikglie!fmucg<jg!okimIhig!fil<!wlK!nxqg<jgbqz<!Gxqh<hqMuOkiM?!gV{i!GP?!-vi[ul<?!ohizQsiI!dm<hm?!sm<mk<jk!lQxb!sgzjvBl<!sm<mk<kqe<!Le<!fqXk<Kukx<G!nvsir<gl<!Le<Lbx<sqgt<!wMk<kqVh<hqe<?!nju!okimIhigUl<!wlK!nxqg<jgbqz<!Ogicm<Mg<gim<m!uqVl<Hgqe<Oxil</!!!-kx<G!dr<gt<!kvh<hqzqVf<K!upr<Gl<!yk<kijsbig?!gmk<kz<<!fmucg<jgbqz<!gV{i!GPuqevKl<!nvsir<gk<kqeKl<!hr<G!okimIhie!uqsivj{gjt!Olx<ogit<ukx<G!njlg<gh<hm<Mt<t!uqsivj{h<!hqvqU!okimIhig!WkiuK!kguz<gt<!-Vh<hqe<!nux<jx!wlg<Gk<!kVliX?!dr<gt<!osbzgk<kqx<G!h{qh<Hjv!upr<Gl<hc!Ogm<Mg<ogit<gqOxil</!nu<uqsivj{h<!hqvquieK!biviz<!kjzjl!kir<gh<hMgqxK?!nu<uqsivj{h<!hqvqU!ujg!osiz<uK!biVg<G?!nK!wu<uiX!keK!uqsivj{gjt!Olx<ogit<th<!Ohigqe<xK@!Olx<osie<eju!okimIhig!biviuK!jgK!osb<bh<hm<M!fQkq!uqsivj{!fjmohXgqxki@!lx<Xl<!gmk<kz<gt<!fqXk<kh<hMujk!dXkq!osb<ukx<Gl<?!Wx<geOu!gmk<kh<hm<m!sqxiIgt<!hiKgih<hig!kl<!uQMgTg<G!nEh<hq!jug<gh<hMukx<Gl<<!nvsir<gl<!Olx<ogi{<Mt<t!Wjeb!fmucg<jggt<!hx<xqb!uqhvr<gjtBl<!nxqb!fil<!lqg!Nuzig!dt<Otil</!!!kqV/!\eikqhkqbuIgOt?!-zr<jgbqz<!lQ{<Ml<!hivqb!ntuqzie!NBk!Olikz<gt<!Nvl<hqk<kqVh<hjkbqm<M!fil<!Np<f<k!gujz!ogit<gqOxil</!-f<fqjzjlbiz<!!kuqIg<g!Lcbilz<!squqz<!lg<gOt!hikqh<Hg<Gt<tig!Ohigqe<xeI/!Neiz<?!Wx<hmg<%cb!hikqh<Hg<gt<!dr<gt<!kjzjlk<Kuk<kqe<!gQp<!Gjxg<gh<hmzil<!we!fil<!fl<HuOkiM?!lqg!Olislie!nk<KlQxz<gTg<G!dt<tigg<%cb!fqjzjlbqz<!dt<tuIgTg<G!Wx<hmg<%cb!hikqh<Hg<gTl<!Gjxg<gh<hmzil<!we!fl<HgqOxil</!!


nK!okimIhig!fQr<gt<!wMg<Gl<!wf<kuqklie!fmucg<jggt<!okimIhigUl<!csl<hI!5l<!kqgkqg<G!Le<eI!wlg<G!upr<gh<hMl<!kguz<gt<!njek<Kl<?!lqgk<!oktquig!-f<k!nxqg<jgbqz<!hqvkqhzqg<gh<hMl<!we<hjkBl<!okvquqg<gqe<Oxil</!!!!d{<jlBt<t!!Brad Adams !

!!hqvkq;!lgqf<k!slvsqr<a?!OhvpqUgt<!Lgijlk<Kul<!lx<Xl<!leqk!dvqjlgt<!njls<sI/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


!!!!!!!!!

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!!Brad Adams Nsqbh<!hqvqUh<!h{qh<hitI!leqk!dvqjlgt<!g{<gi{qh<H!njlh<H!!!!


!!!!!!!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!


!!!!!

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05.12.2006 Mr Brad Adams Asia DivisionDirector Human Rights watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th Floor New York, NY 10118-32909 ne<Hme<!kqV/!hqvm<!nml<̂ <?!!!-zr<jgk<!kQuqz<!ubK!Gjxf<k!fhIgt<?!NBkg<!GPg<gtiz<!hjmgtqz<!OsIg<gh<hMuK!hx<xqb!uqmbl<!okimIhig!3117/!ful<hI!39l<!kqgkq!fQr<gt<!nEh<hqb!gckk<kqx<G!fe<xq/!ubK!Gjxf<k!fhIgt<!wlK!-bg<gk<kqz<!Osvilz<!-Vh<hkx<gig!fil<!wMk<Kt<t!Lbx<sqgt<!okimIhig!nxqbk<kVukx<gig!-f<k!sf<kIh<hk<jkh<!hbe<hMk<Kukqz<!fie<!lgqp<sq!njmgqOxe</!!!n{<jlbqz<!fil<!nxquqk<Kt<t!sqxii<!hiKgih<H!sm<mlieK?!3118?!\euvq!8l<!kqgkq!nLZg<G!uvUt<tK/!nh<Hkqb!sm<mk<jk!Nr<gqzk<kqx<G!olipq!ohbIh<hkqz<!sx<Xg<!gizkilkl<!Wx<hm<Mt<tK/!wu<uixibqEl<?!sqxiI!hiKgih<H!nkqgiv!sjhbieK!nh<Hkqb!sm<mk<jk!dr<gTg<G!klqp<!olipqbqz<!uqjvuqz<!nEh<hqjug<Gl</!!-s<sm<ml<!nLz<hMk<kh<hMujk!g{<gi{qh<hkx<gig!fil<!sqxiI!hiKgih<H!nkqgiv!sjhjb!hzh<hMk<kqBt<Otil</!sqxii<!hiKgih<H!nkqgiv!sjhbqe<!fqhf<kje!uqtg<gr<gt<!(Terms of Reference)!-j{g<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!


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!S/h/klqp<osz<ue<!nvsqbz<!hqvqUk<!kjzuI!!!!!!

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HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH...6 kdpj cupikfs; fz;fhzpg;G mikg;G I.!sivil

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