History of Computing

Pre-test…

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETVAlcMXitk&feature=related

“If GM had kept up with technology like the computer industry has, we would all be driving $25 cars that got 1000 MPG” (Bill Gates)

“I think there's a world market for about five computers” (Thomas Watson)

The Abacus

May have been invented in Babylonia in the fourth century B.C.

Helps the user remember the current state of the calculation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boulier1.JPG

Napier’s Bones

Invented by John Napier in the 1600s

Simplifies multiplication and division

Based on logarithms http://isolatium.uhh.hawaii.edu/m198/w9/bones.gif

Pascal Calculator

Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642

Could add and subtract directly

Develeped to reduce the workload of his father who was a tax commissioner

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arts_et_Metiers_Pascaline_dsc03869.jpg

Jacquard Loom

Mechanical loom invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804

Controlled by punch cards that describe the design of the textile

Precursor to programming

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacquard.loom.cards.jpg

Babbage’s Difference Engine

Design by Charles Babbage in 1820 or 1821

Mechanical calculator to print astronomical tables

Next idea is the analytical engine

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlbQsKpq3Ak

http://history-computer.com/Babbage/Images/analiytical_engine1.jpg

Ada Lovelace

Augusta Ada Byron described on the Analytical Engine as weaving “algebraic patterns just as the Jacquard loom weaves flowers and leaves.”

Published an analysis of the Analytical Engine. In it she outlines the fundamentals of computer programming, including data analysis, looping and memory addressing.

http://www.fathom.com/feature/122251/3134_adalovelace_LG.html

Konrad Zuse

Almost is unanimously accepted as the inventor of the first programmable computer

The Z3 was completed in 1941

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2a6HMqsYnxk

http://www.konrad-zuse.de/

Atanasoff-Berry Computer The Atanasoff–Berry

Computer (ABC) was the first fully electronic computing device. It was successfully tested in 1942.

The ABC used binary arithmetic, electronic switching, and stored programs.

The ABC had been examined by John Mauchly in June 1941

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyxGIbtMS9E

http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Progress.html

Colossus

Colossus, a British computer used for code-breaking, is operational by December of 1943

The Colossus machines were by British codebreakers to help read encrypted German messages during World War II.

An improved Colossus Mark 2 first worked on 1 June 1944, just in time for the Normandy Landings.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colossus.jpg

The Harvard Mark I

Designed in the 1930s by Howard Aiken. Built in collaboration with IBM

Handled 23-digit numbers and performed all four arithmetic operations

http://www.sviokla.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/1944_harvard_markI_large2.jpg

Grace Murray Hopper

A pioneer in the field. Worked on the Mark I

“It's easier to ask forgiveness than it is to get permission”

Developed COBOL

U.S. Naval Historical Center Online Library Photograph NH 96919-KN

The First Bug

Discovered a moth stuck in a relay

She remarked that they were “debugging” the system”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57bfxsiVTd4

U.S. Naval Historical Center Online Library Photograph NH 96566-KN

ENIAC

In April 1943, the Army contracted with the Moore School to build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC).

John Mauchly led the conceptual design while J. Presper Eckert led the hardware engineering on ENIAC.

Programming was initially accomplished with patch cords and switches, and reprogramming took days.

U.S. Army Photo" from K. Kempf

Mauchly and Eckert

John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert designed ENIAC, as well as EDVAC, BINAC, and the UNIVAC I the first commercial computer made in the US.

Together they started the first computer company, the Eckert-Mauchley Computer Corporation (EMCC), and pioneered fundamental computer concepts.

Mauchley’s visit to Atanasoff to see the ABC led to a lawsuit.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4wQJfdhOlU

http://www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/rbm/mauchly/jwmconc.html

Women and Programming Interestingly most of

the programming of the early computers were done by women.

Men built the hardware, women did most of the programming

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Jh5SCM75Xg

U.S. Army Photo" number 163-12-62.

John Von Neumann

A mathematician who made major contributions to a vast range of fields

Was a key player in the development of the atomic bomb

Credited with developing the stored program concept.

Worked with Mauchley and Eckert on EDVAC

http://www.lanl.gov/history/atomicbomb/images/NeumannL.GIF

UNIVAC

The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer I) was the first commercial computer produced in the United States. It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

Design work was begun by their company, Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, and was completed after the company had been acquired by Remington Rand.

The first UNIVAC was delivered to the United States Census Bureau on March 31, 1951

Department of the Army, Ballistic Research Laboratories

IBM and the Seven Dwarfs In 1964, IBM owned 70% of the computing

market

There were seven other companies producing a competing product: Remington Rand Burroughs NCR Control Data Corporation General Electric RCA Honeywell

IBM 700/7000 Series

The IBM 700/7000 series was a series of large scale (mainframe) computer systems made by IBM through the 1950s and early 1960s http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibm704.gif

IBM 360 Series

The IBM System/360 (S/360) was a mainframe computer system family first announced by IBM on April 7, 1964, and sold between 1964 and 1978

It was the first family of computers designed to cover the complete range of applications, from small to large, both commercial and scientific

The chief architect of the S/360 was Gene Amdahl, and the project was managed by Fred Brooks

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IBM360-65-1.corestore.jpg

The Transistor

Vacuum tubes were extremely unreliable, used too much power and produced too much heat

The transistor was invented in 1947 at Bell Labs by a team led by physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley

http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/transistorexperiments.html

The Integrated Circuit

Transistors had become commonplace they were smaller and more reliable than vacuum tubes. But there was a limit on how small you could make each transistor.

Jack Kilby in 1958 working at Texas Instruments realized that all parts of a circuit, not just the transistor, could be made out of silicon by September 12 he had built a working model

In January of 1959, Robert Noyce working at Fairchild Semiconductor also realized a whole circuit could be made on a single chip.

http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/downloadphotos.shtml

Digital Equipment Corporation Founded by Ken Olsen

and Harlan Anderson in 1958

Sold minicomputers. Probably the most famous were the PDP and VAX computers

In 1984 introduced networking to their computers. They were the 5th company to register a .com domain name.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDP-8.jpg

The Altair

The MITS Altair 8800 was a microcomputer design from 1975 based on the Intel 8080 CPU

The Altair is widely recognized as the spark that led to the microcomputer revolution of the next few years

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgVw_k4acsk

Microsoft

Established on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800

IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP/M OS, which was set to be used in the upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC).

For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, branding it as MS-DOS, which IBM rebranded to PC-DOS.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izrlj2Swsbc

http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/presskits/leadership/gallery.mspx

Apple

Apple was established on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne

The Apple I personal computer kit was hand-built by Wozniak and first shown to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club

The Lisa in 1983 became the first personal computer sold to the public with a GUI

In 1984, Apple launched the Macintosh.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7I8b_GkMp4&feature=related

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_I.jpg

IBM PC

The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC was introduced on August 12, 1981.

Made of off the shelf parts and had an open architecture.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibm_pc_5150.jpg

Further Resources

Triumph of the Nerds (PBS) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jV3J

dtaOGc&feature=PlayList&p=4D5CD637F73C24C7&index=0&playnext=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xi-g0ievM-4&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKw3KM3MmLo&feature=related

The Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999)

Xerox Star

Introduced by Xerox Corporation in 1981. It was the first commercial system to incorporate A bitmapped display A window-based graphical user

interface Icons Folders Mouse Ethernet networking File servers, print servers and e-

mail.

Not meant to be a stand-alone computer, but to be part of an integrated Xerox "personal office system”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rank_Xerox_8010%2B40_brochure_front.jpg

Influence of the Star

Was the blueprint for what we call a computer today Members of the Apple Lisa team saw Star at its

introduction at NCC '81 and converted their desktop manager to an icon-based interface modeled on the Star

Microsoft worked with Apple Computer to develop several Desk Accessories and other minor pieces of software that were included with early Macintosh system software

Larry Tesler left Xerox to join Apple in 1980 and joined the Lisa team

Charles Simonyi left to join Microsoft in 1981. He later led the development of Microsoft office.

The Internet

The origins of the Internet reach back to research in the 1960s commissioned by the United States government

Today, after more than a century of electric technology, we have extended our central nervous system itself in a global embrace, abolishing both space and time as far as our planet is concerned Marshall McLuhan,

Understanding Media, 1964. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birth_of_the_Internet.jpg

The World Wide Web

Arthur C. Clarke predicted that satellites would one day "bring the accumulated knowledge of the world to our fingertips”

Tim Berners-Lee developed the system that we refer to as the world wide web.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tim_Berners-Lee.jpg

Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, where shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand, like the electricity grid.

Details are abstracted from the users, who no longer have need for expertise in, or control over, the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them.

The picture on the right is one of Google's data centers in Oregon, which is the size of a football field and holds thousands of servers.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRwPSFpLX8I

Craig Mitchelldyer/Getty Images

iPod

The iPod is a portable media player designed and marketed by Apple and launched on October 23, 2001

Still a computer, but looks very different. Focuses on one application instead of being general purpose http://www.flickr.com/photos/84018923@N00/338087372/

iPad

A tablet computer designed and developed by Apple marketed as a platform for audio and visual media such as books, periodicals, movies, music, and games, as well as web content

Controlled by a multi-touch display

Uses Wi-Fi or a 3G mobile data connection to connect to the Internet

http://www.apple.com/ipad/

Startrek

A Review

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfU___GMMJw&feature=related