- Habitat types - Adaptive traits: desiccation tolerance ......- Cultural importance and...
Transcript of - Habitat types - Adaptive traits: desiccation tolerance ......- Cultural importance and...
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Flora and vegetation of tropical inselbergs:
adaptive traits, species richness and
conservation
Stefan Porembski, University of Rostock
- Habitat types
- Adaptive traits: desiccation tolerance, carnivory
- Cultural importance and Conservation
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Wilhelm Bornhardt
Bornhardt
1900: Inselberg Insel: island Berg: mountain
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Inselbergs are old habitat islands
Geomorphol. bekannt
Biologie unbekannt
- Geomorphology
well known
- Biology
largely neglected
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Inselbergs: terrestrial habitat islands
to square kilometers
from square meters
- Size spectrum
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from sea level…
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Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo, Sabah
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Granitic and gneissic inselbergs - Habitat types
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Lichens and cyanobacteria on inselbergs
Lichen-inselberg
Cyanobacteria-inselberg
Peltula
Ink strips
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Seasonally water-filled rock pools
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Seasonally water-filled rock pools
Dopatrium longidens (Scrophulariaceae)
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Rock pools
– „grinding holes“
tropical Africa
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- Spatial species turnover in rock pools: stochasticity
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Ephemeral flush vegetation
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Ecological attributes of ephemeral flush vegetation
• Highly seasonal plant
community
• Small habitat size
• Annuals dominating
• Small size of plants
• High species richness
• Shallow substrate
• Lack of nutrients
• High percentage of
carnivorous plants
dry season aspect
Burmannia spp. Utricularia spp. Xyris spp.
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Utricularia menziesii
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Evolution and systematics of
carnivorous plants
- Lamiales/Lentibulariaceae: Utricularia, subcosmopolitan
ca. 15% aquatic ca. 85% terrestrial
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Phylogeny of Lentibulariaceae
Lamiales/Lentibulariaceae: Genlisea, Neotropics, Africa, Madagascar
2 mm
Rhizophylls
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Smallest angiosperm genomes
Arabidopsis thaliana 157 Mbp Genlisea margaretae 63 Mbp
Greilhuber et al. 2006
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Smallest Angiosperm Genomes Found in Lentibulariaceae,
with Chromosomes of Bacterial Size
J. Greilhuber, T. Borsch, K. Müller, A. Worberg, S. Porembski, W. Barthlott (2006)
Pisum Arabidopsis
Genlisea margaretae
Genlisea lobata
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Parallel evolution of desiccation-tolerant
arborescent monocotyledons
- Cyperaceae and Velloziaceae: mat-forming in
tropical Africa and South America
Coleochloa
Trilepis
Pleurostima Afrotrilepis pilosa
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Desiccation-tolerant vascular plants
- Homoiohydrous:
> 99% of land plants
- Poikilohydrous:
< 1% of land plants
„Problems“:
- very slow growth
- large investments
(protection, repair)
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Desiccation tolerant vascular plants - Adaptations to unpredictable water scarcity
Drying without dying: Desiccation tolerant vascular
plants: „resurrection plants“
Microdracoides squamosus
Myrothamnus moschatus
dry wet dry
dry wet dry
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- Vascular plants are rarely desiccation tolerant (c. 1500 spp.)
- ferns dominate (filmy ferns!)
- important angiosperm families: Velloziaceae,
Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Boryaceae, Gesneriaceae,
Linderniaceae, Myrothamnaceae, Bromeliaceae (?)
Desiccation tolerant vascular plants
Rock outcrops and tree canopies are centers
of diversity for „resurrection plants“
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Borya Xerophyta
-Desiccation-tolerant, arborescent monocots
convergent evolution of the tree habit
Microdracoides
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General facts about inselbergs
- globally distributed, old terrestrial habitat islands
- c. 15.000 – 20.000 species of vascular plants
- many species locally restricted (endemics)
- possession of specific adaptive traits
- almost no gymnosperms, ferns, „derived“ angiosperms
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trop. Africa: species number low, ß-diversity low
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Study sites of inselbergs
in Madagascar
c. 900 spp. (8% of total flora)
high beta diversity!
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Brazil, Minas Gerais
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Australia USA
Species richness on inselbergs can be high in tropical and temperate regions
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precambrian
granites
(e.g. Brittany)
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Megaliths at the Atlantic Fringe
It has been suggested that the great megalithic
monuments found on the Atlantic fringes of Europe –
such as the alignments at Carnac, Brittany;
chambered tombs like West Kennet, Avon with its
spectacular façade and ultimately the tradition which
resulted in the great trilithons at Stonehenge come
from a particular sociocultural mix of the indigenous
Mesolithic people and the arrival of people with a
tradition of farming. Certainly these monuments
attest a complex relationship between peoples and
places – and it can be argued that they remind us
that the “Neolithic Revolution” was as much a shift in
ideas and attitudes as it was a change in ecology
and economy. Image of Carnac from -
http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/megalithes/fr/index.html; Image
of Stonehnge from – http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/stonehenge/
Carnac alignments West Kennet
Stonehenge
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The Amazonian
Stonehenge
Amapa, Brazil
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Mecca
Mt. Arafat
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Hadsch
Mt. Arafat
Mecca
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tombs, Angola
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Inselbergs in Megacities:
- Atlanta
- Bangalore
- Mecca
- Rio de Janeiro
- Yaoundé
- Albany
Quantifying human pressure
on inselbergs
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Granite quarries
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Microdracoides squamosus: a species at risk
Fire!
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Invasive species on inselbergs
- Inselbergs are evolutionary
springboards of invasive species
- Habitat fragmentation increases the
percentage of exotic weeds on
inselbergs
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Rapid Global Destruction of Rock Outcrops
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‘Gene flow in [A. imperialis] is considerably
lower than expected … too low to prevent
differentiation due to drift … the ability of
pollinating bats to promote gene exchange
between inselbergs is smaller than
previously assumed.’ Photos T. Barbara
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General facts about inselbergs
- globally distributed old terrestrial habitat islands
- c. 15.000 – 20.000 species of vascular plants
- many species locally restricted (endemics)
- possession of specific adaptive traits
- almost no gymnosperms, ferns, „derived“ angiosperms
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Tropical rock outcrops
- Granite/gneiss inselbergs
- Sandstone table mountains
- Quartzitic outcrops
- Ferricretes (ironstone)
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1991
2009
Monitoring:
Remarkable constancy
(Cyperus submicrolepis,
Ivory Coast)
Establish permanent
plots!!!
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Potential area of occurrence: Southeastern Brazil
Bromeliads: endemic species on inselbergs
Sugar Loaf Biodiversity Center
Unpubl. data
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Desiccation tolerance in the resurrection grass Oropetium thomaeum.
a, Well watered. b, Desiccated (relative water content <5%) after 9 days of drought stress.
c, Condition 24 h post-hydration (relative water content >70%).
The smallest known grasss genome: 244 Mb, VanBuren et al. 2015