“葵花宝典”---小姜老师的GRE Argu公开课---Lecture-8

7/27/2019 --- GRE Argu ---Lecture-8

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James JiangJames Jiang2012 Fall2012 Fall

??GRE ArguGRE Argu

GRE Open CourseMake Excellent Education

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Materials used in this lecture mainly come fromSaving My Revised GRE Argu

Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved.

Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012


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Open CourseOpen Course

MakeMakeExcellent EducationExcellent EducationEasily AccessibleEasily Accessible


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Revised GRE ArguRevised GRE ArguLecture 8Lecture 8

James JiangJames JiangSept XX, 2012


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1


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Logical Fallacies IntroductionHasty GeneralizationEither/or FallacyPost hoc ergo propter hoc


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ContentsContents Argu Argu


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False AnalogyConfusing Cause and EffectFallacyBiased Sample FallacyComplex Cause Fallacy


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The Fallacy of DivisionThe Fallacy of CompositionAll Things Are EqualNon Sequitur


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Bandwagon AppealCircular ReasoningRed HerringQuestionable Authority


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Appeal to Common PracticeAppeal to TraditionAppeal to NoveltyStraw Man Fallacy


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2


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ArgumentArgument


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ArgumentHeating Oil 6 60145146

150154155Margarine 5 1551130

131133On-the-job Accidents 5 32104105

106167

ContentsContents Argu

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ArgumentArgument


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Symphony and Funding 5 61139141143162

All-female College 5 74147148

149156Cheating and Honor Code 4 22119120

138Jazz Music Club 4 25100102

164


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ArgumentArgument


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Showerhead Water Flow 4 3552128129

Liquid Hand Soap 4 62121122

124Pest Control 4 78114116

117Speed Reading Course 4 113126127

161


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ArguArgu

specific instruction

transition wordsArgument

component

evidenceconclusion


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ArguArgu

logical fallaciesArgument

reasoning line

insufficient evidence

stated or

unstated assumption


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ArguArgu

counterexamples

alternative

explanations

unsolved question


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3


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60The following appeared in a letter from a firm providinginvestment advice for a client.

"Most homes in the northeastern United States, where winters are typically

cold, have traditionally used oil as their major fuel for heating. Last heating

season that region experienced 90 days with below-normal temperatures,

and climate forecasters predict that this weather pattern will continue for

several more years. Furthermore, many new homes are being built in the

region in response to recent population growth. Because of these trends,

we predict an increased demand for heating oil and recommend

investment in Consolidated Industries, one of whose major business

operations is the retail sale of home heating oil."

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated

assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument

depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the

argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.


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60The following appeared in a letterletter from afirm providing investmentinvestment advice for a client.


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Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved.Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012


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MostMost homes in the northeastern Unitedhomes in the northeastern UnitedStates, where winters areStates, where winters are typicallytypically cold,cold,havehave traditionallytraditionally used oil as theirused oil as their majormajor

fuel for heating.fuel for heating.


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LastLast heatingheating seasonseason that regionthat regionexperiencedexperienced 9090 days withdays with belowbelow--normalnormaltemperatures, andtemperatures, and climateclimate forecastersforecasterspredictpredict that this weather patternthat this weather pattern willwill

continue for severalcontinue for several moremore yearsyears..


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FurthermoreFurthermore, many, many newnew homes are beinghomes are beingbuilt in the region in response tobuilt in the region in response to recentrecent

populationpopulation growthgrowth..


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BecauseBecause ofofthese trends, wethese trends, we predictpredict ananincreasedincreased demand for heating oil anddemand for heating oil and

recommendrecommend investmentinvestment in Consolidatedin ConsolidatedIndustries, one of whoseIndustries, one of whose majormajor businessbusiness

operations is the retail sale of homeoperations is the retail sale of home

heating oil.heating oil.


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4


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15The following memorandum is from the business manager ofHappy Pancake House restaurants.

"Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake

House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. This

change, however, has had little impact on our customers. In fact, only

about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average

of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many

servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do

not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these

customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term

'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.

Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative

explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how

your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the

argument.


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Write a response in which you discuss one or morealternative explanations that could rival the proposed

explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can

plausibly account for the facts presented in the

argument.


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15The following memorandum is from thebusiness managerof Happy Pancake House

restaurants.


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"Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in HappyPancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United

States. This change, however, has had little impact on our

customers. In fact, only about 2 percent of customers have

complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are

happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reportedthat a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain

when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these

customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the

term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.


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RecentlyRecently, butter has been, butter has been replacedreplaced bybymargarine in Happy Pancake Housemargarine in Happy Pancake House

restaurantsrestaurants throughoutthroughout the southwesternthe southwesternUnited States.United States.


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In factIn fact,, onlyonly aboutabout 2 percent2 percent of customersof customershave complained,have complained, indicatingindicating that anthat an

average ofaverage of9898 people out ofpeople out of100100 are happyare happywith the change.with the change.


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FurthermoreFurthermore,, manymany servers haveservers have reportedreportedthat a number of customers who ask forthat a number of customers who ask forbutter dobutter do notnot complain when they arecomplain when they are

given margarinegiven margarine insteadinstead..


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ClearlyClearly,, eithereither these customers dothese customers do notnotdistinguish butter from margarinedistinguish butter from margarine oror theythey

use the term 'butter' touse the term 'butter' to referrefer toto eithereitherbutter or margarine.butter or margarine.


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32The following appeared in a memo from a vice president ofQuiot Manufacturing.

"During the past year, Quiot Manufacturing had 30 percent more on-the-job

accidents than at the nearby Panoply Industries plant, where the work

shifts are one hour shorter than ours. Experts say that significant

contributing factors in many on-the-job accidents are fatigue and sleep

deprivation among workers. Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-jobaccidents at Quiot and thereby increase productivity, we should shorten

each of our three work shifts by one hour so that employees will get

adequate amounts of sleep."

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated

assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument

depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the



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Write a response in which you examine the statedand/orunstated assumptions of the argument. Be

sure to explain how the argument depends on these

assumptions and what the implications are for the



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32The following appeared in a memo from avice president of Quiot Manufacturing.


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"During the past year, Quiot Manufacturing had 30percent more on-the-job accidents than at the nearby

Panoply Industries plant, where the work shifts are one

hour shorter than ours. Experts say that significant

contributing factors in many on-the-job accidents arefatigue and sleep deprivation among workers.

Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents

at Quiot and thereby increase productivity, we should

shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so

that employees will get adequate amounts of sleep."


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During the past yearDuring the past year, Quiot Manufacturing, Quiot Manufacturinghadhad 3030 percentpercent more onmore on--thethe--job accidentsjob accidents

thanthan at the nearby Panoply Industries plant,at the nearby Panoply Industries plant,where the work shifts arewhere the work shifts are oneone hourhour shortershorter

thanthan ours.ours.


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ExpertsExperts say thatsay that significantsignificant contributingcontributingfactors infactors in manymany onon--thethe--job accidents arejob accidents are

fatigue and sleep deprivation amongfatigue and sleep deprivation amongworkers.workers.


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ThereforeTherefore, to, to reducereduce the number of onthe number of on--thethe--job accidents at Quiot andjob accidents at Quiot and therebythereby increaseincreaseproductivity, weproductivity, we shouldshould shorten each of ourshorten each of our

threethree work shifts bywork shifts by oneone hourhour soso thatthatemployeesemployees willwill getget adequateadequate amounts ofamounts of

sleep.sleep.


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61The following appeared in an article in the Grandview Beacon."For many years the city of Grandview has provided annual funding for the

Grandview Symphony. Last year, however, private contributions to the

symphony increased by 200 percent and attendance at the symphony's

concerts-in-the-park series doubled. The symphony has also announced

an increase in ticket prices for next year. Given such developments, some

city commissioners argue that the symphony can now be fully self-supporting, and they recommend that funding for the symphony be

eliminated from next year's budget."

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be

answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the

argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the

answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.


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Write a response in which you discuss what questionswould need to be answered in order to decide whether

the recommendation and the argument on which it is

based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the

answers to these questions would help to evaluate therecommendation.


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61The following appeared in an article in theGrandview Beacon.


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"For many years the city of Grandview has providedannual funding for the Grandview Symphony. Last year,

however, private contributions to the symphony

increased by 200 percent and attendance at the

symphony's concerts-in-the-park series doubled. Thesymphony has also announced an increase in ticket

prices for next year. Given such developments, some

city commissioners argue that the symphony can now

be fully self-supporting, and they recommend that

funding for the symphony be eliminated from next year's

budget."


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ForFor many yearsmany years the city of Grandview hasthe city of Grandview hasprovided annual funding for the Grandviewprovided annual funding for the Grandview

Symphony.Symphony.


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LastLast yearyear,, howeverhowever, private contributions to, private contributions tothe symphonythe symphony increasedincreased byby 200200 percentpercent

and attendance at the symphony'sand attendance at the symphony'sconcertsconcerts--inin--thethe--park seriespark series doubleddoubled..


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The symphony hasThe symphony has alsoalso announced anannounced anincreaseincrease in ticket prices forin ticket prices for nextnext yearyear..


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Given such developments, some cityGiven such developments, some citycommissionerscommissioners argueargue that the symphonythat the symphony

can now be fully selfcan now be fully self--supporting, and theysupporting, and theyrecommendrecommend that funding for the symphonythat funding for the symphony

bebe eliminatedeliminated fromfrom nextnext year'syear's budget.budget.


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Summary of Lecture 8Summary of Lecture 8


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Thank youThank youNext Lecture: 2012Next Lecture: 2012--0909--XXXX 21:05 PM21:05 PM

(Beijing Time)(Beijing Time)


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GRE Open CourseGRE Open Course


Easily Accessible

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu

“葵花宝典”---小姜老师的GRE Argu公开课---Lecture-8

Documents

Transcript of “葵花宝典”---小姜老师的GRE Argu公开课---Lecture-8