First Estate: clergy › higher clergy (wealthy families, luxury) › lower clergy (middle/lower...
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Transcript of First Estate: clergy › higher clergy (wealthy families, luxury) › lower clergy (middle/lower...
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First Estate: clergy›higher clergy (wealthy families, luxury)
› lower clergy (middle/lower classes)
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Second Estate: nobility›highest offices in gvt. & army
›very well off, but often jealous of King
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Third Estate: peasants, workers, mid. class›Carried tax burden; hardest working
›middle class: bourgeoisie (next slide)
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Middle class of Third Estate›merchants, bankers, doctors, lawyers
Money & Educations, but w/o noble bloodlines
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Philosophes greatly influenced them›Challenged nobility & clergy as natural leaders (Enlightenment)
Sick of paying all of the taxes
Pushed Revolution forward
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Louis XVI calls meeting Estates-General
Delegates Third Estate insist on equal vote in Estates-General
Louis XVI refuses & closes doors
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Third Estate: meets on palace tennis court insisted France adopt Constitution›called themselves National Assembly
›Tennis Court Oath
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Louis XVI ordered other 2 Estates join›also calls in 18,000 troops to Paris
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LOUIS XVI
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Parisians › food shortages, unemployment, high prices
›worried about 18,000 soldiers
›worried about National Assembly
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Charged the prison› over 100 Parisians killed› warden & mayor killed (heads paraded)
July 14, 1789 Bastille Day› most important holiday in France
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Major Reforms› feudalism abolished›Catholic Church: no longer collect taxes
›all positions in Church, Army, & Govt open to all citizens regardless of birth
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›Declaration of Rights of Man
›Constitution of 1791›adult males granted suffrage (vote)
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DECLARATION OF THE
RIGHTS OF MAN
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Slogan of French Revolution
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JACOBINS (THE MOUNTAIN)› RADICAL REVOLUTIONARIES› ROBESPIERRE & DANTON› FIRED UP SANS-CULOTTES
GIRONDISTS› REPS FROM OUTSIDE OF PARIS
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Women march to Versailles›Demand bread
Men soon follow Louis, Antoinette, & family forced to Paris
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Louis XVI & family attempt to flee
Divisions grow between Bourgeoisie
France declares war on Austria› Austria warns citizens not to harm royals
› King & Marie Antoinette killed
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nearly all of Europe joins in War effort
Jacobins take over war effort
Conscription: People’s Army formed› 1 million strong
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Brissot=Girondin leader Assembly
Danton=Jacobin leader of club
Robespierre=Jacobin lawyer
Marat=Jacobin writer
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Guillotine
GUILLOTINE
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Robespierre: leader of Jacobins›creates program to silence critics Committee of Public Safety
›1793-1794: 29,000 killed by the big G…
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› many thrown in jail w/o trial; many die
› guillotine = symbol of Revolution
› Robespierre arrested & chopped
› moderates (Girondists) take over once again
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INCREDIBLE people’s movement
Promoted individual rights & liberties
Abolished feudalism & slavery
Introduced new style of warfare
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› Citizen’s army (conscription = the draft)
› TOTAL WAR: whole nation unites in war men & women all ages, everyone has role
Spirit of nationalism (pride)
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Economic & social problems continue Led campaigns in Austria & Egypt
› soldiers found Rosetta Stone (hieroglyphics)
Coup Successful: placed a popular general in charge (Napoleon)
Napoleon attempted to replace Directory› Unsuccessful: so he drove it out w/ force
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I wonder if I can take this horse off some sweet
jumps?
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Napoleon needs approval of bourgeoisie › his policies reflected this
Promoted trade, created new jobs, lowered prices on food, stablized money
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Recognized land taken during Revolution› peasants & workers keep stolen land
Allowed 2nd Estate comeback w/o punishment (emigres)
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Napoleon signs treaties with Sp. & Port.
Soon wars break out (balance of power)›Austria, Prussia, & Russia›Napoleon woops ‘em (making France #1)
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Napoleon controls nearly all of Europe
Then Trafalgar: next slide
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ARC DE TRIOMPHE
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Britain blockaded French ports› Britain seized French ships
Napoleon attacks & loses ½ his ships
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British lose 0 British: Horatio Nelson Napoleon gives up on
plans to invade Britain. Tries something else
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Napoleon sets up Continental System›Defeat England= no English imports into Europe
›didn’t work
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› People smuggled & traded w/ colonies
› Portugal doesn’t use Continental SystemNapoleon conquers Portugal & Spain; puts brother in charge
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Based on Declaration of Rights of Man›NO feudalism & class privilege
›Freedom of all religions›Protect property rights
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› Individual liberties & natural rights
› Each state given constitution & Parliament
› Free public education for all Napoleon spreads
Enlightenment ideals all over Europe
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Russia traded w/ Britain ›violated Continental System
Napoleon organizes Grand Army›614,000 soldiers
Russians slowly retreated; burned everything
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Napoleon to Moscow (nothing left)
Harsh winter, disease, starvation, & desertion forced Napoleon to retreat
Less than 40,000 soldiers survived campaign
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As Napoleon retreats, united front of nations declare war on France
“Battle of Nations” ›Napoleon abdicated, sent to Elba
›Louis XVIII placed in power
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Quadruple Alliance Prussia, Russia, Austria, &
Great Britain› prevent France from conquering Europe
Napoleon escapes from Elba
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ELBA
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Napoleon lands French coast w/ 1000 men
Louis XVIII sends troops to capture him
Napoleon arrives in Paris w/ overwhelming acceptance
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Quadruple Alliance prepares itself for war
Napoleon’s troops crushed at Waterloo
Napoleon exiled to St. Helena; dies there
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EMPORER NAPOLEON
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Positives:› Established education as priority
› Compromised with Church› Promoted ideals of Revolution
› Enlightenment ideals spread across EuropeNatural rights
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Negatives:› ignored many individual freedomsNo: free elections, free press, heavy war taxes, took title of emperor, the draft
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Idea (Goals)
Struggle (Challenges Government)
Revolt (Work toward Goals)
Mass Upheaval (Restructure)
Oppression
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This process is uncontrollable There must be a someone to assume
role of "Liberator-Hero“ Key Enlightenment ideals
› Popular sovereignty, individual freedom, political and legal equality, and the social contract
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Mercantile (trade) policies of Great Britain
Dependence status of colonies symbolized by “no taxation without representation”
Enlightenment ideas
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Noncompliance of British laws Retaliation by the British Protests: boycotts, violence, letters, and
declarations to the British Crown Cycle of rising protests and reprisals Declaration of Independence, 1776 Alliances with Britain’s enemies Peace Treaty, 1783
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Establishment of the United States of America in 1776
Recognition by other nations and finally the British
Loss of territory and revenues by the British
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Long Term effects of rule by absolute monarchy
Policies of Louis XVI National debt and financial collapse Privileges assigned to the nobility;
abuses
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Privileges assigned to the Roman Catholic Church; abuses
Rise of the bourgeoisie; rivalry for power with nobles and Church
Conditions of peasants; series of poor harvests
Conditions of urban workers, sans culottes
Enlightenment ideas; philosophes
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Four Stages Aristocrats challenge king Bourgeoisie challenge voting process in
Estates-General Popular revolution, the people in the
cities, Paris, especially; support the bourgeoisie
Peasants in the countryside; support the revolution in Paris
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French Republic: National ConventionDirectory
Unsolved Problems:› Continuing war with Great Britain, Austria› Corrupt politicians› Bread riots› Anger over policies related to the Church› Growing royalist support
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National Assembly Formal abolition of feudalism Declaration of the Rights of Man
and the Citizen Revocation of privileges of the Roman
Catholic Church; reorganization of the Church under the state
Set up limited monarchy
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National Convention Abolished the monarchy and the aristocracy Extended voting rights to more but not all
male citizens
Committee of Public Safety Reign of Terror (Jacobin Club)
Directory 5-man council, absolute powerNapoleon asked to assume power
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