© FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Renewable Energy...

© FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011

Renewable Energy Resources:Regional Potential and Ecological Impact

Assessment

Bernhard Zimmer

Bavarian Institute for Sustainable Development

Hosemannstraße 2883451 Piding, Germany

Contact: [email protected]


Regional Potential

water power for generation of electricity

wind power for generation of electricity

solar power for generation of heat and electricity

(photovoltaics)

biomass for for generation of heat and electricity

biomass for biofuel and biogas production


Utilization of solar power in Southern Germany


Utilization of solar power in Southern Germany

Districts of Traunstein and Berchtesgadener Land


Strength of renewable energy resources

peripheral, local sources

local exploitation is possible

regional and local value creation (economic potential)

potential for small and medium-sized companies


Weakness of renewable energy resources

uneven sources (e.g. wind, solar power)

renewable but not unlimited (e.g. biomasses)

not without impacts on environment

sometimes in competition to food production (e.g. cornbased biogas)


Life Cycle Assessment, tool to estimate environmental impacts


Impact Categoriesfor Natural Resources and Land Use

input related categories(resource depletion or competition)abiotic resources (funds, flows)biotic resources (funds e.g. biodiversity)Land

output related categories(pollution)•global warming potential (GWP100) •depletion of stratospheric ozone•ecotoxicological impacts•human toxicological impacts•formation of photo-oxidants•acidification•eutrophication•odour•noise•radiation•casualties•...


LCA of wood chips was part of the project:

•Supply of forest wood chips:

•economical and environmental assessment (LCA) of

current supply chains

(3 years; Budget: 500.000 €)

•Main task of the project was to identify the strengths and weaknesses of current supply chains as well as assessing their economical and environmental impacts.


Relationsship between heating values and water content

water content [%]

mass of combustible per kg ovendried mass

lower heating

value (Hu)

upper heating

value (Ho)

amount of energy based on Hu

amount of energy based on Ho


Supply chain – modules of investigation (LCA)

Forest management

Chipping

Transports

Energy combustion Ash treatment

Electricity Heat

different harvesting and hauling systems were investigated

steady state chipping and mobil chipping on the forest roads

transport by tractors and different trucks

Storage of wood chipsloss of mass and heating value eg. by fungi


Harvesting traditional

Bernhard Zimmer


Harvesting and hauling - mechanized


Feller-buncher-sytems - thinnings


Bunching of forest residues


Wood chips – forest chips


Chipping


Transport by tractor and agricultural systems


Transport by trucks


Transport by railway – long distance transports


Transports: specific primary energy consumption

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Entfernung [km]

Ene

rgie

verb

rauc

h [k

Wh/

MW

h]

MIX-50%-15Srm-16l/h MIX-50%-15Srm-26l/h

MIX-30%-LKW-45Srm MIX-50%-LKW-35Srm

MIX-50%-LKW-45Srm MIX-30%-LKW-100Srm-Nahverkehr

MIX-30%-LKW-100Srm-Fernverkehr MIX-50%-LKW-100Srm-Nahverkehr

MIX-50%-LKW-100Srm-Fernverkehr MIX-30%-Bahn

MIX-50%-Bahn

distance [km]

Ene

rgy

cons

umpt

ion

[kW

h/M

Wh]


Combined heat and power generation (up to 60 MW)


Specific primary energy consumption

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70p

rim

ary

en

erg

y c

on

su

mp

tio

n [

kW

h/M

Wh

]

transport 2 21,1 32,3 5,8 8,9 2,6 4,0 2,6 4,0 2,6 4,0

transport 1 3,5 5,4

chipping 10,9 16,6 3,8 5,8 3,0 4,7 3,0 4,7 3,0 4,7

hauling 6,3 9,7 2,7 4,2 2,4 3,7 3,2 4,9 6,9 9,7

harvesting 3,9 6,0 3,9 6,0 5,1 7,8 5,1 7,8 5,1 7,8

LH-30% NH-50% LH-30% NH-50% LH-30% NH-50% LH-30% NH-50% LH-30% NH-50%

private forest owners - small

forest company - professional

professional - forest storage

professional - logistic center

feller-buncher-system - thinnings


Specific primary energy consumption

0

10

20

30

40

50

60p

rim

ary

en

erg

y c

on

su

mp

tio

n [

kW

h/M

Wh

]

transport 2 22,9 25,0 6,3 6,9 2,8 3,1 2,8 3,1 2,8 3,1

transport 1 3,8 4,2

chipping 11,8 12,9 4,1 4,5 3,3 3,6 3,3 3,6 3,3 3,6

hauling 6,9 7,5 3,0 3,2 2,6 2,9 3,5 3,8 6,9 7,5

harvesting 4,3 4,7 4,3 4,7 5,5 6,0 5,5 6,0 5,5 6,4

MIX-30% MIX-50% MIX-30% MIX-50% MIX-30% MIX-50% MIX-30% MIX-50% MIX-30% MIX-50%

private forest owners - small

forest company - professional

professional - forest storage

professional - logistic center

feller-buncher-system - thinnings


harvesting

hauling

chipping

transportswood:

energy storage

softwood – water content x=50%)

scenario: „private forest owners“

Primary energy consumption versus Hu


harvesting

hauling

chipping

transportswood:

energy storage

softwood – water content x=50%)

scenario: „private forest owners“

scenario: „feller-buncher-system“

Primary energy consumption versus Hu


Energy balance of the supply chain

scenario: "private forest owner" - MIX-50%

stor

age

- 6 m

onth

so

lar

en

erg

y -

by p

ho

tosyn

thes

is

ha

rve

stin

g

ha

ulin

g

ch

ipp

ing

tra

nsp

ort

1

tra

nsp

ort

2

consumption of primary energy

stor

age

- 3

mon

th

bala

nce:

prim

ary

ener

gy -

with

out

stor

age

bala

nce:

prim

ary

ener

gy -

3 m

onth

sto

rage

bala

nce:

prim

ary

ener

gy -

6 m

onth

sto

rage

production of energy with

85% degree ofeffectiveness

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000[kWh/MWh]


wood productionthrough

photosynthesis

solar energy

19100 MJ

water

nutrientsN, P, K, Mg, Ca

water541 kg

oxygen

1392 kg

wood atro(softwood)

1000 kg

water1082 kg

carbon dioxide1851 kg


Global warming potencial – GWP100

scenario: "private forest owner" - MIX-50%

ha

ulin

g

ch

ipp

ing

tra

ns

po

rt 2

ca

rbo

n s

tock -

by p

ho

tosyn

the

sis

ha

rve

sti

ng

tota

l: G

WP

10

0

co

mbu

stio

n o

f w

oo

d c

hip

s

cred

it fo

r sub

stitu

tion:

heat

ing

with

hea

vy o

il

balance: GWP100

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

CO

2-e

qu

iva

len

ts [k

g / M

Wh

]


Conclusions

Energy from wood chips is not only renewable and

so called „CO2-neutral“.

Energy from wood has the additional benefit of the

substitution of fossil fuels (e.g. heating-oil, natural gas) and

therefore an „C-plus-effect“.

From worldwide point of view:

as long as any energy is produced by fossil fuels

this substitution effect can be considered.


Thank you for your attention

• Photos: B. Zimmer

© FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Renewable Energy...

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Transcript of © FH-Prof. Dr. Bernhard Zimmer – 1st. EnerGEO Summer School,Salzburg, 08.09.2011 Renewable Energy...