Economic Changes: New technology i.e Irrigation systems, freed ppl to develop skills besides...
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Civilization
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Villages Grow into Cities
Economic Changes: New technology i.e Irrigation systems, freed ppl to develop skills besides farming. Ex: wheel & sail
Social Changes: social classes with varying wealth, power, and influence emerged.
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How Civilization Develops
1. Advanced Cities: center for trade2. Specialized Workers: the wide
range of crafts helped cities become centers of trade (clothing, jewelry, pottery)
3. Complex institutions: Order isneeded
4. Record keeping: tax collections, passage of laws, storage.
5. Technology: irrigation, ox-drawn plows
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/376828/Mesopotamia
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Mesopotamia
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Mesopotamia
“Land between two rivers” 3000 BCE Sumer was population
reached 100,000 Between 3200 and 2350 BCE
numerous Sumerian city-states were formed. Shared the same culture but developed own govts with own rulers. (Uruk, Kish, UR, etc.)
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Mesopotamia
Ziggurat: massive stepped pyramids built to house temples and altars to principal deity.
Cuneiform Writing: involved pictures pressed into clay (kyoo-nee-uh-fawrm)
-Started for record keeping, but soon the graphic symbols represented sounds
-literacy -Epic of Gilgamesh
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(Uruk, required 1500 labors working 10 hours per day for 5 years)
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Sumer
3000 BCE -2000BCE city-states were constantly at war.
Hammurabi's code: 1st written form of law, laws dealt with family, community, businesses, and crime.
-282 laws written on stone and posted -laws had different punishments for
rich/poor, men/women.-eye for an eye concept
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Assignment: Create a Ziggurat, explain why each is important to a civilization and how it leads to the next pg 19 in Book
Agriculture:
Specialized Labor:
Writing:
Law:
Allowed ppl stay in one location, more foods, more ppl, more technology, freed time for specialization
Specialization allowed cities to turn into trade centers, need for record keeping
More ppl, more spec labor, need for a unified writing system to maintain order
Made consequences
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Egypt
3000 BCE, unlike the rivers in Meso, the Nile overflowed once annually. **Irrigation**
“the gift of the Nile” Most communities were Ag Villages
engaged in local trade. Pharaoh, the King of Egypt, constructed
pyramids Role of king differed:Meso Kings= representatives of GodsEgpt Kings=are the Gods
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Egypt
Mummification: Embalming and drying the corpse to prevent decaying.
Believed in afterlife, unlike Meso.
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Egyptian Life
Shaped like a pyramid Social Ranking: Not locked into
their classes, able to gain higher status.
Hieroglyphics: writing system, started simple and soon could almost be used like letters of an alphabet
Both Meso & Egpt were polytheists. Both Meso & Egpt were patriarchal
cities
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Sample Test Question:
The Egyptian civilization was similar to the Sumerian civilization
a. In its reliance on natural defense barriers
b. In its system of social stratificationc. In its political structured. In the extent to which its culture
was diffusede. In the nature of the flood pattern of
its major rivers
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Bantu Migrations
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Bantu
Migrated throughout sub- Saharan Africa 2000-1000BCE
Two Features that helped spread: Use of Canoes & Ag surpluses enable pop increase from place to place.
Spread of CULTURE 1000 BCE Iron Tools allowed cultivators to
clear land and expand Ag. Established Ag Societies throughout
Sub-Saharan Africa: yams, oil palms, millet, sheep, pigs, and cattle.
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Sample Test Question:
Which of the following describes a major effect of Bantu Migrations?
a. The single common religion in sub-Saharan Africa
b. The diffusion of irrigation techniques in East Africa
c. Cultural commonalities in sub-Saharan Africa
d. The political integration between Bantu ppl and Indian sailors
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Assignment: with one partner Compare Mesopotamia and Egypt
Political Economic Social
Mesopotamia
Govts, Laws, leaders Crops, technology, specialized labor, buildings, writing
Religion, structure,
Egypt
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Some Answers
Political Economic Social
Mesopotamia
City-states, Code of Hammurabi
Grains, Wheel & Sail= trade, Cuneiform, Metallurgy , Irrigation, invasions, unpredictable rivers
Village life, pyramids, Hieroglyphics, Polytheism, Stratified Society
Egypt Pharaohs, Kingdom of Kush
Barley, Ironworking, Irrigation, “gift of the Nile” , trade, invasions
Ziggurat, Polytheism, Stratified Society
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Indus River Valley
2500BCE another advanced civilization emerged. (present day Pakistan)
While Egypt was building pyramids, Indus people were laying bricks in India’s first cities.
Historians know less b/c the writing has yet to be deciphered.
2 major cities arose Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro
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Planned Cities
Like Meso, Indus River was unpredictable
Monsoons, with cycles of wet and dry They build strong levees, to keep the
water, and human made islands to raise cities.
Unlike Meso, their cities were laid out on a precise grid system, granaries
Buildings were build with oven-baked bricks cut into standard sizes.
Plumbing and sewage systems pg47
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All of this organization, suggests a strong central govt.
Culture, like Meso and Egpt was based on Agriculture.
Little social division, artifacts show a prosperous society, few weapons, emphasis on animals
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Religion: like Meso, ruler was the tie to Gods
Evidence of the Hindu religion Trade: Gold, Silver with Afghanistan.
Precious stones with Persia. Indus River was key to transportation Around 1750 BCE the cities gradually
fell: Earthquakes, flooding, and deforestation.
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Sample Test Question
The Indus River Valleya. Relied heavily on communal
planningb. Is best studied though its written
recordsc. Was isolated from other river valley
civilizations because of mountainsd. Declined after the arrival of the
Aryan invaderse. Shared similar flood control
concerns as Egptians