© E. G. Rozycki 2004 Generative Schemata Globalization International Multicultural ? ? From...

© E. G. Rozycki 2004

Generative Schemata

Globalization

International

Multicultural

?

?

From Question to Thought to Answer


Overview: analysis to synthesis

Input Question

Output Text

ANALYSIS

SYNTHESIS


A common error: Encounter or Diagnosis? Is it a cow?

• Has horns• Moos• Has hoofs• Larger than a dog• Brown, black or white• Eats grass, etc.

• Leather is used for shoes• Largest industry in

Montana• Treated as sacred in India• Produces vast amounts of

methane gas


A common error: Encounter or Diagnosis? Is it a slogan?

Separate out the pre- from the post-identifiers:

a. Is ambiguous.

b. Tends to enhance consensus.

c. Sounds warm & fuzzy; has a nice ring to it.

d. Obscures conflicts among values in a group.

e. Used in ritualized or celebratory contexts.


Analysis: Domain Concepts

• Contrastive Examples– Validity vs. reliability– Difference vs. significance– Intrinsic vs. extrinsic– Ethical vs. prudential– Cause vs. correlation– T-test vs. Chi-square– Fallacy vs. falsehood

• Complementary Examples– Median and mean– Variance and deviation– Value and disposition– Mission and function– Cause and effect– Justification and explanation– Variable and system

Professional, rather than just casual, knowledge.Not just a vocabulary list!


Contrastive Examples continued

– Validity vs. reliability– Difference vs. significance– Intrinsic vs. extrinsic– Ethical vs. prudential– Cause vs. correlation– T-test vs. Chi-square– Fallacy vs. falsehood

What do these contrast with?

ANOVA

Truth

Importance

Power

Legal


Complementary Examples continued

– Median and mean– Variance and

deviation– Value and disposition– Mission and function– Cause and effect– Justification and

explanation– Variable and system

Match with a complement:

Value

Rebuttal

Objective

Behavior


Example & Counterexample

Defn X A Meets Conditions of X

A Does Not Meet Conditions of X

Item A is an X

A is an Example of X

Def X is a Bad Definition

Item A is not an X

A is a CounterExample to XPerhaps Def X is a Bad Definition.

A is an Example of a Not-X


Analysis: Statement Evaluation Triangle

Content

RhetoricStructure

Example: Comment on the following statement: “Educators are obliged to serve society’s needs.”


Analysis: Content, Rhetoric, Structure

Content {ambiguity, truth, reference}

Rhetoric{affect, bias, uptake}

Structure { grammar, logic, rationale}

Example: Comment on the following statement: “Educators are obliged to serve society’s needs.”


Evaluating a Statement“Educators are obliged to serve society’s needs”

Content analysis:– “society” is ambiguous, a possible reification. Who is

referred to with the term, “society” What about “educators?”

– In what sense does “society” have “needs?” – What is the source of the obligation(s)?– Who specifically has what kind of obligation? To

whom?– Is this statement, under some interpretation, true?

IMPORTANT: Do not leave such questions unanswered.


Critical Questions

• Critical Questions ask about

– Possible alternatives not mentioned– Cause-effect relationships assumed– Presuppositions

Example: Don’t look for Jack in the library tonight; his frat’s throwing a party.


Criteria Questions

• Criteria Questions ask, in different ways, – What is the criteria for X, where X is under

discussion.– How can we tell if X is at hand, etc.

– Example: Intelligence is necessary to achieve a high GPA.


Structural Analysis

• “Educators are obliged to serve society’s needs.”• Structural Analysis:

– Rewrite as: Some people lack something that some educators are believed to be obligated to deal with.

– Is the lack of something necessarily a need? – Why are educators are obligated?– Are other people obligated, also?

• IMPORTANT: Do not leave such questions unanswered.


Rhetorical Analysis

• “Educators are obliged to serve society’s needs.”• Rhetorical Analysis:

– Interpret as: “You educators have got to do something about other people’s problems. It’s your responsibility”

–Says who? –Why is it my responsibility as an educator?–Are other people besides educators obligated, also?

IMPORTANT: Do not leave such questions unanswered.


Brainstorming Content

• 1. Focus on Domain Relevant Distinctions

2. Don’t initially evaluate; just generate.

triage three

medicine

separation

scarcity

deny treatmentgive treatment

rationality

fairness

Example: Comment on the concept of triage as it might be used in an educational context.


Conceptual Webs

Concept

Operationalization

Variable

Values

?

?

Make the best pairings:


Connecting Concepts

Concept Operationalization

VariableValues

Connect the pairs


WebbingExample: Comment on the concept of triage as it might be used in an educational context.

triage

three

medicine

separationscarcity

deny treatmentgive treatment

rationality

fairness

no use

no need


Combination and GenerationPair (combine) every concept with each of the rest.

triage

three

medicine

separation

scarcity

deny treatment

give treatment

rationality

fairness

no use

no need

triage

three

medicine

separation

scarcity

give treatment

rationality

fairness

no use

no need

triage

three

medicine

separation

scarcity

rationality

fairness

no use

no need

triage

three

medicine

separation

scarcity

rationality

no use

no need

…

From 11 words we can get 10+9+… = 55 pairs!Or 120 triplets!

…

…


Comparing Theories with ChartsExample: Contrast Lawrence Vesey’s Theory of Mission Changein Higher Education with Collins’ Theory of Curriculum Goals with examples from U. S. history.

CollinsVesey

Status Skills SocialControl

Discipline &Piety

Religion ClergyPreparation

Religion

Public Service Profession Profession

Research Post WWII“Hard Science”

Science,Profession

Common Culture

LiberalArts


Chart to Text

CollinsVesey

Status

Discipline &Piety

Religion

This is “webbing”

Status

Discipline &

PietyReligionYou might generate the follow statement:

The discipline and piety mission of early collegeswas to confer a special status, “True Believer,” on those who received the Baccalaureate degree.


Informal and Formal & Critical Discourse

Informal

FormalCritical


Bridging Concepts

Cause

Argument

Ethics


Causation Examples

Formal Informal

CAUSEChangeAgent

Antecedent

Operationalization

IndependentVariable


Argument Examples

Formal Informal

ARGUMENTControversy

Warrant

Premise

Syllogism


Ethics Examples

Formal Informal

ETHICSReputation

Justification

Argument

Principles


Structure: Toulmin’s Model

A CLAIM PROPOSAL

EVIDENCE

PRINCIPLES

THEORIES

ASSUMPTIONS

or

is justified by

supported by

and

C

E

W

B (bases)

(warrants)


Example of Toulmin’s Model

All men are mortal.

Socrates is a man.

Socrates is mortal.C

E

W

B (bases)

(warrants)

(We have correctly classifiedSocrates as a man. …. Our beliefs about humanmortality are true.)


Anticipating Rebuttals

• Professional level claims anticipate objections and rebuttals.

• Denying warrants and bases generates rebuttals.

• Prepare your claims (answers) by anticipating potential rebuttals, discussing them and arguing that they are not likely.


Other Structures: Syllogisms

C

E

W Major Premise

Minor Premise

Conclusion

All men are mortal.

Socrates is a man.Therefore

Socrates is mortal.

example:

Know modus ponens: If A then B. A, therefore B.

Know modus tollens: If A then B. Not-B therefore not-A.


Chains of Thought

• If A is B and B is C, then A is C.• If A is B and B is not-C, then A is not-C

BUT NOT

• If A is B and C is B, then C is A.• If A is B, then not-A is not-B .

These are fallacies of thought!


Venns

A B

A

A

B

B

Let A = students in regular classesLet B = special studentsLet X = Johnny

1)

2)

3)

No special students areIn regular classes. Johnnyis a special student. …

Some special students areIn regular classes. Johnny ..

All …… are …?

X

X

1)

2)

X

3)


Review

Input Question

SelectedOutput Text

ANALYSIS:domain concepts, etc.

SYNTHESIS:schemata generated

text options

© E. G. Rozycki 2004 Generative Schemata Globalization International Multicultural ? ? From...

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