1

Introduction to U.S. History Part I

Geography and Physical Regions of the United States

Thinking Geographically

How do the five themes of geography help define the connections between geography and history?

How did geography influence population trends in United States history?

What is Geography?

Geography is the study of ________________________, their _____________________________, and their __________________________________________.

The Five Themes of Geography

Looking at the Five Themes

Location

_____________________________ location describes a place on a grid of numbered lines on a______________________ or a __________________________.

Lines of ______________________ ______measure distance east and west of the _______________________________________________________________________.

Lines of latitude measure distance north and south from the __________________________________.

________________________________ location describes one place in __________________________ to another place.

2

Map Skills Glossary

_______________________ _- The unit for measuring __________________________ on a map.

Equator

The __________________________ is an imaginary line separating the northern and southern _________________________________.

The equator is exactly __________________________________ between the north and south poles.

It is located at _____________________ degrees ______________________________.

Hemisphere

A hemisphere is one __________________________ of the planet.

The hemispheres are divided along the ________________________ or the ________________________________________.

3

The equator divides the ______________________________________ and ______________________________ hemispheres.

The Prime Meridian divides the _________________________________ and __________________________ hemispheres.

Line of Latitude

Lines of latitude are the _______________________________ lines on a map that mark the distance north or south of the ___________________________________________.

Lines of Longitude

Lines of longitude are the _____________________________ lines on a map that mark the distance east and west of the _____________________________________________.

Prime Meridian

The______________________________________________ is an imaginary line separating the western and eastern _____________________________________________.

4

It is located at ___________________________ degrees ___________________________________.

Place

_____________________________ features—climate, soil, vegetation, _____________________ life, bodies of ___________________________, and _________________________ resources, for example.

________________________________________ features—types of _____________________, transportation, jobs, languages, and ___________________________________, for example.

Interaction

People _________________________ to the land.

People _________________________________the land, through crops, _________________________, pest control, and drilling for ________________, for example.

Natural _______________________________—materials humans take from the environment to satisfy their needs

____________________________________—bringing _____________________________ to dry lands.

Movement

_________________________________

_________________________________

_________________________________

Regions

___________________________________ physical characteristics-____________________, landforms

Unifying _____________________________ characteristics-language, ________________________.

Geography and Population Trends

Late 1700s—People lived along the ____________________________coast or near other __________________________ transportation.

Early 1800s—With new forms of transportation, people moved _________________ and cleared land for farms.

Late 1800s—____________________settlers overcame Native Americans and settled the __________________________.

Mid 1900s—People were attracted to cities with mild climates in the__________________ and west.

5

Introduction to U.S. History Part II

Physical Regions of the United States, Rivers, Climates and the Tools of History

Lands and Climates of the United States

What are the main physical regions of the United States?

How do rivers and lakes affect American life?

How do climates vary across the United States?

Where is the United States?

_________________________Ocean and _______________________ to the north.

_________________________Ocean to the __________________.

_________________________Ocean to the _________________________.

___________________________________, Central America, and the Isthmus of Panama to the South.

6

_________________________________— narrow strip of land linking two larger areas of land.

How Rivers and Lakes Affect American Life

Provide ___________________________________for farmlands.

Serve as a means of _______________________________________.

Used as political __________________________________________.

Famous American Waterways

Mississippi-Missouri River System

Main branches

_______________________________________ River

________________________________ River

Tributaries

_____________________River

_______________________________ River

________________________River

________________________ River

Other major rivers

________________________________River

____________________________________ River

_________________________________________

Great Lakes

Superior

_____________________________

Huron

_____________________________

Ontario

7

________________________________—stream or smaller river that flows into a larger one

Climate and Weather Words

_____________________________________—condition of the atmosphere at any given time or place.

Climate—the average weather of a place over 20 or 30 ___________________.

Precipitation—_______________________________________ that falls as rain, sleet, hail, or snow.

Altitude—height of the land above _______________________________________.

The Tools of History

How do historians evaluate and interpret historical evidence?

How do archaeologists add to our knowledge of history?

What can we learn about history by understanding chronology and eras?

Historians Evaluate and Interpret Historical Evidence

Collecting Evidence

___________________________________ sources—___________________________ information—official documents, public speeches, _________________________________ accounts, for example.

_______________________________________ sources—accounts by people who did not ______________________ an event; based on primary sources—_______________________, encyclopedia, __________________________________, for example.

Evaluating Evidence

_____________________________________________—whether the source is what it seems to be.

Reliability—whether the source is ___________________________________.

__________________________________—leaning toward or against a certain person, group, or idea

Interpreting Evidence

Determine the __________________________________________ of a development or event.

Historians have their own _________________________________.

8

Archaeologists Add to Our Knowledge of History

__________________________—study of evidence left by early people in order to find out about their way of life.

Artifact—objects made by ___________________________________, such as tools and weapons.

___________________________—a people’s way of life—home, economy, government, for example.

Understanding Chronology

Chronology

__________________________________—sequence of events over time.

_______________________________ chronology—___________________________ time, in centuries, years, days, and so forth.

_______________________________ chronology—time of an event in ______________________ to the time of another event.

Archaeologists Add to

Our Knowledge of History

Archaeology is the study of

evidence left by early people Archaeologists

Study Artifacts

Archaeologists form theories

about the cultures of

ancient peoples

9

The First Civilizations of the Americas

Learning Objectives

1. Identify the major regional American Indian nations of North America

2. Examine the cultures of American Indian nations:

a. Languages

b. Beliefs

c. Traditions

d. Lifestyles

Key Questions

What were the Olmec, Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations like?

How did early cultures develop in North America?

The Olmecs

Some farming communities in Central America grew _____________________, or extra, food—enough to support large populations.

With enough food available to feed large populations, the first __________ ____emerged. These cities marked the rise of the first _________________________________ in the Americas.

The earliest known civilization in the Americas was that of the __________________________. They lived in the

lowlands along the Gulf of Mexico, about ___________________________________ years ago.

The Olmecs left behind huge, carved_______________________________________________ and smaller carved figures. They built stone ___________________________ and developed a calendar.

The Mayas

Early Mayas lived in the __________________________________________ of present-day Guatemala and Mexico. About ___________________ years ago, they began clearing the rain forests and draining swamps to create _____________________________.

Mayan cities sprang up from Central America to southern ______________________________.

_________________________________flowed along a network of roads.

10

______________ ____________were at the top of Mayan society. ___________________, who served as warriors and government officials, also had high status.

___________ __________and ___________________________ were near the bottom. Below them were ______________________, most of whom were prisoners of war or ________________________________.

Mayan priests made advances in astronomy and ___________________________________. They learned to predict eclipses and created an accurate, ______________________________ calendar. They developed a system of numbers that included the concept of ______________.

Around A.D. 900, the Mayas _________________________________________ their cities. Historians are not sure why.

The Aztecs

A new civilization arose north of the abandoned Maya cities—the ________________________________. The early Aztecs were _______________________________. In the 1300s, Aztecs settled around Lake Texcoco in central _____________________________.

The Aztecs built their capital, _______________________________________, in the middle of the __________________. They constructed a system of _______________________________, or raised roads made of packed earth, to link the city to the __________________________________. In some places, they dug __________________________. In other places, they planted crops on the _____________________________________________ they had created.

Aztec priests developed complex __________________________________.

The Aztecs paid special attention to the _____________________god, to whom they sacrificed thousands of captives each year.

By 1500, the Aztecs ruled a huge __________________________ from the Gulf of Mexico to the _______________________ Ocean. Heavy taxes and the ____________________________ of prisoners of war sparked revolts.

The Incas

The Incas built one of the largest ________________________________ in the Americas. By 1500, their empire stretched for almost 2,500 miles along the west coast of _____________________ America.

The center of the empire was Cuzco, a city high in the _______________________. It had massive palaces and temples made of stone and decorated with ___________________. At the center was the palace of the _____________________________.

The Incan empire was very well organized. The Incas maintained 10,000 miles of _________________.

11

Runners carried royal orders across the empire. They carried with them a device known as a ______________—a cord or string with knots that stood for quantities, such as bags of grain.

The Incas were skilled _____________________________. They built massive stone ____________________________ and forts. In order to farm the steep mountains, they created _____________________________________, or wide steps of land.

At its height, the Inca Empire covered parts of the modern-day countries of:

Peru

____________________

Bolivia

Colombia

____________________

Ecuador

One of their greatest achievements was the construction of a “hidden city” high up in the mountains called _________________________________________________.

Just like the Aztecs, the Incas formed an empire by conquering neighboring ______________________.

As their empire expanded, they built an amazing system of ancient roads for their _____________________________________ to travel with news and orders!

Their empire eventually included around 14,000 miles of roads that reached over ___________________________________ people!

In order to survive, the Inca had to figure out a way to farm on the steep mountain sides on which they lived.

How did they do this?

The Incas developed a system of “_________________________________________________”.

Creating such a large empire of course meant that the Incas had MANY warriors … __________________________________________ by the height of the Inca Empire in the early 1500s!

The Incas believed in ____________________________________, or the belief in many gods.

The Incas also believed that their emperor was a _____________________________________ of the sun god.

12

While it was tough to farm there, the Andes Mountains did provide one very important resource … ________________________!

Gold was not only for wealth, but also for _________________________________. The Incas, like many native people, worshipped the sun -- gold represented the _____________________ of the sun.

Gold was used in palaces and _______________________________.

As soon as explorers back in Spain heard about a native civilization that had more gold than they could even imagine, of course they set out to find that empire and …

… to __________________________ it!

Little did the Inca know what was coming their way L

13

World of the Europeans Part I

The Middle Ages, The Renaissance and Columbus’s Voyages

Europe in the Middle Ages

The period from about A.D. 500 to 1400 is known as the_______________________________________.

Feudalism

Kings and queens divided their _______________________among warrior nobles. In return, the nobles owed the monarch ________________________and military service. This system is called _______________________________.

The ____________________ and the most powerful lords were at the top of feudal society. Next came lesser ___________________________. Last were the ___________________________ who farmed the lord’s lands and could not leave without his _________________________________.

Feudal life

Life revolved around the _________________________, which included the lord’s castle and the lands around it.

Each manor was _____________________________________________________.

The most powerful force was the _________________________________________Church. The Church owned large amounts of________________. The Church was also the source of ___________________________.

The Crusades

Between 1100 and 1300, European life began to change more ________________________. Christians fought a series of wars to control the Holy Land—the _______________________. In the end, they were _______________________________________________.

Growth of trade

The Crusades sparked _______________________. Returning _________________________ demanded more of the Asian foods, spices, silks, and woven rugs that they had seen on the Crusades. Italian merchants increased their trade with the ___________________________________ world.

New navigation tools

Trade brought new ____________________________—increased sailing skills, the magnetic compass, and the _____________________, an instrument that helped sailors determine their _______________________________.

14

Europe During the Renaissance

Increased trade and travel made Europeans want to _______________________ about the world. They began to look to the learning of ancient _______________ and ________________________. As they studied ancient learning, they began to make their own ______________________________________ in art, medicine, astronomy, and chemistry. This great burst of learning was called the _________________________________, a French word meaning “rebirth.” The _____________________________________________ lasted from the late 1300s until the 1600s.

The Printing Press

The ___________________________________________________ helped to spread Renaissance learning. Now that ___________________ no longer had to be copied by _______________________, they were less expensive. More people could _________________________ books. People began to read, and learning spread more _____________________________.

The rise of strong kings and queens

During the Renaissance, trade brought _________________________________. Rulers began to increase their _______________________. They saw that _____________________________ could be

made through trade. New trade routes

Muslim and Italian merchants controlled the _____________________________________ across the Mediterranean Sea. So, Europe’s rulers began to look for new ______________________________.

Portuguese voyages

________________________________________________ was a leader in the search for new routes.

Portugal’s _____________________________________ set up a school of navigation and shipbuilding.

The Portuguese designed a new type of ship, the ____________________________. Caravels could sail into the ___________________________________.

Slowly, Portuguese explorers ventured south along the coast of Africa. In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias reached the southern tip of ______________________________.

In 1497, ___________________________________________ rounded the tip of Africa and sailed across the Indian Ocean to India.

15

An Era of Exploration

Why did the voyage of Christopher Columbus have a more lasting impact than earlier voyages?

How did Spanish explorers find a route across the Pacific Ocean?

How did exploration set off a global exchange of goods and ideas?

The Lasting Impact of Columbus’s Voyage

__________________________________ founded the first Spanish ___________________ in the Americas.

Columbus’s voyages began a lasting ___________________________________ among the peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

His voyages marked a ____________________________________________________ in world history.

___________________________________—A group of people who settle in a distant land but are still ruled by their native land.

16

_________________________________________—A moment in history that marks a decisive change.

Spanish Explorers Found a Route Across the Pacific Ocean

Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition sailed westward from Spain. His ships

___________________________________________________, or sailed completely around, the world.

A Global Exchange of Goods and Ideas

Europeans brought new ideas, plants, animals, and ____________________________ to the Americas.

Native Americans introduced new ideas, plants, and animals to the ____________________________.

Because this exchange began with Columbus, it is called the

___________________________________________________.

Global Exchange of Goods and Ideas

17

World of the Europeans Part II

Conquistadores and the Spanish Empire in America

Spain Builds an Empire

How did conquistadors defeat two Indian empires?

What areas did the Spanish explore?

How did Spain settle and organize its colonies?

What was life like for Native Americans under Spanish rule?

Cortes and Pizarro

Hernando Cortes was a Spanish __________________________ who landed in Mexico in 1519.

The Aztec emperor was named Moctezuma. (commonly referred to

as____________________________________)

The Aztecs thought that he was a ____________________and sent him gifts.

Cortes led the Spaniards and their Native American __________________________________ to the

Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan.

Outnumbered, hundreds of _____________________________________________were killed in 1519.

18

In 1521, Cortes ______________ the Aztecs, and Tenochtitlan was renamed

________________________________, which today is the capital of Mexico.

How did Cortes defeat the Aztecs?

1. The Spaniards had superior __________________________________________, such as

_____________ and ______________________.

2. ___________________________________________________killed hundreds of Aztecs.

3. The Aztecs wrongfully believed that Cortes was a _____________________________.

4. The Spaniards had Native American _________________________________ on their side.

5. Native Americans had never seen __________________________________ before. Soldiers on

horseback alarmed them.

19

Francisco Pizarro and the Incas

Francisco _______________________________was the Spanish conquistador that attacked the

_____________________________________________________ Empire in 1532.

Pizarro attempted, unsuccessfully, to get the Incan ruler, ____________________________________,

to convert to _____________________________________________.

After his capture, Atahualpa gave ________________ and ______________________ to the Spanish in

return for his freedom.

Atahualpa was _________________________________after the Spanish received their riches. Pizarro

then founded the city of Lima, which today is the capital of ______________________.

How Spain Organized Its Colonies

__________________________—towns, centers of farming and trade

__________________________—forts where soldiers lived

__________________________—religious settlements run by priests and friars

Four Social Classes

__________________________________—people born in Spain

____________________________—people born in the Americas to Spanish parents

______________________________—people of mixed Spanish and Indian background

______________________________________________—treated as conquered people

20

Native Americans Led a Harsh Life

Spanish settlers with ____________________________________________, a kind of land grant, could

demand labor or taxes from Indians.

The Spanish forced many ______________________________________ to work in gold and silver

mines.

Many Indian laborers died working on ___________________________________, or large estates that

were farmed by many workers.

The Spanish replaced Indian laborers with enslaved _________________________________________.

21

World of the Europeans Part III

European Explorers in North America

Colonizing North America

Why did England, France, and the Netherlands seek a northwest passage to Asia?

England, France, and the Netherlands Looked for a Northwest Passage

They wanted to trade with ____________________________________.

They thought ___________________________________ route to Asia was too ___________________.

They looked for a _____________________________________ way.

They searched for a _________________________________ passage, a waterway through or around

North ___________________________________.

Europeans explorers spent over 100 years searching for a

________________________________________ through North America to ___________.

________________________,_______________________, and ________________________ began

searching for a ___________________________ route to Asia in order to compete with

__________________ and Portugal.

Explorations for Spain

______________________________________________________ was one of the first explorers to

come up with the idea that these places he had visited were not part of Asia (as Columbus thought)

but rather were part of a “_______________________________________________."

22

In 1507, a ____________________ was published called "The Four Voyages of Amerigo" and the

author suggested that the new land that Amerigo had explored be __________________ in his honor.

At first, the name of _________________________________ was only meant to apply to

_______________________ America, but later on, both _____________________________ of America

became known by his name.

Explorations for the Netherlands (Holland)

British sailor _______________________________________explored the waters of northeast North

America, including the water surrounding ______________________________________ City.

Explorations for England

In 1610, _____________________________ explored northern ________________________for

___________________________.

In 1611, Hudson’s crew __________________________ and returned to ________________________,

leaving Hudson, his son, and several loyal sailors to ________________in the Hudson Bay.

The Italian sailor Giovanni Cabato, later known as ________________________________, explored the

__________________Atlantic coast of North America for _____________________________.

Explorations for France

Giovanni _______________________________explored the _______________ coast of North America,

including ______________________________________ harbor, for ________________ in 1524.

__________________________________________ explored the

____________________________________________ River Valley for ___________________________.

23

World of the Europeans Part IV

The Protestant Reformation and European Rivalries

Key Questions

How did the Protestant Reformation affect rivalries among European nations?

Why did Spain want to attack England?

How did rivalry develop between New France and New Netherland?

The Protestant Reformation Affected European Rivalries

____________________________________________ wanted to reform

the________________________ Church.

His followers, called _______________________________, split off from the Catholic Church.

Protestants split into _____________________________________ churches.

This movement is called the Protestant ___________________________________________.

Some European nations stayed __________________________. Some became

____________________________.

________________________________________differences made their rivalries

__________________________________.

Protestant Reformation

In 1517, ________________________________________________________protested against the

Catholic Church in the following ways:

1. He felt that the Catholic Church had become too _____________________________.

24

2. He was against the Catholic belief that people need to

perform_______________________________________________ in order to gain

_____________________________________________________.

3. Instead, Luther believed that people could only be ____________________________by their

_____________________ in God.

Luther’s followers became known as _____________________________________________.

Why Spain Wanted to Attack England

Why did Spain want to attack England?

1. English _______________________________________.

2. English trade with the Spanish _________________________ of

________________________________________ and __________________________________.

3. England was ______________________________________, while Spain was

________________________________.

Spanish Armada

In 1588, _______________________________________ defeated the Spanish

________________________________, ending Spain’s reign as the world’s most

_________________________________ nation.

25

New France and New Netherland Competed for Furs

New France

1. Settlements along the _______________________________________________________ River

2. ____________________________________________________ trapped, hunted, and traded for furs

with Indians of the ________________________________________________________ woodlands.

3. __________________________________________________ traveled the woods to convert Indians

to _______________________________________________________.

4. ____________________________________________________, or agreement to help and protect

each other, with the ___________________________________________________.

5. Sold _________________________________________ in Europe.

New Netherland

1. Settlements along the ____________________________________________________River.

2. Merchants traded for furs with Indians of the ______________________________________

woodlands.

3. Alliance with the _________________________________________.

4. Sold ____________________________ in Europe.

26

Effects of European Exploration in America

Causes

Europeans want more goods from _______________________.

_______________________________ gain control of ___________________ between Europe and Asia.

Rulers of European nations seek ways to increase their _________________________.

European nations look for a sea route to ________________________.

____________________________________ reaches the Americas.

Effects

__________________________ builds an _________________________________ in the Americas.

English, French, and Dutch set up _________________________________ in

______________________America.

Millions of Native Americans die from “___________________________________________” diseases.

Slave traders bring enslaved _______________________________________________ to the Americas.

_______________________________________ from the Americas are introduced into Europe.

Effects Today

The United States is a ________________________________________________________ society.

_________________________________ foods, such as corn and potatoes, are important to people’s

diets around the world.

27

THE FIRST ENGLISH COLONIES

Roanoke and Jamestown

Objective: To examine the formation of the settlements of Roanoke Island and Jamestown.

Roanoke Island – “The Lost Colony”

___________________________________ Island was the first _____________________________ settlement in North America.

Roanoke Island was first settled by Sir Walter ______________________________ in 1584.

Raleigh named the entire region __________________________________________________.

However, Roanoke Island is in present day ________________________________________, where the

capital is named Raleigh.

The settlement failed because of food____________________________ and troubles with the

________________________________________________ and _____________________________.

Because of fighting between the ______________________________ and the

_____________________________________, White was unable to return to the colony until 1590.

White returned in 1590 to find that everyone had ______________________________________.

Building the Jamestown Colony

What challenges did the first English colonies in North America face?

How did Virginia begin a tradition of representative government?

What groups of people made up the new arrivals in Virginia after 1619?

28

The Settlement of Jamestown

The settlement of _______________________________ was started in Virginia by the

_____________________________________________ in 1607.

Challenges at Jamestown

The settlers at Jamestown faced several challenges:

_______________________________—bad _________________________, mosquitoes, and malaria.

Quarrelsome ruling council failed to __________________________________

____________________________________

Colonists searched for ___________________________ and wouldn’t ________________________.

Poor ______________________________________ with Indians.

2/3’s of the colonists ___________________________ of disease and hunger.

Captain John Smith saved Jamestown by:

1. Bargaining for _______________________with the Powhatan Indians.

2. Calling for a “no ___________________, no ________________________” rule.

The colonist ________________________________ married the Powhatan princess

_______________________________.

29

This marriage brought _______________ between the colonists and the Powhatans, and ensured

____________________________ success for Jamestown after Pocahontas

introduced_____________________________ to John Rolfe.

Beginnings of Virginia’s Tradition of Representative Government

The king gave the Virginia Company a _____________________________—a legal document that gave

the company certain _______________________________.

From English tradition:

_______________________________________—The Great Charter of 1215 that said the king could

not raise ____________________ without ____________________________________ a Great Council

of leaders.

_________________________________________—Great Council grew into an assembly of

representatives that make ______________________.

From Virginia Company reforms of 1619:

New governor would __________________________________________ settlers.

_________________________ settlers would elect

______________________________________________ called burgesses.

_______________________________________ would meet in an assembly called the House of

Burgesses to make _______________________________.

30

The House of Burgesses, along with the ___________________________, made the

_____________________________for Jamestown, becoming the first

____________________________ government in the English colonies.

_____________________________________________________________________– a government in

which voters ______________________ representatives to make __________ ____________for them.

Voting Rights

By 1670, only ___________________________ property _____________________________ were

allowed to vote.

In 1723, the right to vote was taken away from ___________________ black property owners as well.

Objective: To analyze the development of slave labor in Jamestown.

Settlement of Jamestown

The Virginia Company offered people willing to move to Jamestown a

________________________________.

___________________________________________ – __________ acres of land given to each person

who could _____________________ their own way to Virginia.

The Virginia Company began to hire

__________________________________________________________________________.

___________________________________________________– an individual who worked without

___________________ for a specified number of years (usually 4 - 7) in exchange for

______________________________________________________ to the colonies.

31

In 1619, the Virginia Company brought the first _____________________________ to Jamestown as

_________________________________________________________________.

Soon afterwards, Africans were used as ___________________________________.

Seeking Religious Freedom- The Pilgrims

Questions

How did European states control or regulate religion?

Why did the colonists at Plymouth feel they needed the Mayflower Compact?

How were the Pilgrims able to survive early hardships?

______________________________________________________the __________________supported

by the _______________________.

___________________________________________________-

___________________________________________ or

___________________________________________of people for their beliefs.

Plymouth Colonists and the Mayflower Compact

Plymouth colonists are known as _________________________________because they made a long

journey for religious reasons.

32

They settled outside the boundaries of their ____________________________, so its terms would not

apply to them.

Therefore they wrote a framework for governing their colony—the

___________________________________________________________________________________.

Reasons Pilgrims Survived Early Hardships

1. They chose a good ____________________________________________.

2. Their _______________________________________________________________ was strong.

3. They ________________________________________________________.

4. Indians gave them ________________________ and showed them how to

___________________________.

Pilgrims set important ___________________________________, or examples for others to follow:

1. The idea of _________________________________________________________________.

2. A day of thanks for a good harvest, or _____________________________________________

In 1607, a group of English _________________________________________________, known as

_________________________________________, moved to __________________________________

in order to worship freely.

33

The Pilgrims received a ________________________ from the Virginia Company in 1620 to settle in

northern _________________________________________.

_________________________________– ____________________ document giving certain

_________________________ to a person or company.

34

The Pilgrims agreed to work for the company as

____________________________________________________________________.

In 1620, the Pilgrims set sail for Virginia on the_____________________________________________,

but a storm blew them instead to ________________________________________________________.

The Pilgrims developed the __________________________________________________, which was an

agreement to make _________________ for the _______________________ of the whole settlement.

35

The Pilgrims named their new settlement ____________________________________________.

More than ________________ of the settlers _____________________ during the first winter. _______________________________________ and _________________________________ were

Native Americans who taught the Pilgrims how to ________________and trap animals.

The Pilgrims and their Native American friends celebrated America’s first

_______________________________________________________________together.

The New England Colonies Part IMassachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire

The New England Colonies

36

Why did the Puritans decide to leave England?

What problems in Massachusetts colony caused people to leave?

Why were the Puritans and Native Americans at war?

Why were towns and villages important in New England life?

Who were the Puritans?

A _____________________________ group who had hoped to reform the Church of

_________________________________.

Why did they leave England?

The king disapproved of Puritans and their ____________________, canceled Puritan business

_____________________________, and had some Puritans _____________________________.

They believed that England had fallen on “____________________and declining times.”

They wanted to build a new society based on _____________________________ laws and teachings.

37

England _______________________________________everyone that refused to agree with the

Church of England. Ex.) Puritans, Separatists, Catholics.

______________________________________________ – to mistreat.

English _______________________________ saw America as a place where they could

______________________________________ freely!

________________________________________ – to disagree.

The Puritans wanted to ____________________________________ the Church of England.

___________________________________ - to change.

38

Examples:

1. Simpler forms of _________________________________.

2. Do away with ___________________ traditions, such as organ music and special clothes for

____________________________________.

_____________________________________________________ was the leader of the Puritans.

In 1629, the Puritans were granted a charter to form the

________________________________________________________________________Bay Company.

Puritans and Native Americans Fought Over Land

As more colonists settled in New England, they began to take over more

_________________________________________________________________lands.

39

By 1670 nearly 45,000_________________________________________ were living in New England.

In 1675, Chief _____________________________ and the

_________________________________Indians destroyed 12 towns and killed more than 600 settlers.

Hard Work :

The Puritans_____________________________________ very hard at farming, fishing, and hunting in

order to become successful.

Values :

1. _______________________________________ and ____________________________________were

very important.

2. Dancing and games were disapproved of, and illegal on the _________________________________.

The Puritans wanted Massachusetts to be a

"____________________________________________________________"

__________________________________ were blamed as __________________________________for

their problems, such as:

1. ______________________________

2. _______________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________

4. Belief in ____________________________________________.

_________________________________________________ - one that receives the blame for others.

40

The New England Colonies Part II

Towns and Villages Were Important in New England Life

In the center of each village was the ____________________________________, an open field where

the settlers’ cattle grazed.

The Puritans____________________________________________ in the village meeting house. They

took their ________________________________, or holy day of rest, seriously.

Settlers gathered at the meeting house for

_____________________________________________________________________, where they

discussed and _________________________________________________ on issues.

Some towns became important centers of trade and

______________________________________________________________.

Problems in Massachusetts Caused People to Leave

41

________________________________________________________________—Massachusetts

assembly elected by male _______________________________________________________________.

____________________________________________________________________________________

—a plan of government that gave all male____________________________________________ ___the

right to vote, not just __________________________________________________________, and

Who Left? For Where? Why? Results

Thomas Hooker

Founded Connecticut

He thought the governor and other officials such as the General Court had too much power.

He established a colony with strict limits on government. Settlers wrote the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.

42

limited the governor’s _____________________________________

Objective: To examine how dissenters began to challenge the power of the Puritans.

Famous Puritan Dissenters

Thomas Hooker

In 1636, _______________________________________________________ left Massachusetts because

he thought that the ______________________________ had too much

____________________________________.

Hooker set up the colony of _________________________________________________________.

Who Left? For Where? Why? Results

Roger Williams

Settled in Rhode Island

He believed that the Puritan church had too much power.

He set up a colony where church and state were completely separate. He fostered religious tolerance.

Anne Hutchinson

Fled to Rhode Island

She questioned the Puritan church’s teachings; she was tried and ordered out of the colony.

She later became a symbol of the struggle for religious freedom.

religious tolerance—willingness to let others practice their own beliefs.

43

Roger Williams

_________________________________________________________________ believed in the

“separation of ___________________________________ and

_____________________________________”. (the belief that the government and religion should

have no official relationship.)

In 1635, Williams was ordered back to ___________________________________. Instead, he left

Massachusetts and formed the colony of _____________________________________.

Rhode Island became a ________________________ (a safe place) for people seeking

___________________________________________________________________.

Roger Williams purchased his colony from the natives, then made all ___________________________.

44

Anne Hutchinson

_____________________________________________________________ openly talked about and

_________________________________ the teachings of the Puritan ___________________________.

In 1637, Hutchinson was ___________________________________________ from Massachusetts.

In 1638, Hutchinson moved to ______________________________________________________.

After her husband's death, Anne Hutchinson moved to Pelham Bay,

___________________________________________, where in 1643 she and five of her children were

killed in an ____________________________________________ attack on the colony.

Like Anne Hutchinson, __________________________________________ was banished from

Massachusetts. Eventually, she was ____________________________________________ for

challenging Puritan ___________________________________________________.

45

The Middle Colonies

Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Delaware

Key Questions

Why did the colony of New Netherland become the colony of New York?

Why did New Jersey separate from New York?

How was Pennsylvania founded?

What was life like in the Middle Colonies?

New Netherland Became New York

1626 and on

The ___________________________________ set up the colony of

New____________________________________________. Settlers traded in _________________. New

Amsterdam became a thriving _________________________________.

To encourage ___________________________________, Dutch officials granted huge estates to a few

_____________________ families. Owners of the estates were called ___________________________.

People from different ____________________________ ________groups flocked to New Netherland

because of its ___________________________________________________________________. The

colony grew.

46

Rivalry for trade and colonies increased between ______________________________and the

______________________________________. The governor of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant,

swore to defend his colony.

Stuyvesant was __________________________________________ because of his harsh rule and

heavy _______________________. When English warships entered the harbor, the colonists refused

to ___________________ the governor. The English took over without a ________________________.

1664

The king of __________________________________ gave New Netherland to the Duke of

_________________. New Netherland became _____________________________________________.

New Jersey Separated From New York

The Duke of York thought that ___________________________________________________ was too

______________ to _________________________________________________ easily.

He gave up some ____________________________ to friends. They set up a new colony,

___________________________________________________________, which was a proprietary

colony. In a proprietary colony, the ________________________ gave land to one or more people.

These proprietors could divide the land and make ______________________________ for it.

___________________________________________________ came from many countries.

In 1702, New Jersey became a ____________________________________________, which is a colony

under the direct control of the English ________________________________________.

47

William Penn Founded Pennsylvania

In England, ________________________________________________________ joined the

________________________________________, a religious group that believed that all people were

___________________________ in God’s sight. Quakers were against __________________________.

Quakers were arrested, fined, or even _____________________________________ for their ideas.

Penn believed the Quakers must ______________________________ England. He turned to

the_____________________________ for help.

The king issued a royal charter naming Penn __________________________________________ of a

new colony, later called _____________________________________________________________.

Penn called for fair treatment of _________________________________________________________.

Penn welcomed settlers of different _____________________________and people from many

_____________________________________, including ___________________________________.

Other colonists called the Germans

_____________________________________________________________, from the word “Deutsch,”

which means _________________________________________.

Objective: To examine the causes and effects of the settlement of Quakers in America.

48

Quakers and Pennsylvania

Quakers were Protestant ____________________________________________________.

They refused to serve in the ____________and opposed all___________________________________.

They refused to __________________________________to the Church of England.

Therefore, the Quakers were _______________________________________________in England!

Penn wanted Pennsylvania to be a model of

______________________________________________________.

Penn believed that land should be ___________________________ and not

________________________________ from the Native Americans.

Thousands of ____________________________________________ moved to Pennsylvania, and

_____________________________________ (the “City of Brotherly Love”) grew quickly.

Features of Life in the Middle Colonies

______________________________________—crops that are sold for money at market.

Large ____________________________________.

Skilled ___________________________________________.

Homes ____________________________________________.

Settlers from many different________________________________________.

Many styles of __________________________________________________.

___________________________________ area plus the backcountry.

49

The Southern Colonies

Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland, Virginia

Key Questions

Why was Maryland important to Roman Catholics?

How were the Carolinas and Georgia founded?

What two ways of life developed in the Southern Colonies?

Why did the slave trade grow in the 1700s?

The Southern Colonies

The Southern Colonies included: ______________________________________(MD),

____________________________(VA), _______________________________________________ (NC),

____________________________________________________ (SC), and

____________________________________________(GA).

Maryland Was Important to Roman Catholics

1632—Sir George Calvert became a _____________________________________________________.

He asked King Charles I for a _____________________________ in the Americas for Catholics. Calvert

died. His son, Lord _____________________________________________, took over.

1634—Settlers arrived in ___________________________________. Lord Baltimore appointed a

_____________________________________________ and council of advisers, but he let colonists

___________________________________ an assembly.

50

1649—Lord Baltimore asked the assembly to pass an Act of ___________________________________,

a law that provided __________________________________________________________ for all

_________________________________________.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Settlers arrived in Virginia, expecting profits from planting __________________________________.

Wealthy planters already had the best _____________________ near the _______________________.

Newcomers were pushed farther inland, onto _________________________________________ lands.

Settlers and Indians ________________________________________________.

Settlers asked the governor for help. He wouldn’t act.

In 1676, ___________________________________________ organized angry frontier planters. They

raided Native American villages, then burned ______________________________________________.

The revolt soon ended when Bacon __________________________suddenly.

The Carolinas and Georgia Are Founded

Carolinas

North:

Poor _______________________________________farmers from Virginia

Small _______________________________.

South:

Eight English ___________________________________.

51

_____________________________________ Town

Settlers from the _______________________________________________.

Rice and ____________________________________, a plant used to make blue dye

Enslaved _________________________________________.

Georgia

James _____________________________________________

_____________________________________,or people who owed ________________________ and

could not ___________________.

Two Ways of Life in the Southern Colonies

Land

Farms

Crops

Slavery

Tidewater Plantations Backcountrycoastal plain, many rivers rolling hills, thick forests

large plantations small farms

tobacco, rice, indigo tobacco, garden crops

Enslaved Africans tended Tidewater plantations

Few enslaved Africans worked backcountry farms.

52

Why the Slave Trade Grew in the 1700s

_________________________________________________—laws that set out rules for slaves’

behavior; treated enslaved Africans as ____________________________________.

_____________________________—the belief that one race is _______________________to another.

Southern Colonies Climate

Rich land, plenty of ________________________ & a long ___________________________________

season. Coastal plains, swamps, forests, _________________________________________.

Interesting Facts about Southern Colonies

Planters’ duties to see that crops were _________________________________,

_______________________ kept, took care of _______________________________________.

___________________________________________ was seen as necessary for Southern plantations.

The cash crop for Virginia was ____________________________________________.

16191600s

Early 1700s

1700s

First enslaved Africans arrived in Virginia.Some Africans remained enslaved, some were servants, a few were free.Carolina plantations needed large numbers of workers.The planters came to rely on slave labor.Slave ships carried millions of enslaved Africans west across the Atlantic. Colonists enacted slave codes.Many colonists displayed racism, though a few spoke out against slavery.

53

African Slavery

Why were African Slaves brought to the New World?

Europeans in the new world felt that they needed a large

_________________________________________________ to grow

_______________________________- crops that are sold to make a profit. Examples:

_________________________, _________________________________,

_________________________________________.

The ___________________________________ and ____________________________________ tried to

make Native Americans their slaves

Many Native American slaves ______________________ from European ________________________.

Many Native American slaves ________________________________.

European powers decided to turn to ____________________________________________________.

Native American Slaves vs. African Slaves

Native American Slaves African Slaves

1. Died from European diseases 1. Were _____________________to European diseases

2. Ran away 2. Could not ___________________________________

because ______________________________ is a long way

from the Americas!

54

3. Knew the ____________________ and were close to ________________ 3.Were easy to find

because of the

___________________

of their

_______________.

Beginnings of the Slave Trade

___________________________________ was the first country to bring slaves to Europe. From 1441 –

1841, approximately 11 million Africans were _________________________________________.

The Conditions of the Middle Passage

The Portuguese, under the sponsorship of Prince Henry, had landed in West

_______________________________ 350 years earlier.

________________________________________________________ – passage across the

_____________________________________________________ from

__________________________________________________to the Americas that was the route of the

African American_______________________________________________.

55

Africans were________________________________________________ and

_____________________________________ cruelly aboard slave ships.

56

Some Facts About the Slave Trade:

_______________________________________, such as dysentery, malaria, and smallpox killed

_______________________________________________ of Africans. From

__________________________________________of the Africans aboard slave ships

__________________________ during the Middle Passage.

Between 1699 and 1845 there were 55 successful African

______________________________________________________ on slave ships.

57

The 13 Colonies Part I

Colonial Trade

Key Questions

Why did England want to regulate colonial trade? What were colonial governments like?

How were the liberties of the colonists limited?

England Regulated Colonial Trade

England believed in an economic theory called ____________________________________, which said:

1. A nation became strong by strictly controlling its ________________________________.

2. A country should ____________________________more than it

____________________________________.

_______________________________- goods sent to markets _________________________ a country.

_________________________________________- goods brought____________________ a country.

To enforce mercantilism, England passed the _______________________________________________,

laws that regulated __________________________ between England and the colonies so that

________________________________________________benefited:

1.Only _____________________________ or ____________________________________ ships

could carry _______________________________ to and from the colonies.

58

2. Colonial merchants could ship goods such as __________________________________ and

_____________________________________________ only to

______________________________________________.

3. Colonists were encouraged to build their own ___________________________________.

Navigation Acts (1660's)

Most products could be sold only to ____________________________________________.

Ex._______________________________, _________________________________, indigo

All products going to the colonies had to first go through ___________________________________

where the products were ___________________________________.

Effects of the Navigation Acts

1. There was an increase in __________________________________________ in the colonies.

2. Colonists became _______________________when England began to

__________________________ the Navigation Acts.

England Regulated Colonial Trade

_______________________________________—a nickname for New England

_____________________________—dominated colonial trade, like the New York Yankees have

dominated baseball (27 world championships, more than any team in any sport.)

Colonial merchants developed many __________________________________________________. One

route was known as the _____________________________________________________________.

59

Colonial merchants sometimes __________________________ the Navigation Acts by buying goods

from the ________________________, ______________________________, and Spanish West Indies.

What Colonial Governments Were Like

Rights Under Colonial Governments

Colonists had _______________________________as English Subjects.

Part of Government How Chosen What They DidGovernor appointed by the

king or by the colony’s proprietor

directed the colony’s affairs and enforced lawsLegislature

upper house—a group of advisers appointed by the governor

lower house—an elected assembly

people who had the power to make laws

made laws

approved laws; protected the rights of citizens; approved taxes

60

1688- In the ________________________________________________________________, Parliament

replaced King James II with William and Mary.

1689- William and Mary signed the English ________________________________________________

which:

1. Protected ______________________________________ of individuals

2. Guaranteed the right to __________________________________________________.

3. Said the ruler could not _____________________________________or an army without

___________________________________ of Parliament.

Some colonists had the right to ____________________________.

1. _______________________________________________________________men over the

age of 21 who _______________________________________ property.

2. In some colonies, only members of a particular __________________________________.

______________________________________________—a written list of

_____________________________________ the government promises to protect.

Limits on Liberties of Colonists

_____________________________ had fewer rights than free, _________________________males.

Married women had fewer rights than ___________________________________women and widows.

________________________________________________________ had almost no rights.

__________________________________________________________________ had almost no rights.

61

Life in the Colonies

Key Questions

What class differences existed in colonial society?

How did the Great Awakening affect the colonies?

How did the colonists educate their children?

How were the colonies affected by the spread of new ideas?

Social Classes in Colonial Society

________________________________

Wealthy ____________________________________, merchants, ______________________________,

successful _______________________________________, _____________________________ officials.

____________________________ Class

_______________________________________, skilled _____________________________________,

some _____________________________________________.

_______________________________________ Class

____________________________________________, ____________________________ __servants,

and ___________________________________________.

62

The Great Awakening Touched the Colonists

In the 1730s and 1740s, a __________________________________________ movement known as

the__________________________________________________________ swept through the colonies.

The Great Awakening began with ___________________________________________ministers.

It led many people to ___________________from their old ___________________________________

and start new ones.

The growth of so many __________________________________ forced people to be more

__________________________ of different ________________________________.

New ______________________________________ argued that formal

___________________________________ was less important than a heart filled with the

___________________________________________________.

This thinking encouraged a spirit of _____________________________________________. If people

could learn to ___________________________________ on their own, they could

_________________________________ themselves. People felt freer to

________________________________ political ____________________________________.

63

Education in the Colonies

New England

Massachusetts required all parents to teach their children “to read and understand the principles of

_________________________________.”

Massachusetts set up the first ___________________ schools, or schools supported by ____________.

The earliest schools had one ___________________ for students of all _________________________.

Middle Colonies

____________________________________ and families set up ________________________________

schools. Only ______________________________________ families could

________________________________ their children.

Southern Colonies

Some planters hired ___________________________, or private ______________________________.

_____________________ of the very _________________________ went to school in

____________________________. _______________________were usually denied

__________________________.

Apprenticeships

64

_______________might serve as ______________________________ to learn a

_________________________or craft by living with a ___________________and working for

____________________in return for _____________________________________.

The Spread of New Ideas

The ________________________________ was a movement started in

________________________________by ____________________________________ who applied

______________________________ and logic instead of ________________________________ to

understand the world.

English philosopher ___________________________________wrote that people could gain

________________________________ by ________________________________ and

___________________________________________.

____________________________________________________________ demonstrated the spirit of

the ____________________________________________________. He used

________________________________ to invent useful _________________________________ and

________________________________________________ his world.

______________ life encouraged the development of ______________________________ events,

such as the ___________________and the growth of the _____________________________________.

The growth of colonial _______________________________ led to a dispute over freedom of the

____________________________.

65

Newspaper publisher John Peter Zenger was tried for _______________________—the act of

_______________________________ a statement that may unjustly ____________________________

a person’s _________________________________. The jury agreed that since the stories were

____________________, Zenger had not committed __________________________—a step toward

freedom of the ________________________________________

The French and Indian War

Key Questions

How did the rivalry of Britain and France lead to war in North America?

How did lack of unity and mistakes lead to British defeats early in the war?

What turned the tide of war in Britain’s favor?

How did British troops bring about the fall of New France?

Rivalry Between Britain and France Leads to War

European powers competed for ______________________________ and

____________________________________________ around the globe.

___________________________________ and ________________________________________both

claimed land in ________________________________________America.

___________________________________________ settlers pushing ____________________________

clashed with French ___________________traders in the _______________________________ Valley.

66

_________________________________________________ were caught up in the conflict. Algonquins

and _______________________________ sided with the _____________________________________.

____________________________________________supported the

__________________________________________.

In 1754, _______________________________________ and

_____________________________________ began to __________________________ in the

_____________________________________________Valley. English _____________________ called

the fight against France and their Indian _______________________________ the

________________________________and_____________________________________________ War.

Albany Plan of Union

The ________________________________________________________________________, proposed

by ______________________________________________and Massachusetts

__________________________ Thomas Hutchinson, called for

67

colonial_____________________________ in the face of the coming ________________ with France.

The Albany Plan of Union called for a ____________________________________________________

with____________________________________ from each ___________________________________.

The Grand Council would:

1. Make ___________________________.

2. Raise _________________________________.

3. _________________________________________the colonies.

_______________________ of the colonies approved the plan out of fear of losing

_______________________________________.

68

The Albany Plan of Union set an example that would later be followed by such gatherings as the First

and Second __________________________________________________________.

How Great Britain Won the War

The Treaty of Paris

Britain and France signed the Treaty of___________________________ in 1763.

The ______________________ marked the end of _______________________power in North

America.

Who or WhatWilliam Pitt

What HappenedPitt became the new head of the British government. Pitt’s first goal was to win the war in North America.

ResultsPitt sent his best generals, money, and supplies to North America.Louisbourg With the capture of the most important French fort in Canada, the tide of battle turned.Fort

Duquesne

Major General Amherst captured the fort in 1758.

Fort Duquesne became Fort Pitt.

The British seized it in 1758.Added to British success.Fort Niagra,

Crown Point, Fort Ticonderoga

The British seized them in 1759.

The British and French troops fought on the Plains of Abraham, outside the city of Quebec. The British won. Quebec surrendered.

Quebec, important city overlooking the St. Lawrence River

In the dark, British troops led by General Wolfe quietly climbed the cliff and surprised the French.

69

__________________________gained Canada and all __________________________ lands

__________________of the ______________________________________River except

______________________________________.

_____________________ kept two kept some of its lands in the _______________________________.

__________________________ gave up ____________________________________ to

_______________________________.

_______________________received _____________________________________ and all

__________________________ land _________________of the Mississippi.

______________________________ kept its empire in ________________________and

____________________________ America

Crisis in the Colonies Part I

The Events that Led to the Revolution

Turmoil Over Taxation- Key Questions

70

How did Britain attempt to ease growing tensions on the American frontier?

How did the colonists react to new taxes imposed by Parliament?

Which new colonial leaders emerged as the conflict with Britain escalated?

What events led to the Boston Massacre?

Easing Tensions on the American Frontier

After the war, _________________________________ colonists headed ___________________to

claim __________________________________.

____________________________________ settlers clashed with the

____________________________________________ nations in the

_________________________Valley.

___________________________________ sent a man named ________________________________

to keep order. He raised the price of trade goods to ________________________________ and

allowed settlers on Indian __________________________________.

In ______________________________________________, angry Indian nations joined in an attack on

British forts in the Ohio country.

When the ________________________ told the __________________________ they could no longer

____________________________, the Indian nations stopped _________________________________.

The ____________________________ issued the

__________________________________________________________, drawing an

imaginary________________ along the __________________________________________.

71

_____________________________ were forbidden ________________________ of the line. Many

settlers _____________________________________________the law.

Parliament Imposes New Taxes

1. Colonists settle on ________________________________________in the West.

2. _______________________________________ breaks out on the ____________________________.

3. _______________________________of 1763 stops __________________________________ in the

West.

4. Stationing British___________________________ in the ________________________ proves costly.

5. British ____________________________________ decides

_____________________________colonists should help pay for _______________________________.

6. __________________________________and _______________________________ Acts burden

colonists with new ________________________.

7. Stormy ______________________________________ break out in many

_______________________________________.

72

Stamp Act Crisis

The French and Indian War put ___________________________________ deeply in

___________________________.British ___________________________________________________

George Grenville persuaded_____________________________ to pass the

_________________________ Act and _________________________________ Act.

Sugar Act (1764) Stamp Act (1765)

Taxes put on… Taxes placed on all…

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

The Stamp Act ignited an ___________________________ response from the colonists.

The colonists protested and were angry about

____________________________________________________________.

73

Colonial Leaders

_______________________________________________of Massachusetts was a talented organizer.

He arranged ______________________________ and stirred public support.

___________________________ of Massachusetts had a knowledge of British ________________that

earned him respect.

_______________________________________of Massachusetts wrote ______________________ that

made fun of _______________________________________ officials.

_________________________________of Massachusetts wrote to spur _________________________

to action.

_________________________________________ of Virginia joined in

_______________________________ the Townshend Acts.

_______________________________________of Virginia gave ________________________ that

stirred others to action.

______________________________________of Virginia was a rising ______________ student.

74

Crisis in the Colonies- Part II

The Boston Massacre

__________________________________ sent ____________________________________ to

___________________________ to protect customs officials.

_________________________________ saw the _________________________ as

__________________________ and insulted or even __________________________ the British

______________________________.

On March 5, 1770, ______________________ _______gathered outside the Boston customs house,

shouting ________________________ and ______________________________ things at the British

________________________________.

Suddenly, panicked ______________________________ fired into the crowd,

__________________________some __________________________________________.

Colonists _________________________________ the incident, calling it the

__________________________________________________________________________.

The soldiers were _____________________, but John Adams ________________________________

them and was able to win light____________________________________________________ for

them.

__________________________________________ formed a

______________________________________________________, a group that regularly wrote

_________________ and pamphlets reporting to other colonies on events in

____________________________________________.

75

The Boston Massacre- How it Happened

1) Boys began to throw ___________________ at a British_________________________________.

2) A crowd soon grew _________________________ and _____________________________________.

3) The British soldiers opened fire, _________________________ five colonists, including Crispus

Attucks, a black sailor active in the _______________________________________________________.

On the same day as the _______________________________________________________, the

Townshend Acts were _____________________________, except for the tax on _________________!

76

From Protest to Revolution

Key Questions

How did a dispute over tea lead to tension between the colonists and the British government?

How did Parliament strike back at the people of Boston?

Why did fighting break out at Lexington and Concord?

How a Dispute Over Tea Led to Tension

The British East India Company sold ___________________to __________________________________

tea merchants. The tea merchants sold the tea to the _________________________________ for a

__________________________________price.

When the British East India Company had __________________________ troubles,

____________________________________ passed the ____________________________. The act said

British East India Company could sell ________________________to colonists.

__________________________ merchants protested being cut out of the tea

_________________________. Other colonists said it was a _____________________ to force

colonists to pay the ___________________on tea.

Colonists ______________________________________tea.

The Boston __________________________________________showed their

_______________________ by staging the_______________________________________________.

Disguised as __________________________________, they raided three ___________________ and

dumped their cargo of tea into __________________________________________.

77

Parliament Punished Massachusetts Colonists

_______________________________________________—passed to ____________________

Massachusetts:

1. The port of Boston was ____________________________________.

2. Massachusetts colonists could not hold town_________________________________ more

than once a ________________ without the governor’s

____________________________________.

3. Customs officers and other officials could be tried in _____________________________ or

____________________________ instead of in

____________________________________________.

4. A new _____________________________________ Act said colonists must

_____________________________British ____________________________________ in

their _________________________.

Quartering Act

The colonists had to provide _________________________, ______________________________, and

_____________________________________ to British _____________________________________.

Because the New York assembly ________________________ to ______________________ ___the

law, Britain ____________________________________ the assembly.

78

The American Revolution Part I

The Beginning of the Conflict

Lexington and Concord

British General _________________________________________ marched to Concord, MA, in order to

seize a large supply of _________________________ stored by the

_______________________________________________.

___________________________________, including ________________________________________,

rode to Concord in order to _______________________the colonists.

On the way to ___________________________________, a brief battle ensued in

______________________________, in which 8 colonists were ________________________________.

79

In Concord, Gen. Gage found no ______________________________________. However,

waiting_____________________________ killed 73 British ___________________________________.

Fighting Begins in the North- Key Questions

How did Congress struggle between peace and war with Britain?

What advantages did each side have as it entered the war?

How did the Continental Army gain control of Boston?

Congress Struggles Between Peace and War

The _____________________________________________________________________________ met

in ________________________________________________. Members of Congress looked for a way

to _______________________________ a _________________________________ with

_____________________________________.

Congress sent the ______________________________________________________ to

_______________________________________________.

________________________________ declared its _________________________________________

to the _________________________________.

______________________________ asked the ________________________to

____________________________ the Intolerable Acts.

The king was _______________________. He ordered more ____________________ to the

_________________________________.

80

The Green Mountain Boys

In 1775, Vermont blacksmith _________________________________ led a group known as

the___________________________________________________ in a _________________________

attack on Fort ______________________________________, located at the Southern tip of Lake

Champlain. The British _________________________________the fort to Allen, along with large

quantities of _____________________________ and ______________________________________.

The cannons and gun powder seized at Ticonderoga allowed the American

________________________________to break the ______________________________________at

the siege of ___________________________, which caused the British to

_____________________________________ the city in March 1776.

King George III _______________________________________________ to repeal the Intolerable Acts!

_____________________________________ also set up the

___________________________________________________, naming

___________________________________________________________________as commander.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Side

81

Continental Army

Disadvantages:

1. No ____________________________.

2. __________________________________________soldiers.

3. Few ___________________________and little_______________________________________.

Advantages:

1. Fighting for their ___________________ and __________________________________.

2. ____________________________________________ of George Washington.

British Army

Advantages:

1. Highly ________________________________, _______________________________ soldiers.

2. Plentiful ______________________________and ___________________________________.

3. Most powerful __________________________ in the world.

82

Disadvantages:

1. The war was fought ________________ from home.

2. Fewer reasons to _____________________hard.

3. Risked constant _________________________________.

The American Revolution Part II

The First Battles

The Battle of Bunker Hill

____________________________troops controlled _______________________________. Colonial

_____________________________surrounded the city.

Across the __________________________ from Boston, ____________________________ fired on

British ships from ______________________________________________________________.

___________________________ troops drew near to attack the _______________________________.

Two times the colonists turned back British ______________________________________.

With the _________________________ attack the British took __________________________ Hill and

________________________________ Hill, but they suffered heavy___________________________.

The Battle of Bunker Hill showed:

83

1. Americans could fight ________________________________.

2. The British would not be easy to _____________________________________.

The Patriots were short on ____________________________________and were warned by Colonel

William Prescott:

“Don’t fire till you see the ____________________________________________________!”

The British won the _________________________, but lost over 1,000 ____________________.

How the Continental Army Gained Control of Boston

When ______________________________________ reached ________________________, he found

16,000 American ____________________________waiting.

Washington began to ___________________________ an army.

The _______________________________ that the Green Mountain Boys captured arrived.

Washington placed them on Dorchester Heights, overlooking British ___________________________

in the harbor.

British General Howe spotted the _______________________ and left __________________________

for ________________________________.

However, King George III ordered a ______________________________of ______________colonial

______________________________.

British _____________________________ John Burgoyne, who was also a

_________________________________, wrote the anti-______________________________________

satire, “The ______________________________ of Boston.”

84

In response, American patriot Mercy Otis Warren wrote “__________________________”, a merciless

farce that ______________________________ the British _________________________________ of

___________________________________.

Also, ______________________________ troops from _________________________ were

____________________ to help ______________________________ the colonists.

Declaring Independence

The Colonists Officially Break from Their Homeland

Teachings of The Enlightenment

John Locke

Two Treatises of Government

All people have natural ___________________________ to ______________________,

_________________________________, and ________________________________________.

___________________________________ is an ____________________________________________

between ____________________________ and ruled. The ruler must ___________________________

the laws and __________________________ the people.

If a ruler ____________________________the people’s ______________________________________,

the people have a right to ________________________.

Traditions of Freedom

85

British Traditions of Freedom

Magna Carta

English _______________________________________ themselves had to _______________________

the law. For example, the _______________________ could not raise __________________________

without _______________________________________________ the Great Council.

English nobles—and later, other people—had ________________________________, including rights

to ______________________________________________ and the right to

_____________________________________.

English Bill of Rights

It stated that parliamentary ___________________________ should be held

_______________________________.

It upheld the right to ______________________________________.

It allowed citizens to ________________________________________.

It affirmed the right of ___________________________________________, the idea that no person

could be held without being charged with a specific ____________________________________.

The Colonies Declare Independence

Key Questions

How did Common Sense influence the colonists?

What steps did Congress take to declare independence?

86

What are the main ideas of the Declaration of Independence?

Common Sense Influenced the Colonists

___________________________________ wrote an essay—

___________________________________________—urging the colonies to declare

________________________________________________. Paine and other

___________________________________—people who want to make drastic changes in society—

began to think of creating their own _________________________________________.

Congress Declares Independence

Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution for _____________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________________ debated the resolution.

Members of Congress worried that the British could ____________________ them as

__________________________, people who betray their _____________________________________.

Against Independence For Independence

Many colonists felt loyal to Britain.People felt they owed their allegiance to the king.

Colonists did not owe loyalty to George III or any other monarch. Colonists did not owe anything to Britain. The British had helped the colonists for their own profit.Staying under British rule would be harmful to the colonies.

87

Congress appointed a ___________________________________ to draw up a formal

_______________________________________________________________________.

____________________________________________________ wrote the final

_____________________________ for the committee.

The ___________________________________ was read to ___________________________________.

The delegates voted to __________________________________ the declaration.

The declaration was _______________________________ and ________________________________.

________________________ were distributed through the __________________________________.

Declaration of Independence

Preamble

Introduction; explains that the _____________________________ will tell why the

______________________ want to ______________________ from

_____________________________________________.

First part—Natural Rights

_________________ that belong to ___________ people from ________________________, such as

life, _________________________, and the

____________________________________________________. Governments exist to

_____________________________________people’s

_______________________________________________.

Second part—British wrongs

88

_____________________________________________ has committed many

_______________________________. _______________________________ disbanded colonial

________________________________, sent ______________________________, and limited colonial

______________________________. The colonists asked for __________________________________

but did not get it.

Third part—Independence

The colonies are now a ______________________ and ______________________________ nation—

the __________________________________________________________________________

The American Revolution Part III

Major Battles and Turning Points

Struggles in the Middle States- Key Questions

What battles were fought in New York and New Jersey?

How did the Battle of Saratoga mark a turning point in the war?

What hardships did the Continental Army suffer at Valley Forge?

Battles in New York and New Jersey

89

Battle of Long Island-June 1776

British General ________________________________________ defeated the

________________________________________.

Over 1,400 _____________________________were killed, wounded or

___________________________. __________________________________________________escaped unharmed.

Nathan Hale

_______________________________ was an American ____________________ captured by the

__________________________________________.

Hale was tried for ______________________________and sentenced to ________________________.

Quote: "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country."

Battle of Trenton

90

On ___________________________________ night, 1776, Gen. Washington led his troops across the

_________________________________________River in ____________________________________.

The next day, on December 26, the Americans captured over 1,400

________________________________________ in

____________________________________________. (Hessians - German soldiers hired by the British)

Battle of Princeton

As the Americans ______________________________________ from Trenton, they

___________________________ the British in __________________________________________.

Saratoga—A Turning Point

General ______________________________________ planned to

____________________________________the Americans.

Three British ____________________________ would march on Albany from different

___________________________________ and ____________________________ American forces.

General Howe was supposed to capture ______________________________________ first, then

march on Albany. Howe _______________________________ to Philadelphia instead.

_____________ British armies marched toward Albany. Americans drove one of the

_____________________________ armies back at Fort Stanwix.

Only ____________ British army was left to march on ___________________________________.

In the ____________________________________________________, north of Albany, Americans

________________________________ the British. Burgoyne was forced to

91

________________________________ his entire army. The victory boosted

____________________________spirits and led ____________________ to become one of America’s

____________________—nations that work together to achieve a common _____________________.

The Battle of Saratoga- October 1777

British General John Burgoyne sent 700 ___________________________________ to look for

_____________________________________.

The Americans then launched a _____________________________________, defeating Gen.

Burgoyne’s force.

Saratoga—A Turning Point

1. ___________________________ and _______________________________ in conflict for many

_______________________________.

2. _____________________________ between France and Britain _____________________________

after the __________________________________________________________________ War.

3. Americans appeal to _________________________ for ____________________________________

during the Revolutionary War.

4. France gives American _________________________ money and

______________________________ but stays ____________________________________.

5. Americans defeat British at ________________________________________.

92

6. _________________________ at Saratoga proves to France that Americans can ________________.

7. France gives _____________________________ and ___________________________ support to

American forces.

Valley Forge

During the winter of 1777-1778, George Washington’s troops ____________________________

severely. Conditions at Valley Forge were _______________________________:

1. Mid-winter snow, mud, and __________________________.

2. Damp, drafty huts; frozen_______________________________________.

The soldiers suffered from the following problems:

1. Lack of ____________________ and warm___________________________________________.

2. Frostbite and ___________________________________.

3. Poor _____________________.

With the help of Friedrich von Steuben, the army survived and became

well___________________________________.

The American Revolution Part IV

Effects on the People and End Results

Fighting for Liberty on Many Fronts- Key Questions

What role did women play in the war?

93

What choices did African Americans have?

How was the war fought on the frontier and at sea?

Women Played a Role in the War

_____________________________ took on added _________________________________ at home.

Some women joined their ____________________________ at the ___________________________.

______________________________ sewed ______________ for Washington’s ___________________.

A few women took part in ________________________________, for example, Mary Ludwig Hays,

known as _______________________________________________________________.

African Americans Faced Hard Choices

Some ________________________________________________ served in the United States

_____________________.Some served in the newly formed United States ______________________.

Some were _________________________________________. Some enslaved African Americans

looked for ___________________________ by following British troops.

The War in the West and at Sea

94

Winning the War in the South- Key Questions

Why did Britain decide to start fighting in the South?

How did the Americans and French defeat the British at the Battle of Yorktown?

What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris?

What factors helped the Americans win the war? Britain Takes the War to the South

95

War in the South

The British moved the fighting to the __________________________ after France entered the war in

an attempt to gain Loyalist _________________________________________.

Benedict Arnold

Arnold was an American _________________________ who secretly offered to turn over the

___________________ at West Point to the British in exchange for _____________________________.

Before he could be convicted as a ___________________, Arnold

__________________________________ and _______________________________for the British.

The Battle of Yorktown

Cornwallis planned to conquer ______________________________________. American troops under

______________________________ kept Cornwallis from _______________________________.

Cornwallis was ordered to send part of his army to __________________________________. Instead,

he ______________________________________to Yorktown peninsula. A combined American and

__________________________ army ________________________________ Cornwallis on the

peninsula.

A French fleet kept Cornwallis from ________________________________________ by sea.

The American and French armies laid _______________________ to Cornwallis’s army, that is, they

________________________________________ and _______________________________________

the enemy ______________________________________.

96

The British lost the _____________________________________________________. They

___________________________________________.

The Treaty of Paris

Congress __________________________________, or approved, the

____________________________________________ on April 15, 1783.

The ______________________________ recognized the

________________________________________________________________ as an

__________________________________________ nation.

The ________________________________ of the United States extended from the Atlantic

____________________________ to the __________________________________ River and from the

Great_____________________________ to _________________________________.

_________________________________ was returned to ______________________________.

___________________________________ agreed to ask __________________________ to pay

______________________________ for _________________________________ they had lost in the

war. (However, most states paid the Loyalists _______________________________________.)

Why Americans Won the War

97

The Articles of Confederation

America’s First Government

A Loose Confederation

Why did state governments write constitutions?

What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

Why did many Americans call for changes in the Articles?

Most States Wrote Constitutions

__________________________________—document that sets out the ___________________,

principles, ____________________________________, and processes of a

________________________________________________________.

_______________________________________ —list of _______________________________ that the

_____________________________________________ promises to ________________________.

Geography Americans were fighting at home on familiar ground. The British were far from home in unknown territory.Foreign Help Spanish and French forces fought with the Americans. France, the Netherlands, and Spain loaned money. German and Polish officers provided training.Patriotism Patriots gained skill as soldiers. They didn’t give up.Leaders George Washington’s leadership and military skills were so good that he was respected by Americans and British alike

98

Reasons for a written constitution:

1. Would spell out the _______________ of all ___________________________

2. Would _____________________________ the _____________________of

________________________________________.

The Articles of Confederation

______________________________________________________—first American constitution; created

a ___________________________alliance of independent states.

Congress could:

1. _____________________________________________________________

2. Appoint _______________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________________

4. Take care of ___________________________________________________________

Congress’s powers were limited:

1. _________states had to ______________________a ______________ before it could go into effect.

2. Could not regulate ________________________________

3. Had no power to ________________; had to __________ the _____________________ for

____________________________; states could not be forced to _______________________________.

4. There was no ___________________ to ____________________________, or carry out, the

__________________.

99

5. There were no ___________________________ to settle __________________________________.

Under the Articles of Confederation, the ______________________ had more power than the

_____________________government. The Articles of Confederation had a ___________________

federal government on purpose because they were afraid of their experiences with the British

___________________________ and ___________________________________.

Weaknesses of the Confederation

Conflicts between states

The ______________________________ government did not have _____________________________

to ____________________________ such _______________________________________.

Money problems

The central government did not have power to raise __________________. States often

____________________ _____to ______________________________money. The government could

not ______________________________ its _______________________. Continental Congress had

printed paper ____________________________, or ____________________________. However it had

little ____________________________because it was not backed by _____________ or

___________________________. Each ________________________ printed its

own____________________________, which caused _______________________________.

Foreign countries took advantage of the confederation

100

Britain refused to pull ________________________ from the Ohio Valley. _________________ closed

the port of New Orleans to _________________________________________.

Why did the Articles of Confederation fail?

I. Currency Issues

The United States did not have a _________________________currency. Americans carried money from the __________________ ____government, ___________________ government, and _____________________________nations. Merchants stopped accepting___________________ from outside of their own _______________________, causing a lot of money to become ___________________________.This caused an increase in __________________________.

II. Debt

__________________________ could not ______________the people and depended on money from

the _________________________.Therefore, the U.S. was unable to pay its _____________________!

Examples:

The U.S. owed money to France, Holland, and Spain for _________________________ made during

the Revolutionary War. The U.S. had not paid many of their own ______________________________!

III. International and Domestic Problems

The U.S. lacked the military ___________________________ to __________________________ itself

against Great Britain and Spain. States acted as individual _____________________________ and

seldom ______________________.

Example: Connecticut and Virginia almost went to war over __________________________________!

Why Americans Called for a Change in the Articles

101

The nation suffered a __________________________—a period when business activity ____________,

prices and wages ___________, and ____________________________________________ rises.

Massachusetts raised __________________________, and the courts seized the

___________________ of those who could not _____________. Many farmers took part in

_______________________________________, led by Daniel Shays. They attacked

_________________________ and kept officials from seizing _________________________.

Many Americans saw Shays’ Rebellion as a sign that the Articles of Confederation

________________________________________________________.

The Constitutional Convention

The United States Government Begins to take shape

The Constitutional Convention

Who were the leading delegates to the Constitutional Convention?

What were the main differences between the two rival plans for the new Constitution?

What compromises did the delegates have to reach before the Constitution could be signed?

Leading Delegates to the Convention

When the __________________________________________________ met on May 25, 1787, to

consider a new system of _______________________________, every __________________ except

____________________________________ sent ___________________________________________.

Revolutionary Leaders:

102

Benjamin Franklin:

_________________________ delegate

Signed _____________________________________________________________

George Washington :

_______________________________________of _________________________________________

New Generation:

Alexander Hamilton :

Wanted _____________________ central ____________________________________________.

James Madison

Ideas on ___________________________________________government influenced others

“_____________________________________” of the Constitution

Rival Plans for the New Constitution

________________________Plan

1. Proposed by __________________________________________________ and

___________________________________________________of_______________________________

2. Supported by ___________________________states

103

3. ______________________national _____________________________________with three

________________________.

A. _______________________________ branch—_________________________ laws

B. _____________________________branch—_________________________________laws

C. ______________________________ branch—courts would decide if __________________

were carried out _________________________

4. Legislative branch— __________________ houses

A. Seats awarded on basis of __________________________________.

B. ___________________________states would have more

___________________________________________ than _______________________________

states.

_____________________________Plan

1. Proposed by William Paterson of _______________________________________.

2. Supported by _________________________________________ states.

3. Legislative branch—_______________ house. Each state gets _____________ vote.

_________________states and ___________ states would have ______________________

representation.

The Delegates Compromised

104

_______________________________—a settlement in which each side ______________________

some demands in order to reach an __________________________________________.

Great Compromise

_________________________ states wanted two _______________________ of Congress with a

state’s _________________________________________ decided according to the state’s

____________________________________.

____________________________states wanted __________________ to have __________________

house and each state to have two _____________________________________.

The compromise—a _________________house legislature.

Members of the lower house—the House of ______________________________________________—

would be ____________________________ by popular _____________. Seats would be awarded

according to _________________________________.

Members of the upper house—the _________________________—would be chosen by state

_________________________________. Each state would have two ____________________________.

Three-Fifths Compromise

_____________________________________ wanted to include __________________________ in the

population ______________________ to determine seats in the _______________________, even

though they could not ________________________._____________________________________

objected. Since _____________________ could not _________________________, they should not be

____________________________________.

105

The compromise - _________________________________ of the ______________________ in any

state would be ________________________________.

The Slave Trade

____________________________ wanted to __________ the _________________________________.

_________________________________ said a ban on the

_______________________________________ would ruin their ______________________________.

The compromise - Congress would not ______________________ the slave trade for at least ______

years. After that, Congress could ___________________________ the slave trade. Meanwhile, no

state could stop a ____________________ slave from being _________________________________.

Ideas Behind the Constitution Part I

Traditions of Freedom

Ideas Behind the Constitution

What did American leaders learn from studying ancient Rome?

What traditions of freedom did Americans inherit from Great Britain and from their own colonial

past?

How did Enlightenment ideas shape the development of the Constitution?

What the Founding Fathers Learned From Ancient Rome

106

_____________________________________________— the ______________________________ who

laid the groundwork for the __________________________________________________________,

such as _________________________ and __________________________________.

They admired the _____________________________ Republic. They created a

____________________________, a government in which ________________________ rule

_______________________________ through elected________________________________________.

They admired Roman ________________________ who _______________________ the republic out

of a sense of public_______________________________. They saw the collapse of Rome’s republic as

a _______________________________. They wanted to avoid a

______________________________________, a government in which one person or small

_______________________ holds complete ____________________________________.

Traditions of Freedom

British Traditions of Freedom

Magna Carta

1. English _________________________ themselves had to _____________ the law. For

example, the king could not raise ______________ without

_______________________________ the Great Council.

2. English ______________________—and later, other people—had ________________,

including rights to ___________________ and the right to _____________________________.

English Bill of Rights

107

1. It stated that parliamentary _________________________ should be held

________________________________.

2. It upheld the ____________________ to __________________________________.

3. It allowed citizens to ________________________________________.

4. It affirmed the right of _______________________________________, the idea that no person

could be held without being _____________________________ with a specific

______________.

The American Experience

Constitutional Tradition

1. Mayflower Compact, the first document of

______________________________________________ ____________in North America.

2. Written colonial _________________________________________.

Revolutionary Era

1. Memory of _________________________________ against the English

_______________________, expressed in the

______________________________________________________________________.

2. Experience of the

________________________________________________________________.

3. Experience with the

_________________________________________________________________.

4. Experience with state ________________________________________ and

state________________________________________________________.

108

Teachings of the Enlightenment

John Locke

Two Treatises of Government

1. All people have _____________________________________ to _________,

____________________, and _______________________________.

2. Government is an _________________________________ between ___________________

and _______________________________. The ruler must _________________________ the

laws and _______________________________________ the people.

3. If a ruler ______________________________ the people’s

__________________________________, the people have a _______________ to

_______________________________.

Baron de Montesquieu

The Spirit of the Laws

1. The __________________________________of government should be clearly defined.

2. There should be a _________________________________________________________, that

is, the _______________________ of government should be ________________________ up

among _______________________________ of government so no __________________ or

_____________________ gains too much _______________________________.

3. A government should have three separate __________________________________—

_________________________________________________,

109

_________________________________________, and

___________________________________________.

Ideas Behind the Constitution Part II

Preamble and Basic Principles

Goals and Principles of the Constitution

How does the Preamble define the basic goals of the Constitution?

What framework of government is established by the articles of the Constitution?

What are the seven basic principles of American government?

110

The Preamble Defines the Constitution’s Basic Goals

1. To form a more ___________________________________________- The states work together

as one ____________________nation, not as separate ______________________________.

2. To establish ___________________________-The justice system requires that the __________

be applied ________________________ to every __________________________________.

3. To ensure ______________________________________________The government can ensure

domestic tranquility, or ___________________ and _______________________ at

______________________.

4. To provide for the _____________________________________________- To

______________________ citizens against ______________________ attack, the national

government can raise ___________________ and ________________________. However, the

military is under ______________________________, or

__________________________________, control.

5. To promote the _____________________________________________- The national

government promotes the general welfare, or the _____________________________of all its

____________________________________.

6. To secure the _____________________________ of ____________________________- A

major goal of the __________________________________ is to protect the

__________________________, or _____________________________________, of Americans.

___________________________________________—opening statement.

The Articles Describe a Framework of Government

111

Article I- Describes the ___________________________ branch. Establishes

______________________ and ___________________________ on

_____________________________.

Article II- Describes the ______________________________ branch. Establishes powers and limits of

the _________________________________________.

Article III- Describes the ___________________________ branch. Establishes powers and limits of

the __________________________________________.

Article IV- Explains relations between the ____________________________. Requires states to

____________________ one another’s _______________________. Sets out a system for

_________________________________ new _______________________.

Article V- Provides a process for ____________________________________the Constitution.

Article VI- Says the Constitution is the “_________________________________law of the land.” No

_____________________________ law may violate the ______________________________________.

Seven Basic Principles of Government

1. _________________________________________________________- The principle that

__________________________________ gets its ________________________________ from

the _____________________________, therefore people have a right to

____________________ or _______________________________ their government.

2. ________________________________________- The principle that government has only the

____________________ that the ______________________________ ____________gives it.

112

_______________________________, no matter how _________________________________,

must _______________________ the law.

3. __________________________________________________________- The idea of

_______________________________ government _____________________________ by

________________________________it among _______________________________ branches

of government.

4. _______________________________________________- Each branch of government has

power to _______________________, or limit, actions of the other

______________________________________.

5. ___________________________________- The principle of

______________________________ power between the ________________________

government and the _______________________________________.

6. ___________________________________- A form of government in which citizens

elect__________________________________________ to carry out their _________________.

7. _______________________________________________- Individual rights include freedom of

_______________________, freedom of _______________________, and the right to

__________________________________________.

113

114

Ideas Behind the Constitution Part III

The Legislative, Executive and Judicial Branches

How the Federal Government Works

What are the powers of the legislative branch?

What roles does the President fill as head of the executive branch?

How is the judicial branch organized?

The Legislative Branch: Congress

House of Representatives

1. ______________ members.

2. Number of _____________________________________ for a state is based on that state’s

_________________________________.

3. ________________________________________ terms.

4. Leader of the House is the ____________________________________.

Senate

1. ________________________members

2. Two __________________________________________ per state

3. _______________________________terms

115

4. Leader of the Senate is the ______________________________________ of the United States.

When the Vice President is away, the president ______________________________takes

over.

The Legislative Branch: The Powers of Congress

Listed Powers and Duties of Congress

1. To ______________________________________

2. To _______________________________________

3. To borrow _______________________________________

4. To __________________________money

5. To establish ________________________________________________

6. To fix standard ____________________and ____________________________________

7. To ________________________________________________

Elastic Clause

Congress can “make all ____________________________ which shall be

_________________________________________ and ________________________________” for

carrying out its ___________________________.

The Executive Branch: Powers and Duties of the President

1. To __________________________________________the nation’s ___________________

2. To direct _____________________________________policy

3. To make ____________________________________

4. To appoint ________________________________________________

116

5. To act as ____________________________________________________ of the armed forces

6. To _________________________________ new _____________________ and work for their

____________________________

7. Can grant ______________________________________________

8. Can call special sessions of __________________________________________

9. To stand as a _________________________________________ of the nation

Electing the President: Presidential Facts

1. The President is elected for a __________________________________ term.

2. The President may be elected to no more than _______________ complete _______________.

3. The President is elected by a _____________________________ system known as the

______________________________________________________.

4. When Americans vote for ________________________________, they are really voting for a

group of _________________________________ pledged to the

_________________________________.

5. A few weeks after ___________________________ Day, the electors meet in each

___________________ to vote. The candidate who receives a majority of the

___________________________votes nationwide becomes

_______________________________________.

The Electoral College

The number of ________________________ votes per state is determined according to the results of

the most recent _________________________________. The Presidential candidate that receives

more than __________________ of the __________________________ votes ____________________.

117

There are a total of____________________ electoral votes. Therefore, a Presidential candidate must

receive at least ________ electoral votes to win the presidency.

How many members of the House of Representatives do the following states have?

1) Washington - _______ 2) Kansas_________ - 3) New York_________ - 4) California -___________

The _________________ from every state make up the ______________________________________.

The electors vote for the ________________________________ and

_______________________________________ after the ___________________________ vote. If no

candidate receives at least _____________ electoral votes,

the______________________________________________________________ chooses the President

The Judicial Branch

118

Ideas Behind the Constitution Part IV

Checks and Balances/Ratification

The Constitution Provides a System of Checks and Balances

How can each branch of the government check the powers of the other two?

Checks and Balances

1. Congress can _______________________________________the President. (2/3rd’s vote)

2. The _______________________________ must approve all Presidential

________________________. (2/3rd’s vote)

3. _____________________________ can ________________________________________a

Presidential ________________________. (2/3rd’s vote)

4. The _____________________________________ must ________________________all of

Congress’ _______________________ before they become ___________________.

5. The President can __________________bills.

119

6. The __________________________________________ can declare Presidential

_____________________ to be __________________________________________________.

7. The President _______________________________________ all

__________________________judges, including

________________________________________________justices.

8. ____________________________ can ___________________________________

federal_______________________________.

9. The __________________________ must ___________________________ all of the

President’s choices for _____________________________.

10. The Supreme Court can declare __________________ to be

_________________________________________________.

One branch checks another branch by doing the following

President Congress vetoing, or rejecting, bills Congress has passed

Congress President overriding, or overruling, the President’s veto

Congress President approving or disapproving Presidential appointments

Congress President ratify or not ratify treaties the President has negotiated

Congress President The House can impeach, or bring charges of wrongdoing against, the President. The Senate then conducts a trial.Supreme President and Congress declaring laws unconstitutional

120

Ratification and the Bill of Rights

What were the key issues in the debate between the Federalists and the Antifederalists?

How was the Constitution finally ratified?

How was the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution?

Federalists

1. For a strong _________________________, or ____________________________, government.

2. The Constitution gave the national ________________________________ enough

________________________to _________________________________ effectively.

3. The Constitution still protected the __________________________ and

___________________________ of the ______________________________.

4. ___________________________________________, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay wrote

a series of essays—The __________________________________________________—to

explain and defend the _________________________________________.

5. The Constitution already protected the _______________________________ of

___________________________________ well enough.

Antifederalists

1. Against the ___________________________________________________.

2. The Constitution made the __________________________ government too

_____________________.

3. The Constitution made the _____________________ too _____________________________.

121

4. Patrick Henry gave a speech saying that, under the Constitution, the

________________________________________ had too much _________________________

and that someday a President might try to become ___________________________.

5. The Constitution had no _______________________________________ to protect natural

___________________, such as freedom of _________________________ and

______________________________.

A Bill of Rights Was Added

The first _________________________ under the _______________________________________ for

________________________________ and members of ___________________________________ was

held in January 1789. The first Congress met in _________________________________. Congress

turned its attention to a _______________________________________________.

To _____________________________________, or change, the

____________________________________, Congress followed the process established in the

Constitution. Congress proposed twelve ___________________________________________. The

amendments went to the _________________________ for their

______________________________________. By December 1791, three fourths of the

______________________ had _________________________________ 10 of the 12 amendments.

These 10 amendments became known as the

_________________________________________________.

122

The Bill of Rights/Amending the Constitution

The Freedoms Guaranteed to Every American/Amending the Constitution

Formation of the Bill of Rights

_________________________________________________ was in ______________________________

during the Constitutional Convention. Jefferson felt that the Constitution should have a

_______________________________________.________________________________________to the

Constitution are _________________________________ if the

_____________________________________ from ¾’s of the states

____________________________________ the amendment.

_________________________________________wrote the first ten amendments in 1791, which are

known as the ____________________________________________.

1 st Amendment:

1. Freedom of ____________________________

2. Freedom of ______________________________________

3. Freedom of the ______________________________

4. Freedom of ______________________________________

5. Freedom of ____________________________________

2 nd Amendment:

Right to ________________________________________

123

3 rd Amendment:

_______________________________________ of soldiers

4 th Amendment:

________________________________against unreasonable _______________________and

___________________________

5th Amendment:

1. _________________________________________ from

___________________________________________________________

2. Protection from ___________________________________________________

3. Protection from uncompensated__________________________________________________

4. Must be _____________________________ by a ______________________________________

6 th Amendment:

1. Right to a ______________________________________________________________________

2. Right to an ___________________________________

8 th Amendment:

1. Protection from ______________________________________________________ punishment

2. Protection from _____________________________________________________________

124

The Writing of the Constitution

Causes

1. Articles of Confederation creates ______________________ national government

2. ____________________________ and _______________________________ problems arise

between _______________________

3. Foreign nations take _________________________of _______________________ government

4. ____________________________________________________________ breaks out

5. Convention meets to revise _______________________________________________________

Effects

1. New government includes ___________________________ and two-house

________________________________

2. Power is __________________________________ between _________________________and

_______________________________governments

3. ____________________________________ allow __________________________to continue

4. _________________________debate and ________________________________ Constitution

5. ________________________________________________ is added

Effects Today

1. United States is world’s oldest continuing

_________________________________________________________________________.

2. Debate about _______________________versus ________________________power continues

3. Amendments extend __________________________ to more __________________________

4. New ______________________________look to the Constitution as a ____________________.

125

Changing the Constitution

How can the Constitution be amended?

Amending the Constitution

126

Federalism/Citizenship

Powers of the Government/Being a Citizen

Federalism

Powers Delegated to the National Government

1. _____________________________________________________.

2. Create and maintain _____________ forces.

3. Establish ___________________________________________________________.

4. Regulate ____________________________________ and _____________________________ trade.

5. Make ___________________________________and ____________________________________

laws.

6. Establish _________________________________________________________.

7. ___________________________________________________.

Powers Reserved to States

1. Establish__________ ___________________________governments.

2. Establish and maintain ___________________________________.

3. Regulate _______________________ within _____________________________.

4. Conduct _________________________________________.

127

5. Provide for public__________________________________.

Powers Shared by the Federal Government and State Governments

1. ___________________________________________________.

2. Provide for the ___________________________________________________.

3. ______________________________________________________.

4. ______________________________________________________.

5. Charter________________________.

6. Build__________________________________________.

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens

What makes a person a citizen of the United States?

How can Americans develop democratic values?

What are the responsibilities of citizenship?

What Is a Citizen?

A _____________________________ is a person who owes ______________________________ to a

particular ____________________________ ______and is entitled to all its

______________________________ and _______________________________________.

To be a United States citizen:

128

1. You were _____________________ in the United States or at least one

________________________________ is a _____________________________.

2. You were ________________________________________, that is, you have completed the

official legal process for becoming a ________________________________.

a. Many ___________________________________—people who enter another

_________________________ to __________________________ there—become

_________________________________________ citizens.

b. First, immigrants may have _______________________________________ to stay in the

country as ____________________________________________, or

___________________________________________ living in the country.

3. You were ______ or _______________________ when your

_______________________________ were naturalized.

Democratic Values

1. ________________________________________-Such as __________________________ and

___________________________________________.

2. _______________________________________- A feeling of __________________ and

_________________________ toward one’s __________________________; inspires

Americans to serve their ___________________________________.

3. _________________________________- For ______________________________, our

__________________________, our _________________________________, and other

members of our ________________________________________________.

4. ________________________________- Both __________________________and

_________________________responsibility; responsibility for

129

________________________________ and the

_____________________________________________ of our actions.

5. ______________________________________-_________________________________ and

________________________________________courage; doing the ______________________

thing even when it is __________________________, difficult, or

______________________________________________.

Civic Virtue—a willingness to work for the good of the nation or community even at great

________________________________.

Responsibilities of Citizenship

1. _________________________- Citizens must study the

_________________________________ and __________________________ in order to make

________________________________________ choices.

2. ______________________________________- We give the government the power to make

_______________ for us, so we have a ____________________ to _______________ the laws.

3. _______________________ the nation- Citizens must help defend the nation against

____________________________ to its peace or _____________________________, such as

by serving in the _______________________________________.

4. Serving on a ____________________- Citizens must take _____________________ out from

their ___________________ and personal lives for ____________________________________,

serving on a jury when ______________________________.

5. Serving the _________________________- Many citizens offer their ________________ and

___________________________to improve their ___________________________ and

______________________ others.

130

6. __________________________________- Citizens cannot protect their ___________________

unless they know what they are and stay _______________________________.

The New American Government

Challenges and Problems faced by the Early United States

Washington Takes Office

What steps did Washington take to make the new government work?

What was Hamilton’s plan to reduce the nation’s debt and build the economy?

What were the causes and results of the Whiskey Rebellion?

Making the New Government Work

1. First ____________________________- Washington was ___________________________on

April 30, 1789. A presidential _______________________________ is the ceremony in which

the President takes the ________of office. The first inaugural was a _________________affair.

2. First ______________________- _______________________created five

_____________________________ ______to help the

____________________________________. The ______________ of the departments made

up the ________________________. Members of the Cabinet ________________________the

President and directed their _______________________________. Washington set a

_________________________, or an example for others to follow, by choosing well-known

_____________________ to serve in the Cabinet.

3. The ___________________________Act- In 1789, Congress passed

__________________________________________, which set up the federal

131

______________________ system. Washington named John Jay the first

__________________________________________ of the United States.

4. Time in __________________________- Washington set another precedent when he decided

not to run for a _____________ term. Not until 1940 did any President seek a third _________.

Early American Problems

I. People were more loyal to their ___________________ than to the __________________________.

II. People questioned the _____________________________________. (Since the Articles of

Confederation didn’t work)

III. People worried about the _________________________ and the _______________________.

IV. The nation was severely in ______________________.

Organizing a New Government

In 1789, _____________________________________________________was inaugurated as the

nation’s first President. ___________________________________was the first Vice-President.

______________________________________ was the first capital of the U.S.

Washington appointed four men to his first ____________________________.

1. Secretary of State- ___________________________________________________.

2. Postmaster General-___________________________________________________.

3. Secretary of the Treasury- _________________________________________________.

4. Secretary of War-___________________________________________.

132

Hamilton’s Plan for the Economy

The problem

The United States had a huge __________________________________________—the total amount of

_______________________ that a ________________________________________ owes to others.

The ________________________________ government and _______________________ governments

had borrowed by issuing __________________—certificates that promise to _____________________

the _________________________ loaned, plus ______________________________, on a certain date.

The debate

1. ___________________________________—the federal government must repay both

______________________________ and state ______________________ by buying up the old

___________________ and issuing ___________________ ones. The United States must repay

all debts so it won’t lose the ______________________ of investors.

2. ______________________________—Hamilton’s plan would reward

_____________________________—people who invest in a ___________________ venture in

hopes of a large _________________________. They shouldn’t make a big profit on

the__________. Besides, most ___________________________ states have already paid their

debts. Other _____________________ should do the same. Many citizens thought that the

government would __________________ be able to ___________ back their debt. Therefore,

they sold their bonds to ____________________________at a ____________. Most

_______________________________, who became rich, lived in the ________________.

The compromise

133

Hamilton promised to support putting the nation’s __________________________ in the

________________________ if ________________________________________ agreed to his plan for

__________________________________state _________________________.

Causes and Results of the Whiskey Rebellion

Causes

To raise money for the __________________________, Congress approved a ____________ on all

__________________________ made and sold in the

_____________________________________________. Backcountry

_____________________________ grew _____________________. It was easier to get their product

to market if they turned their corn into ___________________________first. They

________________________the tax on whiskey. They ______________________, marching in protest

and _______________________________and _____________________________tax collectors.

Results

Washington called up the _________________________ and sent them to put down the

_______________________________________. The rebels fled back to their _____________________.

The national government had shown that it would act ___________________________________ in

times of _______________________________. It also showed that

______________________________________ would not be tolerated.

134

The New American Government- Part II

Creating a Foreign Policy and the Rise of Political Parties

Creating a Foreign Policy

How was American opinion divided over the French Revolution?

Why did Washington want the nation to remain neutral in foreign affairs?

Why was it difficult for the United States to remain neutral?

American Opinions of the French Revolution

The French Revolution

In 1789, the French_______________________________ against their ___________________. The

______________________________ and the ______________________________________ paid heavy

_____________, while _____________________________ paid none. Reformers wanted a

_________________________________________________ to limit the king’s

___________________________ and protect basic _______________________________.

American Views Favoring the French Revolution

1. Americans knew what it meant to struggle for __________________________________.

2. France had been their first ____________________________.

3. Americans admired the ________________________________________________, who had

_____________________________ with them in the American Revolution.

4. Jefferson: The French had the _________________________ to use

_______________________________ to win _________________________________.

135

American Views Against the French Revolution

1. The revolution turned _______________________________. The

___________________________, queen, and tens of thousands of others were

____________________________________.

2. Hamilton and Adams: ______________________________ can’t be created through

widespread _______________________________________.

Washington Wanted to Keep the Nation Neutral

1. Following the French Revolution, _____ broke out between France and __________________.

2. Washington had to decide on a __________________________________________________—

the actions that a nation takes in relation to other ____________________________________.

3. Washington knew the United States had signed a ___________________________ with France

that made the two countries ___________________________. He worried that the United

States could not ___________________________ the treaty and still remain

________________________________, or not take sides.

4. After much _______________________________, Washington issued the

______________________________________________________________, which stated that

the United States would not support either ___________________ in the war. It forbade

Americans from __________________________either side.

Difficulties Over Neutrality

1. ________________________________ European nations seized American ________________.

2. John Jay negotiated a treaty with ___________________________________________.

______________________________________ said:

136

A. Britain had to pay ______________________for seized American ______________.

B. Britain agreed to give up its _________________ in the ______________________.

C. Americans had to pay _____________owed to British _______________________.

3. Many Americans _____________________Jay’s Treaty because it did nothing to protect the

_____________________ of _______________________American _________________.

4. When Washington _____________________, in his

__________________________________________________ he advised Americans to stay out

of European_______________________________.

Political Parties Emerge

Why did many Americans distrust the idea of political parties?

How did the views of Hamilton and Jefferson differ?

Why did political parties develop?

How did the election of 1796 increase political tensions?

Many Americans Distrusted Political Parties

1. Americans had seen how ________________________ or ______________________________

groups within ___________________________, worked in Britain. Members of

________________________ were often more interested in personal

__________________than in public _____________________.

2. Political ____________________ could be a __________________________ to

national______________________________. They could lead to “______________________

and false ________________________________.”

137

Hamilton and Jefferson: Differing Views

Alexander Hamilton

1. Favored _______________________________________________________________________.

2. Believed that the __________________________________government should have more

power than the ________________________.

3. Believed in a _____________ interpretation of the ____________________________________.

4. Was pro-____________________________.

Thomas Jefferson

1. Favored ____________________________and ___________________________communities.

2. Believed that _________________________ should have more _________________ than the

________________________ government (__________________________rights).

3. Believed in a ___________________________ interpretation of the Constitution.

4. Was pro-____________________________.

Why Political Parties Developed

Hamilton and Jefferson _________________________in private. Jefferson and

________________________________ decided to ___________________________ the

______________________________ of their views. They met with leading

_____________________________politicians. Leaders in other _____________________ organized to

________________________ either Hamilton or Jefferson. Jefferson’s supporters called themselves

______________________________________________. Hamilton’s supporters were called

____________________________________. ____________________________ ______began to take

sides. The two political ____________________ took part in the _______________________of 1796.

138

The New American Government- Part III

The Presidency of John Adams, Alien and Sedition Acts

The Election of 1796

The Winners

______________________________________________ for President

_____________________________________________ for Vice President

The Second President

How did John Adams handle the conflict with France?

Why did the Federalist Party split?

How did the Alien and Sedition acts raise the issue of the rights of states?

What role did Congress play in the election of 1800?

John Adams and the Conflict With France

1. ____________________ objected to Jay’s Treaty. The French said it favored

_________________________.

2. ____________________________ ships began to seize American _______________________.

139

3. Adams sent _____________________________ to Paris to discuss the

________________________ of ________________________________ nations.

4. The French foreign _____________________________ sent three _____________________ to

offer the Americans a ____________________. The agents asked for a $250,000 ____________

and a $10 million _______________ to France before they would ____________________.

5. Adams told _______________________________. Because he called the French agents X, Y,

and Z, the incident became known as the ________________________________ Affair.

6. The country would not pay the ____________________, but Adams

__________________________ to ask __________________________ to declare

_____________ on ________________________________.

7. Instead, Adams ______________________________ the ______________________by building

_______________________, ________________-sailing ships with many _______________.

The Federalist Party Splits

Hamilton and his ___________________________ supporters wanted a ________ _____with France.

War with _______________ would _______________________________ the

________________________________party. War would ____________________ ____the United

States to _____________________ up its _________________________ forces. This would increase

federal _______________________. ______________________ and his Federalist

____________________________________ wanted to ______________________ war with France.

Adams wanted to keep the ______________________ out of ____________________________ affairs.

He sent American _________________________________ to France. The new French leader agreed to

stop ____________________________________ American ___________________________.

140

The Alien and Sedition Acts and States’ Rights

During the crisis with France, __________________________________ passed the

____________________________ and _________________________________________acts.

Alien Act

The _____________________________ could expel any _________________________ thought to be

____________________________________________ to the ________________________________.

The number of years _____________________________ had to wait to become

_______________________ was raised from _______ to _____________.

Sedition Act

Sedition means stirring up _________________against a __________________________________.

Under this law, citizens could be ___________________ or _____________________ for

_________________________ _____the _______________________________________ or its officials.

These laws helped stop immigrants from _________________________________ for the

Democratic-Republicans. The law was aimed at Democratic-Republican

_________________________________________.

The Alien and Sedition Acts and States’ Rights

______________________________ and the ______________________________ opposed the Alien

and Sedition acts. Jefferson argued that states had the right to ______________________________, or

cancel, a law passed by the ______________________________ government.

________________________________ and ________________________________ passed resolutions

supporting Jefferson’s view.

141

Kentucky and Virginia resolutions

1. These resolutions claimed that each state “has an equal _________________to

________________ for itself” whether a law is _______________________________________.

2. If a state decides a law is _______________________________________________, the state

can _________________________that law within its ______________________________.

3. These resolutions raised the issue of _________________________ _____________. Does the

federal government have only those __________________________ listed in the

_______________________________? If so, the _________________ possess all other powers.

4. The _____________________________believed that only the

_____________________________________________ could declare a law

____________________________________________________.

Congress and the Election of 1800

1. Republicans backed ______________________________________________ for President and

____________________________________ for Vice President. Federalists supported

___________________________________________.

2. Republicans won the __________________________________ vote.

3. In the _______________________________________________, Jefferson and Burr each

received 73 ________________________.

4. The election went to the

_________________________________________________________________ to decide.

5. After four days and 36 votes, the House chose

___________________________________________ as President and ____________________

as Vice President

142

The Age of Jefferson

A Republican Takes Office

How did Jefferson’s presidency reflect a democratic style?

What actions did Jefferson take to reduce the power of the federal government?

How did Chief Justice John Marshall strengthen the Supreme Court?

Jefferson’s Democratic Style

Jefferson wanted to make the government more ______________________________________, which

means ensuring that all _________________________ have the same ______________________.

1. He made his inauguration a _____________________affair instead of a ___________ one.

2. He preferred _____________________dinners to formal _________________________.

3. To show that the President was an ______________________ citizen, he wore

____________________clothes and greeted people by

______________________________________ instead of _________________________.

4. He promised that although his party, the Republicans, were in the

_________________________, he would not treat the Federalists

_________________________. In his inaugural address, he said, “The

__________________________ possess their ___________________________rights, which

equal laws must ____________________________________.”

143

Jefferson’s Economic Policies

1. Jefferson believed that one way to ___________________________ government

_____________________________was to reduce the federal ___________________________.

2. Jefferson believed in the ______________________________________ idea known as

____________________________________, a policy in which the

__________________________________ plays as small a role as possible in

_______________________________________affairs.

3. Instead the economy relies on a _____________________________ _________where goods

and services are ____________________________________ with little

_______________________________________________.

Jefferson Reduced the Power of the Federal Government

Chief Justice Marshall and the Supreme Court

144

1. ___________________________had appointed ____________________________________as

________________________________________of the

_______________________________________. Marshall was a

_____________________________.

2. Marshall found the ___________________________ to be ______________________________

than other _______________________________ of government.

3. When ________________________________________________ sued Secretary of State

_______________________________________, the case came before the Supreme Court. The

___________________________________________ of 1789 said the Supreme Court could

decide cases against federal ____________________________________________.

4. In the Supreme Court’s decision in the case of _________________________________,

Marshall wrote that the Constitution didn’t give the Supreme Court the right to hear such a

case, and Congress could not give it the right. Therefore, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was

____________________________________.

5. The decision in Marbury v. Madison set a ______________________________________. It

gave the Supreme Court the power of ____________________________________________—

the power to decide whether laws passed by Congress were

___________________________________ and to reject laws that it considered

____________________________________.

6. Today, judicial review is one of the most important

______________________________________ of the

_____________________________________________________________.

Control of the Mississippi River

145

Farmers west of the Appalachians shipped their crops on the __________________________________

to _________________________________. From there, ships carried the

_______________________to Atlantic ports. ______________________ controlled

____________________________________. Sometimes they threatened to ________________ the

port. In the Pinckney Treaty of 1795, Spain agreed to let Americans ship their goods down the

__________________________________to New Orleans. In 1800 Spain gave

___________________________________back to France. _________________________ wanted to

grow food in Louisiana. Events in _____________________, a French _________________________ in

the Caribbean, ruined his plans. ___________________________ Africans in Haiti

_______________________ and declared their ____________________________________. To gain

control of Louisiana, Jefferson decided to buy ____________________________________.

The United States Buys Louisiana

Jefferson sent Robert Livingston and James Monroe to buy _________________________________

and West _______________________________from ___________________________________.

Livingston and Monroe met with the French

______________________________________________________. After some time, he asked them if

they would like to buy all of __________________________________________. Surprised, Livingston

at first offered _________________________________. Eventually, he and Monroe agreed to

______________________________________.No one was sure the purchase was

__________________________________________. In the end, Jefferson decided that he did have the

________________________________ to buy Louisiana. The _________________________________

approved the _________________________________, and the

_______________________________________________________________________went into effect.

146

The Louisiana Purchase ____________________________________ the size of the U.S.

The Age of Jefferson Part II

Lewis and Clark, Zebulon Pike, and Overseas Trade

The Expedition of Lewis and Clark

Purpose of the ________________________________, or long journey of

_________________________________:

1. To map a route across the Louisiana Purchase to the

____________________________________________________________.

2. To study the territory’s _______________________________________—land, climate,

plants, and ______________________________________.

3. To learn about the ______________________________ nations who lived there

The Journey

_________________________ and __________________________ left from

__________________________ and crossed the plains by way of the ____________________________

River. ________________________________, a Shoshone woman, and her husband agreed to

accompany the party as ___________________________________.

The ________________________________________ showed Lewis and Clark the best route over the

___________________________. Lewis and Clark crossed the

___________________________________________________, the high mountain ridge that separates

147

river systems flowing toward ___________________________ sides of the

_________________________________.

The party built _________________ and floated down the __________________________________

River to the _______________________________________________________.

The ____________________________ trip back to St. Louis took another _____________________. The Expedition of Zebulon Pike

Purpose of the journey was:

To explore the upper _____________________________River, the ______________________________

River, and parts of present-day ________________________ and

_________________________________.

The journey

From Colorado and New Mexico, Pike entered ____________________________________ territory.

Spanish troops __________________________________Pike and his men and took them into

____________________________.The party was later escorted through _________________________

back to the United States.

New Threats From Overseas

What were the benefits and risks of overseas trade?

How did the British and French violate the neutrality of American ships?

148

Why did Jefferson decide to impose an embargo?

Benefits and Risks of Overseas Trade

Benefits

_____________________________ traders built up a _______________________________trade, for

example, trade with ______________________, with ______________________, and in the Pacific

Northwest.

Risks

One great risk was _______________________. Pirates from the Barbary States on the north coast of

North __________________________ attacked ___________________________ in the Mediterranean

Sea. To protect American ships, the rulers of those states demanded a yearly

________________________, or bribe. When Jefferson refused to _____________, one of the Barbary

States, Tripoli, declared ______________on the United States. Jefferson

__________________________ the port of Tripoli. American marines launched a

________________________attack. The ruler of Tripoli agreed not to _______________________ with

American ships.

The British and French Violate the Neutrality of American Ships

Britain and France went to _________ _____again in 1803. American merchants

__________________________ with both sides. Neither side wanted Americans to

149

________________________ with the other side. The ___________________________ seized

American ________________ bound for ________________________. The

______________________________ seized American ships bound for _________________________.

The British also stepped up ______________________________________, the practice of

______________________________ people into service. They seized ______________________ men

from English _________________________ and both English and

_______________________________________-born sailors from American

__________________.___________________________ Americans called for ________________.

Jefferson and the Embargo

Hoping to ________________ France and Britain by cutting off _______________________, Jefferson

proposed an ___________________________, or ______________ on trade. He persuaded

___________________________________ to pass the

________________________________________, which hurt Britain and France but hurt

____________________________________ even more. Merchants

___________________________________ against the embargo. Some turned to

___________________________________, importing or exporting goods in violation of

_____________________ laws. Jefferson used ___________________________ to enforce the

______________________________. Jefferson admitted that the Embargo Act had

____________________.Congress replaced the Embargo Act with the

_______________________________________________________, which said Americans could trade

with all nations except _________________ and ______________________.

Causes of the War of 1812

150

1. In 1803, Britain and France went to ________________ again.

2. Both countries _______________________________ U.S. ships sailing towards the ports of

their __________________________________.

3. Britain continued its’ ____________________________________________ of U.S. sailors.

The War of 1812 Part I

The Road to War

Why did conflicts between white settlers and Native Americans increase during the early 1800s?

What was the goal of Tecumseh’s Native American confederation?

Why did the War Hawks push for war against Britain?

Early Conflicts Between Settlers and Native Americans

Between 1790 and 1810, 900,000 __________________________________ moved

___________________of the _______________________________________________.

They built farms on __________________________ lands and hunted animals the Indians needed for

___________________. Settlers _________________________ treaties that the United States

government had __________________________ with ________________________________ nations.

Fighting often broke out between ______________________________________________________

and ________________________________________.

In 1791 Indians drove settlers from ______________________.

151

American forces under General Anthony Wayne defeated the ________________________

______and other Indian nations at Fallen Timbers, in present-day ____________________________.

In 1795, the ___________________________and other Indian nations signed the

___________________________ _______________________, in which they gave up

__________________ that would later become part of Ohio. In return, they received $20,000 and the

promise of more _______________________ if they kept the _____________________________.

Conflicts Between Settlers and Native Americans

152

Tecumseh’s Confederation

Why the War Hawks Pushed for War with Britain

The British were supplying _________________ and _______________________________ to Indians

on the _________________________________. They encouraged Indians to

_____________________________ settlements. President ________________________________

said that if either the British or French would stop __________________________________American

ships, the United States would stop ___________________________________ with the other nation.

__________________________ agreed to stop, so the United States traded with France but not with

___________________________________. The ____________________________________ were

153

members of _____________________________ from the _________________ and the

____________________ who called for_______________. They were stirred by

________________________________, or devotion to one’s ___________________________. They

said ____________________________ was treating the United States as if it were a British

______________________________. One War Hawk,

________________________________________, hoped that in a war the United States could conquer

________________________________.Other War Hawks said that in a war with

______________________________, the United States could seize _____________________________

from Britain’s ally, _________________________. To cut off American _____________________ with

France, British warships __________________________________ American

________________________. Finally in June _____________________________, Congress declared

war on Britain. War Hawks wanted ________________________________ on Britain for seizing

American ___________________________.

The Prophet and Tecumseh

Tenskwatawa, also known as “ The____________________________________”, believed that in order

to survive, Native Americans had to give up __________________________ways of life.

Tecumseh unified many ___________________________ behind the message of the Prophet, who was

his ______________________________.In 1808, the Prophet built a village for his followers in

__________________________________________________, Indiana.

Showdown at Tippecanoe

154

In 1811, fearful of the growing ____________________________________ of the Prophet and

Tecumseh, Governor William Henry Harrison led 1,000 troops against them in the

______________________________________________________________.

The battle was viewed by Americans as a major _____________________________________, even

though it was unclear which side actually ______________________.

The War of 1812- Part II

The War of 1812

How was the United States unprepared early in the war?

What successes did Americans have in the West?

How did the final battles of the war progress?

Why did New Englanders protest against the war?

The United States Was Not Prepared for War

The United States __________________________ had only 16 ______________________. The British

had a huge __________________________.

The United States ___________________ was small and ill ____________________________. Many

___________________________ knew little about _________________________________.

The government relied on ____________________________________________, who were poorly

_______________________________ and had little ____________________________________ in

battle. Many ______________________________________.

155

The War of 1812 in the West

The Final Battles of the War of 1812

The invasion of Canada

General William Hull led American troops into Canada. The Canadians made it look like their forces were large and included experienced British troops. The Americans retreated.Battle of Lake

ErieCaptain Oliver Hazard Perry designed and built his own ships. Perry’s fleet met a British fleet on Lake Erie. The Americans won the battle.Battle of the

ThamesGeneral William Henry Harrison’s troops pursued a British force and their ally Tecumseh toward Canada. The Americans won a victory at the Battle of the Thames. Tecumseh died in the battle.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Andrew Jackson and American troops defeated the Creeks. The Americans won the battle.

156

New Englanders Protest the War

The British ___________________________________ hurt New England’s

_____________________trade._________________________________________________ feared that

the United States might win ___________________ in _________________________ and

__________________________, which would become new _____________________________. That

would make the ___________________ and the ______________________________ more influential

than ______________________________________.______________________________________ from

________________________________________ states met at the

____________________________________________________________, in Hartford, Connecticut.

They threatened to ______________________ the ________________________________ if the war

___________________________________________. While the Hartford Convention was still meeting,

news of a ______________________________________________ arrived. The Treaty of

Bladensburg, Maryland

British troops marching toward Washington, D.C., met American troops about 30 miles from Washington. The British scattered the Americans.Washington,

D.C.The British set fire to the White House and other buildings, then set off for Baltimore.

Baltimore, Maryland

The British bombarded the harbor but were unable to take Fort McHenry. They withdrew. Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner” about this battle.New Orleans The British attacked the city. Andrew Jackson led a strong force of frontiersmen and Choctaw Indians. Citizens of New Orleans, including African Americans, joined his forces. British losses were heavy. The American forces won a victory at the Battle of New Orleans.

157

_________________________ ended the War of 1812. It was named after the city in

___________________________________ where it was signed. In the treaty, Britain and the United

States _______________________ to go back to the way things were _____________________ the

war.

What were the three major reasons that the United States declared war on Great Britain in

1812?

The U.S. declared war on Great Britain because of their:

1. __________________________________ _______________of U.S. sailors.

2. Violation of U.S. sea ____________________________________________.

3. Support of ___________________________________________________________.

Washington, D.C is Attacked

In 1814, the British set______________________________________________ on fire, including the

______________________________________.

The Star-Spangled Banner

The British attacked Fort ________________________________at

___________________________________________.

__________________________________________ watched the battle from a

_________________________ ship, where he was trying to convince the British to release an

American _______________________________________.

When the smoke cleared, “______________________________________________________”.

158

In response, Key wrote the poem “Defence of Fort M'Henry”, which later was put to

___________________ and renamed “The

______________________________________________________”.

Treaty of Ghent

While it ended the war, the treaty did not _____________________________ any of the problems

between Britain and the U.S.

Battle of New Orleans

Led by Gen. _______________________________________________, the U.S. defeated the British

two weeks ____________________ the Treaty of Ghent was ____________________________.

Casualties: Britain – 2,030; U.S. –___________.

The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution

What was the Industrial Revolution, and how did it take hold in the United States?

Why was Lowell, Massachusetts, called a model factory town?

What was daily life like in early factories?

What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on American cities?

_______________________________________________________—a long, __________________

process, begun in ______________________________, that completely changed the way goods were

____________________________________.

159

1. Gradually ____________________________ replaced

_______________________________________.

2. New sources of _____________________________ such as

______________________ replaced human and ______________________ power.

3. The _________________________________ began a gradual shift toward

_____________________________________________________________.

4. New _____________________________________________ transformed the

_________________________________ industry. For example, the

___________________________________________, which could spin several

______________________________ at once, replaced the spinning

_____________________, which spun ___________ thread at a time. A

_________________________-powered loom that could weave cloth

__________________________ replaced older, _______________-operated looms.

5. Instead of working _______________________ in their

________________________, many workers went to work where the

________________________________ was—in large ____________________ near

____________________________________. This new system of

_________________ is called the

________________________________________________________________.

6. Large amounts of ______________________, or money, were needed to set up

and operate large mills. ________________________________—people who

invest in a business in order to make a profit—supplied the money.

How the Industrial Revolution Came to the United States

160

The First American Mill

_______________________________________________________, a skilled

_______________________________ in a British ____________________________ mill, heard that

_____________________________________________ were offering

_________________________________ for British factory_____________________________. Slater

___________________________________________ the _____________________________ of

machines in the mill. Then he boarded a ship bound for

_________________________________________________. In Pawtucket, Rhode Island, he built the

first successful textile_____________________________ in the United States powered by

_______________________________________.

Interchangeable Parts

Skilled _____________________________________ made goods by ____________________. Each

item was slightly _____________________ _______________than every other item.

__________________________________ had the idea of having _______________________

manufacture each __________________. All parts would be ________________________, or

interchangeable. _____________________________________________________ would save

_____________________ and ___________________________________. Whitney demonstrated his

idea with _____________________________________, but the idea of interchangeable parts also

applied to _________________________________ and many other _________________________.

Lowell, Massachusetts: A Model Factory Town

161

In __________________________________, one ________________________________spun

__________________________ and another ____________________________ it into cloth. Francis

Cabot Lowell had the idea of ____________________________________ spinning and weaving under

one roof. After Lowell’s _______________________________, his ____________________________

built an entire factory ____________________________, with streets of small, neat, white

_________________________. The company hired young ___________________________ from

nearby _______________________________. They came to be called the

_______________________________________________. The company built

__________________________________________________________ for them and made

________________ to ______________________________ them.

Daily Life During the Industrial Revolution

162

Factory Workers

Women were paid ______________________ as much as men. Working hours were

___________________, and wages were _______________.

Example: _________________ hour work days:

Earnings:

Men - _________per week

Women - _____ ___per week

Children - _________per week

____________________________developed as ________________________________ and

_____________________________ took available factory____________________.

Americans Move Westward

How did settlers travel west in the early 1800s?

What steps did Americans take to improve their roads?

How did steamboats and canals improve transportation for Americans?

How Early Settlers Traveled

163

Improving American Roads

Steamboats Improved Transportation

Development of the Steamboat

John Fitch showed how a ______________________engine could power a ___________________. He

opened a _________________________ service on the Delaware River, but __________ people used

it, and he went out of _______________________. ___________________________________

launched his own ______________________________, the ___________________________________,

164

on the____________________________ River. It carried passengers from

_________________________ City to Albany in _____________________ time.

Soon, _______________________________ were carrying passengers up and down the Atlantic

______________________. Steamboats carried passengers and ______________ on the

___________________________________, Ohio, and Missouri ___________________.

Henry Shreve designed a ________________________________________ steamboat for

__________________ western ___________________________.

Canals Improved Transportation

The Erie Canal

Some __________________________________________________ had the idea of building a

__________________ linking the _____________________________________ with the Mohawk and

Hudson _____________________________. The _____________________________________________

would let __________________________ farmers ship their ___________________ to

______________________________________.

New York ___________________________ DeWitt Clinton persuaded the state legislature to put up

______________________________ for the ______________________________________________.

Work began in _____________ and was finished in ______________________. The cost of

_________________________________goods dropped to about one tenth of what it had been and

helped make New York City a ______________________________________ center.

The ____________________________ of the Erie Canal led other __________________________ to

build _____________________________, too.

165

The Erie Canal

The Erie Canal stretches from the _________________________ River to Lake

______________________.

Benefits of the Erie Canal

1 – It reduced ____________________________time for __________________________________.

2 – It _______________________________________ the costs of shipping goods.

3 – New York City became a center of ________________________________________.

4 – The ____________________________ of _______________________ along the

_______________________ grew.

166

Unity and Division

The Era of Good Feelings, Sectionalism, Supreme Court is Strenthened

What role did sectionalism play in the nation during the Era of Good Feelings?

How did Congress help American industry after the War of 1812?

What was Henry Clay’s American System?

How did the Supreme Court give more power to the Federal government?

The Era of Good Feelings

167

James Monroe

A ________________________________________; defeated the ____________________________

candidate for _____________________________ in the election of 1816. A popular, easygoing

President, he hoped to create a new sense of national ________________________. One newspaper

wrote that the United States was entering an “______________________________________________

_____________________________________.” When he ran for a second __________________, no

candidate____________________________________ him.

Rise of Sectional Interests

Voices for Different Sections of the Country

John C. Calhoun—the South

1. Supported the ______________________________________.

2. Defended ______________________________________.

3. Opposed strengthening the _______________________ of the ______________________

government

Daniel Webster—the North

1. Opposed the __________________________________________ and refused to

_____________ for _________________ to pay for the ___________________.

2. Wanted the _____________________________government to take a

_____________________________ role in building the nation’s

________________________________ .

3. Thought that slavery was _________________________.

168

Henry Clay—the West

1. A ____________________________________ who _______________________________

the War of 1812

2. Favored a more _________________________ role for the _______________________

government in promoting the country’s __________________________.

Congress Helps American Businesses

The Tariff of 1816

169

Henry Clay’s American System

A problem

_____________________________________—loyalty to one’s _________________ ___or

_____________________rather than to the _________________________ as a whole. Clashes over the

_________________________ were an example of __________________________________.

Henry Clay’s plan

With his _________________________________________________, Henry Clay wanted to promote

economic ______________________________ for all ___________________________________.

170

High __________________________ on ___________________________________ would help

Northern ___________________________. Northerners could then buy ______________________

products from the ________________________ and the _____________________________.

Use the ___________________________________ from tariffs for

____________________________________________—roads, _______________________, and

__________________________. Improved __________________________________________ would

help western and southern __________________________ ship goods to ______________________.

The opposition

___________________________________ already had many _______________________________ so

they opposed paying for ___________________ and _______________________.

The Supreme Court Under John Marshall Strengthens the Power of the Federal Government

171

The Monroe Doctrine

New Nations in the Americas

How did the Latin American nations win independence and become republics?

How did the United States gain Florida from Spain?

What was the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine?

Latin American Nations Win Independence

The Case The Issue The Decision

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Maryland tried to tax the Bank of the United States. The Bank cashier refused to pay.

The Court ruled that states had no right to interfere with federal institutions within their borders.Gibbons v. Ogden

(1824)A New York law tried to control steamboat travel between New York and New Jersey.

The Court ruled that a state could regulate trade only within its borders, but only the federal government had the power to regulate interstate commerce, or trade between different states.

172

Area Leaders What Happened

Mexico Miguel HidalgoJosé Morelos

Father Hidalgo and Father Morelos led peasent movements for independence from Spain. Both were captured and executed by the Spanish. Creoles—people born in Latin America to Spanish parents—began to join the revolutionary movement. In 1821, revolutionary forces won control of Mexico.

Republic of Great Colombia—made up of present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama

Simón Bolívar

In 1819, Bolívar led an army from Venezuela into Colombia and defeated Spanish forces there. He became president of the Republic of Great Colombia.

Area Leaders What HappenedArgentina José de San

MartínSan Martín led Argentina to freedom in 1816, then helped Chile, Peru, and Ecuador win independence.United

Provinces of Central America—made up of present-day Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala

In 1821, peoples of Central America declared independence from Spain. Two years later, they formed the United Provinces.

Brazil Prince Pedro, son of the Portuguese king

Brazilian revolutionaries demanded independence. Prince Pedro supported them. He became emperor of the independent Brazil.

173

The United States Gains Florida

Many Americans wanted Florida.

__________________________________________ worried about the ____________________ and

__________________________________ Indians of ___________________ raiding

______________________________ settlements. Many _______________________________African-

Americans escaped to _______________________. About 1,000

__________________________________________ lived in settlement on the Apalachicola River

known as ___________________________________. In 1818 _________________________________

______led American _______________________ into _____________________.

174

________________________________ protested but was busy with

_____________________________________ in ____________________________ America. In the

________________________________________ Treaty, Spain agreed to give

_________________________ to the __________________________________________ for $5 million.

The Monroe Doctrine

The Background

In 1815, Prussia, France, Russia, and Austria formed an _______________________________aimed at

crushing any _______________________________ in ______________________. They seemed ready

to help _________________ take back its _________________________ in ______________________

America.________________________ claimed lands on the ____________________________ coast of

_____________________ America. The __________________________ feared their

_________________ would be hurt if ________________ regained control of its former

____________________________. Thus, ___________________________ suggested the

___________________________________________ and Britain issue a joint statement guaranteeing

the ______________________________of the new _________________________.

Monroe’s Foreign Policy

President Monroe acted independently of _______________________. He issued a foreign policy

statement known as the __________________________________________. The United States would

not _________________________in the affairs of ________________________ nations or their

existing _______________________. At the same time, ____________________________ nations

should not try to regain ______________________of the newly ________________________________

nations of ____________________ America. The United States would _____________________ any

175

attempt to build new ________________________ in the _________________________________.

Several ____________________________________ have called on the

_________________________________________________ to ________________________________

European ________________________________, or direct involvement, in Latin America.

Monroe Doctrine

__________________ and __________________ America should no longer be thought of as areas for

European ______________________________________.The _______________would not interfere

with _________________________ affairs, and European countries should not interfere with the

affairs of any ______________________ in the Western _____________________________.

GOALS:

1. To protect the ________________________________________ of new Latin American nations.

2. To keep __________________________ from moving ____________ into the U.S. from

_____________________.

The Age of Jackson- Part I

Increased Voting Rights, New Political Parties, and The Spoils System

A New Era in Politics

How did the growing spirit of equality change voting rights in the 1820s?

Why was there a dispute over the election of 1824?

Why was John Quincy Adams an unpopular President?

176

What new political parties developed?

The Growing Spirit of Equality Affected Voting Rights

The United States was _______________________________ rapidly. Many new

_____________________ were in the ______________________, between the

___________________________ and the ________________________________________.

_________________________________life encouraged a ________________________________spirit.

This democratic spirit was reflected in the _____________________________ laws. More people

gained _____________________________, or the right to ________________. In

___________________________ states, any _____________________man over age __________ could

vote. In _____________________________ states, ___________________________ worked to expand

_______________________________. By the 1830s, most eastern states had

_________________________ the requirement that voters own _______________________.

In the election of 1840, voter __________________________ was______________________!

The Dispute Over the Election of 1824

177

John Quincy Adams Was an Unpopular President

Adam’s Plan

1. The __________________________ government should _____________________________

economic growth. It should pay for _______________ and _______________________ to help

______________________ transport goods to _______________________________.

2. The government should promote the _______________ and ____________________ by

building a national ___________________________________ and an observatory.

How Most Americans Reacted

1. These _______________________________ cost too much money.

2. These programs would make the ______________________ government too

________________________________.

What Jackson Supporters Said

1. Adams had made a “___________________________________________” in the 1824 election.

2. Adams was a member of the ____________________ class, not a ________________________

person like _________________________________ of the South and West.

What Adams Supporters Said

1. Jackson was a dangerous “_______________________________________________________.”

2. If Jackson won the election, he could become a _________________________ like

_________________________________.

178

New Political Parties

The two new political parties developed more ________________________________ ways for

choosing _____________________________ for _______________________________:

1. They got rid of the __________________, or private meeting, for ______________ candidates.

2. Instead, each party began to hold a

_________________________________________________, where _______________________

from the __________________ chose the party’s _________________________.

Jackson in the White House

The Spoils System

When he took office, Jackson ____________________ many government

_____________________________ and ___________________________ them with his

_______________________________. Critics accused Jackson of rewarding

______________________________ for helping to ______________________ him instead of choosing

men who were ____________________________________. Jackson said he was serving

_______________________________ by letting more ______________________________ take part in

________________________________________________. He felt that _______________________

179

Americans were _______________________________ of doing

_______________________________________ jobs. A Jackson supporter explained, “To the

_________________________ belong the _______________________.” The practice of rewarding

supporters with government jobs became known as the

________________________________________. Jackson rewarded a number of

____________________________ with ___________________________jobs. Few of them were

____________________________, however. So Jackson relied on ____________________________

advisers. He met with them in the __________________________________ kitchen. The group

became known as the “__________________________________________________.”

The Age of Jackson- Part II

Bank of the United States, The Nullification Crisis, Trail of Tears, Election of 1840

President Jackson vs. the Bank of the United States

The Bank of the ________________________________ had great _____________because it controlled

the _________made by __________banks. President Jackson thought the Bank was

____________________________. He felt that Bank president Nicholas Biddle used the Bank to

benefit the ______._________persuaded Biddle to try to _____________the Bank’s _______________

before the 1832 _______________. They thought that if Jackson _______________the bill to renew

180

the charter, he would anger ____________and _______the election. When the bill to renew the

Bank’s charter reached the _____________________, he ____________it. First, he said the Bank was

____________________________________. Second, he felt that the Bank helped

__________________at the expense of the ___________________people. The ________ brought up

the _________issue in the election of 1832, but Jackson won a __________________election

_______________anyway. Jackson ordered the Secretary of the _____________________ to stop

putting federal __________________ in the Bank of the United States. The bank _________________.

A New Crisis

How did the tariff crisis lead to the Nullification Act?

Why were Native Americans forced off their land?

What economic problems did Martin Van Buren face?

How did the Whigs and the Democrats campaign in 1840?

The Tariff Crisis and the Nullification Act

In 1828, Congress passed the highest __________________in the history of the

___________________. Southerners called it the

_____________________________________________.

1. Northern manufacturers _________________ the tariff, which ______________________

them from ___________________competition.

2. Southern ___________________ were against the tariff. It raised the cost of

the_______________________________ goods they bought from

____________________________.

181

Vice President John C. Calhoun fought against the _____________________by introducing the

idea of _____________________________________________.

1. Calhoun claimed that a ___________________had the __________________ to

___________________, or cancel, a federal ________ that it considered

____________________________________________________.

2. Daniel Webster _______________________ the idea of ____________________________. He

said that the ________________________________united the American

______________________, not just the __________________. If the states could

________________federal laws, the nation would ________________________________.

Congress passed a _________________ tariff in 1832, but

___________________________________was not satisfied. The state passed the

__________________________________, declaring the new tariff _______________________.

1. South Carolina also threatened to ______________________, or ________________________,

from the ______________________.

2. Jackson asked ______________________ to pass the ______________Bill. It allowed the

_____________________ to use the ______________ to _________________ the tariff. South

Carolina reacted by ______________________ the Nullification Act.

The ____________________________ Crisis had been a quarrel over ___________________rights,

or the right of __________________ to ______________________ the ______________________of

the _____________________ government.

Native Americans Are Forced From Their Homeland

182

The Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, ______________________, and _________________________ nations

lived in the Southeast. Settlers wanted the Indian’s __________ for growing _________________.

President Jackson sided with the ______________________. The federal government set aside

___________ beyond the ______________________________and had begun to persuade or force

_________________ to move to ________ that had been set aside. ___________________claimed the

_________to make _________for the _________________nation. The _____________________went

to _______________, arguing that their ________________ with the ________________ government

protected their ______________ and their __________________. When the case reached the

____________________Court, the Court _______________that the _____________________________

protected the _______________________. President Jackson __________________to

______________________ the Court’s decision. In the ________________case, he backed

_____________rights. Congress passed the ________________________________________in 1830. It

forced many ______________________to move ____________of the

______________________________. The United States ____________ drove more than 15,000

____________________ westward. Thousands ____________________during the ______________.

The long, sad journey west became known as the _____________________________. In

________________, the _______________________Indians _________________ removal. From 1817

to 1818, they fought the United States army in a conflict known as the

___________________________________. The ____________Seminole War lasted from 1835 to

1842. The third __________________________ended in 1858. The Seminoles were finally

__________________. The federal government forced most Seminoles to leave __________________.

Martin Van Buren and Hard Times

183

Martin Van Buren faced the worst economic ___________the nation had known—the

____________of 1837. The nation plunged into a deep economic _____________________________, a

period when _____________________ declines and many people lose their ____________. Many

people blamed __________________________________.

The Campaign of 1840

The Democrats and Martin Van Buren vs. the Whigs and William Henry Harrison

1. Harrison traveled across the land, making ________________________ and greeting

____________________________.

2. Both parties held rallies, banquets, and _________________________________________.

3. Both parties engaged in ___________________________, or the use of insults to attack an

opponent’s reputation.

4. In the campaign, both parties used name-calling, half-truths, and ____________.

__________________________________ won the election. However, soon after taking office,

he died of pneumonia. ____________________________________ became President.

Westward Expansion Part I

The Oregon Trail

Oregon Country

Why were settlers and trappers attracted to Oregon and the Far West?

How did mountain men help explore lands in the Far West?

What role did missionaries play in the settlement of Oregon?

184

What hardships did settlers face on wagon trains to the West?

Settlers and Trappers Were Attracted to Oregon

____________________________________________—a huge region west of the

______________________ Mountains that included present-day ___________________, Washington,

__________________, and parts of Wyoming, Montana, and western __________________________.

1. Good ______________________________along the _________________________

coast attracted ______________________.

2. __________________ ______________.

3. Mild ____________________________________________ year round.

4. Plentiful _______________________

5. __________________________ further inland and in the ____________________

Mountains attracted ______________________________.

6. Beavers and other _______________________________________animals

At first, four countries claimed Oregon—_______________________________________, Great Britain,

Spain, and _______________________. Later, _______________ and Russia dropped their claims.

185

Mountain Men in the Far West

The China trade: New England ___________________________ stopped along the

____________________ coast to buy _______________to sell in _________________________.

The mountain men: These ___________________________________________________—people who

follow their own independent course in life—led________________________ _____________lives.

They faced long, cold __________________________, wild animals, and

_________________________. Often they learned _________________________ and

____________________________________ skills from _______________________.

186

The fur trade: During fall and spring, mountain men tended their _______________. Then in

________________, many mountain men headed for a _______________________________—a

French word meaning “get-together”—at a place chosen the year before. There they met with

______________________________, who bought the __________________.

Famous mountain men: In their search for furs, mountain men explored parts of the

__________________, then showed _________________________ the way. Jedediah Smith, Manuel

Lisa, and James Beckwourth were some well-known ______________________________________.

Missionaries in Oregon

The first _______________________ Americans to settle ____________________________________ in

Oregon Country were ________________________________, including Marcus and Narcissa Whitman.

The Whitmans built a ______________________ near the Columbia River. They worked with the

Cayuse _______________________. Soon other missionaries and _________________________ joined

them. Missionaries attracted more ______________________ when they sent

_________________________ reports about _____________________ to friends and family in the

_______________. Some settlers carried ______________________ that struck the Indians. A

____________________________ outbreak killed many Cayuses. Indians, angry over the spread of

disease ___________________ the Whitman’s ___________________________ and

__________________________ the Whitmans and 12 others.

Life On the Oregon Trail

187

Beginning in 1843, _____________________________________ left an area near Independence,

Missouri, every ________________ and followed trails ______________________ miles west to

Oregon. The route became known as the __________________________________________.

1. People met there and formed themselves into ______________________________________.

2. Each group elected _____________________________.

3. On the trail, people awoke at ___________________. Everyone had a job to do.

4. Often people discarded ________________________ along the way to

______________________ their wagons.

5. Wagon trains faced many ____________________—rain-swollen rivers in the spring, blistering

______________ in the summer, early _____________ in the fall. The biggest threat was

____________________________.

6. Pioneers often traded with Native Americans for ____________.

Westward Expansion Part II

188

The Republic of Texas

The Republic of Texas

Why did American settlers in Texas come into conflict with Mexico?

How did the siege of the Alamo become a rallying cry for Texans?

How did Texas become an independent nation?

What challenges did the Lone Star Republic face?

Americans in Texas Come Into Conflict With Mexico

1821

1. Spain granted an _______________________________, Moses Austin, the right to set up a

_________________ in _________________________.

2. Mexico gained ____________________________________ from ____________________.

3. Moses Austin’s son ___________________________ obtained Mexico’s

____________________ to carry out his father’s __________________.

4. Austin gathered about 300 ____________________, who began settling in _____________.

These settlers agreed to become Mexican ________________ and worship in the

________________________________________________________ Church.

1830

189

1. About 20,000 _________________________________ were living in Texas. By this time,

_________ kept the _______________________________ with Mexico. Most felt little

________________ to Mexico. Most were ____________________________.

2. Mexico barred any more American _______________________. It was feared that Americans

would try to make ________________a part of the ___________________________________.

The Mexican government began to ___________the old law that required _______________to

worship in the __________________ Church as well as laws banning _____________________.

1833

General ________________________________________________came to power in

__________________. Two years later he became ___________________, a ruler with

_____________________ power and authority. Americans in Texas felt that Santa Anna would drive

them from _________________________ and that they must do something.

1835

Americans in Mexico had the support of many _________________, Mexicans who lived in

__________. The Tejanos wanted Santa Anna out of ______________. Texans in the town of Gonzales

clashed with Mexican ____________, forcing the Mexicans to ____________________. Two months

later, ______________occupied San Antonio. Santa Anna marched north with a large _____________.

1836

A group of Texans declared ________________________________ for the ____________________ of

Texas and made _____________________________________ commander of the army.

The Siege of the Alamo

190

By the time Santa Anna reached ____________________________________ with 6,000 troops, about

150 Texans had taken up positions in an old Spanish _____________________ called

the________________________. The Texans had little __________________________, food, water, or

_________________________. On February 23, 1836, Mexican _______________ began a

____________—enemy forces try to capture a position by ________________________________ and

bombarding it. The American commander, ________________________________, sent a message

asking for aid. He sent ______________ to find volunteers and food. About 40 men joined the

___________________in the Alamo. The siege continued for _____ days. Finally, on March 6, a

Mexican cannon __________________________ the mission walls.

_______________________________ of Mexican soldiers poured over the walls, shouting “Viva Santa

Anna!” About _____ Texans and almost ___________Mexicans lay dead. The fall of the Alamo ignited

cries for _____________________. “__________________________________________________!”

became a rallying cry as Texans fought for ____________________________________.

Texan Independence

A few weeks after the Alamo, Mexican troops ___________________ several hundred Texas

_____________________ after they had _____________________________ at Goliad. This action

made Texans _____________________. _______________________________worked to turn the

volunteers into an effective ______________. On April 21, 1836, Texans

__________________________ Santa Anna and his army near the ______________________________

River. In the______________________________________, the

___________________________________ Texans defeated the Mexicans. The next day, the Texans

captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign a treaty granting Texas ______________________.

191

Texans nicknamed their new _______________ the _________________________________________.

They wrote a __________________________ modeled after the

___________________________________Constitution. Sam Houston was elected

______________________of the Republic of Texas.

The Lone Star Republic Faced Challenges

The government of Mexico refused to ______________________ the treaty Santa Anna had signed.

For Mexicans, Texas was still part of their _________________________. Texas was nearly

_________________________. Comanches and other Indian groups threatened to

______________________ Texan communities. To face these challenges, most Texans thought Texas

should become part of the ____________________________________________________. In the

United States, people were ____________________________ over whether to ___________________,

or add on, Texas. _____________________________________________ generally favored the idea.

________________________________ northerners opposed it. Andrew Jackson thought

______________________________ would cause __________ with Mexico; therefore, Congress

__________________________to annex Texas.

The United States Gains Texas

In 1844, Texan president Sam Houston signed a treaty of _______________________________ with

the United States. Fearing war with __________________________, the United States Senate refused

to _________________________ the treaty. Houston ________________________ that Texas might

192

ally itself with __________________________. This move prompted Congress to pass a

__________________________________________ admitting Texas to the ____________________.

Westward Expansion Part III

Manifest Destiny and the War with Mexico

California and the Southwest

Why did Americans take an interest in the New Mexico Territory?

What was life like for Native Americans on California’s missions and ranches?

Why did many Americans support the idea of westward expansion?

American Interest in the New Mexico Territory

New Mexico Territory

1. Ruled by ______________________________ in the early 1840s.

2. Included all of present-day ____________________________, Nevada and ________________,

most of ____________________ and New Mexico, and parts of _________________________.

What attracted Americans to parts of the New Mexico Territory?

1. Reading books about the _______________________________, like Richard Henry Dana’s

descriptions of ______________________________ life in Two Years Before the Mast.

193

2. ___________________—William Becknell led _____________________________ from

Franklin, Missouri, to Santa Fe in present-day _________________________________. The

route they followed became known as the _______________________________________.

Native-Americans on California’s Missions and Ranches

Missions

1. Spanish __________________________ built 21 missions along the

_______________________ coast. Each mission included a ________ and the surrounding

_____.

2. Each mission produced enough for its own _________________. Missions also

supplied____________, grain, and other foods to the ______________________ nearby.

3. _______________________________________ herded sheep and __________________ and

raised crops for the missions. Mission life was ____________. Native America lived at the

missions and learned about the_______________________________________________ faith.

Ranches

1. To encourage economic __________________, the ____________________________

government took land from the ___________________and gave it to ______________people.

2. These people set up huge ____________________________________, where Native

Americans tended the cattle and other animals.

194

3. The Indian and Mexican ___________________________ who worked on the ranches were

called _______________________________. They were excellent _______________________

and ropers. Their _________________________ influenced later cowhands.

American Support for Westward Expansion

Every year, more Americans moved ________________. The United States government offered to buy

______________________________from __________________________. Some Americans wanted

control of the ports at _______________________________________ and

_______________________________. Many people believed that Americans had a ______________

and _________________ to spread their _____________________ and its ________________________

government all the way to the ___________________Ocean. This belief was called

________________________________________. Manifest means clear or

_________________________. Destiny means something that is _______________________________.

Many Americans believed that ________________________ would open new opportunities for the

United States _______________________________. Some people believed that

_______________Americans were superior to __________________ Americans and

_____________________and deserved to take the ____________from those people.

Election of 1844

Presidential candidate James Polk believed strongly in Manifest Destiny, and he favored annexing

________________ and _______________. His Presidential slogans were:

________________________________________ and ______________________________________.

After winning the election, the U.S. and ________________________ compromised by dividing

195

_____________at latitude 49 degrees north. Later, the Oregon Territory became the states of Oregon,

_________________________, and ___________________.

The Mexican War

What were the causes and results of the United States war with Mexico?

What new lands did the United States acquire as a result of the Mexican War?

Causes and Results of the Mexican War

The United States Acquires New Lands

In the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Mexico had to ___________, or give up, some of its lands:

1. Mexico ______________ all of ____________________________ and

_____________________________to the United States. These lands were called the

_______________________________________.

196

2. In return, the United States paid Mexico _________________________________.

3. The United States agreed to respect the rights of

______________________________________________ people in the

_________________________________________.

In 1853, the United States bought the _______________________________________________:

1. The United States wanted to build a _____________________________ across an area that is

now the southern part of _________________ and ___________________________________.

2. The United States paid Mexico ____________________________for the strip of land, known

as the Gadsden Purchase.

Westward Expansion Part IV

Settlement of Utah and California

Americans Rush West

Why did the Mormons move west to settle in Utah?

How did the gold rush affect life in California?

Why did California develop such a diverse population?

The Mormons Settle Utah

1. _______________________________founded the

_________________________________________________________________ in 1830 in

upstate ____________________. Members of the church were called ___________________.

197

2. Neighbors were angered by Mormon ___________________ that

____________________should be owned in ___________________ and that a man could have

more than one ______________.

3. The Mormons moved west to _____________, where they faced ________________________.

4. The Mormons moved to _______________________, and then to ______________________.

In the 1840s, they built a community called ____________________ on the banks of the

_______________________________River. They again ________________________ with

neighbors. An angry mob __________________Joseph Smith.

5. A new leader, ___________________________________, realized Mormons needed a

_________________, a place where they would be safe from __________________________.

In 1847, he led an advance party to the valley of the _______________________________, in

present-day _____________. Thousands of _____________________________ followed.

6. In 1850, Brigham Young founded the ___________________ school of all time, the University

of ______________. Some people thought he was so _____________ that they named their

university after the founder of the “U”, but their school is not as ___________________ as the

University of _________________. ___________________________________________!

The California Gold Rush

1. In 1848, James Marshall was supervising the building of a _________________________ for

John Sutter, when he discovered a lump of _____________.

2. Sutter tried to keep the news a ______________, but within days people from

____________________________________ and other _______________________ towns were

rushing to ________________________________ to look for ______________.

198

3. Soon, thousands of _____________________, as well as people from around the

_____________, were rushing to California to search for _____________. They became known

as _______________________________.

4. Early miners found gold _________________. Some miners found a way to get the gold out of

______________________________. Yet, few miners struck it ___________. Many went

______________ trying to find gold. Still, although many miners left the ____________fields,

they stayed in California to _____________ or work at other _____________.

5. ________________________________________________ grew from a

________________________ town to a ______________________________city.

6. When __________________grew in the ________________________ camps, miners and city-

dwellers formed ____________________________ committees. _______________________,

or self-appointed law enforcers, dealt out _________________________________.

Sometimes, a person accused of a crime was __________________________—hanged without

a ___________________.

7. Californians realized they needed a _______________government. In 1849, they wrote a state

____________________________ and asked to be admitted to the _____________________.

California’s Diverse Population

1. Originally, many _________________________________________made California their home.

2. Before the gold rush, California’s population included large numbers of __________________.

3. The gold rush brought in people from all over the world, including large numbers of

_______________________. Many stayed on when the _________________________ ended.

4. Escaped ________________ and _______________ blacks joined the gold rush. Many African

Americans also ___________________________________ in California.

199

A Mix of Cultures in California and the Southwest

After 1848, ____________________________________settlers flocked to the

________________________. They brought their culture and ideas about _______________________.

Ideas and practices that Americans adopted from the Mexican Americans who lived in the Southwest:

1. ______________________________________ techniques.

2. Methods of __________________________________________.

3. Spanish and Native American _______________, for example, stampede, _______________,

tortilla, ______________, and tornado.

4. Some Mexican ________________, for example, one law that said that a husband and wife

owned property ____________________ and another law that said landowners could not cut

off ______________________ to their _________________________________.

People Rush into the West

Causes

1. ___________________________ has fertile land

2. __________________ is ideal for raising _________________ and growing _________________

3. Many Americans believe in _____________________________________

4. ______________________________ seek a safe home

5. _______________ is discovered in California

Effects

1. Texas wins war for ____________________________

2. United States ______________________ Texas

200

3. Britain and United States divide _______________________

4. United States defeats _____________________ in war

5. _______________________ Kingdom spreads

Effects Today

1. United States stretches from ____ to _____

2. California and Texas are the most ______________________ states

3. _______________________________________ American culture enriches the United States

The World of the North Part I

Industry, Inventions and Railroads

Industry in the North

How did new inventions change manufacturing and farming in the North?

What difficulties did the first railroads face?

How did railroads and clipper ships help the northern economy?

New Inventions Changed Manufacturing and Farming

201

The _________________________ was invented by

___________________________________________ in 1844.

_____________________________________allowed _____________________________ to be relayed

______________________________________over hundreds or thousands of ____________________.

202

The Trouble With Railroads

Early problems

1. ______________________________ who moved freight on

_____________________________ wagons feared losing their _________________.

2. Investors in _____________________ worried that

__________________________________ from the ________________________ would

cause them to ____________ their investments.

3. ____________________________________ and _________________________________

often led to railroad _____________________________________.

4. Locomotives often _____________________________________.

5. The _____________________________________ belched thick smoke and hot

____________________. The embers sometimes burned ___________________________.

6. Where there was only one __________________ instead of one in each

__________________________, trains _____________________________.

Gradually, many of these problems were solved and by the 1850s, railroads

______________________________________________the nation.

Railroads in 1850

203

Railroads and Clippers Improve the Northern Economy

Railroads increased commerce within the United States.

1. ________________________, Chicago, and __________________________________ became

major _____________ centers.

2. Railroads allowed ___________________________ owners to transport large amounts

________________________and ________________________.

3. Railroads linked ________________ with _____________________. The towns became

______________________ for ________________________ made in the cities.

4. Railroads brought cheap farm goods from the _________________to

____________________________. New England farmers could not ________________ and left

their farms for other __________.

A new kind of ship, the clipper ship, increased commerce between the United States and other

nations:

204

1. Americans sold _____________________, fur, __________________, lumber, and

________________________ overseas.

2. John Griffiths launched a new, _________________________ ship—the

___________________________ ship. It was a sleek vessel with tall masts and huge

___________________ that caught every gust of wind.

Steam Power Also Helped the Northern Economy

Steam power had advantages over water power:

1. _________________________ that used __________________ power could be built

_______________________________________. They didn’t have to be built along

______________________.

2. Steam-driven machines were _________________________________, as well as

___________________ to run.

3. The new machines produced _______________ goods at ___________________________ cost.

The World of the North Part II

Factories and Immigration

Life in the North

How were conditions in factories in the 1840s worse than those in the 1820s?

What did factory workers hope to accomplish by joining together?

205

Who were the new immigrants in the mid-1800s?

How were free African Americans treated in the North?

Factory Conditions Worsened in the 1840s

1. ________________________-powered factories of the 1840s and 1850s were

________________________ than the mills of the early 1800s. The new factories changed the

way ______________ was done and the way workers _______________ and

_____________________.

2. ________________________________________________________ changed the way workers

felt about their ___________. In the past, _____________________, or skilled workers, were

___________________ of what they made. With mass production, factory owners were

interested in ____________________________ the factory produced, not how

_____________it was done. Workers could not be __________________________.

3. Artisans often ______________________________ and _____________________________

their own _____________________________________. Factory workers were

______________________to rise to manage a business.

4. Often, entire ___________________ labored in factories, including ______________________.

They worked long hours—from _______________ until __________________.

5. Factory workers faced _______________________________ and _______________________.

Few factories had _______________________ or ___________________________ systems.

Factory machines had no ______________________ devices. There were no

________________regulating factory ________________________________.

Workers Joined Together

206

1. _________working conditions and __________________________ led workers to

_______________________. In the 1820s and 1830s, artisans in each trade formed

______________________________________.

a. The unions called for a shorter _________________________, higher

___________________, and ________________________ working conditions.

b. Sometimes, unions went ______________________________, that is, they refused

to _______________until their _________________________________ were met.

2. ________________________, workers made progress.

a. In 1840, President Van Buren approved a _________________________ workday

for government _____________________________________.

b. ___________________________ won better pay, but

_______________________________workers made little progress.

c. ____________________________Workers organized, too.

3. ________________________________________ textile workers protested

__________________________ and _________________________________ work rules.

a. Women workers staged _________________________ at Lowell, Massachusetts,

in the 1830s.

b. The Lowell Female Labor Reform Association petitioned the state legislature for a

__________________________________workday.

New Immigrants of the Mid-1800s

1. By the late 1800s, many factory workers were new _______________________________.

2. Many immigrants came from _________________________________ seeking to earn

higher__________________.

207

3. Between 1845 and 1860, over 1.5 million ________________immigrated to the United States.

A _____________________ had destroyed Ireland’s ___________________ crop, leading to a

____________________, or severe _________ shortage. Thousands died of

_________________________ and _______________________. Others fled to the

____________________________________________.

4. Between 1848 and 1860, nearly a million ____________________arrived in the United States.

____________________________had broken out in many parts of _______________________.

People left Germany to avoid the __________________________.

Not everyone welcomed the immigrants:

1. One group of Americans, called __________________________, wanted to preserve the

country for __________________________-born, _______________________ citizens.

2. Because immigrants were willing to work for ___________________pay, some Americans

protested that they “___________________” jobs.

3. Many people ________________________________the different languages,

__________________________, and dress.

4. Some people blamed immigrants for a rise in city __________________________.

5. Some people mistrusted Irish newcomers because many of them were

__________________________. Until then, a majority of immigrants to the United States had

been ________________________________.

6. Nativists formed a new _________________________ ____________________. It was called

the ___________________________________________. The party was anti-

_____________________________ and anti-_____________________________________.

African Americans in the North

208

African Americans in the North met discrimination

1. _____________________________________ is a policy or _________________________ that

denies equal _____________________ to certain groups of people.

2. African Americans were denied “the ___________________________, the

_____________________, the halls of the ________________________________, the army,

the public lands, the ___________________, and the ___________________________.”

3. African Americans had trouble finding good ______________________.

African Americans in the North met some success:

1. Some African Americans found success owning their own

__________________________________.

2. Some African Americans became successful

____________________________________________.

The World of the South Part I

Cotton and Southern Society

Cotton Kingdom in the South

How did the cotton gin improve cotton production in the South?

How did the South become an agricultural economy?

In what ways was the South dependent on the North?

The Cotton Gin

209

1. ______________________________________________ in the North and in Britain needed

more and more ______________________________________________to make cloth.

2. Southern ___________________________ could grow plenty of _________________________,

but removing the seeds by _______________ was a__________________ process.

3. ____________________________________________ built a machine to __________________

cotton—the cotton engine, or _____________. It had rollers with wire

______________________ that ______________________________ the seeds from the fibers.

One worker using a gin could do the work of______ people cleaning cotton by ___________.

4. The ________________________________________ led to a boom in cotton production.

5. Cotton plants wore out the ____________, so planters began to look for fresh

________________. By the 1850s, cotton ___________________________________extended

in a wide band from the ____________ Coast westward to _______________________. This

area became known as the ________________________________________________.

6. As the Cotton Kingdom spread, so did __________________________________

The Rise of Cotton Production and the Growth of Slavery

210

The South Becomes an Agricultural Economy

The Economic Relationship Between North and South

211

Southern industry remained small:

1. Agricultural ________________—cotton gins, planters, and _________________.

2. Other agricultural goods—__________________________, hoes, and ______________ for bags

3. ________________________ cotton cloth

4. Tredegar Iron Works of Richmond, Virginia—__________________________equipment,

__________________________________, tools, ______________________________

5. _________________________________________

However, the South had little industry compared with the North. The South depended on the North

and on Europe:

1. Loans from _______________________ banks

2. Northern ________________________________, tools, and __________________________

Life in the South

Which groups of white southerners made up southern society?

White Southern Society

The Wealthy :

1. A __________________________ was someone who owned at least __________ slaves.

2. Only one white southerner in ______ belonged to a __________________________ family.

3. Less than________ percent owned ______ or more slaves. These wealthy families were called

the “____________________________________________.”

Small farmers:

212

1. About ______percent of southern whites were small farmers.

2. They __________________________ the land they farmed.

3. These “________________________________” might own one or two slaves.

4. Plain folk ______________________________ with their slaves in the fields.

Poor whites

1. They did not _____________ the land they farmed. They ___________________________ it.

2. Poor ______________________________ often lived in the hilly, wooded areas of the South.

Who Made Up Southern Society?

213

The World of the South Part II

Life of African Americans, Slave Codes and Resisting Slavery, Abolitionist Movement

Key Questions

How were free African Americans treated?

What laws restricted the freedom of African Americans?

How did African Americans resist slavery?

Free African Americans

Most ____________ African Americans were ___________________________ of _________________

freed during and after the ____________________________________________. Others had

______________________ their ________________________.

Slave owners feared that ____________ African Americans might set a bad __________________for

_______________________________African Americans:

1. They might encourage slaves to ________________________.

2. They proved ___________________________________ _____could take care of

themselves.

Southern states passed laws to make life _______________for _____ African Americans:

1. Free African Americans were not allowed to __________________or _______.

2. In some states, they either had to _______________ out of the state or let

themselves be _________________________________.

214

Laws and Practices Restricted the Freedom of Enslaved African Americans

Southern states passed laws known as ______________________________ to keep slaves from

running away or rebelling:

1. Enslaved African Americans were forbidden to gather in groups of more than _____________.

2. They could not leave their owner’s land without a __________________________________.

3. They were not allowed to own ________________.

4. It was a ____________ for slaves to learn how to _____________ and ____________________.

5. They did not have the right to ______________________________ in court.

Conditions _________________________from plantation to plantation. Slaves generally worked long,

hard days—up to _____ hours a day. Since southern laws did not recognize slave

______________________ or slave ____________________, it was hard for African Americans to keep

their families together. On some large plantations, extended families—grandparents, parents,

children, aunts, uncles, and cousins—often did manage to form _________________________groups.

Some planters allowed ________________ministers to ________________ to their slaves.

African Americans Resisted Slavery

Some African Americans struck back against _____________________ as the opportunity presented

itself, such as by _____________________tools, ______________________ crops, and

______________________ food. Many enslaved African Americans tried to escape to

the________________. A few African Americans used __________________to resist the slave

system. For example Denmark Vesey, a _________man, planned a _________________. However, he

was ____________________ before the revolt began. __________________________, an African

215

American ___________________, led a major revolt. He led his followers through

_________________________, killing many _____________. In hunting him down, whites killed many

_______________________African Americans before they found and _________________Turner.

Opposing Slavery

How did the antislavery movement begin and grow?

How did the Underground Railroad help slaves reach freedom?

Roots of the Antislavery Movement

Early antislavery efforts:

1. Since ___________________ times, ________________ had taught that slavery was a ______.

2. During the ______________________________________________________, ministers called

on ________________________________ to stamp out ___________________________.

Colonization Movement:

1. The ____________________________________________________________________

proposed to end slavery by setting up an independent ___________________ in

____________________ for _______________slaves. In 1822, the society founded the nation

of ______________________, in West __________________. Only a few

___________________________ African Americans settled there.

Abolitionist Movement

1. Reformers known as _________________________ wanted to end slavery

______________________ in the United States.

216

2. Some African Americans tried to end slavery through ___________________________ and

__________________________. Others, such as Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm, used

their _________________________ to influence public ___________________________.

3. Free African American David Walker encouraged ______________________________ African

Americans to free themselves by any _________________.

4. __________________________________________, the best-known African American

_______________________________ was a powerful speaker. He lectured in the United States

and ______________________________.

5. White abolitionist _________________________________________________ published The

Liberator, the most influential ____________________________________ newspaper.

6. The Grimké Sisters ____________________________________ against slavery.

The Underground Railroad

1. The _________________________________________________ was a network of

______________ and __________________abolitionists who _________________________

helped slaves __________________________ to freedom.

2. ________________________________ guided ______________________________to

_______________________where they could _______________—the homes of

_______________________________, churches, and ___________________.

3. _________________________________________________ escaped from slavery. She risked

her __________________________ and her _____________ by returning to the

_____________________ 19 times. She led more than __________ former slaves to

____________________________.

217

Reform and A new American Culture Part I

Opposition to Abolition, Temperance, Education, Prisons and the Mentally Ill

Opposing Slavery

Why did many white northerners and southerners oppose the campaign to abolish slavery?

Reasons Why People Opposed Abolition

In the North:

1. Northern mill owners, ____________________, and _________________________ who

depended on southern ________________________ worried about losing their cotton

_____________________.

2. Northern ________________________ feared that ________________African Americans

might come and take their ____________.

In the South:

1. Many ___________________ southerners accused __________________________________ of

preaching _____________________________.

2. Slave ___________________________ defended _______________________even more firmly

than before. Some argued that slaves were better off than northern

__________________________________________.

3. To many _______________________________slavery was an essential part of the southern

__________________________________ and way of __________________.

218

The Reforming Spirit

How did political and religious ideals provide inspiration for reform?

Why did Dorothea Dix seek to reform the treatment of prisoners and the mentally ill?

What were the goals of the temperance movement?

How did reformers improve American education?

Roots of Reform

_________________________________—an organized attempt to improve what is

_______________________ or _____________________________in society

Political ideals

1. Politics was becoming more ________________________. People pointed to the Declaration

of Independence’s promise of ___________________ and _____________________________.

2. People question slavery as ____________________________________________.

3. People asked why women had few rights.

Religious Ideals

1. In ___________________ times, American ______________________ believed in

________________________________, the idea that God decided in _______________which

people would attain _____________________after death. A _________________ movement

of the early 1800s—the ________________________________________________—stressed

___________________ instead. Preachers said that _________________________ could save

their _____________ by their own _________________________.

219

2. In _____________________________, or huge _____________________________ meetings,

people heard that individual ___________________________ was the first step toward

_____________________________ the world. This message inspired people to

___________________________ society.

Dorothea Dix Seeks to Reform the Treatment of Prisoners and the Mentally Ill

Reasons Dix called for prison reform:

1. Men, women, and children were often crammed together in __________, damp ___________.

2. Sometimes prisoners went ____________________unless they could buy their own ________.

3. Most prisoners were _________________________, people who could not pay the

__________________ they _______________________.

Reasons Dix called for reform in treatment of the mentally ill:

1. The _______________________ were put in ________________ rather than

_________________________.

2. The mentally ill were often put in “_______________, closets, ____________________, stalls,

pens! Chained, naked, _______________________ with rods.”, Dix reported.

The Temperance Movement

Temperance Movement:

1. In the late 1820s, a campaign against _______________________________________________.

2. Some groups urged people to _______________________ less.

3. Others sought to end _________________________________ altogether.

220

Improving Education

Public Schools

In the early 1800s, ___________________________________ was the only state that required

_______________________________________. Reformers argued that a republic such as the United

States requires ________________________citizens. In 1814, ________________________ State

passed a law requiring local governments to set up _________________________________ school

districts. In Massachusetts, Horace Mann urged legislators to provide more __________________ for

___________________________. The state built new _________________, extended the school

____________, raised teachers’ _________________, and established _________________________ to

train _______________________. By the 1850s, most ____________________________ states had

set up _____________tax-supported -_________________________________________ schools.

Education for African Americans:

1. A few northern cities set up _____________________ schools for _____________students.

2. In the North, a few _____________________________________ men and women opened

their own _________________________.

3. Some African Americans went on to attend ___________________ colleges such as Harvard,

Dartmouth, and Oberlin.

4. In 1854, Pennsylvania chartered the first _____________________ for African American men.

Education for people with disabilities

1. In 1817, Thomas Gallaudet set up a school for the ________________ in Hartford, Connecticut.

2. In 1832, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the first American school for the

___________________.

221

Reform and a new American Culture Part II

Women’s Rights

A Call for Women’s Rights

Why did some women call for equal rights in the 1800s?

What goals were set at the Seneca Falls Convention?

How did women win new educational opportunities?

Seeking Equal Rights for Women

Reasons people sought equal rights for women in the mid-1800s:

1. Women could not _________________ or hold _________________________.

2. When a woman ___________________________, all of her ____________________________

became her ________________________________ property.

3. A working woman’s ________________ belonged to her _______________________________.

4. A _________________________________ had the right to ______________ his wife.

5. The ___________________________________ movement made people aware that

_________________________, too, lacked full ___________________ and

___________________________ rights.

222

Seeking Equal Rights for Women

Goals of the Seneca Falls Convention:

_____________________________________________________—meeting held in 1848 at Seneca

Falls, New York, to discuss the problems that women faced. It was the start of the

______________________ movement, an organization campaign for

_____________________________ rights.

Goals

1. The convention issued a Declaration of ________________________________, which

proclaimed, “We hold these truths to be ________________________________: that all men

and _______________________________ are created equal.”

223

2. Resolutions demanded _____________________ at ___________________, at school, and at

___________________________.

3. A resolution demanding women’s right to _____________ passed

___________________________________.

World Antislavery Convention – London, England (1840)

Motivated by the __________________________ treatment of ___________________________ at the

convention, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton decided to hold a

_____________________________rights convention.

Famous Abolitionists AND Women’s Rights Activists

1. _______________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________

New Educational Opportunities for Women

Reformers said that education was a key to women’s equality:

1. Reformers opened new ________________________ for women.

a. Emma Willard opened a _______________________ for _____________in Troy, New York.

b. Mary Lyon opened Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in

____________________________________, the first women’s _____________________ in

the United States.

2. A few men’s _____________________ began to admit ___________________________:

224

a. Elizabeth Blackwell attended _______________________ school at Geneva College in New

York.

b. Maria Mitchell became a noted ______________________________________.

c. Sarah Josepha Hale became ____________________________ of Godey’s Lady’s Book.

d. Antoinette Blackwell was the first American woman _______________________________

a _____________________________.

225

Slavery Divides America- Part I

The Missouri Compromise, Free Soil Party, Admitting California

Slavery in the Territories

What was the purpose of the Missouri Compromise?

Why did conflict arise over the issue of slavery in the western territories?

Why was the Free-Soil party founded?

The Missouri Compromise

1. In 1819, there were 11 ___________states and 11 ___________ states. Representation in the

__________________ was evenly balanced between the _______________ and the

________________.

2. ____________________ wanted to join the __________________ as a _____________state.

That would give the _____________ a _______________________ in the

_______________________.

3. Henry Clay proposed the _________________________________________________________:

a. Missouri would join the Union as a ________________ state.

b. ____________________ would join the Union as a ________________state.

c. ________________________drew an ______________________line across the

_______________________ border of ________________ at latitude 36º30´N. Slavery

would be permitted in the Louisiana Purchase _____________________ of that line.

226

“‘A house __________________________ against ___________________ cannot _________________.’

I believe this government cannot _______________________ permanently half _______________ and

half ________________. I do not expect the ________________ to be __________________________

– I do not expect the house to __________ – but I do expect it will cease to be

________________________. It will become all one _____________, or all the

_____________________. Either the ________________________ of slavery will arrest the further

________________ of it…or its (supporters) will push it ____________________ till it shall become…

____________ in all the states, _______ as well as _____, North as well as ______________.”

Abraham Lincoln

The Issue of Slavery in the West

1. The Problem:

As a result of the _____________________________________, the United States acquired a

vast amount of _____________. The Missouri Compromise applied only to the Louisiana

Purchase, not the new ______________________ lands.

2. The Argument:

North:

Congressman David Wilmot of _____________________________ called for a law to _______

slavery in any ______________ won from _____________________. This proposal was known

as the __________________________________________.

South:

Southern leaders said _____________________ had no right to ban slavery in the __________.

227

3. The Outcome:

The house __________________the Wilmot Proviso, but the Senate

_________________________ it. The argument_______________________________.

4. Abolitionists:

Slavery should be ______________throughout the ___________________. It is morally

_________________.

5. Southern slaveholders:

Slavery should be __________________________ in any _________________________. Slaves

who __________________to the North should be ________________________________.

6. Other views:

a. The Missouri Compromise line should be extended all across the

_________________________________________. Any state _________________ of

the line could _____________________ slavery.

b. States carved out of the Mexican Cession should decide the slavery issue by

_____________________________________________________________;

that is, __________________________ in a new ____________________________

should decide for themselves whether or not to allow _________________________.

The Founding of the Free-Soil Party

In 1848, slavery became an important election issue for the first time:

1. Many northern _______________________and _________________ opposed the

_______________of slavery.

228

2. They did not speak up because they did not want to lose ___________________________

votes. Also, they feared the slavery issue would _______________the nation.

3. In 1848, _______________________members of both parties formed the

_____________________________________. Only a few members were

__________________________________. The party’s main goal was to keep slavery out of the

western _______________________________.

California Wants to Join the Union

Why did the slavery debate erupt again in 1850?

The Slavery Debate Erupts Again

1. In 1849, there were 15 ___________ states and 15 ______________ states.

_______________________ ___asked to enter the ___________________ as a __________

state.

2. If California entered the Union as a free state, the ________________ would have a

_______________________ in the ________________________. The South feared that

Oregon, _____________, and ___________________________ would also soon join the Union

as __________states.

3. Some southerners worried that they would be __________________________ in the Senate.

They said southern states should ____________________, or _________________________

themselves, from the United States.

4. Northerners said that ____________________________ should be allowed to enter the Union

as a free state because most of the territory lay _____________ of the

______________________________________________ line.

229

Slavery Divides America- Part II

The Compromise of 1850, Uncle Tom’s Cabin

The Compromise of 1850

Why did the slavery debate erupt again in 1850?

What was the impact of the Compromise of 1850?

How did Uncle Tom’s Cabin affect attitudes toward slavery?

Henry Clay of Kentucky:

He pleaded for the North and South to reach an ___________________________ and warned that the

nation could __________________________.

John C. Calhoun of South Carolina:

1. He refused to _____________________________ and insisted that slavery be

___________________________ in the western territories.

2. He demanded that _________________________, or ___________________________, slaves

be returned to their owners as lost “________________________________.”

3. He said that if the North did not _____________________ to these demands, the South would

use _________________________ to ____________________ the Union.

Daniel Webster of Massachusetts:

1. He felt that slavery was _________, but the ___________________ of the United States would

be _________________.

230

2. He warned against _________________________, a war between people of the same

_________________.

3. He thought that _______________________________ should be forced to return

___________________________ slaves.

Compromise of 1850

I. __________________________________ became a ______________ state.

II. The rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into two parts; ________________(UT) and

_______________________________(NM).

(People in UT and NM used ______________________________________________ to decide on the

slavery issue)

III. The slave trade ended in _____________________________________________________.

IV. The __________________________________________________________________ was passed.

Impact of the Compromise of 1850

Provisions of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850:

1. All citizens must help catch _____________________________________________.

2. People who let fugitives escape could be _________________$1,000 and ________________.

3. Special ____________________ would handle cases of ____________________________.

There would be no _____________________________. Judges would receive _________ for

sending an accused runaway to the _______________ and $5 for

________________________________________________.

231

Response to the Fugitive Slave Act

1. Some judges sent _____________________________________________ to the South whether

or not they were _______________________________________.

2. The act enraged _______________________________ northerners. It made them feel as if

they were part of the ______________________________________.

3. Tensions remained high because neither side got what it ______________________________.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

What is Uncle Tom’s Cabin?

Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a novel called

_________________________________________________ to show the ______________ of slavery

and the _________________________ of the Fugitive Slave Act. The book tells the story of Uncle Tom,

an _________________________ African American noted for his ____________________ and piety.

How did people react to Uncle Tom’s Cabin?

232

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

1. The Problem:

a. The Compromise of 1850 dealt mainly with the

________________________________________, and not with the lands that were

part of the ______________________________________.

2. Provisions of the Kansas-Nebraska Act:

a. ___________________________ Territory was to be divided into two territories—

_______________________ and ______________________________.

b. The ____________________________ in each territory would decide the issue of

slavery by ________________________________________________________.

3. The argument for the act:

a. Many people thought the act was _________ because the Compromise of 1850

had applied popular sovereignty in _______________________ and ___________.

b. Southerners hoped slave owners from _________________________would move

into Kansas and make _________________ a _______________________ state.

4. The argument against the act:

a. The Missouri Compromise already _______________slavery in Kansas and

Nebraska. In effect, the Kansas-Nebraska Act would ________________________

the Missouri Compromise.

b. Northerners __________________________________ by

___________________________________ the Fugitive Slave Act.

233

Slavery Divides America- Part III

Bleeding Kansas/Dred Scott Decision/Formation of the Republican Party

The Crisis Deepens

Why did violence erupt in Kansas and in the Senate?

What impact did the Dred Scott case have on the nation?

Violence Erupts in Kansas

1. Kansas settlers were to settle the slavery issue by

________________________________________________________. Proslavery and

_____________________________ settlers fought for _________________________ of Kansas.

_____________________________________________ brought in settlers from

_________________________________________. Proslavery settlers also moved into Kansas,

and proslavery bands from Missouri—_____________________________________________—

often rode across the _________________________ into Kansas.

2. In 1855, Kansas held ____________________. Border Ruffians voted ____________________,

helping to elect a _________________________ legislature.

__________________________settlers refused to accept the ____________________________

and elected their own _____________________and legislature. Kansas had two

_______________________________________.

3. A band of ________________________ men ___________________ the town of Lawrence,

destroying homes and smashing the ________________ of a Free-Soil

________________________.

234

4. Abolitionist ________________________________ led a band to the town of Pottawatomie

Creek and killed five ____________________________ settlers there.

5. The killings at Pottawatomie Creek led to more _____________________. Both sides engaged

in __________________________________________, or the use of hit-and-run tactics.

Newspapers started calling the territory

“_____________________________________________________.”

Violence Erupts in the Senate

1. _________________________________________ of Massachusetts was the leading

_________________________________ senator. In one speech he denounced the proslavery

legislature of ________________________ and viciously criticized his Southern

________________, especially Senator ________________________________________ of

South Carolina.

2. A few days later Butler’s ____________________________, Congressman

______________________________________, marched into the ___________________

chamber and with his cane ______________ Sumner until he was

_______________________________.

The Dred Scott Case

What was the Dred Scott Case?

Dred Scott filed a __________________________, that is, a legal case brought to settle a

_______________________ between people or groups. __________________________ had been

___________________________ in Missouri. He moved with his ________________________ to

_________________________ and then to the Wisconsin Territory, where slavery was not

235

___________________________. Scott with his owner returned to Missouri. When his owner

_____________, Scott claimed that because he had lived in a _______________________territory, he

had become a ______________ man. The case reached the Supreme Court as

_______________________________________________________.

What did the Supreme Court decide?

1. Scott could not file a lawsuit because, as an _________________________ person, he was not

a _________________________.

2. Slaves were considered to be ___________________________.

3. Congress did not have the power to __________________slavery in any territory. This decision

meant the Missouri Compromise was _________________________________________.

The Republican Party Emerges

Why did the Republican Party come into being in the mid-1850s?

What events lay behind the rapid emergence of Abraham Lincoln as a Republican leader?

How did Americans react to John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry?

236

Who formed the Republican Party?

A group of ________________________________, northern ______________________________, and

antislavery ____________________.

Why did they form a new party?

They believed that neither the Whigs nor the Democrats would take a strong enough stand against

________________________________.

What was the goal of the party?

Its main goal was to keep slavery out of the _______________________________________________.

A few Republicans hoped to end slavery in the ______________________ as well.

How Abraham Lincoln Became Leader of the Republican Party

1. Abraham Lincoln was born in ___________________________. Later, he lived in Indiana and

_________________________.

2. Lincoln opened a store in Illinois. He studied ______ and entered ______________________.

3. He served eight years in the ______________________________________________ and one

term in ____________________________.

4. He opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, so he ran for the _________________________ in 1858.

5. During the Senate campaign, he debated ___________________________________________

seven times.

237

The Road to Secession

Lincoln-Douglas Debates/John Brown’s Raid/Election of 1860

Lincoln: Slavery is _____________________. African-Americans are entitled to all the

____________________________________ in the Declaration of Independence, so slavery should not

extend to the _______________________________. However, it can ____________________________

in the states where it already __________________________.

Douglas: The slavery question should be settled by

______________________________________________________.

_______________________________ narrowly won the election. However, during the campaign,

____________________________ became _______________________ throughout the

_________________________.

The Impact of John Brown’s Raid

1. In 1859, __________________________________ led followers, including five

_________________________________________, to Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. He planned to

raid a federal ____________________________, or gun warehouse.

2. Brown took over the arsenal. He expected that would inspire a slave

__________________________________, but none took place.

3. Troops _______________________ ten raiders and __________________________ Brown. He

was tried for ________________________and _________________ ____or actions against

one’s country.

238

4. Brown gave a moving _______________________ of his actions. Nevertheless he was found

_____________________ and sentenced to _____________________. John Brown was

___________________________.

5. To many ______________________________, John Brown became a

_________________________ because he was willing to give up his _____________ for his

_________________________.

6. _______________________________________ were outraged at the

__________________________ response. Many ______________________________ became

convinced that the North wanted to destroy _________________________ and the

______________________ along with it.

A Nation Divides

How did the election of 1860 reflect sectional divisions?

How did the South react to the election results?

How did the Civil War begin in 1861?

The Election of 1860

1. The __________________________ ___party split in two: __________________________

Democrat and _______________________________ Democrat.

a. Northern Democrats nominated

_____________________________________________.

b. ____________________________________________ nominated John

Breckinridge.

239

2. Some Americans tried to heal the ________________ by forming a new party, the

____________________________________________________________ party.

a. The __________________________________________________Party nominated

John Bell.

b. The ____________________________________________ nominated

___________________________________________________.

How the South Reacted to the Election of 1860

1. Many ________________________________ thought that ___________________________

election meant the ___________________no longer had a _____________ in national

government. They believed the __________________________ and

________________________ were against them.

2. Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky introduced a bill to extend the

__________________________________________________ line to the

___________________. He proposed an _________________________________ to the

__________________________________ that would ________________________________

slavery _____________________ of the compromise line ___________________________. His

proposals received little ______________________________.

3. Other southerners believed _____________________________ was their only

_________________________. On December 20, 1860,

______________________________________________ became the first state to

____________________________. By late February 1861, ____________________________,

Florida, ___________________________, Louisiana, Mississippi, and

__________________________ had followed.

240

4. At a __________________________________ in Montgomery, Alabama, the seven states

formed a new _______________________, the

_____________________________________________ of America.

____________________________________ became its ________________________________.

How the Civil War Began

1. When ___________________________ took office, he warned that no ____________________

could lawfully ______________________ the ____________________________.

2. Jefferson Davis had already ordered _____________________________________________

forces to begin ____________________________ federal _______________ in the

___________________________.

3. President Lincoln had to make a _______________________________. Should he let

_______________________________________ take over _______________________property

and look like he was admitting that states had a _________________ to leave the Union? Or

should he send troops to ___________________ the forts and risk a _______________?

4. By April 1861, the ______________________ held only four ________________ in the

___________________. Food supplies at one—___________________________________ in

South Carolina—were running low. Lincoln notified the ______________________ of South

Carolina that he was going to ship ____________ to Fort Sumter. He said he would not send

_______________________ or __________________________.

5. The ______________________________________ demanded that Fort Sumter

____________________________ to them. The Union commander refused to

__________________. The ________________________________ opened fire. The Union

troops ran out of________________________ and had to ______________________________.

241

The Civil War- Part I

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Union and the Confederacy/Leaders of the War

The Conflict Takes Shape

What issues divided the nation when the war began?

What were the primary strengths and weaknesses of the North and the South at the beginning of the

war?

Who were the leaders of each side in the war?

Issues That Divided the Nation

Southerners

1. Southerners believed that they had the _________________ to _______________________

the Union.

2. They called the conflict the

_____________________________________________________________________________.

3. Southerners wanted to keep their traditional ____________________________—including

Southerners believed that they had the right to leave the Union.

Northerners

1. Northerners believed that they had to ______________ to save the

_______________________.

2. Some northerners wanted to ____________________ slavery. Others

____________________________ of slavery.

242

Border States

1. _____________________ states that were still in the Union in 1861 had to decide what to do.

______________________________, North Carolina, _______________________________,

and Arkansas joined the Confederacy.

2. Four slave states ________________________________ with the Union. These

_______________________________ were _________________________, Missouri,

_________________________________, and Delaware.

3. Some people who lived in the border states supported the ____________________. Pro-

Confederate mobs attacked Union _____________________ in Maryland. President Lincoln

declared ____________________________________, or rule by the _________________

instead of the elected _____________________________________________.

Strengths and Weaknesses of the North and the South

Northern Strengths

1. The North had a large _______________________________ to call on for ____________

production and _____________________________ service.

2. The North had most of the nation’s ___________________________. Before the war, they

produced more than _______percent of the nation’s

______________________________________________________.

3. The North had a strong ______________________ and a large fleet of

________________________________________.

243

Southern Strengths

1. ____________________________ their ________________________________and way of life

gave white southerners a strong reason to ________________________.

2. Confederate _________________________ knew the southern

____________________________________________.

3. Southern ______________________________________ helped the Confederate forces.

Northern Weaknesses

1. Northern soldiers had to conquer a _______________ area. Instead of

_______________________ their homes, they were invading

____________________________________ land.

2. Union ____________________________________ had to stretch much

____________________________ than Confederate ones.

Southern Weaknesses

1. The South had few __________________________ to produce ________________________

and other ___________________________.

2. The South had few _________________________ to move ________________ and

______________________. Many rail lines did not connect to a railroad

_____________________________.

3. The Confederate ________________________________ favored

___________________________ and ___________________________________ the

___________________________ government. Sometimes, this made it

________________________________to get things done.

244

4. The South had a small ________________________________ compared to the North. As a

result, the South did not have enough _______________________ to support the war effort.

5. The South had few _________________________.

The War’s Leaders

Confederate President Jefferson Davis:

1. Attended the United States _________________________________________at West Point.

2. Was an officer in the ________________________________________________.

3. Was Secretary of ____________________under President Franklin Pierce.

4. Was respected for his honesty and __________________________.

Union President Abraham Lincoln:

1. Did not have much experience in national ___________________________.

2. Did not have _______________________________ experience.

3. Turned out to be a strong _____________________ and fine war ________________________.

4. Had a ___________________________________________.

5. Could accept ______________________________.

Confederate Commander Robert E. Lee:

1. Lincoln had asked him to command the ______________________________________.

2. Was loyal to his _______________________ of ____________________________.

245

The Civil War- Part II

Strategies for Victory, Early Battles and The Emancipation Proclamation

No Easy Victory

What strategies did each side adopt to win the war?

How did early encounters dispel hopes for a quick end to the war?

What victories did the Confederates achieve?

What victories did the Union achieve?

Strategies for Winning the War

Union plans

1. Use the ______________ to ___________________________ southern _______________.

2. In the _____________, seize the Confederate ______________________—Richmond, Virginia.

3. In the ___________, seize control of the ___________________________River. This would

keep the Confederates from using the river to ___________troops, and it would also separate

Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana from the rest of the _______________________________.

Confederate plans

1. Fight a ______________________war until _________________________tired of fighting and

________________.

246

2. Use ___________________________ money and _______________________________ to help

fight the war. Southerners expected ______________________________________ to

recognize the Confederacy as an ______________________________________nation.

Early Encounters End Hopes for A Quick End to War

Battle of Bull Run

1. 1st Union _________________________ on the

_________________________________________ in July of 1861.

2. The Confederates, led by Gen. Thomas “_____________________________________” Jackson,

won the battle.

3. This battle showed each side that they needed ___________________________________.

4. It also showed that the war would be ______________ and ___________________________.

Naval Action

1. The Union blockade on Southern ports _______________ the South.

2. Therefore, the South created an ____________________________ ship called the

______________________________ to attack the Union navy.

3. In response, the North created an ironclad ship called the ______________________________.

4. Ironclad ships changed naval warfare _____________________________!

Antietam

1. The Confederate General _________________________________ decided to attack the Union

in ___________________________, on ____________________ soil, in September of 1862.

2. Over 23,000 Union and Confederate troops were __________________________ or wounded.

247

A Promise of Freedom

What was Lincoln’s primary goal in the war?

What were the effects of the Emancipation Proclamation?

Lincoln’s Goal in the War

If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the

slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do

that.”

- Abraham Lincoln

The Emancipation Proclamation

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

Abraham Lincoln decided to _________________________________, or free,

______________________________ African Americans living in the

____________________________________. On January 1, 1863, he issued the

___________________________________________________________, the formal declaration that

freed slaves in the Confederacy, but not in ______________________ states that

________________________________ with the _______________________________ or in

__________________________________ lands that had been _________________________ ______by

the Union.

248

Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation?

1. ___________________________________________ would

______________________________ the Confederacy’s ability to carry on the ______________.

2. He hoped to introduce the idea of emancipation _____________________________, by

limiting it to territory _________________________________ by the

______________________________________.

3. He expected to introduce the idea of emancipation in other areas _______________________.

What impact did the Emancipation Proclamation have?

1. The declaration changed the _________________________ of the war. Now, Union troops

were fighting to _______________slavery as well as to save the ________________________.

2. Southerners were ________________________. They saw the declaration as a

“____________________________” to _________________________________their

______________________________.

3. ______________________________ were ___________________________________ to the

proclamation. Now they were less likely to side with the ______________________________.

Slavery: Lincoln’s Dilemma

1. The Civil War began as a war to ___________ the Union, _____to end __________________.

2. Lincoln was afraid that if he _____________________________ slavery, it would

____________________ the four _________________________________states in the

____________________________. (DE, MD, KY, and MO)

3. Therefore, Lincoln decided to free enslaved African Americans in the

_____________________________________ states only.

249

The Civil War- Part III

African Americans in the war, Hardships of War, Problems at Home

African-American Contributions

How did African Americans contribute to the war effort both in the Union army and behind

Confederate lines?

African American Contributions in the War

1. _____________ African Americans and ______________________ slaves enlisted in the

_______________________ army.

2. At first black troops served only as ________________________, building _____________ and

guarding ______________________________.

3. By 1863, African American troops were ____________________________ in

_________________ battles. One of the most ___________________ African American units

was the 54th Massachusetts Regiment. In 1863, this regiment led an attack on

___________________________________ near Charleston, South Carolina. Under heavy fire,

they _________________ their way into the fort before they were forced to retreat. The

____________________of these soldiers helped win __________________ for African

American soldiers.

4. Behind _________________________________ lines, many enslaved African Americans

__________________________work or _______________________to work at all.

5. Wherever a Union ___________ appeared, _________________ from all over the area would

cross the Union lines to _________________. By the end of the war, about _______________

of the South’s __________________population had ____________________.

250

Hardships of War

What was life like for Confederate and Union soldiers?

What problems did each side face at home?

How did the war affect the economy of the North and the South?

The Hard Life of Soldiers

1. Most soldiers were under the age of ________. As the death toll rose, the South

__________________ boys as young as _______ and men as old as ______.

2. New ___________________________ added to the ________________of war. In most battles,

____________ or more of the soldiers were _______________ or ________________________.

3. ________________________________ on the battlefield was _________________. Surgeons

routinely ______________________________ injured arms and legs.

__________________________ conditions were poor, and nothing was known about

________________ or how wounds became _______________________________.

4. Diseases like ________________________________ and _________________________killed

more men than ____________ or ______________________________.

Problems at Home in the North

1. Some northerners opposed using _____________ to keep the South in the

_________________. Supporters of the war called these people

_______________________________________, after the poisonous snake.

2. There was a shortage of _____________________________________ to serve in the army.

Some men took money to enlist in the army, then ____________________________.

251

3. In 1863, Congress passed a _______________ law, a law requiring all able-bodied

_____________between ages _____ and _______ to serve in the _______________________if

they were _________________. Opposition to the draft law led to _____________.

4. President Lincoln moved to stop the riots and other “____________________ practices.”

Several times, he suspended ______________________________, the right to be

_________________ or have a _____________________ before being ____________________.

The President also said that those ___________________ could be ________________ under

the _____________________rules of a _____________________court.

Problems at Home in the South

1. Many southerners firmly believed in _________________ rights. They resisted paying

__________________ to a ____________________government, so the government could not

collect enough ___________________________ to pay for the war.

2. Like the North, the _______________ was forced to pass a ______________law to fill its army.

3. Near the end of the war, the South no longer had enough _____________men to fill the ranks.

4. The Confederate congress reluctantly agrees to let ____________________________________

African Americans serve. The war ends before this can take place.

How the War Affected the Northern Economy

1. _____________________________________—To pay for the war, Congress established the

nation’s first income tax, or tax on people’s _______________________, in 1861. A new

agency, the Internal Revenue Bureau, oversaw the _____________________________of taxes.

2. ____________________—The Union issued millions of dollars worth of ___________. When

taxes and bonds did not raise enough money, the North printed more than $400 million in

252

____________ money. As the money supply ___________________, each dollar became worth

________. In response, businesses ___________ their prices. The North experienced

_________________, a rise in ______________ and a decrease in the ____________ of money.

3. __________________________________________—With so many ______________ going off

to war, the demand rose for farm ________________ to plant and harvest crops. Farm

production actually went ____.

4. ______________________________________________—Wartime demand for clothing, shoes,

guns, and other goods helped many northern ___________________. Some manufacturers

made fortunes by profiteering. ___________________ charged ____________________ prices

for desperately needed war goods.

How the War Affected the Southern Economy

1. ________________________________________—To raise money, the Confederacy imposed

an income tax and a _____________________. The tax-in-kind required farmers to turn over

one tenth of their __________________ to the government.

2. __________________—The South printed so much _________ money that wild inflation set in.

3. _____________________________________________—The war damaged the cotton trade.

President Davis stopped the South’s cotton trade with ____________________. He was hoping

to force Britain to ______________ with the South in return for cotton. Britain, however, just

bought its cotton from ____________________ and ___________________ instead.

4. ___________________________________—The Union ______________created severe

shortages of goods from ________________. The South began to build and run its own

_______________. The blockade also brought ___ shortages. Many ______________________

switched from growing __________ to raising _____________ and ______________________.

253

The Civil War- Part IV

Women in the War/Gettysburg Address/Total War/The War Ends

Women in the War

What role did women play in the war?

Women in the War

1. With so many__________ gone to war, women took __________ in

_____________________and on _______________.

2. Women’s _____________ societies helped supply the ______________ with _____________,

bedding, clothing, and __________________________. Women held

________________________________________ to pay for war supplies.

3. Women worked as ____________________. Dorothea Dix and

_____________________________________ became nurses for the __________________

army. Sojourner Truth worked in Union ________________________. Sally Tompkins set up a

_________________________________hospital.

The War Ends

Why were the Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg important?

What plan did Grant have for ending the war with the South?

After his reelection, what hopes did Lincoln have for the Union?

Why was the Civil War a major turning point in American history?

254

Battle of Gettysburg

1. Gen. _____________________________________ decided to attack the Union in

________________________________________, PA, in July of 1863.

2. Gen. _____________________________________________led the Confederates into battle.

3. Pickett’s ____________________ failed, and Lee __________________________________.

4. This was the _________________________________________________ of the war.

5. Over _____________________________ soldiers were killed or wounded at Gettysburg.

The Gettysburg Address

We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall

have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall

not perish from the earth.”

—Abraham Lincoln,

Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863

1. On November 19, 1863, a ________________________was held to dedicate a

_______________________________in honor of the dead ______________________ soldiers.

2. Pres. Lincoln’s speech was known as the

___________________________________________________________________.

Grant’s Plan for Ending the War

1. Destroy the South’s ability to _________________ by waging

_________________________________, a kind of warfare in which an army destroys

255

________________________________ that might be ________________________ to the

enemy, such as ______________ and _________________________________________.

2. Grant sent General Philip Sheridan and his cavalry into the rich farmland of

________________________Shenandoah Valley. Sheridan _______________________farms,

livestock, and ________________ filled with ____________________.

3. Grant ordered General_______________________________________________________ to

capture ____________________________________________________, then

_________________ to the _________________________________ coast. Sherman

________________________ a large part of Atlanta. Then, Sherman’s army began its

“________________________________________,” destroying

_____________________________ _____in its path—

_______________________________________, livestock, fields, barns, __________________,

bridges, and ___________________________.

The Civil War Ends

1. _________ and his army were _______________________________ by Union troops at the

small Virginia town of

_________________________________________________________________. He knew his

troops would be ____________________________ if he kept ___________________________.

On April 9, 1865, Lee_______________________________ to ___________________.

2. Grant offered __________________________________ terms of surrender.

a. Soldiers were required to turn over their ___________________, but officers were

allowed to keep their ____________________.

b. Soldiers who had ________________________ could keep them.

256

Grant ordered that “each officer and man will be allowed to return to his home, not to be disturbed

by the ___________________________________________________ authorities.”

The Civil War—A Turning Point in American History

1. The _____________of the Civil War was ____________________________. To this day no war

has resulted in more American ___________________. The _________________________ cost

of the Civil War was ______________—more than 11 times the entire ____________________

spent by the ____________________ government between 1789 and 1861.

2. The ________________________________ was changed. The

_______________________________party _____________ its

___________________________. The __________________________________ party grew

______________________________.

3. No longer would Americans speak of the nation as a __________________________________

of _________________. People began to think of the United States as __________ nation,

instead of _________________ states.

4. The ______________________ of the federal government ___________________.

5. The war put an end to _______________________ in the United States.

______________________ of African Americans gained their ___________________________.

6. Other Americans began to think about what it meant to be _________ and

__________________.

257

Reconstruction- Part I

Postwar Problems/Reconstruction Plans/Freedmen’s Bureau/Black Codes

Early Steps to Reunion

Why were postwar problems more severe in the South than in the North?

What early steps were taken toward reconstruction?

How did the assassination of Lincoln and the inauguration of a new President lead to conflict?

Postwar Problems

North:

Returning Union soldiers needed ___________. Yet, because the government was

_____________________war orders, factories were ____________________________workers.

South:

1. __________________________________—Homes, _____________, bridges and the

__________________ system were ___________________. The cities of Columbia,

_______________________, and Atlanta had been ___________________________.

2. __________________________________________—After the war, Confederate

_____________________was ______________________. People who had

______________________ money to the Confederacy were never ___________________.

Many banks _____________________________, and depositors lost their

__________________________.

258

3. _____________________________________—Almost _________________________, there

was a new class of ___________________________—men and women who had been

_____________________. What would become of them?

Early Steps Toward Reconstruction

___________________________________—the _____________________________of the South.

Lincoln’s Plan, called the Ten Percent Plan

1. A southern state could form a new _______________________________ after 10 percent of its

_______________________ swore an oath of _______________________ to the United States.

2. The new government had to ___________________ slavery. Voters could then once again

_____________________________ members of ____________________________________.

3. The plan offered ________________________, or a government _________________, to

_______________________________who swore loyalty to the __________________________.

Former Confederate _________________ could not be given amnesty, however.

Wade-Davis Bill, a rival Republican plan. Lincoln refused to sign the bill:

1. A __________________________ of ______________________men in each

_____________________________ state had to swear loyalty to the Union.

2. Anyone who had ________________________________ to _________________for the

Confederacy would be denied the right to _____________ or hold _______________________.

259

The Freedmen’s Bureau

Congress and the President did agree on one _______________. One month before Lee

____________________________, Congress passed a bill creating the

____________________________________________, a government agency to help former

___________________. The agency helped poor ___________________ as well.

The Freedmen’s Bureau did the following:

1. Gave ______________ and _____________________________ to former slaves.

2. Tried to find ______________ for freedmen.

3. Provided _________________________________________.

4. Set up _____________________. Most of the ______________________ were

__________________________________ from the _______________.

5. The Bureau created ________________________for African Americans, including Howard,

Morehouse, and Fisk.

Lincoln’s Assassination and Johnson’s Inauguration Lead to Conflict

1. President Lincoln was __________________________________ on April 14, 1865.

_________________________________became President. He proposed a

__________________________________ plan:

a. A ____________________ of ____________________________ in each southern

state had to pledge loyalty to the Union.

b. Each state had to ratify the

________________________________________________________, which

________________________________slavery throughout the nation.

260

2. The southern states ________________________ met Johnson’s conditions. The President

approved their new state ___________________________________________ in late 1865.

a. Southern voters elected _____________________________________ to the

____________________ and __________________________.

b. _______________________________ in Congress were

______________________________ that many of those

_________________________ had held ___________________ in the

______________________________________. No __________________________

state allowed African Americans to ____________.

c. Congress _________________________ to let southern

________________________________ take their ________________. Instead, they

set up a __________________________________________ on Reconstruction to

form a new ______________________________________________ plan.

Black Codes

__________________________ -Laws that severely _________________________ the ___________ of

_________________________.

African-Americans were forbidden from…

1. _______________________________

2. ____________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________

4. ___________________________________________________________

261

Reconstruction- Part II

Radical Republicans/Impeachment of Johnson/New Forces in Southern Politics

Radical Reconstruction

How did Congress react to the passage of black codes in the South?

How did Radical Republicans gain power in Congress?

Why was President Johnson impeached?

Congress Reacts to Black Codes

How did black codes affect freedmen?

1. Black codes granted ______________ rights. African Americans could ___________________

legally and own some ____________________________.

2. Black codes kept freedmen from gaining __________________ and _____________________

power. They forbade freedmen to vote, own guns, or serve on juries, or run for political office.

3. In some states, African Americans could work only as ______________ or

____________________________. In others, they had to sign contract for a

____________work.

How did Congress react to black codes?

1. Angered by black codes, Republicans charged that Johnson’s __________________________

Reconstruction plan had ______________________________________ the codes.

2. Republicans were also angered by southern white _____________________ against freedmen.

262

Radical Republicans Gain Power

1. Radical Republicans had two main goals:

a. Break the _______________________of wealthy _______________________ who

had long _______________________ the South.

b. Ensure that freedmen received the right to ___________________.

2. Radical Republicans needed the support of ____________________________ Republicans.

Most _______________________________ were _________________________________.

Republicans could control both _________________________ if southerners were

___________________________ from _________________________.

3. To combat the black codes, Congress passed the ____________________________________in

April 1866. It gave __________________________________to African Americans.

4. Republicans proposed the ____________________________________________________,

which granted _______________________________ to all persons _______________ in the

United States. It guaranteed citizens “_________________________________________” and

said that no __________________ could “___________________ any person of life, liberty, or

property without ________________________________________________________.”

5. In the Election of 1866, President Johnson _______________ the ________________________

Amendment and urged voters to _____________ the Radicals. Southern __________________

convinced many _________________________ that ___________ measures were needed, so

they backed the ____________________________. Republicans won _____________________

in _________ houses of _______________________.

6. The period that followed the election is often called

___________________________________________________. Congress passed the first

263

_______________________________________in March 1867. It threw out state governments

that had _________________ to ___________________ the Fourteenth Amendment.

Andrew Johnson Impeached

1. Because Johnson tried to __________________ the effect of ___________________

Reconstruction, ______________________ tried to __________________ him from office.

2. On February 24, 1868, the House of Representatives voted to __________________________,

or bring formal charges against, Johnson.

3. The President could be removed from office if _____________________ of the

____________________ found him guilty of “_________________________ and

misdemeanors.” During Johnson’s trial, it became clear that he was ____________________of

high crimes and misdemeanors.

4. In the end, the Senate vote was 35 to 19 against Johnson—just ___________ vote shy of the

two thirds needed to ________________________ him.

The Civil War Amendments

The South Under Reconstruction

What groups of people made up the new forces in southern politics?

264

New Forces in Southern Politics

White southern Republicans

1. Some _________________ supported the new ____________________________________

governments. They wanted to get on with _______________________________ the South.

2. Many white ______________________________ felt that any southerner who

_________________ the Republicans was a ____________________. They called the white

southern Republicans _________________________________.

Northerners

1. White southerners accused _____________________________ who came to the

_____________ of hoping to get ____________ from the South’s ___________________. The

southerners called these northerners __________________________________________.

2. Some ________________________ did hope to _______________________ from

_________________________ the South.

3. Some former Union _________________________ went to the South because they had come

to __________ the land during the ______________.

4. Some northerners went South to help the ______________________________.

African Americans

During Reconstruction, African Americans ______________________ in large

______________________. They also _________ for and were ___________________ to public office.

Two __________________________________________ served in the ______________________.

265

Reconstruction- Part III

Radical Republicans/Impeachment of Johnson/New Forces in Southern Politics

The South Under Reconstruction

How did southern Conservatives resist Reconstruction?

What challenges did Reconstruction governments face?

How did many southerners become locked into a cycle of poverty?

Southern Conservatives Resisted Reconstruction

__________________________________—white southerners who had held ________________ before

the _________________________________ and who _______________________Reconstruction; they

wanted the South to change as ___________________ as possible.

1. A few wealthy _____________________________ tried to ________________ African

Americans back onto ______________________________________. Many small

_________________________ and _________________________ wanted the government to

take action against ________________________ to stop them from

_________________________ for _________________ and ________________________.

2. Some white southerners formed ________________________________________________ to

help them ________________________ power. The most ______________________________

was the ___________________________________, or KKK. They conducted a campaign of

____________________________ and ______________________________ to keep African

Americans and white Republicans out of ___________________________.

266

The Challenges Reconstruction Governments Faced

1. Despite their _____________________, Reconstruction _______________________________

tried to _______________ the South. They built public _______________ for both black and

white ______________________, gave women the right to own _________________, and

rebuilt __________________, telegraph lines, __________________, and roads.

2. In rebuilding the South, Reconstruction governments met several _______________________.

a. To pay for __________________________, Reconstruction governments raised

_____________ sharply. This created __________________________among

southern ____________________.

b. Some Reconstruction officials were _______________________, which

________________________ southerners.

A Cycle of Poverty

1. Some _________________________Republicans talked about giving each freedman

“____________________________________” to help them get ________________, but that

_______________ happened. In the end, all freedmen got was their ____________________.

a. A few freedmen were able to buy _____________.

b. Many freedmen and poor _________________ went to work on large

____________________________________. These

sharecroppers_______________ and _________________ a plot of land.

c. The planters provided _________, fertilizer, and _________ in return for a share of

the __________.

d. Most _______________________________and small ________________________

bought supplies on ____________in the spring. In the fall, they had to

267

__________what they had borrowed. If the harvest did not cover what they

__________, they sank deeper into _______.

The End of Reconstruction

What events led to the end of Reconstruction?

How were the rights of African Americans restricted in the South after Reconstruction?

What industries flourished in the “New South”?

1. By 1870, _____________________________________________ were losing

__________________. Northerners were growing tired of trying to __________________ the

South. In addition, disclosure of widespread __________________________________ turned

people against the______________________________ party.

2. In 1872, Congress passed the ________________________________________. It restored the

right to _____________ to nearly all _____________southerners. They voted solidly

__________________________ and kept many African Americans from __________________.

3. The _________________________ of 1876 ______________________ Reconstruction. After a

________________________ in the Electoral College, a special

___________________________ set up by Congress ___________________________ the

election. The commission awarded the election to

_________________________________________________. Although he was a

____________________________, he had privately agreed to ______________Reconstruction

once in office.

268

Restricted Rights for African Americans in the South

Voting restrictions

1. Many southern states passed __________________________, requiring voters to pay a

_______to vote. Poor ________________________ could rarely ___________________to vote.

2. States also passed ______________________________ that required voters to _________ and

explain part of the __________________________________. Since most freedmen had little

_____________________________, such tests kept them from ________________________.

3. Many poor whites could not pass literacy tests, so states passed

__________________________________________________. These laws stated that if a

voter’s _______________ or _____________________________ could vote on January 1, 1867,

then the voter did not have to take a _______________________ test. (No African Americans

could vote before __________________.)

Segregation, or legal separation of races

1. In southern states, _________________________________ separated blacks and whites in

____________________, restaurants, _________________________, trains, streetcars,

playgrounds, __________________________, and even ____________________________.

2. In the case of ______________________________________________, the Supreme Court

ruled that ____________________ ____________was legal so long as

__________________________ for blacks and whites were ____________________. In fact,

facilities were ______________________ equal.

269

The New West I

Boomtowns and Ghost Towns, The Transcontinental Railroad/Broken Promises to Indians

Mining and Railroading

How did the boom in gold and silver change the West?

What problems arose on the mining frontier?

How did railroads help the West develop?

A Boom in Gold and Silver

1. ________________________________________________:

a. __________________________arrive and build a tent city.

b. _________________________arrive to supply miners.

c. _____________________________________structures replace tents.

2. _______________________________________

a. Gold or silver production ______________________.

b. Miners_________________________.

c. Stores_________________________ and merchants__________________.

d. Town is ________________________________.

3. __________________________________________

270

Problems on the Mining Frontier

1. ________________________ and towns __________________________ clear mountain

streams. Miners cut down _______________________. They also forced

_____________________________________________________________ from the land.

2. ______________________ miners were often treated ____________________________. Mobs

sometimes drove them from their ________________________. Some were heavily

_____________________ or left to work claims _____________________________ by others.

3. Few miners became _________________. Eventually, most ________________________

mining was taken over by large _____________________________. Individual miners were

replaced by ______________ laborers who worked for the large

_________________________________ rather than for ________________________________.

4. _____________________________________________ and disorder often accompanied the

rapid ___________________ of a mining town. In response, miners sometimes organized

groups of __________________________________, or self-appointed law

________________________. A common punishment was ___________________________.

5. Sometimes, vigilantes took political ______________________ of an area. However,

_________________________methods of governing gradually gave way to more

_________________________ arrangements.

Railroads Help Develop the West

First transcontinental railroad

1. A ____________________________________________________________ is one that

stretches across a __________________________ from _____________ to ________________.

271

2. The _____________________________________ ran ________________________ from

Omaha, Nebraska. The __________________________________________ ran

______________________________ from Sacramento, California. The two lines met at

_______________________________, Utah.

3. The _____________________________ government aided railroad building by giving

____________________________________ to railroad companies. A

_____________________________ is financial aid or a land grant from the

__________________________________________.

4. Thousands of ____________________________, especially workers from _________________

and _______________________________, built the transcontinental railroad.

Railroads promoted growth

1. Railroads brought ___________________________, supplies, and ________________ into the

West. They carried heavy loads of ore ______________________________.

2. __________________________ sprang up along the tracks.

3. The ________________________ towns and cities developed where _____________________

rail lines met or where sea and land _______________________________________ met.

4. Other cities grew where ______________________________________ met the railroads.

Indian Peoples in Retreat

What promises did the government make to Indians?

Why did buffalo begin to disappear?

272

Promises to Native Americans

Fort Laramie Treaty

1. In 1851, officials met with __________________________ nations near Fort Laramie,

Wyoming, and asked them to stay in a ___________________________ area. In return, the

U.S. government promised ____________________________, animals, tools, and other goods.

2. Officials told the Indians that the lands reserved for them would be theirs ________________.

3. In 1858, _______was discovered at Pikes Peak—on land promised to Cheyennes and

Arapahos. _____________ rushed in and officials forced the Indians to give up the

__________.

4. Some Indians ______________________ and ______________________ white settlers.

The Peace Commission

1. In 1867, the government established a peace commission to end the ____________ on the

__________________. The commission urged Native Americans to

_______________________________ and _________________ as ____________________ did.

2. The commission urged ____________________ children to attend ________________ schools.

Reservations

1. In 1867, southern Plains Indians signed a new _______________________. They moved to _______________________ Territory in present-day __________________________________.

2. Many northern Plains Indians agreed to live on _____________________________________in present-day __________________________________________________.

273

The New West II

The End of the Indian Way of Life/More Westward Migration

The End of the Buffalo

Huge herds of __________________________ lived between the

_________________________________________________ River and the _____________________

Mountains. The herds __________________________________ for several reasons:

1. Disease, drought, and _________________________________ of the areas in which they lived

caused the herds to _______________________________.

2. During the 1830s and 1840s, buffalo __________________ became popular. Professional

buffalo _____________________________ killed many buffalo for their _________________.

3. Buffalo hunting became a _____________________ sport where ________________________

cut through the areas in which the animals _______________________.

4. Indian peoples hunted buffalo much more _______________________________________.

5. In an attempt to force the Plains Indians to become “more

_______________________________________”, the government sponsored the

_________________________of the __________________________________, which the

Plains Indians ____________________________________________ on.

The End of the Indian Way of Life

Settlers and miners continued to move into the _____________________. Their way of life brought an

end to the Indians’ ______________________________________ way of life.

274

Custer’s Last Stand

1. In 1874, ___________________ was discovered on the _____________________________

reservation in the __________________________________________ region. Miners rushed in.

2. Led by

_______________________________________________,_______________________________

____________________, and other Lakota chiefs, the Indians ______________________ back.

3. In June 1876, to protect the miners, Colonel _________________________________________

led soldiers into the ________________________________________________________Valley.

4. Nearly 2,000 Lakota _____________________________ attacked Custer’s troops. Custer and

all his men were __________________________________.

5. The United States Army eventually _____________________________ the

_________________________________ and ____________________________________. The

Lakotas gave up most of their _____________________________ to the Black Hills.

Chief Joseph and the Nez Percés

1. The ____________________________________________ lived in the

______________________ River valley where Oregon, ________________________________,

and Idaho meet. In 1855, some Nez Percés signed a treaty giving up some of their lands.

2. ____________________ strikes brought miners onto Nez Percé land.

3. The government ordered the Nez Percés onto a _________________________________. Nez

Percés who hadn’t signed the treaty _______________________. Led by Chief

____________________, many fled to ________________________________.

275

4. Army troops followed the ___________________ Nez Percés. Finally, Chief Joseph decided he

must _______________________. After a journey of more than ____________________miles,

nearly _______________ of his people had __________.

Apache Wars

In the Southwest, the _________________________________ resisted giving up their lands. One

leader, __________________________, waged war off and on for 10 _______________. From

____________________, he led raids into ________________________________ and New Mexico. His

surrender marked the end of the ____________________________ for the West.

Farming

Why did farmers and other settlers move west?

Why was life hard for Plains farmers?

Lives of Plains Farmers

276

The Homestead Act of 1862

1. The ____________________________________ Act gave

_____________________________________________________ (lands owned by the national

government) to American ____________________________________.

2. Any person who was the __________________ of a family or was at least ____________ years

old could become the owner of a ________________________________.

________________________________ = _______________ acres

Requirements:

The settler must ___________________ on the land and work it for __________________ years.

Effects:

1. The _________________________________ Act helped ___________________ families who

could not afford land in the ________________________ states.

2. It gave ___________________________________ workers a chance to find work on land of

their own.