Definition of Immunization Immunization Schedule Success of Immunization

• Assessment of Success • Factors Influencing Success

The Cold Chain

Non specific

specific

skinmucous membranes

reflexes

genetic

sp. variation

race

anomalies

acquired

natural

passive ( transplacental )

active ( disease )

artificialactive

toxoidlive vacckilled vacc

passive homologous Abs

heterologous Abs

Resistance

Artificially acquired specific resistance

Vaccine: A suspension of attenuated live or killed

microorganisms or antigenic portion of these agent presented to a potential host to induce immunity and prevent disease

Toxoid: A modified bacterial toxin that has been

made nontoxic but remains the capacity to stimulate the formation of antitoxin

Antitoxin : An antibody derived from the serum of

animals from stimulation with specific antigen used to provide passive immunity

Definitions

Immunoglobulin:

An antibody-containing solution derived from large

pools of human plasma and used for passive

immunization.

• Attenuated strain of M.bovis. Safe in immunocompetent patient. 50 – 80% Protection against disseminated

tuberculosis and tuberculus meningitis 50% protection against pulmonary

tuberculosis in children and adults• Route: intradermal.

IPV: Inactivated poliovirus, trivalent: type

1,2 & 3

OPV : live attenuated poliovirus trivalent:

type 1,2 & 3

Vaccine administration:• IPV = IM• OPV = PO

Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids combined to a whole-cell pertussis (DPT)

DTaP = diphtheria and tetanus toxoids combined to a cellular pertussis vaccine (less systemic and local side effects than DPT for children <7yrs)

DT = for children <7yrs with contraindication to pertussis

Td = tetanus toxoid with1/3 -1/6 the dose of diphtheria toxoid for individuals >7yrs

• Three doses in the first year, interval 2mo.

• Consist of acapsular polysaccharide antigen

conjugated to a carrier (doesn’t protect

against the disease)

• Routine use of these vaccine has lead to a

95% decline in invasive Hib disease in

infancy and young children.

• Vaccine administration :IM

Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine

• Indications:• Routine• All infant of HBsAg positive mother• All children and adolescents not immunized• High risk group: o Health workers.o Haemodialysis, bleeding disorders.o Travellers to endemic areas.

Introduction of pentavalent vaccine

•DTaP

•Hepatitis B

•Hib

Route = IM

• Live attenuated viruses..

• Monovalent measles vaccine, rubella vaccine

and measles/rubella MR formulations are

available.

• Vaccine administration: SC

MMR

The varicella vaccine is a live (attenuated) virus.

Vaccine administration: SC Two doses are always recommended.

Conjugate vaccine.

Quadrivalent (Serogroups A, C, W-135 and

Y)

MCV4 is administered (IM).

PCV Conjugate vaccine. Administered (IM).

MCV4

Rota V VLive attenuated

Given orally in 2 doses

Birth

2 mo

4 mo

6 mo

9 mo

12 mo

18 mo

24 mo Schoolentry

BCG

DTaP1

DTaP2

DTaP3

Measles1(mono)

M2MR1

DTaPB1

HepAV2

DTaPB2

HepBV1

HibV1

HibV2

HibV3

OPV4

HibVB

OPVB2

IPV1

IPV2

IPV/OPV3

OPVB1

M4MR3 Varicella2

HepBV2

HepBV3

HepBV4

HepAV1

PCV1

PCV2

PCV3

PCVB

/Td

Rota

Rota

MCV4

MCV4

Varicella1 M3MR2

vaccineinformation.org

- Coverage- Seroconversion

- Parents

- Staff

- Vaccine

KAPProximity

CommitmentSkill

EfficacyStability

( H.E. )( √ )

( Selection )( Training )

( Choice )( Cold Chain )

It is a temperature-controlled supply chain. It is

a system of storage , transport and distribution

of vaccines at a low temperature from

manufacturer to the actual vaccination site.

Cold chain

ManufacturerGround

TransportAirport Airplane

Airport

Terminal

Intermediate

Stops&Transfers

Distributor’sWarehouse

ConsumerOutlet

Consumer

Pharma / Biotech Cold Chain

Destination

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