Debt and Equity are not the only securities that firms issue. Instead, you can think of them as...
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Transcript of Debt and Equity are not the only securities that firms issue. Instead, you can think of them as...
Hybrid Securitiesand Other Financing
Considerations
Debt and Equity are not the only securities that firms issue. Instead, you can think of them as extreme points on a continuum of securities:
◦ Convertible Bonds
◦ Preferred Stock
◦ Convertible Preferred Stock
Financial engineering in investment banks is about creating new securities, often combining features of debt and equity to solve a particular contracting problem
Hybrid Securities
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Firm Value
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Payoff Diagram of DebtFace Value is $300
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Debt Equity
Payoff Diagram of EquityFace Value is $300
A convertible bond is like a straight bond with the option of converting it to a pre-specified number of shares
◦ Coupon Payments
◦ Face Value
◦ Maturity
What is a Convertible Bond?
Conversion Ratio◦ The number of shares into which each bond can
be converted
Conversion Price◦ The effective price an investor is paying per share
if they convert their bond
Mathematics of Convertibles
Mathematics of Convertibles Conversion Premium
◦ The conversion price premium over the current price
Valuing a Convertible Bond:
Assume that the $300 in debt our firm issued also included the option to convert the debt into 15 shares of stock
Assume that there are currently 20 equity shares outstanding
What is the conversion price?
At what firm value will the stock have this price?
Convertible BondExample
Payoff Diagram of a Convertible Bond
So, what will be the firm value when the stock is priced at $ ?
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Payoff Diagram of a Convertible Bond
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Payoff Diagram of a Convertible Bond
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Conv. Debt Equity
Payoff Diagram of Equity when the debt is Convertible Debt
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Conv. Debt Equity
Payoff Diagram of Equity when the debt is Convertible Debt
When issued, what would the convertible debt have sold for relative to the straight debt?
◦ The debt holders get all of the security of straight debt plus the option to convert.
◦ Therefore, convertible debt with the same face value and coupon rate will sell for more than straight debt.
Convertible Debt Price
Some firms issue convertibles thinking they are cheap debt
◦ Firms can raise the same amount of money as issuing straight debt but have a lower coupon rate
◦ What are they missing?
Why Issue Convertible Debt?
Other firms issue convertibles because they think they are issuing cheap Equity
◦ Firms can essentially issue equity and get investors to pay more for the convertible debt than straight equity
◦ What are managers forgetting?
Why Issue Convertible Debt?
Disagreements about risk◦ If investors think the firm is more risky than the
managers, they will over pay for the option component
Reduce the incentive to risk shift◦ If bondholders now get some of the upside, the
return to equity holders of increasing the risk of the firm is lower
Good Reasons to Issue Convertibles
What do Firms Tell Us?
Graham, John R., and Campbell Harvey, 2001, Journal of Financial Economics
Should they convert before the bond matures?
What do they get by converting early?
What do they lose by converting early?
Investors Decision to Convert
Pays dividends◦ Amounts are often stipulated at the time of issue
◦ Other times they are paid at the discretion of the Board of Directors but must be paid before common stock dividends are paid
Carries a par value
Higher priority in bankruptcy than common equity, lower priority than debt
May or may not carry voting rights
Dividends are not tax deductible
Convertible Preferred Shares offer the option to convert to common
Preferred Stock
Leasing vs. Purchasing
Lessee◦ Uses the asset
◦ Makes payments for its use
◦ Maintenance of asset if negotiated at time of lease
Lessor◦ Receives the payments
◦ Owns the asset
Leasing
Long Term Debt
Capital Leases
Operating Leases
% of Firms Using 88.1% 52.6% 99.9%
% of Firm’s Market Value 14.2% 1.6% 8.0%
% of Fixed Claims 52.4% 6.3% 41.2%
Prevalence of LeasingUse of Debt and Leases by U.S. Firms
SIC Codes 2000 to 5999 in the years 1981 to 1992.(Graham, Lemmon, and Schallheim, 1998)
Operating Leases◦ Off Balance Sheet◦ Tend to be for periods shorter than the economic
life of the asset◦ Often cancelable
Capital Leases◦ On Balance Sheet◦ Equipment is an asset of the firm, lease payments
are a liability
Lease Accounting
Capital Lease (meets one of the following)◦ Automatic transfer of ownership
◦ Purchase option at significantly below expected residual value
◦ Lease lasts at least 75% of economic life of asset
◦ The present value of the lease represents at least 90% of the assets value
Lease Accounting
A lease is a true lease for the IRS if:
1. Lessor makes minimum 20% equity investment
2. Equipment has residual value of at least 20%
3. Purchase price close to fair value
4. Transaction expected to generate profit
5. No lessee investment
6. Rents must be reasonably stable
7. Must be a market for the equipment at conclusion of lease beyond the lessee
Leasing for Tax Purposes
Cash Flows – what are the incremental cash flows from a lease relative to a purchase◦ Lease Payments◦ Purchase price of asset◦ Depreciation tax shield◦ Residual Price◦ Operating Profits?
Discount Rate◦ What is the appropriate discount rate for a lease?◦ Should it be a before tax or after tax rate?
Valuing a Lease
You are considering the purchase of a $10 million piece of equipment. ◦ It would be depreciated using 5 year MACRS.◦ The asset would have zero residual value at the
end of the five years.◦ The pre-tax cost of debt is 10%.◦ The firm’s effective marginal tax rate is 20%
What constant lease payment over the same five years would be equivalent to purchasing the asset?
Leasing Example
5 year MACRS Schedule:
What are the annual incremental cash flows?
Leasing Example
Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
20% 32% 19.2% 11.52% 11.52% 5.76%
Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
Asset Purchase
Depreciation
Depreciation Tax Shield
Incremental Cash Flow
What is the present value of the cash flows?
What annual payment would have an equivalent present value?
Is this annual payment amount before taxes or after taxes?
Leasing Example
What if the lessee and lessor have different tax rates?◦ What if the lessee had a low tax rate (20%) but the
lessor had a 35% tax rate?
◦ There is $113K to split between the lessor and lessee
Who captures the tax differential?◦ Bargaining power between lessee and lessor
◦ Is there a shortage of potential lessees or lessors?
Leasing Example
What if the lessee and lessor have different depreciation schedules?◦ In an effort to cut the budget deficit, some
lawmakers have called for longer depreciation schedules for large oil companies.
If the depreciation schedule were firm-dependent rather than asset-specific,◦ What change in ownership structure of these assets
would we observe?
◦ Would the deficit reduction be realized?
Leasing Example
Transactions costs / convenience
Lower cost of repossession
Differential maintenance costs
Obsolescence risk
Differential sources of capital
Accounting / capital budgeting differences
Other Reasons to Lease