© Crown copyright Met Office 1 John Nash, 2 Catherine Gaffard, 2 Owen Cox, 1 Myles Turp, 1 Mark...

1John Nash, 2Catherine Gaffard, 2Owen Cox, 1Myles Turp ,1Mark Smees , 1Richard Smout and 1Tim OakleyUpper Air (Active)Team, Observations Research and Development, 1Exeter and 2ReadingBridging the gap between research instrument development and operations,

Radiosonde tests and integrated profiling testbeds,Achievements and challenges for CIMO

ContentsThis presentation covers the following areasIntroduction to CIMO VisionRadiosonde InterComparison resultsTestbed for integrated remotes sensing

CIMO VISION

CIMO will:

pursue the effective and economic development, implementation and use of instruments for :-

meteorological, climatological, hydrological, oceanic and related geophysical and environmental observations

under varying working conditions and in differing technical infrastructures as required,

,

Expand the scope of CIMO to take into account the increasing requirements of the

WMO Integrated Global Observing System Global Framework for Climate Services Disaster Risk Reduction

and coordinate in development of instruments suitable to

difficult climate and social environment,

Coordinate the introduction of new technologies,

Evaluate them by appropriate methods [e.g. intercomparisons or testbed operations]

and provide advice to facilitate introduction into effective operational use,

This is the primary challenge for ground based insitu and remote sensing of the atmosphere above the surface.

For technical experts [Upper Air]Help national experts in different regions of the world to share experience , ideas and to identify areas where collaboration or contracted experts are required to take the work forward.Improve collaboration between research, development and operations and instrument manufacturers.

Develop, publish and provide effective access to :

standards, reliable methods of observation suitable quality assurance methods, performance specifications

issues associated with compatibility of instruments, interoperability between in situ and remotely sensed observations

guidance material [e.g: WMO Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation] on instrumentation

Radiosonde ComparisonsModern series of tests started in 1984Computing technology rapidly becomes adequate for automated processing of radiosonde mesurements

WMO Radiosonde Comparison Phase I,Beaufort Park. UK, June/July 1984

Computer had extremely smallworking memory

Dr. Seshadriand the Indian MkII

Phase II, 1985

Phase III, Dzhambul

Radiosondes flown together , lifted by single balloonWMO GPS Radiosonde Comparison ,June 2001, Alcantara, Brazil, Project leader Reinaldo da Silveira

Up to 20 local staff supporting operations at any timeMauritius, 2005

Effects of tests [i]Infrared temperature errors identified and largely eliminated from operational use. [ errors could be larger than daytime heating errors]. Impossible to obtain optimum performance with white paint on sensors.Temperature sensors should not be mounted in internal ducts. Data sampled at high temporal resolution in all automated systems around the world by about 2000. Faster response temperature sensors lead to smaller daytime heating if exposed carefully on the radiosonde.

Rod thermistor measurements compared with tungsten wire(RS3) at night, asterisks, values estimated using RS80 as link radiosonde

Chart1

-900

10

0.50

0.30

00

0.10

0.30

00

0.450

0.250

-0.050

0.20

0.10

0.150

-0.250

00

0.050

-0.10

-0.20

-0.50

-0.10

-0.30

-0.50

-0.10

-0.50

-0.10

-0.30

-0.50

-0.70

-0.50

-10

-0.40

-0.40

-0.50

-1.10

-0.50

-0.80

-0.40

-1.050

-0.40

-0.350

-0.60

-0.50

-0.40

-0.80

-0.50

-0.80

-0.50

-0.50

-0.90

-1.10

-0.20

-0.90

-0.50

-1.10

-0.90

-1.30

-400

0

Error in AIR Intellisonde Temperature

Temperature at 20 hPa [C]

Temperature difference with respect to ATM reference [C]

Variation of VIZ thermistor error with atmospheric temperature: 20 hPa : night, no upper cloud detected by radiosonde: Data obtained 1984-1995.Error [C] = -3.00 - 0.047*{Temperature[C]}

Sheet1

10 hPaTemp.Error in AIR Intellisonde TemperatureError [C] =-48- 0.075*{Temperature[C]}20 hPaTemp.Error in AIR Intellisonde TemperatureError [C] =-2.6-0.042*{Temperature[C]}32 hPaTemp.Error in AIR Intellisonde TemperatureError [C] =-2.6-0.042*{Temperature[C]}70 hPaTemp.Error in AIR Intellisonde TemperatureError [C] =-1.8-0.03*{Temperature[C]}200 hPaTemp.Error in AIR Intellisonde TemperatureError [C] =-1.4-0.025*{Temperature[C]}

-800.870-901.270-901.10-800.450-800.470

-76.20.80.62680-82.810.92440-81.20.90.7480-69.10.40.17750-67.90.20.24010

-720.20.3580-780.50.6940-74.30.30.4720-67.200.130-67.10.550.22490

-71.50.160.3260-72.20.30.41560-68.40.550.2360-65.10.350.07750-66.40.20.21160

-65-0.2-0.090-67.700.19960-65.90.10.1360-64.90.130.07250-66.20.40.20780

-64.80.1-0.10280-660.10.1180-65.10.30.1040-64.80.10.070-66.10.30.20590

-60.2-0.2-0.39720-65.90.30.11320-6400.060-64.4-0.10.060-6500.1850

-60.1-0.5-0.40360-6500.070-630.20.020-63.60.10.040-64.60.10.17740

-58.7-0.2-0.49320-64.40.450.04120-62.80.160.0120-63.4-0.10.0350-640.20.1660

-57-0.6-0.6020-64.30.250.03640-62.3-0.3-0.0080-63.20.20.030-63.80.40.16220

-56.3-0.5-0.64680-62.9-0.05-0.03080-62.1-0.25-0.0160-630.10.0250-63.60.10.15840

-55.8-0.7-0.67880-62.70.2-0.04040-620.05-0.020-63-0.30.0250-630.20.1470

-55.5-0.5-0.6980-62.10.1-0.06920-61.60.2-0.0360-62.90.20.02250-62.20.60.13180

-55.1-0.8-0.72360-620.15-0.0740-61.3-0.1-0.0480-62.300.00750-620.250.1280

-54.7-1-0.74920-61.9-0.25-0.07880-61.2-0.4-0.0520-62.10.10.00250-61.6-0.30.12040

-53.7-1-0.81320-61.50-0.0980-61.10.1-0.0560-62000-61.500.11850

-53.6-0.6-0.81960-61.20.05-0.11240-610.4-0.060-61.9-0.3-0.00250-60.7-0.40.10330

-52.7-0.8-0.87720-61-0.1-0.1220-60.90.1-0.0640-61.8-0.1-0.0050-60.30.10.09570

-49.3-1.3-1.09480-59.7-0.2-0.18440-60.8-0.3-0.0680-61.60.1-0.010-59.9-0.050.08810

-48.6-1.1-1.13960-59.4-0.5-0.19880-60.2-0.4-0.0920-61.30.1-0.01750-59.80.050.08620

-47.9-1.5-1.18440-59-0.1-0.2180-60.1-0.6-0.0960-61.20.04-0.020-59.10.050.07290

-45-0.8-1.370-58-0.3-0.2660-59.90.1-0.1040-61.10-0.02250-590.350.0710

-44.2-1.4-1.42120-58-0.5-0.2660-59.70.1-0.1120-610-0.0250-58-0.40.0520

-44.1-1.7-1.42760-57.8-0.1-0.27560-59.3-0.2-0.1280-60.70.2-0.03250-57.30.10.03870

-43.6-1.4-1.45960-56.3-0.5-0.34760-59-0.2-0.140-60.20-0.0450-56.30.250.01970

-42.9-1.3-1.50440-56-0.1-0.3620-58.9-0.1-0.1440-60.10.35-0.04750-55.8-0.10.01020

-42.7-1.3-1.51720-55.8-0.3-0.37160-58.8-0.3-0.1480-60-0.15-0.050-55.20-0.00120

-42.7-1.8-1.51720-54.7-0.5-0.42440-58.6-0.1-0.1560-59.6-0.2-0.060-55-0.25-0.0050

-42.5-2.3-1.530-54.5-0.7-0.4340-58.5-0.3-0.160-59.5-0.3-0.06250-54.3-0.2-0.01830

-42.4-1.2-1.53640-54.1-0.5-0.45320-58.3-0.5-0.1680-59.50.15-0.06250-53.8-0.4-0.02780

-42-2.4-1.5620-53.8-1-0.46760-57.8-0.4-0.1880-59.3-0.3-0.06750-53.6-0.05-0.03160

-41.4-1.3-1.60040-53.4-0.4-0.48680-57.5-0.5-0.20-59.2-0.15-0.070-53.5-0.2-0.03350

-41-1.5-1.6260-53.3-0.4-0.49160-57.2-0.1-0.2120-59.1-0.1-0.07250-52.9-0.35-0.04490

-40.5-1.8-1.6580-53.2-0.5-0.49640-57.1-0.1-0.2160-590.2-0.0750-52.80.17-0.04680

-40-1.4-1.690-53.1-1.1-0.50120-56.6-0.2-0.2360-58.80.05-0.080-51.5-0.3-0.07150

-39.5-1-1.7220-53-0.5-0.5060-55.8-0.2-0.2680-58.6-0.2-0.0850-51.3-0.3-0.07530

-39.2-2.3-1.74120-52.6-0.8-0.52520-55.5-0.6-0.280-58.3-0.4-0.09250-51.20-0.07720

-38-2.2-1.8180-52.4-0.4-0.53480-55.2-0.1-0.2920-58.20-0.0950-51.1-0.45-0.07910

-37.5-1.6-1.850-52.3-1.05-0.53960-54.4-0.6-0.3240-58.10.1-0.09750-51-0.1-0.0810

-36.8-1.1-1.89480-52-0.4-0.5540-54.3-0.5-0.3280-58-0.15-0.10-50.6-0.05-0.08860

-36.2-2.1-1.93320-51.5-0.35-0.5780-54.2-0.7-0.3320-57.80.1-0.1050-50.40.3-0.09240

-36.1-2-1.93960-51.2-0.6-0.59240-54-0.3-0.340-57.70-0.10750-500.02-0.10

-36-1.7-1.9460-51-0.5-0.6020-53.8-0.5-0.3480-57.20.1-0.120-49.6-0.05-0.10760

-35.9-1.9-1.95240-50.5-0.4-0.6260-53.2-0.5-0.3720-57.1-0.5-0.12250-49.2-0.25-0.11520

-35.6-2.5-1.97160-50.2-0.8-0.64040-53.1-0.3-0.3760-570-0.1250-49.1-0.4-0.11710

-35.3-2-1.99080-50-0.5-0.650-53-0.1-0.380-56.5-0.3-0.13750-490-0.1190

-30-2.330-48.4-0.8-0.72680-52.7-0.2-0.3920-55.8-0.3-0.1550-48.9-0.2-0.12090

-48-0.5-0.7460-50.90.3-0.4640-55.5-0.2-0.16250-48.8-0.1-0.12280

-47-0.5-0.7940-50.5-0.1-0.480-55.4-0.1-0.1650-48.50.32-0.12850

-46-0.9-0.8420-49.6-0.8-0.5160-54.70.05-0.18250-48.2-0.13-0.13420

-45.3-1.1-0.87560-49.5-0.8-0.520-54.1-0.15-0.19750-480-0.1380

-45.2-0.2-0.88040-49.4-0.3-0.5240-53.8-0.1-0.2050-47.9-0.1-0.13990

-44.7-0.9-0.90440-48.9-0.6-0.5440-53.20.1-0.220-47.8-0.1-0.14180

-44.4-0.5-0.91880-48.3-0.2-0.5680-530.2-0.2250-46.7-0.2-0.16270

-44.3-1.1-0.92360-48-0.4-0.580-52.8-0.4-0.230-46.6-0.3-0.16460

-44-0.9-0.9380-47.9-0.6-0.5840-52.7-0.4-0.23250-46.4-0.33-0.16840

-43.9-1-0.94280-47.8-0.8-0.5880-52.50-0.23750-45.70.05-0.18170

-43.8-1.3-0.94760-47.2-0.75-0.6120-51.5-0.6-0.26250-45.60-0.18360

-40-1.130-40-0.90-51.3-0.4-0.26750-44.9-0.3-0.19690

-50-0.1-0.30-42.8-0.2-0.23680

-40-0.550-40-0.290

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Temperature at 10 hPa [ C]

Temperature difference with respect to ATM reference [ C]

Variation of VIZ thermistor error with atmospheric temperature, observed in the UK: 10 hPa : night, no upper cloud detected by radiosondes: Data obtained 1984-1996Error[ C] = -4.26 - 0.064*{Temperature[ C]}

Sheet2




Variation of VIZ thermistor error with atmospheric temperature: 20 hPa : night, no upper cloud detected by radiosonde: Data obtained 1984-1995.Error [C] = -3.00 - 0.047*{Temperature[C]}

Sheet3




Variation of VIZ thermistor error with atmospheric temperature: 32 hPa : night, no upper cloud detected by radiosonde: Data obtained 1984-1995. Error[C] = -2.4 - 0.039*{Temperature[C]}

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Temperature difference with respect to ATM reference[C]


Sheet6

Pressurechange of error with temperatureslope = -0.43

2000.01950.0178258951

700.02460.0277040184

320.03870.0384876109

200.04740.0468868813

100.0640.0627312504

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change of error with temperature

slope = -0.43

pressure (hPa)

Change of error with temperature (K/K]

Change of Infrared heat exchange error with temperature

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Other sensor measurements compared with tungsten wire(RS3) at night, asterisks, values estimated using RS80 as link radiosonde Bimetallic sensor in ductWhite thermistor in duct

Effects of tests [ii]Goldbeaters skin shown to be insensitive at temperatures lower than about -30 deg C.Carbon hygristors not stable after being exposed to high relative humidity, and insensitive at low relative humidity.Most sensors are now capacitative thin film polymers with differences in exposure varying from radiosonde to radiosonde type.Some humidity sensors now fast enough to measure reasonably well throughout the tropical troposphere[ Mauritius and Yangjiang], but some problems with contamination remain at upper levels.

Simultaneous comparison between GBS (green), Hygristor (purple) and A- Humicap(blue) , PREFRS , Crawley 1992Height [km]Relative Humidity

Height [km]RS80 H-Humicap

Yangjiang, 2010

Effects of tests [iii]Solutions to problems with early GPS radiosondes tested in BrazilMany pressure sensors had large systematic errors, and sometimes these changed as the methods of mounting in the radiosonde were altered, see RS80)In Mauritius, GPS heights are shown to be of high quality for the first time, so that the need for a pressure sensor is no longer essential for a GPS radiosonde.In Yangjiang, only one radiosonde used a pressure sensor to determine geopotential heights.Success depends on collaboration between manufacturers and WMO experts, results from Yangjiang will benefit from input from GRUAN scientists.

Sheet1

Processing Settings:LayerLMVAISALADAQIAOCHANGFHUAYUNINTERMSAMODEMGRAWMEISEIMLJINYANGMEIS_REF3THERMVAIS_REFLayerLMVAISALADAQIAOCHANGFHUAYUNINTERMSAMODEMGRAWMEISEIMLJINYANGMEIS_REF3THERMVAIS_REFNumber of flights (common with reference)

Used names: LM Vaisala Daqiao Changf Huayun IntermSA Modem Graw Meisei ML Jinyang Meis_REF 3therm Vais_ref5000-12.34-7.8-4.93-3.18-3.56-0.74-15.53-20.49-8.593.5-35.65-2.64-5.2650009.39.082.676.798.567.5310.5211.411.4213.3928.843.889.62LayerLMVAISALADAQIAOCHANGFHUAYUNINTERMSAMODEMGRAWMEISEIMLJINYANGMEIS_REF3THERMVAIS_REF

Variable: Height Histogram: -30.0 10.0 30.015000-15.16-8.64-4.86-6.13-2.89-2.02-13.49-14.96-10.464.64-33.06-3.06-8.34150008.638.512.097.158.88.068.328.758.8413.4927.024.087.925003920174430294818305105

Presentation: Time 1 sec25000-15.55-9.52-5.84-7.46-2.37-3.77-13.73-13.17-10.994.16-28.84-3.33-7.27250009.278.872.596.739.898.288.78.6810.9114.0327.084.468.0715003920174430294818304105

Ref. Variable: Height From: 0 Step: 1 To: 3635000-14.62-10.03-5.14-7.51-2.42-4.52-12.12-9.35-10.964.21-24.91-3.28-7.66350009.189.543.448.0210.117.9310.079.8610.5613.829.164.28.4625003920174430294818304105

Restriction: Not applied45000-15.13-10.2-5.13-7.89-2.31-5.22-10.53-10.41-7.974.24-20.94-3.55-8.22450009.4710.172.948.210.168.1410.412.9611.9413.9931.644.497.8335003920174430294818304105

55000-15.41-11.55-4.83-8.98-2.47-6.56-8.59-10.01-10.895.36-19.13-3.75-8.6550009.0210.572.847.8510.638.459.8712.249.6913.9132.164.48.7945003920174430294818304105

Results of Processing65000-15.46-11.74-4.79-10.24-3.05-6.83-6-9.5-9.954.76-14.51-3.78-7.89650008.8111.463.147.9210.577.812.5112.1412.7113.8634.094.728.9555003920174430294817304105

75000-15.34-11.26-5.08-11.26-3.22-6.99-7.74-12.02-12.354.75-11.29-3.99-8.82750009.2210.994.117.9611.018.7213.213.9711.5413.7430.75.028.0465003820164429284817294105

85000-14.92-9.92-5.42-12.32-4.18-7.14-6.7-11.93-10.744.99-3.91-3.64-7.96850009.5410.774.048.4612.839.2613.2512.5111.7813.2929.735.239.3475003820164429284817294105

95000-14.57-8.77-5.11-12.98-3.68-7.2-3.52-12.06-14.325.98-1.66-3.54-7.999500010.2511.793.938.1813.529.1914.1314.0815.413.9431.365.199.6585003820164429284817294105

105000-14.25-8.41-5.57-13.44-3.25-6.95-2.86-9.88-13.826.995.26-3.23-6.91050009.7313.113.747.8613.839.3814.9215.4913.914.4828.845.1810.5895003820164429284817294105

115000-13.82-9-5.28-13.65-3.37-7.320.37-11.94-11.246.387.34-2.93-7.481150009.5814.293.686.514.029.8914.3114.7211.7615.4630.095.2310.6105003820164429284817294105

125000-13.76-8.66-6.64-14.32-3.14-7.991.11-10.06-10.195.4610.93-2.6-8.611250009.7217.593.28.2314.4510.3213.3816.7212.715.9532.265.4610.79115003820164429284817294105

135000-13.99-9.56-7.25-16.02-3.61-7.912.11-8.95-10.314.8317.5-2.19-8.21350009.5821.693.669.115.1910.2215.5116.5913.9315.4832.435.3111.78125003820164429284817294105

145000-13.08-9.69-7.57-17.1-3.06-8.772.87-12.54-12.516.525.37-2.03-9.041450009.7726.713.679.4116.1110.8615.9420.0710.7716.2434.155.2211.16135003820164429284817294105

155000-12.42-9.57-7.68-11.4-3.15-10.584.67-16.38-13.878.3529.68-2.18-8.9315500010.7229.995.4223.3117.0912.5920.218.0712.6117.5631.385.8711.85145003820164429284817294105

165000-11.81-6.94-7.03-17.89-3.49-10.845.19-15.99-14.766.6936.86-2.18-8.2216500010.9539.546.0810.9916.1613.0621.2117.112.8517.6829.73611.56155003820164429284817294105

175000-13.073.13-3.59-17.44-3.78-11.0913.74-9.27-10.953.9648.33-1.54-6.217500015.4455.134.66.9315.0812.1816.3314.8113.9415.5131.035.457.77165003820164428284817294105

185000-11.026.5-3.07-16.48-2.42-8.9919.53-4.9-11.114.9456.46-1.54-5.781850009.3755.254.226.6813.1210.5112.8710.8510.9513.4130.384.547.91175003820164427284817284105

195000-10.79.43-2.54-16.6-1.35-7.8421.040.79-8.295.4758.09-1.61-5.341950008.5959.343.76.7911.639.7810.9713.1711.9113.0231.954.456.75185003618164426264817274105

205000-10.979.16-3.18-18.01-1.57-7.5427.83-3.46-8.994.7764.61-1.72-5.172050008.3670.384.655.5810.899.9312.2315.2710.0412.9529.974.296.1819500351716442626471727394

215000-127.69-8.25-19.98-1.49-6.998.74-4.5-9.024.4873.6-1.72-5.872150009.774.592.546.5710.828.744.3920.7110.613.1829.434.336.3320500351716442626471727394

225000-12.08-1.39-8.96-20.02-1.93-7.457.53-7.73-11.914.2985.39-1.71-5.0522500010.1379.071.179.4911.089.08430.5710.9613.5226.694.666.0421500341516332526161727394

235000-11.24-6.7-9.14-20.86-1.55-7.237.05-12.32-8.864.4494.65-1.81-4.4523500010.9896.441.619.1111.429.325.2435.8613.713.9526.664.446.7922500331516222626151727394

245000-11.24-6.61-8.66-20.6-1.8-7.3115.99-16.24-7.044.61103.99-1.86-5.172450009.3597.261.997.2811.859.245.1443.1814.4214.4429.044.516.823500331516222626151727394

255000-12.64-11.45-11.16-23.82-1.18-7.6113.29-22.25-6.814.06110.99-1.65-5.922550009.22109.632.997.2211.759.432.9857.7812.7713.7728.994.937.8824500331516222625151727394

265000-13.25-15.35-12.04-25.31-0.47-7.716.82-27.23-6.994.21125.52-1.37-3.972650009.93110.553.367.3711.5710.125.1871.4613.4214.7829.445.016.425500311415222423151525394

275000-13.05-24.55-10.12-24.46-1.08-8.5417.53-31.98-8.883.45135.44-1.09-3.142750009.6127.922.0111.2611.8810.575.5175.311.4314.9928.944.495.6326500291215222321151523394

285000-13.88-39.26-9.49-23.55-0.62-8.8414.26-42.55-8.53.37142.2-1.15-2.622850009.92164.222.0711.4611.2910.94.7189.4213.3415.47314.865.3727500281215222321151523383

295000-11.73-32.9-6.16-21.570.32-7.8824.06-45.54-6.14.36151.1-1.07-1.6229500012.64179.253.5710.311.2710.148.4799.8313.6214.631.424.345.4128500271214222220151422383

305000-15.8-0.59-9.21-31.242.61-6.4320.13-45.67-5.366.66157.7-1.540.7130500011.28188.122.539.749.8411.515.04101.61317.5930.234.915.4929500271214222220151422383

315000-14.990.17-10.18-36.122.59-5.9428.01-45.91-3.45.93195.31-2.44-4.4431500011.44235.732.192.169.699.962.13114.7717.4614.5728.615.411.3330500271214222020151422383

325000-11.59-34.99-10.64-38.62.11-4.8531.83-128.52-2.346.32224.43-2.9-4.7132500012.26260.854.164.668.7911.538.27120.6813.1614.843.425.581.4431500241113112020141321261

335000-8.77-39.27-5.55-31.721.21-7.4440.33-72.01-8.016.95-9999-6.17-999933500012.88301.581.331.158.3210.182.9162.899.5810.92-99995.9-999932500221111111719131220161

345000-6.48-92.16-1.48-29.892.76-6.847.55-7.89-10.283.53-9999-8.11-999934500013.76282.941.61.438.7110.933.016.489.919.41-99996-999933500158811131311813030

355000-1.6988.43-1.77-31.882.49-6.6432.88-9999-11.974.5-9999-15.08-999935500014.6323.130.10.362.98.491.3-99997.868.93-99992.23-999934500137611111111710020

3550063211251024010

Direct differences

Median differences

St. deviations

Sample sizes (independent)

Sheet2

Processing Settings:

Used names: Graw Vaisala Daqiao Changf Huayun LM IntermSA Modem Meisei ML Jinyang Meis_REF 3therm Vais_refLayerGRAWVAISALADAQIAOCHANGFHUAYUNLMINTERMSAMODEMMEISEIMLJINYANGMEIS_REF3THERMVAIS_REFSt. deviations

Variable: Height Histogram: -30.0 10.0 30.050009.1810.5212.6316.1815.6117.16-99990.48.28-9999-27.0614.485.88LayerGRAWVAISALADAQIAOCHANGFHUAYUNLMINTERMSAMODEMMEISEIMLJINYANGMEIS_REF3THERMVAIS_REFNumber of flights (common with reference)

Presentation: Time 1 sec1500010.579.6514.3615.8413.513.24-99997.427.73-9999-22.8611.781.45500011.6610.8110.3516.0210.4513.39-999916.628.66-999938.3113.368.91LayerGRAWVAISALADAQIAOCHANGFHUAYUNLMINTERMSAMODEMMEISEIMLJINYANGMEIS_REF3THERMVAIS_REF

Ref. Variable: Height From: 0 Step: 1 To: 362500013.528.4214.9515.9113.6313.19-99998.756.56-9999-19.8110.55-0.361500012.3812.3811.4416.958.3414.48-999919.877.84-999940.5413.969.92500361812293042034120586

Restriction: Not applied3500016.045.6916.7716.6312.1911.81-999910.374.79-9999-20.710.44-1.482500013.9712.6413.718.528.6813.89-999923.998.35-999938.1715.6710.121500351712282942033120586

4500018.092.6717.3915.3610.4710.86-999910.362.93-9999-19.228.82-43500015.7313.8816.8919.7310.0814.27-999929.469.41-999941.3216.5311.662500351712282942033120586

Results of Processing5500018.02-0.2716.7813.478.568.96-99998.41.12-9999-13.896.31-5.64500017.8714.2120.0121.2610.3715.41-999934.399.07-999940.5916.8311.583500361812292942034120586

6500015.93-0.9415.7311.366.168.27-99997.481.01-9999-9.063.36-8.815500018.8614.8621.2121.539.8715.99-999934.469.56-999938.815.8810.74500361812292942034120586

7500016.56-3.1914.78.757.6510.1-99995.87-2.02-9999-9.293.39-10.486500019.1917.721.923.3512.5416.44-999938.519.7-999932.7315.3310.15500361812292942034120586

8500014.9-4.2313.496.496.678.77-99995.05-2.9-9999-6.372.84-10.717500020.8616.9722.9224.0513.1916.46-999943.629.59-999933.1215.710.786500361812292942034120586

9500014.49-4.5213.055.313.617.63-99996.2-3.46-9999-2.121.09-12.458500021.4717.2123.1624.5913.2115.77-999944.598.56-999935.1316.1710.957500351811292942033110586

10500012.18-7.2811.32.572.847.73-99995.03-6.12-99993.81-1.18-16.039500021.8818.3724.1325.4714.1217.37-999945.749.46-999934.1616.0310.248500351811292942033110586

11500010.3-9.819.14-0.16-0.414.09-99992.04-8.55-99997.03-3.02-16.1810500021.6618.2624.5725.3614.918.03-999950.410.05-999935.6418.1312.159500351811292942033110586

1250009.09-11.347.97-1.5-0.951.48-99990.99-9.23-99997.52-4.9-18.4811500023.117.5925.6126.114.2917.39-999952.959.97-999936.7818.7412.7510500351811292942032110475

1350006.42-14.595.82-3.66-2.223.14-9999-0.25-12.22-999912.7-5.65-18.312500023.2719.9726.1926.513.4815.7-999958.69.96-999941.1320.7114.7811500341811292942032110475

1450006.11-17.075.21-4.35-2.91.41-99991.15-13.48-999915.08-8.3-21.7413500022.6521.6627.6126.8315.4916.99-999956.3111.9-999942.7418.8715.3712500341811292942032110475

1550004.24-15.694.44-4.51-4.435.83-9999-4.54-12.72-999919.04-9.79-24.4414500023.9525.4929.4429.4315.9218.22-999958.2313-999945.5121.317.5313500341811292942032110475

1650001.64-15.971.12-9.6-4.9711.7-9999-8.59-16.25-999925.84-11.69-26.1315500025.526.7329.6530.8620.1524.44-999955.3712.78-999944.1721.3915.1114500341811292942032110475

175000-3.65-17.05-4.26-14.7-13.94-4.4-9999-9.13-20.12-999932.35-17.99-28.1716500025.827.9628.9727.9121.4420.74-999943.7412.67-999942.5722.914.4415500341811292942032110475

185000-7.25-15.79-7.44-18.33-19.46-10.66-9999-5.44-22.89-999934.43-19.79-28.9317500023.429.9827.2824.5615.9218.62-999948.1810.68-999937.8415.5911.316500341811292942032110475

195000-7.52-16-10.22-21.29-21.01-13.4-9999-8.31-25.8-999938.29-21.44-31.6518500022.0930.6225.9323.1212.8414.46-999953.029.28-99993614.649.9317500341811292942032110475

205000-8.91-17.7-11.07-23.53-27.89-9.7-9999-9.22-28.3-999946.44-23.63-33.7419500021.7732.9327.7423.0110.9412.08-999958.828.68-999940.915.899.8818500331810282842031100475

215000-4.99-18.79-10.96-22.91-8.75-2.55-9999-8.9-30.21-999953.32-25.78-34.6520500023.536.3525.7623.2612.137.62-999960.838.27-999937.5215.629.519500321710272742030100475

225000-5.86-26.42-12.74-24.93-7.46-4.3-9999-9.03-32.34-999964.78-27.58-37.0521500021.1539.6926.5823.014.383.54-999962.38.15-999939.4615.889.0520500321710272742030100475

235000-7.49-50.05-15.17-27.29-7.13-2.23-9999-9.37-33.58-999968.69-28.32-38.1622500020.6140.6226.1223.483.974.71-999972.588.33-999940.3215.4610.3721500291410232411028100475

245000-12.07-63.32-19.24-30.38-15.95-12.1-9999-10.66-35.07-999976.42-30.66-40.6323500021.0625.6226.3224.535.264.84-999973.698.59-999937.8417.5611.9722500291410232411028100475

255000-11.58-72.38-20.5-33.73-13.15-9.46-9999-12.67-37.43-999979.25-33.68-40.1424500021.4330.8227.1923.845.213.08-999971.619.49-999940.116.1211.33235002814922231102790475

265000-13.54-92.32-20.3-35.82-16.94-13.55-9999-13.49-38.6-999994.66-32.98-41.9425500021.4335.4725.3922.152.793.73-999973.599.05-999935.3615.711.09245002713921221102690475

275000-15.27-115.05-23.36-39.03-17.51-17.66-9999-13.99-41.23-9999102.33-38.71-42.4426500022.345.4723.4422.625.143.49-999974.0110.09-999937.2618.2112.67255002612920211102590475

285000-16.87-137.02-22.89-40.49-13.98-12.23-9999-16.51-43.14-9999108.46-42.85-45.3727500023.259.7125.4123.455.565.01-999981.179.67-999935.1515.2412.21265002612920211102590475

295000-17.97-159.97-29.34-42.98-24.14-20.03-9999-17.39-44.57-9999122.93-42.03-46.2328500021.7172.0824.6822.564.445.32-999979.3110.38-999935.8813.5711.31275002612920211102590475

305000-19.28-165.46-30.16-45.03-19.81-18.65-9999-17.4-46.99-9999125.52-39.6-47.8329500023.560.129.8323.618.318.51-999986.610.78-999932.3814.9413.07285002511919201102490465

315000-24.36-149.51-30.01-47.13-28.02-27.54-9999-30.11-47.59-9999139.19-42.8-50.1630500022.8687.7231.7123.64.944.55-999982.9610.09-999918.9716.1514.31295002511919201102490465

325000-24.62-166.64-35.25-48.8-30.81-32.42-9999-34.56-50.54-9999155.87-42.3-50.8231500022.2598.1325.6322.632.141.03-999972.6610.63-999944.8615.7413.48305002311919201102290243

335000-26.75-310.16-29.71-51.03-40.37-35.68-9999-43.84-58.41-9999178.02-48.75-53.2232500021.21110.3927.2223.657.665.94-999964.710.35-999916.4817.614.48315002311919201102290243

345000-30.12-402.29-30.5-54.13-47.72-42.98-9999-40.43-61.17-9999-9999-42.81-46.6733500019.32178.6626.7824.12.972.96-999935.859.34-99993.1113.4511.98325002010716171101970243

355000-22.5-500.98-39.18-61.49-36.62-9999-9999-51.18-63.14-9999-9999-9999-999934500022.8897.8326.9627.392.51.8-999942.256.9-9999-99991.153.99335001810615161101760132

35500020.88106.0727.3924.243.22-9999-999927.682.68-9999-9999-9999-999934500129211111101120011

3550010721010100920000

Direct differences

Sample sizes (independent)

hiehgtdiffall

6.5321257389-5.656320207-1.32477081280.81341361774.14844926832.97212573895.7921257389-11.9253742611-11.9887075944-2.692874261110.03212573893.2976812945

6.3993037386-4.8042097749-2.64311005451.50211623862.64862192043.50930373864.3793037386-12.8631962614-6.0514889443-4.489696261411.03930373861.3737481831

6.5703974483-2.508681499-3.64063703441.76289744832.41463987264.20039744832.8003974483-13.0396025517-4.740334259-5.243602551710.73039744830.6937307817

6.0644794228-1.543415314-5.30724471513.51470669563.10440366523.64447942281.5444794228-12.8980205772-2.6723062915-6.180520577210.27447942280.4544794228

5.6145845463-1.8683101905-6.43507062615.03670575842.91822090993.30458454630.3945845463-11.7254154537-2.018748787-4.93141545379.8545845463-0.1443043426

6.205738094-1.5249198007-7.58495156115.69498051832.28316233653.735738094-0.354261906-10.489261906-2.4159285726-6.622882595611.565738094-0.4931507949

6.0202666339-1.0397333661-7.55080479476.01746360361.51655451272.9702666339-0.8097333661-9.0522333661-1.9355666994-5.63145750410.7802666339-1.2852889216

6.4535596194-0.2420982753-7.39347741766.08386264970.10598386183.2335596194-0.5364403806-7.9664403806-2.7735135513-7.503226094911.2035596194-0.6653292695

5.9730048834-0.6106793272-6.70412474636.2233836713-0.76449511661.7930048834-1.1669951166-6.4844951166-2.316934141-6.581012973810.9630048834-0.3236617833

5.9743018983-0.1745138912-6.03458699066.1018776558-1.65387991992.2943018983-1.2256981017-6.2256981017-1.2081371261-8.872126673211.9543018983-0.9301425462

5.1966236341-0.2664026817-6.55309858816.2548812099-2.37087636591.9466236341-1.7533763659-4.1308763659-0.2173763659-9.262751365912.1866236341-1.0299940129

4.8342170083-0.3319672023-7.13476447326.5339897355-2.65328299171.4642170083-2.4857829917-1.6432829917-1.1037829917-7.893729420311.2142170083-0.8000476976

4.5680859921-0.9394140079-7.10163623016.6302829618-2.62274734121.4280859921-3.4219140079-0.1394140079-0.4179140079-7.094146150810.0280859921-0.9173551844

4.3628222737-0.1683619368-8.26597402266.3994131828-2.99452621120.7528222737-3.54717772631.86032227370.3708222737-7.68065986929.1928222737-0.2823247851

4.1510750776-0.8605038698-9.0110545526.807969017-2.74839461941.0910750776-4.61892492243.00857507761.6490750776-9.188835636710.6510750776-0.9311308048

4.5818377843-0.0778990578-7.89705110466.6563832388-1.65967736731.4318377843-5.99816221573.5618377843-3.1421622157-9.237090787212.9318377843-1.1516916275

4.7247160210.4249791789-5.22398768276.3024432937-4.43452640321.234716021-6.1152839796.369716021-4.029283979-9.974391121911.414716021-0.6938133908

2.2435926987-0.82265730130.85748158766.0573805775-4.7959527558-1.5364073013-8.846407301311.33859269870.3615926987-8.7358715876.2035926987-2.3249367131

0.655534284-1.0057157163.25072659174.382096784-6.822903216-1.764465716-8.33446571612.7930342844.9740599251-10.32205830855.595534284-3.4013774807

-0.2808971415-1.96839714155.09814132013.4653125359-7.9904939157-1.6308971415-8.120897141514.61660285855.2097785342-9.53848973415.1891028585-4.0488658915

-0.2964194684-1.10124705464.88088822394.0269676283-8.7388388233-1.8664194684-7.836419468416.20858053164.9557426937-10.32530835734.4735805316-4.3811069684

0.0574173724-1.16172055863.78587891093.7231866032-8.1448048498-1.4325826276-6.932582627616.23741737245.258593843-10.81813818314.5374173724-5.1100826276

1.393647044-0.3955483583-3.36269910993.931347044-8.1332760329-0.536352956-6.05635295617.6711470446.3718288622-12.0543159195.683647044-4.513071706

2.92482627570.2230405614-13.68357372432.7651040535-9.2902403911.3748262757-4.305173724318.75149294246.4476387757-9.01363526287.3648262757-3.5591320576

2.69671841790.0213338025-17.40968158211.92541407-9.24994824880.8967184179-4.613281582121.91671841797.2567184179-7.39289696677.3067184179-3.3545315821

3.59617369350.7861736935-23.00382630652.6089009662-10.52730456742.4161736935-4.013826306524.12617369356.4378403601-6.99757630657.6561736935-3.0850763065

4.33789662932.209563296-31.93710337074.0342602657-11.23905989243.8678966293-3.362103370725.50789662936.199563296-6.56710337078.5478966293-1.5996033707

5.55382375382.890635348-43.90992624625.2732176932-10.23835015924.4738237538-2.986176246229.61715708728.6182681983-6.43367624629.0038237538-1.8626206906

6.58174791035.5249363161-60.58477382888.8928590214-8.32885815035.9617479103-2.258252089733.02508124367.4662306689-5.1256433949.9517479103-1.1068235183

6.80341733172.5980550129-64.64527832045.5080205063-8.26961297137.1234173317-1.076582668335.36008399848.1930725042-3.17571310311.16341733170.417703046

5.43354973421.4118830675-48.82253722242.3518037024-13.13978359928.0435497342-0.996450265833.15688306755.387747265-5.368189396312.09354973420.4479941786

4.41998687892.5982408471-43.83546766665.1428202122-12.3698543917.0099868789-1.520013121135.7266535455-1.6305259417-4.250467666610.3499868789-1.6413464545

7.03347095488.8227302141-66.10912163784.8013140921-9.52004756379.14347095482.183470954840.5768042882-11.3700138937-0.706353606613.35347095481.7908042882

11.909251462212.6123764622-127.605034252118.3842514622-3.173885792713.11925146224.469251462248.89591812881.436103314-1.849319966418.85925146222.9425847955

LM

VAISALA

DAQIAO

CHANGF

HUAYUN

INTERMSA

MODEM

GRAW

MEISEI

ML

JINYANG

3therm

Height [km]

Geopotential height difference [gpm]

Preliminary simultaneous geopotential height differences [gpm],Yangjiang , 2010

height error

5.65496591115.65496591115.9087941553712.35570473336.42611550974.972148483710.196909362412.57384267698.623681395812.137275664

5.30691052495.30691052496.1316735731812.73583131647.01973651076.06632513811.184860333515.05098245156.521762063112.4022901385

5.71067445415.71067445416.4730386558813.43284417848.07467010345.995548121612.749474392318.45884536998.128890453212.8151900992

5.62708464775.62708464777.04886347478.336862817213.17209480818.39928677735.587559249614.689071392323.24641227958.122853675712.6006316654

5.82514342475.82514342477.811225938910.723595288812.90670352648.3242599725.685710516916.893922104827.42059067049.053592521812.719583487

5.56472123735.56472123738.222968711311.186179975711.78165618459.05708438476.358960414318.020362858526.85259053917.495659137912.7484107853

5.4944406045.4944406049.231706929311.897175192114.39288982639.02972992125.536345586118.386604429630.80890549069.842028116812.7244144246

5.76196182585.76196182588.830247542111.107970295313.28394158689.38189191576.545089450820.048426270435.20702905918.895547101612.4734676782

5.96725902515.96725902518.585421570510.53721406613.390869287411.35784837587.080919412620.624081063835.79867244678.793165209311.8750124096

6.34952861296.34952861299.564597883811.993290357814.501827940111.93624255766.643762969520.938430848436.903473179211.723888988212.4099591617

6.06341487946.063414879410.633130614613.087944834814.516852275912.42995977477.156773015820.794003943441.555391226710.734483428413.1493497938

5.98901630715.989016307111.521915573112.574991702813.545047667912.67643813047.870437324222.31012513843.36969759869.061614520914.252834233

6.09963197286.099631972814.21428785213.476969622414.069918628213.09950341798.324475346622.456344087948.91021024419.7581101814.7376046153

6.00097639456.000976394517.268157504316.890864918315.583264025513.95436785798.272646632921.840576510546.934928684411.150454986414.2695018243

6.09106348866.091063488621.140442134118.171740544618.155535090514.91412235368.991025835723.16250084948.54406176519.042816333215.0544526828

6.70432011196.704320111923.469707788416.547519698218.628942754815.720056992210.656462444824.60288787644.997147075110.099027960316.2297779355

6.84876720626.848767206231.065876920614.850135091812.658345557214.636939152511.120161318824.874372107832.934229114210.195612837716.2995947114

9.28104003239.281040032343.911538296216.815947909111.906775553511.88565084127.887629296521.480742443438.91724248269.409923244512.4266808086

5.70544628815.705446288145.209703815414.72918590248.894853419111.81449468.826549872621.340477563843.47359941548.442257239312.1357316489

5.30213554035.302135540348.940943120817.99131293959.14548201510.35105109228.218014280421.114456154849.71174151639.265433167511.8914994308

5.154139225.1541392257.774376970811.742774420899.59306775238.487623277522.927818232551.11840409457.724331443411.8801241114

5.79571831315.795718313162.047402318217.110355074210.7576926329.13685116636.541960656820.340406810954.08694044747.883349408311.8373159641

6.07264326086.072643260865.651732481417.156902289612.78339924179.26765363116.750511375219.695052775465.39556926248.09477029412.0794620669

6.49736406526.497364065277.570874591317.07145394514.15673125399.39152065456.681815636820.032669822266.614361668410.399492094912.3445032384

5.63637059375.636370593778.878485884517.658422168211.868840443310.42371462257.321811697320.675498217265.099707977911.449542527913.2945449915

5.59039156215.590391562188.337285123814.71936404267.913916717910.33489342877.594236115820.68797772168.61092516419.902418140912.5841337478

5.85116606455.851166064590.65644827559.29407038476.97212624069.98142052448.257012515721.518686197970.880682226410.518614469813.5724815596

5.68564429255.6856442925106.556388357311.82178713316.63242421910.43110008488.910575120622.49251984577.51455852948.907283622413.8698791984

5.9114071675.911407167135.116377314313.14241357958.5190512799.61869873259.157798059920.889695194278.848103635210.419248091414.2960192119

7.26313026357.2631302635144.026258127419.75682062547.61151504138.61741485467.075771249522.349428153286.616055822910.198313464312.6651860932

6.62348480946.6234848094156.007036915522.9524519618.84595676127.27702198569.41326452321.879420672984.38751078559.822995335216.2953229173

6.96246625666.9624662566191.217181801514.50208041548.09508099866.73944831767.122195140921.132594815278.156220938213.231757499312.7987875842

7.43156452317.4315645231214.786929420118.608934715912.8330258034.69424634418.81548346619.865446099772.47661996699.728065048112.8451332706

8.14862293028.1486229302255.894505368420.256012827316.551364163156.101831228517.517486815833.76460563845.79444629327.2695491154

8.90031465218.9003146521249.52650866116.809604424517.49094911456.344233530821.077922077234.54.49109150683.0549139256

LM

VAISALA

DAQIAO

CHANGF

HUAYUN

INTERMSA

MODEM

GRAW

MEISEI

ML

JINYANG

Height [km]

estimate of random error in geopotential height[ gpm]

Estimates of random error in geopotential height measurements [gpm],Yangjian, China, 2010

sdev

lmgggggg

LayerLMVAISALADAQIAOCHANGFHUAYUNINTERMSAMODEMGRAWMEISEIMLJINYANGLMVAISALAVAISALADAQIAOCHANGFHUAYUNGRAWMEISEI3THERM3THERMV/LMINTERMSAMODEMJINYANGMLMLmlMLMLVAISALAMEISEIMEISEIMEISEIMEISEICHANGFHUAYUNDAQIAODAQIAODAQIAODAQIAOdaqfin

0.55.75.75.97.012.46.45.010.212.68.612.109.36.6209.082.676.7910.5211.43.882.8105.78.566.47.535.013.3912.11811.429.98.666.2128.611.6610.19690936243416.6213.1811.49.912.610.357.016.0212.41210.813.6179.087.15.9

1.55.35.36.18.012.77.06.111.215.16.512.408.636.2208.512.097.158.328.754.082.9105.38.87.08.066.113.4912.4188.847.17.845.6126.512.3811.23319.8716.488.757.015.111.448.016.9512.71212.385.3178.516.76.1

2.55.75.76.58.013.48.16.012.718.58.112.809.276.6208.872.596.738.78.684.463.2105.79.898.18.286.014.0312.81810.919.38.356.0128.113.9712.73323.9920.388.686.518.513.78.018.5213.41212.646.0178.876.86.5

3.55.65.67.08.313.28.45.614.723.28.112.609.186.6209.543.448.0210.079.864.23.0105.610.118.47.935.613.812.61810.568.99.416.7128.115.7314.73429.4625.589.868.123.216.898.319.7313.21213.886.0179.547.77.0

4.55.85.87.810.712.98.35.716.927.49.112.709.476.82010.172.948.210.412.964.493.2105.810.168.38.145.713.9912.71811.9410.49.076.5129.117.8716.93434.3930.0812.9611.627.420.0110.721.2612.91214.217.01710.178.37.8

5.55.65.68.211.211.89.16.418.026.97.512.709.026.42010.572.847.859.8712.244.43.1105.610.639.18.456.413.9112.7179.697.99.566.8127.518.8618.03434.4629.4812.2410.926.921.2111.221.5311.81214.867.01710.579.08.2

6.55.55.59.211.914.49.05.518.430.89.812.708.816.32011.463.147.9212.5112.144.723.4105.510.579.07.85.513.8612.71712.7111.59.76.9129.819.1918.43438.5133.8812.1410.830.821.911.923.3514.41217.78.01611.4610.19.2

7.55.85.88.811.113.39.46.520.035.28.912.509.226.62010.994.117.9613.213.975.023.6105.811.019.48.726.513.7412.51711.5410.09.596.9118.920.8620.03343.6238.7813.9712.735.222.9211.124.0513.31116.978.01610.999.48.8

8.56.06.08.610.513.411.47.120.635.88.811.909.546.82010.774.048.4613.2512.515.233.7106.012.8311.49.267.113.2911.91711.7810.28.566.1118.821.4720.63344.5939.5812.5111.035.823.1610.524.5913.41117.218.01610.779.08.6

9.56.36.39.612.014.511.96.620.936.911.712.4010.257.32011.793.938.1814.1314.085.193.7106.313.5211.99.196.613.9412.41715.414.09.466.81111.721.8820.93345.7440.7814.0812.636.924.1312.025.4714.51118.379.01611.799.99.6

10.56.16.110.613.114.512.47.220.841.610.713.109.737.02013.113.747.8614.9215.495.183.7106.113.8312.49.387.214.4813.11713.912.510.057.21110.721.6620.83250.445.9815.4914.341.624.5713.125.3614.51118.269.01613.1111.610.6

11.56.06.011.512.613.512.77.922.343.49.114.309.586.82014.293.686.514.3114.725.233.7106.014.0212.79.897.915.4614.31711.7610.19.977.1119.123.122.33252.9548.0814.7213.443.425.6112.626.113.51117.599.01614.2913.011.5

12.56.16.114.213.514.113.18.322.548.99.814.709.726.92017.593.28.2313.3816.725.463.9106.114.4513.110.328.315.9514.71712.711.19.967.1119.823.2722.53258.654.1816.7215.648.926.1913.526.514.11119.9710.01617.5916.514.2

13.56.06.017.316.915.614.08.321.846.911.214.309.586.82021.693.669.115.5116.595.313.8106.015.1914.010.228.315.4814.31713.9312.611.98.51111.222.6521.83256.3151.9816.5915.546.927.6116.926.8315.61121.6610.01621.6920.817.3

14.56.16.121.118.218.214.99.023.248.59.015.109.777.02026.713.679.4115.9420.075.223.7106.116.1114.910.869.016.2415.11710.778.9139.3119.023.9523.23258.2353.4820.0719.148.529.4418.229.4318.21125.4910.61626.7126.021.1

15.56.76.723.516.518.615.710.724.645.010.116.2010.727.72029.995.4223.3120.218.075.874.2106.717.0915.712.5910.717.5616.21712.6110.712.789.11110.125.524.63255.3749.6818.0716.845.029.6516.530.8618.61126.7310.41629.9929.223.5

16.56.86.831.114.912.714.611.124.932.910.216.3010.957.82039.546.0810.9921.2117.164.3106.816.1614.613.0611.117.6816.31712.8510.912.679.11110.225.824.93243.7436.0817.115.732.928.9714.927.9112.71127.9612.81639.5438.931.1

17.59.39.343.916.811.911.97.921.538.99.412.4015.4411.02055.134.66.9316.3314.815.453.9109.315.0811.912.187.915.5112.41713.9410.410.687.6119.423.421.53248.1843.1814.8111.538.927.2816.824.5611.91129.9820.91655.1354.343.9

18.55.75.745.214.78.911.88.821.343.58.412.109.376.71855.254.226.6812.8710.854.543.2105.713.1211.810.518.813.4112.11710.959.39.286.6108.422.0921.33153.0248.5810.859.243.525.9314.723.128.91030.6222.01655.2555.045.2

19.55.35.348.918.09.110.48.221.149.79.311.908.596.11759.343.76.7910.9713.174.453.295.311.6310.49.788.213.0211.91711.9110.78.686.2109.321.7721.13058.8254.9713.1712.149.727.7418.023.019.11032.9325.31659.3459.148.9

20.55.25.257.811.79.09.68.522.951.17.711.908.366.01770.384.655.5812.2315.274.293.195.210.899.69.938.512.9511.91710.048.68.275.9107.723.522.93060.8356.3715.2714.451.125.7611.723.269.01036.3528.21670.3870.257.8

21.55.85.862.017.110.89.16.520.354.17.911.809.76.91574.592.546.574.3920.714.333.195.810.829.18.746.513.1811.81710.68.98.155.8107.921.1520.32862.358.9620.7119.954.126.5817.123.0110.81039.6934.11674.5974.462.0

22.56.16.165.717.212.89.36.819.765.48.112.1010.137.21579.071.179.49430.574.663.396.111.089.39.086.813.5212.11710.969.18.336.0108.120.6119.72872.5869.9530.5730.065.426.1217.223.4812.81040.6235.51679.0778.865.7

23.56.56.577.617.114.29.46.720.066.610.412.3010.987.81596.441.619.115.2435.864.443.296.511.429.49.326.713.9512.31713.712.18.596.1910.421.0620.02773.6970.9535.8635.366.626.3217.124.5314.2925.6216.01696.4496.277.6

24.55.65.678.917.711.910.47.320.765.111.413.309.356.71597.261.997.285.1443.184.513.295.611.8510.49.247.314.4413.31714.4213.39.496.8911.421.4320.72671.6168.6543.1842.865.127.1917.723.8411.9930.8222.91697.2697.178.9

25.55.65.688.314.77.910.37.620.768.69.912.609.226.614109.632.997.222.9857.784.933.595.611.7510.39.437.613.7712.61512.7711.59.056.599.921.4320.72573.5970.6557.7857.568.625.3914.722.157.9935.4728.815109.63109.588.3

26.55.95.990.79.37.010.08.321.570.910.513.609.937.112110.553.367.375.1871.465.013.695.911.5710.010.128.314.7813.61513.4212.110.097.2910.522.321.52574.0170.8571.4671.270.923.449.322.627.0945.4740.115110.55110.490.7

27.55.75.7106.611.86.610.48.922.577.58.913.909.66.912127.922.0111.265.5175.34.493.285.711.8810.410.578.914.9913.91511.439.99.676.998.923.222.52581.1778.0575.375.177.525.4111.823.456.6959.7155.315127.92127.8106.6

28.55.95.9135.113.18.59.69.220.978.810.414.309.927.112164.222.0711.464.7189.424.863.585.911.299.610.99.215.4714.31413.3412.010.387.4910.421.7120.92479.3176.5589.4289.278.824.6813.122.568.5972.0869.014164.22164.1135.1

29.57.37.3144.019.87.68.67.122.386.610.212.7012.649.012179.253.5710.38.4799.834.343.187.311.278.610.147.114.612.71413.6211.510.787.7910.223.522.32486.683.7599.8399.686.629.8319.823.617.6960.155.814179.25179.1144.0

30.56.66.6156.023.08.87.39.421.984.49.816.3011.288.112188.122.539.745.04101.64.913.586.69.847.311.519.417.5916.3141311.210.097.299.822.8621.92282.9680.05101.6101.484.431.7123.023.68.8987.7284.914188.12188.0156.0

31.57.07.0191.214.58.16.77.121.178.213.212.8011.448.211235.732.192.162.13114.775.413.967.09.696.79.967.114.5712.81317.4616.010.637.6913.222.2521.12272.6669.54114.77114.678.225.6314.522.638.1998.1395.813235.73235.6191.2

32.57.47.4214.818.612.84.78.819.972.59.712.8012.268.811260.854.164.668.27120.685.584.067.48.794.711.538.814.8412.81213.1610.910.357.479.721.2119.91964.761.63120.68120.572.527.2218.623.6512.87110.39108.611260.85260.7214.8

33.58.18.1255.920.316.65.06.117.533.85.87.3012.889.28301.581.331.152.9162.895.94.238.18.325.010.186.110.927.389.585.09.346.765.819.3217.51735.8531.3162.8962.433.826.7820.324.116.66178.66177.88301.58301.5255.9

34.58.98.9249.516.817.55.06.321.14.53.1013.769.87282.941.61.433.016.4864.328.98.715.010.936.39.413.179.914.46.94.924.522.8821.11142.2536.616.480.026.9616.827.3917.5297.8395.56282.94282.8249.5

014.610.43323.130.10.361.3-99992.231.618.498.58.938.927.867.92.68290-999927.3927.424.242106.07106.12323.13323.1240.5

Sheet3

LMVAISALADaqiaoCHANGFHUAYUNINTERMSAMODEMGRAWmeiseimlJINYANG3thermaverageLayerLMVAISALADAQIAOCHANGFHUAYUNINTERMSAMODEMGRAWMEISEIMLJINYANG3therm

0-12.2-7.9-5.7-2.4-3.56-0.74-18.5-18.52-9.23.5-3.2-6.530.56.53-5.66-1.320.814.152.975.79-11.93-11.99-2.6910.033.30

0-11.2-9.0-4.9-3.8-2.89-2.02-19.3-12.45-10.94.64-5.0-6.401.56.40-4.80-2.641.502.653.514.38-12.86-6.05-4.4911.041.37

0-9.1-10.2-4.8-4.2-2.37-3.77-19.6-11.31-11.84.16-5.9-6.572.56.57-2.51-3.641.762.414.202.80-13.04-4.74-5.2410.730.69

0-7.6-11.4-2.5-3.0-2.42-4.52-19.0-8.74-12.24.21-5.6-6.063.56.06-1.54-5.313.513.103.641.54-12.90-2.67-6.1810.270.45

0-7.5-12.0-0.6-2.7-2.31-5.22-17.3-7.63-10.54.24-5.8-5.614.55.61-1.87-6.445.042.923.300.39-11.73-2.02-4.939.85-0.14

0-7.7-13.8-0.5-3.9-2.47-6.56-16.7-8.62-12.85.36-6.7-6.215.56.21-1.52-7.585.692.283.74-0.35-10.49-2.42-6.6211.57-0.49

0-7.1-13.6-0.0-4.5-3.05-6.83-15.1-7.96-11.74.76-7.3-6.026.56.02-1.04-7.556.021.522.97-0.81-9.05-1.94-5.6310.78-1.29

0-6.7-13.8-0.4-6.3-3.22-6.99-14.4-9.23-14.04.75-7.1-6.457.56.45-0.24-7.396.080.113.23-0.54-7.97-2.77-7.5011.20-0.67

0-6.6-12.70.3-6.7-4.18-7.14-12.5-8.29-12.64.99-6.3-5.978.55.97-0.61-6.706.22-0.761.79-1.17-6.48-2.32-6.5810.96-0.32

0-6.1-12.00.1-7.6-3.68-7.2-12.2-7.18-14.85.98-6.9-5.979.55.97-0.17-6.036.10-1.652.29-1.23-6.23-1.21-8.8711.95-0.93

0-5.5-11.71.1-7.6-3.25-6.95-9.3-5.41-14.56.99-6.2-5.2010.55.20-0.27-6.556.25-2.371.95-1.75-4.13-0.22-9.2612.19-1.03

0-5.2-12.01.7-7.5-3.37-7.32-6.5-5.94-12.76.38-5.6-4.8311.54.83-0.33-7.136.53-2.651.46-2.49-1.64-1.10-7.8911.21-0.80

0-5.5-11.72.1-7.2-3.14-7.99-4.7-4.99-11.75.46-5.5-4.5712.54.57-0.94-7.106.63-2.621.43-3.42-0.14-0.42-7.0910.03-0.92

0-4.5-12.62.0-7.4-3.61-7.91-2.5-3.99-12.04.83-4.6-4.3613.54.36-0.17-8.276.40-2.990.75-3.551.860.37-7.689.19-0.28

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0-4.0-54.3-3.1-18.62.61-6.4327.7-0.05-10.86.66-5.0-5.4330.55.431.41-48.822.35-13.148.04-1.0033.165.39-5.3712.090.45

0-1.8-48.30.7-16.82.59-5.9431.3-6.05-8.75.93-6.1-4.4231.54.422.60-43.845.14-12.377.01-1.5235.73-1.63-4.2510.35-1.64

01.8-73.1-2.2-16.62.11-4.8533.5-18.40-7.76.32-5.2-7.0332.57.038.82-66.114.80-9.529.142.1840.58-11.37-0.7113.351.79

00.7-139.56.5-15.11.21-7.4437.0-10.47-13.86.95-9.0-11.9133.511.9112.61-127.6118.38-3.1713.124.4748.901.44-1.8518.862.94

0-160.65.3-18.72.76-6.836.4-4.34-13.53.53-7.5

0

yesyesyesyesyesyesyesyesyes

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20-14.5714.4918-12.2-6.616-8.77-4.5211-12.2-12.017-14.32-3.4611-12.2-14.88-12.066.233-12.2-7.210-3.642.848-12.4575-6.34-5.4213.4929-12.45750.34-12.326.4929-12.4575-6.7

20-14.2512.1818-9.3-6.116-8.41-7.2811-9.3-11.717-13.82-6.1211-9.3-14.58-9.885.0332-9.3275-5.410-3.541.098-12.2-6.94-5.1113.0529-12.20.14-12.985.3129-12.2-7.6

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14-12.64-11.581220.5-2.715-11.45-72.38920.5-26.615-6.81-37.43920.5-10.65-22.25-12.672520.532.89-1.86-30.66719.22-6.12-8.66-19.242119.22-0.82-20.6-30.382219.22-11.9

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7-6.48-30.12936.40.76-92.16-402.29236.4-160.67-10.28-61.17236.4-13.51-7.89-40.431136.41-4.33-6.17-48.75336.9866666667-9.01-5.55-29.711536.98666666676.51-31.72-51.031636.9866666667-15.1

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1-15.08-999901-1.77-39.18101-31.88-61.4910

Will we need more large scale intercomparisons?Requirement for regional comparison in RussiaResults at Yangjiang will probably require some limited additional tests within 3 years to show that some of the problems identified have been addressed and rectified.Large scale test will require a host country and agreement between all parties, scientists, manufacturers and WMO experts that it is necessary and worth whileIn between national/regional tests need to be done to a high standard and results reported to the CIMO Expert teamResults need to be based on statistical evaluation and not on the interpretation of individual test flights.

Purpose of testbedLong term deployment of remote sensing systems or insitu systems to allow comprehensive testing and development of products/observations over a full range of atmospheric conditions.May be one test site with a large range of facilities,Or a more extended array of sites using a less expensive mixture of observing systems [FUND] or derivation of a product from existing systems such as laser ceilometers giving a wide area with realtively large numbers of observations.In Europe a range of testbeds are being considered in the Eg-CLIMET COST project [ Prof. Illingworth will talk about this]

Next Generation UK Upper-Air NetworkNeeded to meet User Requirements. (i.e. Higher spatial and temporal resolution ) for high resolution model (1.5km grid) for winds, temperature, humidity, cloud profile Resolve structures of mesoscale storms on a scale of less than 100 km

FUND testbed

Testing of assimilation of new observations into numerical weather prediction models will be concentrated around London, based on wind profiler observations + other sensors [integrated profiling systems ] at Chilbolton, Wattisham and CardingtonFurther Development of remote sensing hardware will be done near Exeter.More aircraft observations from the airports shown for 2010 are expected before too long, once contractual arrangements for delivery of data have been sorted out.

ChilboltonWattishamHerstmonceuxCardingtonDunkeswellCobbacombe CrossDean HillClee HillCheniesThurnhamAirport observationsBy 2010Wind Profiler +radiometerWind Profiler20102010

Met Office Chilbolton installation

Development tasks for assimilation of Integrated profiling products classification target type ( follow CLOUDNET but add clear air)atmospheric structure [stability]quality controlDeal with non-CLOUDNET measurements [e.g.microwave radiances] and associated forward operatorscomparison with model equivalent

How can the UK testbed inform user decisions?Dense network needed by users , but how dense is required given the chance to exploit high time-res 4DVAR assimilation techniques?FUND testbed can have higher observation density than is affordable normally, because of the high number of airports near LondonTestbed can be run continuously, so important meteorological events are not missed [ example shown is a rapidly deepening depression in late August 2010]Chilbolton site allows evaluation of full integrated profiling, and three other sites will also be used for cheaper variants of the full systemIntegrated network in plan view necessary for evaluations Crown copyright Met Office

00.00 UTC, 23.08.10 x

06.00 UTC, 23.08.10

8 kmHeavy rain forecast,but movement of depression not exact.Dunkeswell22/23 August 2010

Some Wind profiler issues[i]Why are no efforts made to check between high mode [low vertical resolution] and low mode [high vertical resolution? And no effort to influence users to use the most reliable product in a given situation?

U, Low mode, vertical resolution 75m

U, High modeBetter signal to noise, but vertical resolution 375mDoes not resolve shear under the low level wind maximum

Examples of potential usefulness of additional wind profiler observations in integration are as follows:vertical velocity (most of the time ) sampled at one minute temporal resolutionheight of significant levels or lid (most of the time)+ Identification of top of convective boundary layer from signal to noise, vertical velocity ,spectral width? {+laser ceilometer and cloud radar}

Halo Photonics lidar, Chilbolton

W ms-1 , Wind profiler radar about 600 m from the lidar Continuous vertical velocity measurements

Crown copyright Met OfficeMixture of what is happening overhead with what is advected over the site, purple dots main updrafts

Using variance in vertical velocity measurements as an indicator for the stability of the boundary layer

Wind profiler Snrdir2Dark blue -5 red 35

2000mRaw Jenoptik CHM Lidar

RMS of w m.s-1,twenty minute periods, Chilbolton wind profiler,17.05.10

w14-17

w 11-14

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