I. Effect of the Mexican War “Conscience

Whigs,” led by JQ Adams’ son Charles Francis Adams, called the war immoral.

Whigs won control of Congress in 1846, called for no land, and criticized Manifest Destiny

Wilmot Proviso

Rep. David Wilmot (D – PA) proposed that slavery be banned in all territories gained from the war.

Measure passed House, died in Senate.

Free Soil Movement

Supporters of the Wilmot Proviso formed free soil movement, then Free Soil Party.

Focus on slavery’s impact on small farmers won many supporters, including Frederick Douglass, but not William Lloyd Garrison

review

Who called the Mexican War immoral? Who led them?

What did Whigs begin to criticize? What did the Wilmot Proviso do?

How successful was it? What party did Wilmot Proviso

supporters form? Why did abolitionists disagree over

the new party?

II. Election of 1848

Overworked, Polk didn’t run, soon died

Democrats – Lewis Cass – squatter/popular sovereignty;

Free Soil – Martin Van Buren (D), and Charles Francis Adams (W); got N. Democratic support

The election

Whigs ran “Old Rough and Ready” Zachary Taylor, a free soil slaveowner.

Taylor got 47% of vote; won electoral college;

3rd party impact

Free Soil votes in New York cost Cass the state (Taylor won it) and the election – spoiler role

Antislavery voters cost Clay the election in 1844, Cass in 1848

review

What became of Polk? Who ran in 1848 for the Democrats?

What was his issue? Who ran for Free Soil? Who was the

VP? Who ran for Whigs? What was his

slavery stand? Who won, by how much, and why?

III. 49ers

1848 John Sutter’s workers discovered gold in Sierra Nevada.

49ers – 80,000 mostly men poured into California looking for gold; San Francisco grew into major city.

Life in gold rush

49ers lived among saloons, gamblers, prostitutes.

Indians, Mexicans, Chileans, Chinese mistreated, couldn’t dig in best areas; victims of nativist efforts.

End of gold

Much crime and diarrhea (California disease), little gold for latecomers to a site.

Many left by mid 1850s; others fought for land; Indians exterminated and enslaved.

review

Where was gold discovered, by whom?

How many 49ers? What kind of folks?

What city? How did it end? Who were the

winners and losers?

IV. Compromise of 1850

Quick settlement – Taylor advised California to apply for statehood, Congress to admit it as a free state.

Dying Calhoun: 2 presidents, slaves as property can’t be limited – ignoring precedents of NW Ordinance, Missouri Compromise

Other proposals

1. southerners - extend Missouri Compromise line

2. Stephen Douglas – squatter/popular sovereignty

3. abolitionists like William Seward – restrict and eventually end slavery due to a “higher law than the Constitution.”

The compromise

President Millard Fillmore, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Stephen Douglas

1. California free state

2. Utah and New Mexico, popular sovereignty

More compromise

3. fugitive slave law

4. D.C. – no slave trade

5. New Mexico wins land from Texas

Secession threatened by “fire eaters”

matching

Taylor ________ Calhoun _________ Moderate southerners

_____ Stephen Douglas ______ Seward/Abolitionists

________ Fillmore, Webster, Clay,

Douglas ________ Compromise of 1850 – 1st

2 provisions _______ 3 add-ons to compromise

_______ Fire eaters _______

A. Extend Missouri Compromise line

B. California free state, Utah New Mexico popular sovereignty

C. Fugitive slave law, no DC slave trade, land from Texas to New Mexico

D. California free state E. “higher law than

Constitution” F. threatened secession G. Compromise coalition H. Slavery property rights I. popular sovereignty

I. Anger over Fugitive Slave Act North got better

end of the Compromise of 1850: no other area to extend slavery to.

Fugitive Slave Law resented in the north, aimed at Tubman and the Underground Railroad.

Underground Railroad

Harriet Tubman had gone South to get slaves 19 times, rescued 300, including her parents.

South lost 1000 runaways per year, likely less runaways then self-purchase or voluntary emancipation.

Radicalized north

One runaway was captured in Boston and taken through the streets in front of angry northerners.

Massachussetts outlawed enforcing the “man-stealing” law – nullified it.

review

Who got the best of the Compromise of 1850?

Which part did the North resent? Who was the Fugitive Slave Act

aimed at? Harriet Tubman: how many trips and

how many slaves? How many runaways per year? What event was especially resented? What did Massachussetts do?

II. Other places for slavery Southerners

attempted takeovers of Nicaragua and Cuba, with disastrous and deadly results.

Pierce Administration’s Ostend Manifest0 - $120 million or invasion for Cuba – outraged free soilers.

Gadsden Purchase

Gadsden Purchase spent $10 million on Mexican land for a railroad west.

Northern railroad line would have to go through unorganized territory, harassed by Indians.

Douglas’ Kansas-Nebraska Act Sen. Stephen Douglas

(D – Ill) pushed Kansas-Nebraska Act through Congress; popular sovereignty in both territories.

He wanted railroad from Chicago, but law repealed Missouri Compromise and further radicalized north.

review

What two countries did Southerners attempt to take over?

What did the Ostend Manifesto do? What stopped it?

What did the Gadsden Purchase do? Why would northerners care?

What law did Stephen Douglas push? Why?

Name 2 effects of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

III. Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852.

Focused on splitting families, Fugitive Slave Act – Stowe said “God wrote it.”

impact

Millions sold; most politically influential book in history.

Lincoln when meeting Stowe: “So you’re the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war.”

More literary impact

Readers swore against Fugitive Slave Act; Europeans against intervention in a war.

Hinton Helper’s Impending Crisis in the South argued that slavery hurt poor whites; burned in South and mass distributed in the north.

review

Who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin? What’s the book about? What impact did it have? What did Lincoln say? Who wrote Impending Crisis in the

South? How did the sections of the country

react to it?

IV. violence

New England Emigrant Aid Company and proslavery Missourians sent people into Kansas to vote.

A fraudulant proslavery and illegal antislavery government was set up.

Bleeding Kansas

1856 proslavery forces burned part of free soil Lawrence, Kansas.

John Brown led Pottowatomie Creek Massacre; he and sons hacked to pieces proslavery families

politics

President James Buchanan supported pro-slavery LeCompton Constitution; opposed by Stephen Douglas – no statehood.

Brooks (SC) beat Sumner (Mass) unconscious with a cane on the Senate floor, p. 414

review

Who sent people to Kansas? Why 2 governments? What was the

problem with each? Where did proslavery forces burn? What did John Brown and sons do? Why no statehood? What politicians

were on each side? Who caned whom?

I. Things falling apart

1856 Buchanan (D) defeated Fremont (R) and Fillmore (Know Nothing/American Party).

Concerns about Fremont’s character and fire eater secession undermined the Republicans.

Dred Scott decision 2 days into Buchanan administration

Dred Scott, living with his master in Wisconsin and Illinois, sued for freedom.

Supreme Court: Scott can’t sue, not a citizen, but Chief Justice Taney not finished.

Dred Scott importance

Slave is property which can be taken anywhere; laws limiting this are unconstitutional.

Missouri Compromise, popular sovereignty is unconstitutional; opposed by Douglas and abolitionists.

review

Why was Buchanan elected? Who was Dred Scott? Why did he lose? Who was the Chief Justice? Where

was he from? Why was his case important? Who criticized the decision?

II. More troubles

Panic of 1857 hurt north, led to 2 demands: Tariff and Homestead Act.

1858 Republican Lincoln (former Whig) challenged Douglas (D) for Illinois Senate: 7 Lincoln-Douglas debates.

Freeport Doctrine

Lincoln: could states vote down slavery in light of Dred Scott?

Douglas’ Freeport Doctrine: anti-slavery state won’t pass the necessary slave laws; Douglas elected by Illinois state legislature.

John Brown at Harper’s Ferry October 1859:

Brown and 20 took over arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Va (today WVa) but failed to stir uprising.

Brown hung, calm: a martyr in the north and terrorist in the south.

review

What demands came from the Panic of 1857?

How many Lincoln-Douglas debates? What did Lincoln claim Dred Scott

meant? What was Douglas’ Freeport

Doctrine? Who won, how? Where was John Brown’s raid? What

was his plan? How did he die? Why was he more

useful dead than alive?

III. Election of 1860

1860 depression-prone Abraham Lincoln got Republican nomination over “higher law” Seward.

Others: Douglas – Northern Democrat, Breckinridge – Southern Democrat, Bell.

Lincoln and Secession

Lincoln won with 40% of vote, all from North, 180 electoral votes.

South Carolina seceded first, followed by deep South: Fl, Ga, Al, MS, LA, TX

Reactions to secession

4 month lame duck Buchanan: secession is illegal, but he saw no means to stop it.

Crittendon (K) Compromise rejected by Lincoln:

1. Slavery protected2. extend 36-30 line to

California; apply to Latin America

review

Who got the nomination for Republicans?

Who else ran? How did Lincoln win? What states seceded? What was the Crittendon

Compromise?

IV. Civil War unavoidable February 1865

Montgomery, Alabama new nation formed: Confederate States of America.

President Jefferson Davis (MS), Vice President Alexander Stephens (GA)

Lincoln’s first great speech March 1861

Lincoln’s First Inaugural: Union perpetual, “mystic cords of memory…better angels of our nature.”

South had to return to nation or face war (like Jackson, Buchanan)

Fort Sumter

Lincoln resupplied Fort Sumter, SC with unarmed ship.

Confederates fired on fort, which surrendered two days later – first shots of war.

Review - id

New Southern nation Confederate President, VP Perpetual union “mystic cords of memory… better

angels of our nature.” First shots of Civil War Why were they fired?

I. More secession

After Fort Sumter Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 troops.

This caused more 4 more states to secede: Tennessee, Arkansas, North Carolina, Virginia

Border states

Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia (1863) were loyal slave states

½ population of the South: Lincoln said he hoped God was on his side but had to have Kentucky.

Awkward war

Lincoln avoided talk of abolition so as not to offend border states.

Crittendon had a son who as a general in each army; Lincoln had 4 brother in laws fighting for the South.

review

How did Lincoln respond to Fort Sumter?

What four states seceded next? What border states didn’t secede? Why didn’t Lincoln support

emancipation? What odd family situations were

there?

II. Advantages: South

Generals: Lee, Jackson

Soldiers: used guns, rode horses, rebel yell, passionate

Knew terrain Morale – defending

home Just had to keep

fighting

Northern advantages

More of everthing: ¾ of wealth ¾ of railroads Controlled sea and

blockaded south 22 million people

to 5.5 million. Soldiers: better

educated Lousy generals

until Grant

Soldiers’ problems

Boredom, disease – diarrhea, typhoid, malaria – killed twice as many as battle

Upper body wounds fatal; legs and arms amputated (30% died)

Nurses: Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix in North, Sally Tompkins in South

review

Name 5 Southern advantages. Name 5 Northern advantages Name two daily problems for soldiers

III. Diplomacy

European rulers sympathized with South; masses with North after reading Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

Europe had cotton surpluses, later bought from India and Egypt, imported corn and wheat from North.

tensions

Trent had Confederates on board trying to break the blockade; Alabama was made in Britain.

British-built ships captured more than 250 Yankee ships.

Canada

Minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams threatened to invade Canada over British ships built for the South.

Irish-Americans invaded Canada; Dominion of Canada 1867 for strong defense

review

How were European countries split over the war?

Why didn’t cotton win European support?

Why tension with Britain? What threat did Adams make? What country was born?

IV. Difference makers

JEFFERSON DAVIS

More experience Too weak – states

defied him Georgia threatened

secession Brave, sincere, and

devoted but stubborn micromanager

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

Tactful, quiet, patient, firm

Team of rivals Poetic More constitutional

power

Funding the war

North: Excise tax, income tax, tariff, print greenbacks – 80% inflation, sold war bonds, industrial boom, McCormick Reaper

South: less taxes, 9000% inflation, 2/3 to 2/5 of wealth

Wartime powers

Blockade, increasing army size, suspended habeas corpus, gave $2m in government money to private citizens, army ballots – all extraconstitutional

Draft avoided - $300 in north, 20 slaves in South; NY riots by Irish in north; “rich man’s war, poor man’s fight

Compare and contrast:

Lincoln and Davis Northern and Southern economics What extra powers did Lincoln

acquire? Why a “rich man’s war and a poor

man’s fight?”

I. Civil War 1861-1865

July 1861 Bull Run (Manassas Junction) – 30m south of Washington; Stonewall Jackson led Rebels to victory.

Made South cocky and North determined.

McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign Union Gen. George

McClellan drilled the Army of the Potomac; “the slows,” “borrow the army.”

Fired after failed Peninsula Campaign, beaten by Lee at Seven Days Batttle

Northern plan

1. blockade – run by British – guns for cotton; ironsides Monitor v. Merrimac

2. capture Miss. River, split South

3. capture Richmond 4. free slaves 5. cut South to pieces

through Ga, Carolinas 6. attack troops

everywhere (Grant’s idea)

review

What happened at Bull Run/Manassas?

What one word best describes MacClellan? Why?

What were the 6 parts of the northern strategy?

Who broke the blockade? What was the importance of the

monitor and the merrimac?

II. Changing history

Lee defeated Gen. Pope at 2nd Battle of Bull Run, then headed north to Maryland – get n. territory, get help, keep fighting

At Antitiem Lee lost narrowly after McClellan’s men found Lee’s battles plans.

Preliminary emancipation Lincoln had a

victory and the border states, issued preliminary emancipation.

Southern slaves freed after Jan 1, 1863

Emancipation Proclamation Not in border

states – where he could he would not; where he would he could not.

Gives north a moral cause, keeps Europe out, entices slaves to escape

review

Where did Lee defeat Pope? Why Antitiem? Why did Lee lose? How did Lincoln respond? Why a preliminary proclamation? What exceptions to emancipation? What practical effect?

III. Winning the War

180,000 African-Americans (10%) served in Union army – 2 regiments raised by Frederick Douglass.

Killed as POW’s (Ft. Pillow), legally contraband, forced Confederates to leave the front.

Gettysburg

Fredericksburg – “Burnside’s slaughter pen”

Chancellorsville – Lee beats Hooker, loses Jackson

Gettysburg, PA – 3 days, Pickett’s charge on last day, July 3 1863

Gettysburg Address – New Birth of Freedom

Grant the drinker

In West, Grant took Ft. Henry, Ft. Donelson

Shiloh – bloodiest Siege of Vicksburg

– Union controlled the Mississippi R. ; July 4 1863

review

African-Americans Fredericksburg Chancellorsville Gettysburg Fort Henry and

Donelson Shiloh Vicksburg Ulysses Grant

10% of soldiers Won in west Lee won but lost

Jackson 3 day turning point Siege turning point Burnside whooped Union wins on

Mississippi River Bloody Union win in

west

IV. Ending the war

Sherman took Chattanooga, burned Atlanta, total war march to the sea.

Gave Savannah to Lincoln, more vicious in SC.

Election of 1864

Copperhead/Vallanding-ham criticism

Lincoln expected to lose to Democrat McClellan, who would allow secession, end the war, and preserve slavery.

News of Sherman’s success resulted in Union Party landslide , lame duck push for 13th amendment

Lincoln’s theological 2nd inaugural

The end

Grant attacked Lee the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, took heavy losses, but Lee surrendered Appomattox Courthouse, VA April 1865.

Boothe killed Lincoln April 9, 1865 at Ford’s Theater: “Now he belongs to the ages”

600,000 deaths

review

How did Sherman hurt the South? What city was a gift to Lincoln? What were Copperheads? Who was their

leader? Who ran against whom, from what parties,

in 1864? Why did Lincoln win? Where did Grant attack Lee? Where did Lee surrender? When was Lincoln killed? How many died in the war?

I. Reconstruction and freedmen One NC slave

claimed to have been emancipated 10 times.

Response to freedom ranged from loyalty to masters to whipping them.

New institutions

Mostly sharecroppers and tenant farmers; Marriages legalized for love and inheritance.

New churches: Black Baptist, AME

wanted education:better life, read Bible, but too few black teachers

Freedmen’s Bureau

1865-1872 – primitive welfare agency provided food, health care, clothing, ed.; led by Union Gen. Oliver Howard (Howard University)

200,000 learned to read, but no “40 acres and a mule.”

review

How many times was one slave emancipated?

How did the response to freedom vary?

What did former slaves do right away?

What government agency? Who headed it? What did it do well and poorly?

II. Johnson

Tennessee champion of poor whites, refused to secede, appointed war governor.

Never accepted by Republicans when Lincoln died; 1st impeached

Presidential reconstruction 1863 Lincoln 10%

plan: a state rejoins the Union when 10% of voters pledge loyalty and accept emancipation.

Wade-Davis Bill: 50% allegiance, pocket vetoed by Lincoln.

Black codes

Johnson followed Lincoln’s example, granting pardons to Confederates.

Black codes: 1 year labor contracts, no jury duty, no landowning, no idleness

Johnson v. Radicals

Ex-Confederates like Stephens came back to Congress with more (not 3/5) power; Johnson satisfied.

Radicals passed Civil Rights Act of 1866 over Johnson’s veto, sent 14th amendment to the states.

review

What was the difference between Lincoln’s plan and the Wade Davis Bill?

What was Johnson’s approach? What did Black Codes do? What South came to Congress? How did the Republicans respond?

III. Radical Reconstruction 1866 midterms:

Johnson’s 10% /Black Code v. Radical pro-civil rights

“Swing around the circle” speeches to dedicate Douglas monument resulted in 2/3 Republican majority

Radical Leaders

Senate – Charles Sumner (caned); House – Thaddeus Stevens (74)

Radicals wanted long, revolutionary Reconstruction; moderates were more gentle toward states

Reconstruction Act

South divided into 5 military districts; states had to ratify 14th amendment and let blacks vote.

13th am – no slavery ever, anywhere

14th am – makes Civil Rights Act perm

15th – “ “ voting; feminists felt betrayed.

review

What was the issue in 1866 midterm elections?

What was the “swing around the circle?” Who were the leaders of the Radical

Republicans? What was the point of dispute between

Radicals and moderates? How did the Reconstruction Acts divide up

the South? 13 14 15 amendments? Why were

feminists upset?

IV. The South during Reconstruction

Union League trained African-Americans in civic duties, campaigned for Republicans

1868-1876, 14 African American congressmen, Sen. Hiram Revels and Blanche Bruce (Mspi)

KKK founded TN 1866

Resenting Black political power, carpetbaggers (n) and scalawags (S), the Klan used intimidation and force; 200 killed in 2 days La.

Force Acts 1870, 1871 by Pres. Grant outlawed and ended KKK

Impeachment of Johnson

1867 Congress passed, 1868 Johnson violated Tenure of Office Act by firing Stanton.

House impeached; Senate came within one vote of convicting and ousting Johnson, who agreed to stop vetoes.

1867 – “Seward’s Folly,” Alaska bought from Russia $7.2m

review

Union League Hiram Revels,

Blanche Bruce KKK Carpetbaggers Scalawags Force Bills Tenure of Office Act Sec. of War Stanton Senate vote Seward’s Folly

US bought Alaska Violent reaction to

reconstruction Fired by Johnson President can’t fire Cabinet Trained African-Americans

in civic duty Outlawed Klan African-American Senators 1 short of 2/3 necessary to

convict Northerners involved in

Reconstruction White Southern supporters

of Reconstruction