COMPOST Background | Science | Precedents Composting = Cooking Elisha Goodman | MIT Department of...


Scientific





Scientific Elisha Goodman | MIT Department of Urban Studies and City Planning | + 1 808 443 1759 | [email protected]

Compost PresentationNovember 12, 2011

D-Lab Waste



ExperimentalIntuitive





Composting = Cooking





Lots of Ways To Bake a Cake





What’s Good About Compost?





What’s Good About Compost?



Source: http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/composting/basic.htm



What’s Bad About Compost?





What’s Bad About Compost?



Potential smellsPotential pests (rats, dogs)Potential pathogens



What Should We Compost?





What Should We Not Compost?





General Categories of Composting





In Vessel Composting



•“Bioreactor” principals•Metal tanks or concrete•Used to treat biosolids at end of sewage processing

Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/CVRD4chamber.air.jpg


COMPOSTBackground Science Precedents

Aerated StaticComposting



•Air force through

Source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5104e/y5104e07.htm#TopOfPage



Vermicomposting



•Worms!•Very consistent product•Compost tea

Photo Source: Elisha Goodman



Aerated Turned Composting



•Windrows•Big!•Mechanized turning

Source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5104e/y5104e07.htm



Heaps



•On-farm•Backyard•Aerate with sticks

Source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5104e/y5104e06.htm#TopOfPage



Barrels



•Turn daily•These guys pre-compost, then feed it to worms

Source: http://www.navitron.org.uk/forum/index.php?topic=4372.0



Compost Needs?





Compost Needs



•C:N Ratio between 30:1 and 50:1•Microorganisms (Innoculants, EM Mix, Finished Compost)•Moisture•O2 (Aerobic, Anaerobic)•Time

•Temperature•Turning•Animals (Worms)



C:N Ratio



•C = Dry, Brown (Feed the fungi)•N = Wet, Green (Sugars – Feed the bacteria)



Examples of C?





Examples of N?





C:N Ratio



Source: http://forestryandthehomestead.blogspot.com/2010_03_01_archive.html



Temperature



•Thermophilic composting utilizes “heat loving” bacteria. Fast composting. (kills pathogens)

•Cold composting (6 months to a year, longer to kill human pathogens)



Temperature



•Ideal temp = 155° F (135°-160° Fahrenheit) •Above 160, many microorganisms don’t work well. •Reaching 150 is ideal for killing most parasites. •High temperature = more N loss.



Moisture



•Moisture – when high, the high temperature distribution extends further to the outside of the pile.

•Moisture content – 30 to 50% at the beginning (helps temperature spike)•Then moisture can be 30 – 70%.



Air



•Aerobic = sweet! Happy bacteria.•Anaerobic = stinky!



Time



•Everything made of organic material will eventually compost•After about 3 years, virtually all pathogens die off, including human



Compost Process



•Add layer of C first•Add layer of N•Inoculate with EM mix or finished compost•Repeat•Cover pile with C and/or finished compost•Water if necessary•Keep at ideal moisture



Compost Process



•Pile should heat up rapidly (24 – 48 hrs) to above 155 and below 160 degrees F•Turn if pile gets around 160 degrees F (above 160 F kills good microorganisms)•Rapid drop in temperature indicates anaerobic processes are starting and pile should be turned.•Turn (outside to the inside)•Repeat



Troubleshooting



•Too slow = add N/turn it!•Too smelly = add C/turn it! (C:N higher than 30:1 gives off smelly ammonia)•Too wet = add C/turn it!

•Too hot = add C/turn it!•Too cool = add N/turn it!•Too much lignin (woody material) = add rock dusts once pile is cooled

•Grubs = anaerobic/too wet = add C/turn it!



Curbside Organic Waste Collection



•Cities:• San Francisco• Seattle• Toronto• Madison WI

•States/Provinces with multiple cities:• CA• Nova Scotia



Bike Composting



•http://pedaltopetal.blogspot.com/•Montreal• http://www.compostmontreal.com

•Vermont• http://www.earthgirlcomposting.com/

•http://www.faircompanies.com/videos/view/pedal-powered-compost-riding-restaurant-route-in-eugene

/•Philadelphia• http://www.pedalcoop.org/services


http://www.compostmontreal.com/

http://www.compostmontreal.com/

http://www.earthgirlcomposting.com/

http://www.earthgirlcomposting.com/

http://www.faircompanies.com/videos/view/pedal-powered-compost-riding-restaurant-route-in-eugene/



http://www.pedalcoop.org/services




International – SWaCH Coop



•http://swachcoop.com/•Solid Waste Collection and Handling “SWaCH”•“a higher level of self-reliance”•India’s 1st cooperatively owned group of “rag pickers”•Pune India•Front end waste management services•Services 200,000 homes•128 municipal khothis in 14 municipal administrative wards•Collect segregated waste from homes


http://swachcoop.com/

10 reasons to pay your SWaCH Sathi

Source: http://swachcoop.com/talkingrubbish.html

1- You pay your SWaCH Sathi because she provides you a service and makes your life easier-just like your domestic worker, gardener, driver

or hairdresser


2- You pay her because she collects your garbage from your doorstep/gate, segregates the recyclables and takes it to the

secondary collection point


3- You pay her because she isn't a paid employee of the Municipality


4- You pay your SWaCH Sathi as the solid waste management tax you pay does not include the cost of doorstep collection of waste


5-You pay her because quite literally she`s taking care of your mess


6-You pay her for managing your waste in an eco-friendly manner. Reusing and recycling what can be recycled.


7-You pay your SWaCH Sathi because she is your ally in fighting climate change as she reduces the amount of waste going to the landfill and she`s a key actor in the whole composting process.


8-You pay her or SWaCH because then she is

directly accountable to you and you can

complain if there is a problem


9- You pay your SWaCH Sathi because she maintains the streams of segregated garbage at the cost of her health


3- Because by recognizing the dignity of pickers as people and their need for work and by tolerating their activities, it will lead to a reduction of official harassment of them;

10- You pay your SWaCH Sathi because at the end of the day her skills, expertise and experience with regards to waste management ensure a

better deal for all of us






Source: http://swachcoop.com/garbage-booklet.pdf



International - TakaTaka



•Won 2011 Dell Innovation Challenge•Nairobi, Kenya•http://en.community.dell.com/dell-blogs/direct2dell/b/direct2dell/archive/2011/05/17/taka-taka-solutions-wins-2011-dell-social-innovation-

competition.aspx


http://en.community.dell.com/dell-blogs/direct2dell/b/direct2dell/archive/2011/05/17/taka-taka-solutions-wins-2011-dell-social-innovation-competition.aspx







•Challenge: all waste goes to dump unsorted•Wastepickers cannot get all of the value out of mixed waste (organics, recyclables)•Solution: Recycling and composting of up to 85% of collected waste•Collect green waste > compost > sell to farmers






•Business Model:•High Income Neighborhoods• Pay TakaTaka to collect & process at facility

•Low Income Neighborhoods• Youth groups collect & sell to TakaTaka in decentralized processing points

(“TakaTaka points”)



Why are Carbon Credits Cool?



•Limits GHGs (Greenhouse Gas) Emission of “Developed Countries”•Incentivizes “Developing Countries” to Invest in Green Technologies



Impetus for Carbon Credits?



•Kyoto Protocol (Implemented 1997)• Agreement between developed and developing countries.• Caps GHG’s countries can produce. • Each developed country who signed must reduce X % of carbon emissions

by X amount/year.



Impetus for Carbon Credits?



•Money rich countries allocate certain number of credits to various industries and companies. •EU defined industries most responsible for greenhouse gas emissions eg: paper industry, chemical industries, energy. All these industries received carbon cap limits. •If companies produce more carbon than they are allocated, they must purchase carbon credits. •Each country can buy up to a certain percentage of their carbon reductions in carbon credits.



Supply



Credits are produced in two ways:

1. Companies which produce less GHGs than they have been allocated can sell credits.

2. Developing countries can create new green projects which mitigate GHG emissions, thereby producing credits. They can produce as many projects as they want, as long as they are registered and accepted with the UN. Incentive = carbon credits.



Supply



•“Developing Countries”•Currently includes emerging countries (India, China, Brazil)•At the end of 2012:• Emerging countries longer eligible to register new projects• Only LDCs (Least developed countries) will remain eligible through 2020

(This is not a certain kill date as new agreements, including bilateral agreements between countries may be negotiated before the end of 2012)

•If the project is registered with the UN as a valid project before Dec. 31, 2012, it is in



Demand



•The biggest market for carbon credits is Europe•Europe uses 3 instruments to reduce carbon:• ETS• CDM/JI• Voluntary



Demand



•ETS (Emission trading system)• Mechanism = market system. • Buy/sell credits from the market like stock market. • Companies who produce less than their allocated GHG emissions sell

credits to the market. Companies who produce more than their allocated GHG emissions buy credits from the market.



Demand



•CDM (credits from developing countries)•JI (Joint implementation) (credits from developed countries)

• Mechanism = project based instruments• CDM buy from developing countries• Buy credits from specific projects

• Project instruments are generally lower priced than market system b/c you

purchase the credits before the project happens = risky (might get lower amount of credits if the project doesn’t meet efficiency goals)



Demand



•Voluntary• Mechanism = Corporate social responsibility • These are bilateral agreements between 2 companies, so the price for

carbon credits vary widely. • Eg: Gold Standard – one place that verifies if voluntary project is also

CDM eligible. • Gold standard projects that don’t fulfill CDM standards are very cheap

(voluntary). Ones that do fulfill CDM standards are higher.



Demand



• Voluntary (Con’t.)• Gold Standard Project could also be a CDM project. The price for

these credits are often higher than just a CDM project because they go beyond CDM requirements.

• Gold Standard also requires compliance with social requirements. Requirements for Gold Standard can be found at http://www.cdmgoldstandard.org/Current-GS-Rules.102.0.html.


http://www.cdmgoldstandard.org/Current-GS-Rules.102.0.html


Demand



•Voluntary (Con’t.)• China invented its own standard – called Panda Standard. These credits

don’t fulfill the CDM requirements of the UN. Currently these are not available in a market system, just through a broker who connects buyers to project sellers.

• In the next 5 years, China plans to implement its own trading system. It will take time to allot each company with a certain number of carbon credits they are eligible for.

• Currently, China is the biggest implementer of CDM projects – maybe 500 to 1000 implemented within the last 5 years.



What’s a Carbon Credit Worth?



4 primary greenhouse gases are factored in to carbon credits:1. CO2

1 carbon credit = 1 ton of CO2 equivalent.2. Methane

1 ton of methane = 21 carbon credits.(1 ton of methane is 21 x’s more damaging than 1 ton of

CO2.) 3. HFC 4. N20

Note: HFC and N20 projects will not be accepted in the EU anymore.



What’s a Carbon Credit Worth?



As of late 2011, 1 carbon credit = approximately: • 8.5 Euros on the CDM/JI market

• (but this is a depressed price because of the economic slump)• 2 Euros per carbon credit on the voluntary market.



Certificates



•Types of certificates:• In CDM – 1 carbon credit is called CER.

• Primary CER (Certified Emission Reductions). • Buy these directly from project creator in a bilateral agreement.

These credits are the cheapest ones. • Secondary CER = already exist on the market.

• Can buy them on the open market. 2nd most expensive. CER = name of credits for CDM.

• In ETS – EUA (European Unit Allowances) - most expensive ones.



Eligibility



How does a project become eligible to be registered with the UN?

•Main eligibility requirement is “additionality” • Project must be additional to what would already have been happening• Measures the GHG offset caused by the project. Eg: Building a new wind

power instead of coal power plant. • Eg: If they are closing the landfills for another reason already,

probably not eligible. • UN determines what is additionality or not.



Eligibility



•Process to determine eligiblility and get credits

• Project Owner decides to realize a project. Must prepare a “Project Design Document” which proves the project is additional. Describes the project – like a business plan.

• Independent Validator (3rd party certifier) says whether project is eligible or not.

• Validator forwards document to the UN. • UN negotiates the price for the credits.

Note: Project Owner gets the credits after they have been created.



Eligibility



•Process to determine eligibility and get credits

• More info: http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/diagram.html


http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/diagram.html


Post 2012?





END OF THE WORLD!



Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon



Not Really, but…





Things Will Change





CDM



• Project registered with the UN before 2012 = in! • Position of the US

• They will accept carbon credits after 2012, but only from Least Developed Countries. See UNCCC website for list of LDC’s.

• BRICs countries no longer eligible.• But nothing is certain. New agreements may be negotiated

bilaterally between EU and each emerging country extending eligibility for emerging countries.



CDM



Note: If you decide now to start a CDM project in China or other non-LDC, it is probably too late to get it registered by the UN by 2012. Takes 1 or 2 years to get a project registered. See list on UNCCC of LDC’s.

Is Nicaragua on there? It’s unclear if the credits from Nicaragua will be accepted after 2012.



Voluntary Market



Gold Standard credit system will go on after 2012.



Potential Workarounds



•There may be 3 workarounds to the 2012 kill date for eligibility in emerging countries.

•Voluntary, POA, and NAMAS.






•Projects may be eligible for Voluntary Carbon Credits.• Two international voluntary standards

• Gold Standard• http://www.cdmgoldstandard.org/

• Voluntary Carbon Standard• http://www.v-c-s.org/


http://www.cdmgoldstandard.org/





POA – Program of Activities•Register an idea rather than a specific project under the UN before the end of 2012.•Could get registered in 1 year with a consultancy company working on it.•Then can register projects that fit the idea under this category till 2020. •There may already be a POA that would cover our projects. •POAs are strongly supported by the UN. They want to support tiny projects. •http://www.kfw.de/kfw/en/KfW_Group/Sustainability_and_Climate_Protection/PDF/PoA_BPB_08-02-2011_final.pdf


http://www.kfw.de/kfw/en/KfW_Group/Sustainability_and_Climate_Protection/PDF/PoA_BPB_08-02-2011_final.pdf

http://www.kfw.de/kfw/en/KfW_Group/Sustainability_and_Climate_Protection/PDF/PoA_BPB_08-02-2011_final.pdf





NAMAS Nationally Appropriated Mitigation Actions•POA is one instrument to realize NAMAS. We could look into NAMAS further.






Further Research:

2 already registered projects with the UN

Composting project in Brazil:• http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/RWTUV1269261429.29/view

Solar heating CDM project in India: • http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/DNV-CUK1275563099.31/view


http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/RWTUV1269261429.29/view

http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/DNV-CUK1275563099.31/view





•Further Research:

•Project based methodologies we may be able to model for a POA application:• Compost:

• AM0025 Avoided emissions from organic waste through alternative waste treatment• https://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/view?ref=AM0025

• AMS-III. F. Avoidance of methane emissions through controlled biological treatment of biomass

• https://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/view?ref=AMS-III.F.


https://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/view?ref=AM0025

https://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/view?ref=AMS-III.F





Further Research:

• Search the UNFCCC website and fill in compost to search. Check out column with methodologies.

• Is Nicaragua listed by the UNCCC as an emerging country or an LDC? Is it eligible after 2012 for carbon credits?


COMPOST Background | Science | Precedents Composting = Cooking Elisha Goodman | MIT Department of...

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