Graduate Institute of Taiwan Languages and Language Education National Hsinchu University of Education

Ph.D. Thesis

Character-Sound Correspondences in Taiwanese

Southern Min, Hakka and Mandarin: An Analysis of the Correspondence Rules and

Their Applications

Jiapeng Luo

AdviserDr. Chung-Szu Tung and Dr. Chinfa Lien

1037

July, 2014

i

(distinctive features)

Excel

ii

Character-Sound Correspondences in Taiwanese Southern Min, Hakka and Mandarin: An Analysis of the Correspondence Rules and

Their Applications

Abstract

This paper discusses the regular Chinese phonological correspondences based on a statistical approach as well as the application on teaching and learning the Chinese character-sound correspondences.

The phonological correspondences came into being since the development of sounds follows a particular pattern among related languages. Understanding of the correspondence rules will help teaching and learning languages.

Most learners are able to distinguish the sound differences between two languages; however, this is mainly impressionistic association, and thus it is highly possible for learners to yield incorrect sound mappings.

Our research data are based on the phonological words in Dictionary of Common Words in Taiwan Southern Min and Dictionary of Common Words in Taiwan Hakka, and their corresponding Mandarin sounds in Dictionary of Variant Chinese Characters, made available by Ministry of Education, and their corresponding Middle Chinese sounds. Our character-sound correspondence rules are formulated from a comparison among the data, and the correspondences can be reformulated as the second language learning rules.

We provide a method to map characters and sounds for assisting people to capture the sound corresponding rules among different but related languages. All the sound correspondences among those languages are arranged on pivot tables in Excel in order to search and skim the statistics and the original data.

The dissertation is divided into ten chapters as follows: 1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 3. Chinese Phonological Systems in Middle Chinese, Taiwan Southern Min, Hakka,

and Mandarin Chinese 4. Data and Methodology 5. Sound Correspondence Rules Among Middle Chinese, Taiwan Southern Min,

Hakka, and Mandarin Chinese with Computational Regulations 6. Sound Correspondence Rules of Taiwan Southern Min and Mandarin, Taiwan

Southern Min and Hakka, and Hakka and Mandarin 7. Applications in Second Language Teaching 8. Design of Language-Assisted Teaching Materials 9. Research Findings 10. Conclusion

Keywords: Taiwan Southern Min, Hakka, Mandarin Chinese, Character-Sound Correspondence Rules, Character-Sound Instruction

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xvii

1-1 ..............................................................6

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1-6 ................................22

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1-10 ..................................................23

1-11 ..............................................23

2-1 ........................29

2-2 ............34

2-3 34

3-1 ............................................................38

3-2 ....................................................39

3-3 ....................................................................41

3-4 ................................................41

3-5 ............................................................42

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xviii

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4-9 -7 ...84

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5-46 -5 ...141

5-47 -6 ...........142

5-48 -7 ...143

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5-53 -2 ...........151

5-54 -3 ...........154

5-55 -4 ...........158

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5-59 -1 ...................163

5-60 -2 ...................171

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5-63 ............................180

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5-65 ............................182

5-66 -1

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5-68 -3

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6-1 ..................................................200

6-2 ..................................215

6-3 ..................................219

6-4 ..........................................223

6-5 ..................................225

6-6 ..........................................226

6-7 ..................................................228

6-8 ..................................................230

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6-10 ................................................233

6-11 ................................................234

6-12 ................................248

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6-14 ........................................255

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6-21 ............................................263

6-22 ............................276

6-23 ............................279

6-24 ....................................283

6-25 ............................285

6-26 ....................................287

6-27 -1 .......290

6-28 -2 .......292

6-29 -3 .......293

6-30 -4 .......294

6-31 ............................................294

6-32 ............................................295

6-33 ............................................298

7-1 -1 .....................302

7-2 -2

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xxii

7-4 -4 .............306

7-5 -1 .........308

7-6 -2 .........312

7-7 -3 .........314

7-8 -4 .........319

7-9 -5 .........322

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7-11 ........................................325

7-12 ........................................325

7-13 ............................................326

7-14 -1 ...............328

7-15 -2

........................................................................................................329

7-16 -3 ...330

7-17 -4 .......331

7-18 -1 ...334

7-19 -2 ...337

7-20 -3 ...339

7-21 -4 ...342

7-22 ....................................343

7-23 ....................................344

7-24 ....................................344

7-25 ........................................345

7-26 347

7-27 -1 ...................350

7-28 -2

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7-29 -3 .......353

7-30 -4 ...........353

7-31 -1 .......356

7-32 -2 .......358

7-33 -3 .......358

7-34 -4 .......359

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7-39 -1 ...............363

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7-40 -2

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7-41 -3 ...365

7-42 -4 .......366

7-43 -1 ...368

7-44 -2 ...369

7-45 -3 ...369

7-46 -4 ...370

7-47 -5 ...371

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7-51 374

8-1 ......................................379

8-2 ......................................379

8-3 ..........................382

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8-5 ..........................................388

8-6 ..................................................................................391

8-7 ..........................................................................392

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8-10 ................................................................................393

8-11 ........................................................................393

8-12 ............................................................................394

8-13 ............................................................397

8-14 ........................................................................397

9-1 ..................................................412

9-2 ..................................................414

9-3 ......................................................416

9-4 ..................................416

1 ..........................................435

2 ..............................................................443

3 ..........................446

4 ..............................................................454

5 ..........................458

xxiv

4-1 ....................................................94

8-1 ..........................................................................383

8-2 ..................................................................384

8-3 ..................................................................385

8-4 ..........................................................385

8-5 ..................................................................386

8-6 ..........................................................386

8-7 ..................................391

8-8 ..................................402

8-9 ..........................403

1

1

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1 (2013)

2

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2 (2014) 3 2001 6 2012 1

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/k/

(distinctive features)

4

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33

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6

8

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5,705 2,793 6,512

9 4,449 2,228 6,405

4,449 2,184 6,141

3,881 1,596 4,601

5,954 1,254 6,972

tiong5ting5tiong7tang7tong7

tang7tiong5ting5tiong7tang7tong7

tiong5 ting5 tiong7 tang7 tong7 tang7

1-2 10

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ma1-la2-song2) ( kang2-a2-tshui3)

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mi2

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21 885 12 9 927

6 47 1 54

167 203 23 541 934

() 2,464 618 91 93 3,266

3,592 1,715 189 645 6,141

(1)

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(2)

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i3 zud4 hiong2 mi3 lan5 va1 hien5

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3,214 1,095 154 138 4,601

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15

hi3

(4) pha5 nga3

()

()

D. 17

1.

CNS11643 ()

2.

()()

(1)

3 1 2 3 4 4

1 2 2 2 4

1 3 0

3 4 1 1 0 2

2 4 2 1

(2)

1 1 1 3 4

1 3 2 2

(3)

2

1 4 2 3 3

4 4 1 1

(4) 1 1

17 (http://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/bian/fanli/fanli4-2.htm)

16

3 3 2 3 2 3

1 3 4 1 2 4

1-5

83 1 84

3 75 1 79

108 60 1 169

() 5,739 689 90 122 6,640

5,933 824 291 124 6,972

(1) 2

(2) 4 4

3

(3) 3

peh-j/pueh-lpeh-jpueh-l

18

(1)

/

(2)

(3)

18 3

17

(4)

(1)

(2)

19

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

19 9

18

(6) ()

() ()

(1)

(2)

(3) ()

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(17) (23)

(10)

(11)

( /i/ ) ( /u/

) ( /y/ ) ( /i//u//y/)

(12)

19

(13)

20

(14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

/a//ui//iau/

(18)

/o//an//im/

(19)

/ip//ut//ak/

(20)

/m//n///

(21) //////

(22)

/m///

(23)

/////D///

(24)

(25)

(1)

(2) 1, 2, 3, 4

5, 6, 7, 8

20

20

6

6 7 0 9

1, 2, 3, 4

0

(3) 1, 2, 3, 4

5, 6, 7, 8

6

2 7

3

(4)

(5)

(6)

/ph/

/p/ /ph/

1 4tiong1tiong3ting3

1-tiong1 1-tiong3 1-ting3 4-tiong1

4-tiong3 4-ting3

- 1-tiong1- 4-tiong3,ting3

- 1-tiong1-

4-tiong3- 4-ting3

21

(1)

Excel

21

(2)

4ham3

ham3

4

4ham3

3 422

too2too7

23

(3)

24

21 22 23 to to 24 2

22

1-6

it4, tsit8 id4 1

1

ting1 den1 1

tshit4 qid4 1

sam3 4

sam1, sann1 sam1 1

e1, e7, ha7, he7 ha1, ha2, ha3 4

1-6

1-7

it4, tsit8 id4

ting1 den1

tshit4 qid4

sam1, sann1 sam1

e1, e7, ha7, he7 ha1, ha2, ha3

1-8

it4, tsit8 1

ting1 1

tshit4 1

sam3 4

sam1, sann1 1

e1, e7, ha7, he7 4

1-9

id4 1

23

den1 1

qid4 1

sam1 1

ha1, ha2, ha3 4

1-7

1-10

it4 id4

tsit8 id4

ting1 den1

tshit4 qid4

sam1 sam1

sann1 sam1

e1 ha1

e1 ha2

e1 ha3

e7 ha1

e7 ha2

e7 ha3

ha7 ha1

ha7 ha2

ha7 ha3

he7 ha1

he7 ha2

he7 ha3

1-11

24

it4 id4 it 4 i t it id 4 i d id

tsit8 id4 ts it 8 i t it id 4 i d id

ting1 den1 t ing 1 i ng ing d en 1 e n en

tshit4 qid4 tsh it 4 i t it q id 4 i d id

sam1 sam1 s am 1 a m am s am 1 a m am

sann1 sam1 s ann 1 a nn ann s am 1 a m am

e1 ha1 e 1 e e h a 1 a a

e7 ha1 e 7 e e h a 1 a a

ha7 ha1 h a 7 a a h a 1 a a

he7 ha1 h e 7 e e h a 1 a a

e1 ha2 e 1 e e h a 2 a a

e7 ha2 e 7 e e h a 2 a a

ha7 ha2 h a 7 a a h a 2 a a

he7 ha2 h e 7 e e h a 2 a a

e1 ha3 e 1 e e h a 3 a a

e7 ha3 e 7 e e h a 3 a a

ha7 ha3 h a 7 a a h a 3 a a

he7 ha3 h e 7 e e h a 3 a a

Excel

/h/ /p/

/kh/ /kh/ /th/

25

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

()

()

26

(Contrastive Analysis)

(Error Analysis)

Fries (1945) Lado

(1957) ()

()

Fries

(1945:9)

Lado (1957:2)

25

-

(shift)

()

()

[im][im]

[b][p]

Corder (1967)Corder

(2006:403)

think[][s]

[s]

25 (1957:10)

27

(1837)

26

26 (1979:1)

28

ui7lui7lui7ui7

()

27

27 (1982:1)

29

2-1

28

p,ph p,ph

f h p,ph

t,th

t,th

t,th,

ts,tsh,s

ts,tsh,s

t,th,

k,kh,x k,kh,h29

(1) (p, ph)

28 29

30

(2) (f)

(3) (t, th)

(4) (ts, tsh, s)

(5) (t, th, )

(6) (t, th, )

(a) (ts, tsh, s)

(b) (k, kh, x)

(7) (t, th, )

(a) (t, th)

(b) (ts, tsh, s)

()

Excel

30

()

40

4000

30 ()

31

()

()

()

()

32

()

/k/ /t/

/k/ /t/

()

()

/ik/

/h/

hik4

()

33

31

()

sip8, tsap8

huan5

pian7

huat8, hat8

tiong7

hian5

sing5, sin5

huat8, huah8

/p/ /p/

/ki/ /ti/

()

()

/ph/ /p/

31

34

/ph//h/ /p/ /p//ph//f/

()

Excel

()

2-2

2-3

2-2 32

t t

t

ts () ts

t ()

2-3

32

35

t t

t

ts () ts

t ()

()

() Excel

Excel

33

/e//ue/

/e/ /ue/ /ue/

/e/ /e/

33

36

/ue/ 34 /a/ /e/ /ua/

/ue/ /a//ua/ /e/ /ue//ue/ /e/

35

(1985)

// /u/

/e/

Excel

34 //// 35 /e/ //

37

36

( 603)

( 1008) ()

( 1037)

193 206

13

()

43

36

38

/t/ /u/

37

38

3- 1

37 (2005) 38

39

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

206

3-2 39

39

40

(1) 206 206

3-5

(2)

(3)

(4)

41

(5)

40

3-3

1 2 3 4

()

()

3-4

(1)

40

42

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

()

3-5

43

(1)

(2) 41

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10) 42

()

43

44

(1987)

41 42 43 3-3 3-5 44 .

44

()

3-6

p ph b m

t th n l

k kh g ng

ts tsh s j

h

3-7

a ah ann annh am ap an at ang ak

ai aih ainn ainnh

au auh aunn

e eh enn ennh

m mh ng ngh

i ih inn im ip in it ing ik

ia iah iann iannh iam iap ian iat iang iak

iau iauh

io ioh iong iok

iu iuh iunn

o oh onn onnh om op ong ok

oo ooh

u uh un ut

ua uah uann uan uat uang

uai uainn

ue ueh

ui uinn

45

3-8

1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9

()

() () ^ "

55 51 11 3 13 33 5 ()

siann-tiu siann1-tiau7 9 ting

tsau-kinn

()

3-9

p 172 118 73 363

ph 87 71 41 199

b 115 69 44 228

m 48 13 17 78

t 268 218 71 557

th 113 76 38 227

l 235 229 57 521

n 45 33 8 86

ts 175 281 91 547

tsh 129 169 66 364

j 54 21 75

s 157 327 136 620

k 292 233 133 658

kh 122 121 65 308

g 48 68 27 143

ng 33 5 38

h 230 141 188 559

156 281 133 570

46

2,425 2,507 1,209 6,141

(1) j-

(2) ng-

()

3-10

1,237 763 312 2,312

551 232 128 911

573 476 130 1,179

2,361 1,471 570 4,402

29 275 67 371

4 61 10 75

37 122 43 202

71 353 97 521

247 236 87 570

388 1,047 304 1,739

2,749 2,518 874 6,141

()

()

3-11

a 121 55 61 237

ai 153 13 166

au 130 164 294

e 207 109 316

i 338 160 498

o 193 65 258

oo 225 225

u 134 245 379

am 109 83 192

47

an 155 179 159 493

ang 129 39 2 170

im 68 68

in 137 137

ing 315 315

om 4 4

ong 248 175 423

un 185 185

ah 52 48 41 141

aih 3 3

ak 57 7 64

ap 38 43 81

at 44 58 43 145

auh 7 1 8

eh 50 13 63

ih 29 29

ik 169 169

ip 26 26

it 49 49

oh 31 24 55

ok 121 72 193

ooh 2 2

op 1 1

uh 2 13 15

ut 54 54

ainn 26 11 37

ann 56 71 89 216

aunn 12 6 18

enn 60 5 65

inn 70 6 76

onn 45 45

unn 73 73

annh 8 2 10

aunnh 4 1 5

ennh 10 10

innh 4 4

48

onnh 4 4

m 4 4

ng 112 112

mh 1 1

ngh 3 3

2,425 2,507 1,209 6,141

(1) aanangatahann

(2) iuuhinn

(3) aieehainnenn

(4) auoamongannhapakokohauhaunnaunnh

(5) ooomaihoohoponnennhonnhmngmh

ngh

(6) iminingipitikihunninnh

(7) unut

()

3-12

1 2 3 4 5 7 8

583 409 426 506 449 2,373

550 343 289 509 296 1,987

627 471 1,098

123 102 66 133 106 530

24 9 33

40 20 18 20 18 116

3 1 4

1,296 874 799 654 1,168 869 481 6,141

45

(1987)

(

) 45 .

49

...

3-13

b p m

f v

d t n l

g k ng

z c s

j q x

h

3-14

a am ab an ad ang ag

ai

au

e em eb en ed

eu

ii iim iib iin iid

m n ng

o on od ong og

50

oi

i im ib in id

ia iam iab iang iag

iau

ie iem ieb ien ied

ieu

io ion iong iog

ioi

iu iun iung iug

iui

u un ud ung ug

ua uan uad uang uag

uai

uen ued

ui

3-15

1 2 3 4 5 8

() ()

24 31 55 2 11 5

()

3-16

b 113 77 24 214

p 110 73 53 236

m 120 44 30 194

f 84 34 101 219

51

v 58 25 34 117

d 109 60 47 216

t 130 61 47 238

l 129 168 49 346

n 64 11 15 90

z 222 75 297

c 232 78 310

s 280 73 353

j 82 82

q 114 114

x 118 118

g 155 188 76 419

k 65 159 46 270

ng 54 100 10 164

h 136 88 224

89 291 380

2,150 1,693 758 4,601

(1) (z, c, s)

(2) (j, q, x)

(3) (h, )

()

3-17

611 338 251 393 1,593

319 155 113 216 803

327 234 102 251 914

1,257 727 466 860 3,310

37 37 18 25 117

100 180 54 114 448

70 174 32 70 346

118 136 58 68 380

325 527 162 277 1,291

1,582 1,254 628 1,137 4,601

52

()

3-18

a 166 45 9 220

ai 112 10 122

au 107 53 160

e 47 27 74

eu 131 51 182

i 408 84 492

ii 132 132

o 195 12 207

oi 89 1 90

u 90 259 349

am 111 64 175

an 131 8 139

ang 90 53 4 147

em 18 3 21

en 68 203 2 273

iim 11 11

iin 54 54

im 42 42

in 153 153

on 82 10 92

ong 200 81 281

un 39 123 162

ung 53 132 185

ab 61 41 102

ad 67 3 70

ag 60 21 2 83

eb 11 2 13

ed 54 57 4 115

ib 21 21

id 101 101

iib 6 6

53

iid 22 22

od 19 1 20

og 91 21 112

ud 1 45 46

ug 39 73 112

m 1 1

n 3 3

ng 11 11

2,150 1,693 758 4,601

(1) aangenaged

(2) iuunungudug

(3) aianad

(4) eoaueuoiamemonongabebodog

(5) iiiimiiniibiidmnng

(6) iminibid

()

3-19

1 2 3 4 5 8

568 341 673 446 2,028

534 281 464 456 1,735

479 344 823

1 6 8 15

1,103 628 1,137 479 910 344 4,601

46

3-20

46 .

54

3-2 1

()

55

3-22

1 2 3 4

55 35 214 51

()

3-23

141 129 70 340

115 106 52 273

145 91 57 293

124 72 196

122 116 95 333

110 70 84 264

50 78 24 5 157

139 234 109 27 509

141 153 294

106 84 190

141 190 331

431 116 547

238 71 309

319 98 417

284 126 410

194 87 281

238 88 326

55 47 102

120 60 180

83 61 144

56

89 82 171 137 378 210 180 905

2,534 2,190 1,751 497 6,972

(1) () ()

(2) () () () (

) ()

(3) () ()

()

3-24

492 351 294 544 13 1,694

552 471 275 571 2 1,871

408 348 176 507 2 1,441

1,452 1,170 745 1,622 17 5,006

2 44 23 33 102

20 158 109 156 7 450

19 216 89 181 4 509

184 231 163 324 3 905

225 649 384 694 14 1,966

1,677 1,819 1,129 2,316 31 6,972

()

()

3-25

() 264 264

249 106 52 407

1 342 343

260 260

191 84 275

192 2 36 230

118 226 344

57

287 253 540

188 125 313

9 9

633 633

553 553

218 218

366 366 130 85 947

158 164 122 68 512

235 115 82 432

208 234 208 42 692

2,534 2,190 1,751 497 6,972

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

()

3-26

0 1 2 3 4

29 950 1,134 674 1,602 4,389

2 727 685 455 714 2,583

31 1,677 1,819 1,129 2,316 6,972

58

3-27

p p b

ph ph p

b b

m m m

f f

v v

t t d

th th t

n n n

l l l

k g g

kh kh k

g

x

ng ng

t j

th q

x

t

th

ts ts z

tsh tsh c

dz j

s s s

h h

()

3-28

p,ph,b,m p,ph,m p,ph,m

f,v f

t,th,l,n t,th,l,n t,th,l,n

59

k,kh,g, k,kh, k,kh,x

t,th, t,th,

,h,,

ts,tsh,dz,s ts,tsh,s ts,tsh,s

h, h,

(1) ()

(2) ()(

)

()

()

3-29

p,ph,t,th,k,kh b,g p,ph,t,th,k,kh p,ph,t,th,k,kh

ts,tsh dz ts,tsh,t,th ts,tsh,t,th,,h

m,n, m,n, m,n

s,h f,s,,h v f,x,s,,

l l l

(1)

(2)

(3)

3-30

60

/ ii ()

i i i

y

e e e ,

,,

/ a a a ,,,,

u u u ,-,

o o o, oi, om, on, ong, od, ob, og ,

oo, om, ong, op, ok, onn

(1) 5 /a//e//i//o//u/

(2) 5

// //

(/ts//tsh//s/) (//

/h/////) //

/y/////

(3) /i/ /y/// /o/

3-31

a a a a

a i ai ai ai

a u au au au

oo

e e e e

e enn

e i ei

e u eu eu

ii

61

o o o o

o i oi oi

o u ou

i i i i

a ia ia ia

a i iai

a u iau iau iau

e ie ie

e u ieu ieu

o io io io

o i ioi ioi

o u iou

u iu iu iu

u i iui iui

u u u u

a ua ua ua

a i uai uai uai

e ue ue

e i uei

i ui ui ui

o uo

y y

e ye

a m am am am

a n an an an

a a ang ang

e m em em

e n en en

n n

m m iim

n n iin

o n on on

o o ong

m m om

ong

a m iam iam iam

a n ian ian

a ia iang iang

62

e m iem iem

e n ien ien

i m im im im

i n in in in

i i ing

o n ion ion

o n io io

i iong

u n iun iun

u iu iung

a n uan uan uan

a ua uang uang

e n uen uen

u n un un un

u u ung

a n yan

y n yn

u yu

a k ak ak ag

a p ap ap ab

a t at at ad

a a ah

a i i aih

a u au auh

e p ep eb

e t et ed

e e eh

p p iib

t t iid

o t ot od

o o oh

o k ok og

p p op

ooh

k k ok

a k iak iak iag

a p iap iap iab

a t iat iat

a u iau iauh

63

a ia iah

e p iep ieb

e t iet ied

i p ip ip ib

i t it it id

i k ik ik

i i ih

o t iot iod

o k iok iog

o io ioh

k ik iok

u t iut iud

u k iuk iug

u iu iuh

a k uak uag

a t uat uat uad

a ua uah

e t uet ued

e ue ueh

i ui uih

u k uk ug

u t ut ut ud

u u uh

a ann

a i ainn

a u aunn

e enn

D onn

a iann

a u iann

i inn

u iunn

a uann

a i uainn

e uenn

i uinn

a annh

a u aunnh

e ennh

64

D onnh

a iannh

u iunnh

m m m m

n n n

ng ng

m m mh

ngh

(1)

(2)

(3) /i//u/ /n///

/m/ /p//t//k/

//

(4)

(a) /e/ /i/ /o/ /u/

/e/ /i/ /o/ /u/

/e/ /i/ /o/ /u/

(b) /o/ /i/ /o/

/i/ /o/ /i/

(c) /ue/ /ui/ /uei/ /ui/

/ue/ /uei/ /uei/ /ue/ /ui/

(d) /io/ /iu/ /iou/ /iou/

/io/ /iu/

3-32

1 (44) 1 (24) 1 (55)

2 (53) 2 (31) 2 (214)

() 3 (21) 3 (55) 3 (51)

4 (21) 4 (22)

5 (24) 5 (11) 2 (35)

7 (33)

65

8 (32) 8 (55)

(1)

(2)

3-11 3-18 3-25

3-33

ann

aana47ata aaen48ak49et aai50a

oauamapakk

oau515253

eoaueuoi54amem55

onoapep56ot57ok auou

eaie aianat58 ei

iuu59 iuunuut60uk o61

e

mp6263ai64D

Dmm6566

mnptm67n68

47 /ua/ 2 uang1 tshuang3 48 /uen/ 2 guen2 guen2 49 /uak/ 2 guag8 kuag4 50 /iai/ 2 2 2 51 /iau/ 1 hiauh4 52 // 2 hiannh4 hiannh4 53 // 1 ngiauh8 54 /ioi/ 1 kioi3 55 /iem/ 3 giem5 kiem5 ngiem3 56 /iep/ 2 gieb8 kieb4 57 /iot/ 1 jiod8 58 /uat/ 3 guad4 guad4 guad4 59 /iu/ 2 tiuh4 tsiuh4 60 /iut/ 1 kiud4 61 /io/ 1 1 62 /p/ 1 lop4 63 // 2 hooh4 ooh4 64 /ai/ 3 aih4 aih4 haih4 65 /m/ 1 hmh8

66

iminiipitiki

iminipit i

unut u

y

(1) /dz/ //

(/ts//tsh/s/)

(/t//th///) (/h///)

(/p//ph//m/) (/t//th/)

(/f/) (/k//kh//x/) (///h/

////) (/ts//tsh//s/) ()

(/t//th///) ()

(2) ()

(3)

69

7071

72

73

(1999)

66 // 3 phngh4 hngh4 khngh4 67 /m/ 1 m5 68 /n/ 3 n1 n2 n5 69 70 lan5-bien2nan5-mien2 71 gi2-gien5i2-ien5 72 i2-uan2i2-guan2 73 (2000) (2006)

67

74

()

75

76 // //

[]/dz/

/l/

77

1.

() ()

(t, th, )

(1) /k/ /t/ tiam1(kiam1)-k3 liam7-ti (ki1)

(2) /t/ /k/ ki1(ti1)-in5 kin7(tin7)-li7

(3) /kh/ /th/ thui3-thi2(khi2) thi3(khi3)-tik4

(4) /th//kh/ bin7-kh1(th1) khien1(thien1)-tiu7

(5) /h/ // it4-i3(hi3) iu1 (hiu1)-ki1

(6) // /h/ lu2-hi3(i3) hi3(i3)-ph3

2.

78

74 75 76 77 5-23 5-29 5-34 78 pho1 phiau1 phun1 phik4 ph

k4 phik4 kh1 khu1 kha4 tshi3 thi1 thien2 tshik4

68

(1) /p/ /ph/ phi5(pi5)-an1 pha5(pa5)-kuan179

(2) /ph/ /p/ pi5(phi5)-im2 mi5-pue7 (phue7)

(3) /t/ /th/ the5(te5)-bk8 te7-th(t5)

(4) /th/ /t/ l2-tk8 (thk8) tan2-tai7(thai7)

(5) /k/ /kh/ lo-khia7(kia7) tui1-khiu5(kiu5)

(6) /kh/ /k/ kin5(khin5)-tshai3 a5-ki7(khi7)

(7) /ts/ /tsh/ an1-tsuan5(tshuan5) sim1-thi5(ti5)

(8) /tsh/ /ts/ ti3(thi3)-kuan3 tset4(thik4)-li5

3.

(1) /ts/ /s/ sun5(tsun5)-khuan2 thak8-su1(tsu1)

(2) /tsh/ /s/ iu1-iu5(thiu5) kho2-i3(thi3)

(3) /s/ /tsh/ thiu5(iu5)-tsui2 i1-tshan2(san2)

4.

/b//g/

/g/

(1) /b/ /m/ mi2(bi2)-le7 muan2(buan2)-i3

(2) /b/ /v/ van7(ban7)-it4 vun5-vu2(bun5-bu2)

(3) /g/ // ts2-ai7(gai7) am5(gam5)-tio8

(4) /g/ [] i3-i7(gi7) ien2(gien2)-kiu3

(5) /g/ i3-ien5(gi2-gien5) huan-i5(gi5)

(6) /g/ uat8(guat8)-lam5 kau3-gik8(ik8)

5.

/f/ /h/

/hu-/ /f/

/v/

(1) /hu/ /f/ vun5-fa3(bun5-hua3) fo3(h3)-im1

79 pi5-an1phi5-an1 pa5-kuan1pha5-kuan1

69

(2) /v/ vun2(un2)-ta3

van5(uan5)-ka1

6.

//

// 5(ia5)-in5

tsu7-2(2)

7.

/t//th/

(1) /t/ /ts/ suan2-tik8(tik8) tsu3 (tu3)-tsk4

(2) /th/ /tsh/ liu5-tshuan5(thuan5) ke3-thi5(thi5)

()

//

/o/

1.

(1) /i/ /u/ su7(i7)-hui1 khai1-su2(i2)

(2) /u/ /i/ i1(su1)-iau3 thi3 (tshu3)-bi7

(3) /u/ // lau7-s1(su1) ts7-s1(tsu7-su1)

2.

/o/ //

// /o/

(1) /o/ // h5(ho5)-pi5 kh2(kho2)-i2

(2) /o/ // h5(ho5)-pi5 kh2(kho2)-i2

(3) // /o/ so2(s2)-i2 ko1 (k1)-ts5

3.

70

/m/ /n/

/m/ /n/ //

/n/ /n///

// /n/

(1) /m/ /n/ kan2(kam2)-ia7 an1-in1(im1)

(2) /m/ // phi-i2(im2) ki1(kim1)-kh3

(3) /n/ /m/ tiap4-kim7(kin7) thi1-im1(in1)

(4) /n/ // pi(pin1) bi5(bin5)-kk4

(5) // /m/ im1(i1)-bun5 im1 (i1)-k1

(6) // /n/ huat4-sn1(i1) phin3(phi3)-su1

(7) tit4-p5(pi5) it4-mi5(bin5)

4.

(1) /p/ /t/ tsat8(tsap8) lit8 (lip8)- tshun1

(2) /p/ // to3-tha4(thap4) dzi8(dzip8)-khi3

(3) /t/ // tshu4(tshut4)-sai1 thi4(thit4)- tho5

(4) /k/ /t/ tit4(tik4)-khak4 to7-tit4(tik4)

(5) /k/ // lo8(lk4)-thi3 k4(kk4)-hau7

(6) ho2-tia7(tia8) la7-tsa7(lak8-tsap8)

5.

(1) // /a/ pau1-a7(7) pua3(p3)-me5

(2) // /e/ phua3-pe7(p7) tshe1(tsh1)-tshai3

(3) // /i/ ho2-thi1(th1) thi1(th1)-hi5

6. /ue//ui/

/uei/ /ue//ui/ /ui/ /ue/

/ue//ui/ /ue//ui/ /uei/

/ue/ /ui/

(1) /ue/ /ui/ ui7(ue7)-i1 ti2-pui3(pue3)

(2) /ui/ /ue/ tue3(tui3)-h1 tiu2-tsue3(tsui3)

()

71

1.

(1) ien1-tin7(tin3) tsa2-t7(t3)

(2) kien3(kien7)-po2 tai3(tai7)-kho3

2.

80

(1) pit8(pit4)-giap8 s1-se8(se4)

(2) tat4(tat8)-i5 tsu2-tsia4(tsia8)

()

1.

(1) [n] [] iu2(niu2)-khik i2-set4(ni2-ik4)

(2) [] [] ia5 (ia5)-in5 iau1(iau1)-ti1

2.

(1) /b/ /m/ pa1-ma5(ba5) iau1-met8(biat8)

80

72

(2) /l/ /n/ khun3-nan5(lan5) nap8(lap8)-sue3

(3) /g/ // in5(gin5)-phio3 ien2(gien2)-kiu3

3.

(1) /n/ /m/ mo5-fam7(huan7)

pin5-fam5(pi5-huan5)

(2) /t/ /p/ fam7-fap4(huan7-huat4)

4.

//

(1) // // pi1-th5(th5) s3(s3)-iau3

(2) // /o/ te7-ho1(h1) ko1-sua3(k1-s3)

()

1.

(1) /k/ /t/ pan1-tiu1(kieu1) tshen5-tin1 (kin1)

(2) /t/ /k/ sa3-kiam3(tien3) thui1-kien3 (tien3)

(3) /kh/ /th/ thin1(khin1)-im1 thin3(khin3)-tsuk4

73

(4) /th//kh/ su1-khiam1(thiam1) khien1(thien1)-i5

(5) /h/ // i1(hi1)-thin1 iu1 (hiu1)-it4

(6) // /h/ hien3(ien3)-mu3 hi1(i1)-ieu3

2.

(1) /p/ /ph/ pho1(po1)-long3 phiau1(peu1)-ki3

(2) /ph/ /p/ fu2-pai3(phai3) pok8(phok8)-ho5

(3) /t/ /th/ thiap4(tiap4)-ts2 thiau1(tiau1)tok4

(4) /th/ /t/ to5(tho5)-mong5 to3(tho3)-li1

(5) /k/ /kh/ khi1(ki1)-li1 tsha5-khu1(ku1)

(6) /kh/ /k/ ieu1-kiu5(khiu5) kiok4-hua1(khiuk4-fa1)

(7) /ts/ /tsh/ tshet4(tset4)-kok4 tshau1(tsau1)-im1

(8) /tsh/ /ts/ ts3-tsai3(tsh3-tshai3) pu2-tsu3(tshu3)

(7) /t//th/ thi3(tiu3)-kon3 ma5-thiok4(tiok4)

(8) /th/ /t/ tin3(thin3)-li3 tiam3(thiam3)-s5

3.

(1) /ts/ /s/ sok4(tsok4)-io3

(2) /tsh/ /s/ sa1(tsha1)-s3 khim5-su3(tshu3)

(3) /s//tsh/ tshui3-tshui3(sui3-sui3) tshut4-tshan2(san2)

(4) /th/ // iu5(thiu5)-sui2 lia2-iu3(thiu3)

(5) // /th/ th1-thip4(thu1-ip8)

bok4-thi3(muk4-io3)

4.

(1) /f/ /h/ hu3(fu3)-kui3 h3(fo3)-im1

(2) /f/ /hu/ hua3 (fa3)-ien5 huat4-hui1(fat4-fi1)

(3) /f/ /kh/ sam1-khu3(fu3) khu2(fu2)-kua1

(4) /v/ /b/ bun5-bu2(vun5-vu2) ban3(van3)-it4

(5) /v/ /f/ f5(vo5)-ti3 fan5(van5)-thien5

(6) /v/ /u/ ua1(va1)-kho1 uan5(van5)-san3

(7) /v/ an1-un2(on1-vun2) ku2-u2(vu2)

5.

// //

74

au5(au5)-iok8 tsu2-ai3(ai3)

6. /kh/ /h/

/kh/

/th/

tu2-khat4(hot4) kui1-khok4(hok4)

kh1(ho1)-e2 khi3(hi3)-hiam5

()

/e//o/

1.

/iu/

81

/u/ /i/

/i/ /iu/

/iun//iut/

(1) /i/ /u/ thi3-khu1(khi1) tshu3(thi3)-mi3

(2) // /u/ /i/ khiam3-su3(s3)

tshu3(tsh3)-liau5 ti2-i3(ts2-s3) kim3-ti2(ts2)

it4-ti3(st4-ts3) it8-(st8)-tsha

(3) /iun/ /y/ /i/ /u/ khun5(khiun5)-khiam3

khin5(khiun5)-khiam3 kyn1 (kiun1)-s1 kun1

(kiun1)-s1 kin1 (kiun1)-s1

2.

(1) /o/ // h5(fo5)-pin5 kh2(kho2)-lien5

(2) /oi/ /ai//ue/ pi1-ai1(oi1) tshau2-tshai3(tshoi3)

81 /iut/ khiut4

75

tshue1 (tshoi1)-lio5 phue5(phoi5)-thien5

(3) /on/ /an/ /uan/ thia2-an1(on1)

han5-suan1(hon5-son1) li5-suan5(liu5-son5)

(4) /ion/ /i/ /uan/ an1-thi5(on1-thion5)

kiok4-guan1(ion1)

(5) /ot/ /at/ /k/ kat4(kot4)-tsho2

pk4(pot4)-kho5

(6) /eu/ /io/ hio3(heu3)-mi1 sio3-nien5(seu3-ien5)

(7) /ieu/ /io/ /iau/ thu2-kio2(kieu2)

to1-khio2(khieu2) iau1(ieu1)-thia2

hiau1-hi5(hieu1-hiu5)

(8) /en/ /n/ tshn5(tshen5)-kin1 tn1(ten1)-mi5

(9) /ien/ /en/ kiu2-en2(ien2) tshen5(thien5)-sui2

(10) /iet/ /et/ thin1-tshet4(thiet4) im1-het4(hiet4)

3.

/i/

/n/ //

(1) /m/ /n/ kin1-nien5(kim1-ien1) on1-in1(im1)

(2) /m/ // hi3-thio5(him3-theu5) fa5(fam5)-pu3

(3) /n/ /m/ him1(hin1)-lu5 gim1(iun1)-nai3

(4) /n/ // phi5(phin5)-lun3 thi1(thin1)- tshu2

(5) // /n/ lan5-san1(la5-sa1) kiok4-in3(ia3)

4.

(1) /p/ /t/ huan3-huat4(fam3-fap4)

tiet8(thiap8)-iun3

(2) /t/ /k/ kam2-kik4(kit4) li3-ik4(it4)

(3) /t/ // tu4(tut4)-to2 la8(lat8)-tio3

(4) /k/ // pit4-tia4(tiak4) ka4(kak4)-i3

(5) ti4(tit4)-sui2 thia4(thiak4)-iu3

5.

76

(1) /u/ // h1(fu1)-ko1 k1(ku1)-tho5

(2) /iu/ /i/ thi5(thiu5)-io5

khi3(khiu3)-io3

(3) /uk/ /k/ kiok4-bok4(muk4) iok4-sok4(suk4)

(4) /iuk/ /ik/ huat4