+ Chapter 13 Emotion and Personality © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood.

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© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

Chapter 13

Emotion and Personality

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Part II. The Cognitive/Experiential Domain Cognitive Experiences:

Perceptions Interpretations Goals and strategies to reach goals Mental Ability/Intelligence

Emotions Emotion content, triggers and tendencies

Self: How people define the self Evaluation of the self Social roles

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Outline

Emotional States Versus Emotional Traits

3 Approaches to Emotions

Trait Emotions (your book calls “emotional content”) What types of emotions do people experience?

Emotional Intensity How do people experience their emotions?

+Emotions: Four Components

Feelings

Physiological Changes

Behaviors: Facial Expressions, approach/avoid, etc.

Cognitive Appraisals


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State vs. Trait Emotions State and trait emotions both provide a measure of

emotional experience

State emotions: In response to a specific event Dissipate quickly People tend to exhibit the same emotion in reaction to the

same event (e.g., guilt after lying)

Trait Emotions: Individual differences in emotions. Tendency to experience a specific emotion over time and

across situations For each emotion, people may be more or less likely to

experience the emotion.

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What is your emotion?

Emotion #2

A. Sadness

B. Disgust

C. Panicked

D. Bored

E. Interested

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTZPMJj-X9M

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State or trait emotion? Alexa often feels queasy. She feels queasy when she

sees roadkill, blood, a needle, and even a cut on her finger.

Michael was the next person in line at Starbucks (he was up all night studying and needed the caffeine!!). While looking down at his phone, some jerk butted in front of him. Michael was furious!

Patrick is a nervous person. As a child, he would always feel nervous before his soccer game and before going to school. As an adult, Patrick is nervous before receiving his work evaluation and even when he is running a few minutes late for a doctor’s appointment.

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3 Approaches to Emotions

Categorical Perspective: Looking for universal emotions Also called “Basic” Emotions Use evolutionary theory as support

Cognitive Appraisal Theory Universal emotions do not exist. People’s interpretations determine the emotion they feel Culture constructs our emotional experience

Dimensional Perspective: Goal is to group subjective feelings into overall

factors/dimensions of emotions

+Categorical Approach to Emotions Universal Emotions: all people in all cultures

experience the same emotions in the same way

Focus on identifying a small number of primary and distinct emotions

Emotions are adaptive (Darwin)

Lack of consensus about regarding which emotions are primary

Lack of consensus is attributable to different criteria used for defining an emotion as primary (facial expressions, physiology, etc.)

Inside Out


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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1oXx4delIY

+1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Anger Contempt Disgust Surprise Sadness Happiness Fear

Which face did you identify first? Last?

Any problems with this

methodology?

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Appraisal Theory Cognitive Appraisal Theorists noticed that different

people experience different emotions in response to the same event

Our cognitive appraisal determines the discrete emotion we experience

We can misinterpret our arousal! Chris and Fort Worth – wine.

Types of cognitive appraisals Pleasantness Goal Significance Coping Potential Novelty/Familiarity

+Dimensional Approach to Emotions

People rate themselves on a variety of emotions, then factor analysis identifies dimensions

Factor Analysis resulted in two dimensions of emotion:

(1) Valence = Pleasantness vs. Unpleasantness subjective feeling of how well one is doing

(2) Activation = High vs. Low Arousal subjective feeling of sense of mobilization or energy

Circumplex Models – arrange emotions around circle


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UNPLEASANT

PLEASANT

ACTIVATION

DEACTIVATION

Joy-PinkDisgust-GreenSadness-Dark BlueAnger-WhiteFearful-PurpleLethargic – Blue/Green

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(Russell & Barrett, 1999)

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Summary: 3 Perspectives of Emotion Categorical approach – emotions are universal!

These distinctions could be facial expressions, behaviors, etc.

Appraisal approach – emotions are not universal!

Dimensional approach - emotions be classified into valence and activation!

+Pleasant and Unpleasant Trait Emotions Typical emotions a person is likely to experience over

time and across situations.

Pleasant emotions: Happiness and Well-Being

Unpleasant emotions: Neuroticism and Anger

Relationship between pleasant/unpleasant emotions and Big Five


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2 Questions…

What makes you happy?

What would make you happier?

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Friends and Family

My boyfriend/girlfriend

A feeling of success/accomplishment

Relaxing

Playing sports/being active

Enjoying nature

Music and humor

Religion

Making Others Happy

More money or possessions

A good job and a secure future

A new boyfriend or girlfriend or a better relationship with the current one

Better grades in school

More time with family and friends

More sleep!

A B

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Two Happiness Perspectives

(1) Eudaimonia: judgment about one’s life purpose and meaning Cognitive component (think goals!) Also called “Life Satisfaction” or “Subjective Well-being”

(2) Hedonic: ratio of a person’s positive emotions to negative emotions, averaged over time. Affective component

Eudaimonic and hedonic happiness are positively correlated

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Eudaimonic Perspective – Healthy, Happy, & Prosperous!

Happiness based on lifelong pursuit of meaningful, developmental goals

We are happy because we reached our goals! Maslow, Adler

We are happy when we engage in interesting, challenging tasks on a daily basis Flow - Csikszentmihalyi

Well-being = happiness + meaning

Happiness and well-being not synonymous

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Meaning in Life One way to measure meaning aspect of well-being

Presence of Meaning – report high meaning in life I understand my life’s meaning; I have discovered a satisfying life

purpose; My life has no clear purpose (R). Positively correlated with love, joy, Extraversion

Search for Meaning – currently seeking meaning to life I am always looking to find my life’s purpose; I am searching for

my meaning in life. Positively correlated with fear, shame, sadness, depression,

Neuroticism

Typically, presence and search negative correlated.

But, could be positively correlated.

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Hedonic Perspective

During the next two minutes……..

Recall happy events that you have experienced in your life.

Recall negative events that you have experienced in your life.

Calculate the proportion:

Happy Events : Negative Events

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Hedonic Perspective

Experience of pleasure and appreciation of life’s rewards

Well-being = happiness

Happiness = Positive affect + general life satisfaction

Well-being = Positive affect + general life satisfaction

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Satisfaction with Life (SWLS) ScoreIn most ways, my life is close to my

ideal.

The conditions of my life are excellent

I am satisfied with my life.

So far, I have gotten the important things I want in life.

If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing.

Your hedonic happiness = SWLS + PA: NA.

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Summary: Eudaimonic and Hedonic Perspectives Eudaimonic Happiness: Well-being =

happiness + meaning Happiness and well-being are different

constructs.

Hedonic Happiness: Well-being = Positive affect + general life satisfaction Happiness and well-being are the same

constructs.

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Who is the happiest? No sex difference in overall happiness, global well-being,

meaning in life, life satisfaction

No age difference in overall happiness Circumstances that make people happy change with age

Relationship Status People who are married report more happiness and presence of

meaning Single individuals report greater search for meaning.

People in collectivist cultures (vs. individualistic) place less value on the experience of positive emotions. More likely to experience mixed emotions

***Answers may depend on the definition of happiness!

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+Who is the happiest?

National differences in subjective well-being People in poorer countries are less happy People in countries that provide citizens fewer civil and political

rights are less happy Differences in economic development

For low SES: money DOES make people happier For mid-high SES: money DOES NOT make people happier


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Link between happiness and income

Economic prosperity predicted global life evaluation GDP, High income, high standard of living, possession of

luxury goods

Psychosocial prosperity predicted experience of positive feelings Learning, autonomy, using one’s skills, respect, ability to

count on others in emergency

(Diener et al., 2010)

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30Country GDP/capita Psychosocial Prosperity

HighGlobal Life Evaluation

United States 1 19 16

Denmark 5 13 1

The Netherlands 7 36 4

Japan 14 50 24

Italy 18 33 20

Israel 20 56 11

New Zealand 22 12 9

South Korea 24 83 38

South Africa 35 42 53

Russia 36 72 56

Mexico 39 22 23

Costa Rica 41 6 18

Indonesia 59 63 57

India 61 85 46

Ghana 68 51 70

Nepal 76 88 69

Sierra Leone 87 80 87

Tanzania 89 58 86

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31Country GDP/capita Psychosocial Prosperity

High Positive Feelings

Low Negative Feelings

United States 1 19 26 49

Denmark 5 13 7 1

The Netherlands

7 36 3 26

Japan 14 50 44 6

Italy 18 33 67 63

Israel 20 56 61 64

New Zealand 22 12 1 21

South Korea 24 83 58 77

South Africa 35 42 29 44

Russia 36 72 79 42

Mexico 39 22 17 28

Costa Rica 41 6 4 38

Indonesia 59 63 24 43

India 61 85 63 22

Ghana 68 51 68 20

Nepal 76 88 50 10

Sierra Leone 87 80 87 86

Tanzania 89 58 52 32

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32Is happiness a basic or trait emotion?

In Ekman’s primary emotions, happiness is one of the universal, basic emotions

Happiness researchers (e.g., Fredrickson) claim that happiness is not a basic emotion

Experiencing 10 positive basic emotions on frequent, daily basis is associated with happiness Joy, interest, contentment, gratitude, awe, amusement, inspiration,

pride, hope, love

Fredrickson’s 3:1 Ratio

Fredrickson’s 3:1 ratio recently debunked (by a graduate student!)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hFzxfQpLjM

+Trait Emotions Pleasant emotions: Happiness and Well-Being

Unpleasant emotions: Anger


Introductory Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVxfcE4F9Xo


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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVxfcE4F9Xo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVxfcE4F9Xo

+Anger-Proneness: Type A / Type D Personality Traits Type A (“angry”) personality:

High on: Ambitiousness, aggressiveness, competitiveness, impatience, muscle tenseness, alertness, irritation, cynicism, hostility, and increased potential for anger.

Increased risk of heart disease Hostility component of Type A most strongly related to heart

disease

Type D (“distressed”) personality: High Negative Affect PLUS Emotional Suppression PLUS

Social Inhibition Poor quality of life; greater risk of dying; at risk for heart

disease; poorer response to heart disease treatments Compared to Type A, fewer social ties and greater discomfort

around strangers


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+Multidimensional Anger Inventory


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•Frequency, duration, magnitude of anger

Anger-Arousal

•High = many situations elicit anger

Anger-Eliciting

Situations

•Tendency to respond to everyday frustrations with anger and aggression, to become easily irritated

Hostile Outlook

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Multidimensional Anger Inventory

“Something makes me angry almost everyday.”

“I get angry when I am delayed, embarrassed,

etc.”

“People can bother me just by being around.”

12345

2.603.13 2.82

Multidimensional Anger Inventory

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Type D Scale (DS14; Denollet, 2005)

•Tendency to experience dysphoria, anxiety, irritability

Negative Affectivity

•Discomfort of social interactions, lack of social poise,

•Tendency to avoid confrontation

Social Inhibition

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Type D Scale (DS14; Denollet, 2005)

25% coronary heart disease patients and 50% hypertension patients had Type D personality.

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Type D Personality should be positively correlated with _________ HEXACO dimension.

A. Honesty-Humility

B. Emotionality

C. Extraversion

D. Openness to Experience

E. Conscientiousness

+Trait Emotions

Pleasant emotions: Happiness and Well-Being

Unpleasant emotions: Anger



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41Which trait do you think is most strongly correlated with….negative emotions? positive emotions?

A. Openness to Experience

B. Conscientiousness

C. Extraversion

D. Agreeableness

E. Neuroticism


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N E O A C

Negative Affect

.65** -.21** -.12* -.26* -.11

Positive Affect

-.35**

.54** .17** .25** .49**

(Watson & Clark, 1992)

Neuroticism most strongly

correlated with Negative Affect

Extraversion most strongly

correlated with Positive Affect

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Summary of Trait Emotions We can measure a variety of trait emotions

Happiness – Well-being, Meaning In Life Anger – MAI, Type D

Researchers disagree about whether happiness is an emotion Ekman – happiness can be a state and trait emotion Fredrickson – happiness is not a basic emotion, but is

determined by the experience of basic positive emotions

Extraversion and Neuroticism are associated with the experience of positive and negative emotions, respectively.

Because Extraverts experience more positive emotions, they report greater levels of happiness (supports hedonic view of happiness).

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Emotional Style: Affect Intensity Individual difference variable that measures how people

typically experience their emotions.

High Affect Intensity: Tendency to experience extreme emotions (i.e., highly positive or

highly negative) Tendency to quickly and frequently fluctuate b/w extreme

emotions Tendency to experience emotions far away from baseline mood

level Stronger reactions to good and bad events

Low Affect Intensity: Tendency to experience mild, not extreme, emotions (i.e.,

moderately positive, moderately negative) Tendency to experience gradual fluctuations b/w mild emotions Tendency to experience emotions near baseline mood level

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Emotional Style: Affect Intensity Individual difference variable that measures

how people typically experience their emotions.

Example Items: When I feel happy it is a strong type of

exuberance. I feel pretty bad when I tell a lie. Sad movies deeply touch me.

Should not be correlated with hedonic valence/happiness measures SWLS, r = .21, Presence, r = .14, Search, r

= .34

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(Russell & Barrett, 1999)

AROUSAL

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Matching Game!!Low Affect Intensity

High Affect Intensity

Frequent Positive Affect

? ?

Frequent Negative Affect

? ?

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Match the personality disorders and traits to the correct box.

Depression

Anxiety

Bipolar Disorder

Borderline personality disorder

Substance use disorder

Sensation seeking

Happiness

Type A Personality

An Extraverted Neurotic!

Sadness

Contentment

Any others?

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49Interaction of Emotional Content and Style Produces 4 Trends

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Hedonic Valence and AI: Reconciling Gender, AI, and NA

Women are higher in Neuroticism and NA than men

But, women and men report equal levels of happiness.

AI explains these paradoxical findings

Women are as happy as men, but they experience happiness more intensely than men (↑ Intensity of PA)

Thus, women’s higher levels of N, NA, and even depression are balanced by their more intense experience of PA. This more intense PA overcomes the high NA, thus

leading to similar levels of happiness as men.

+Summary Emotions may be viewed from a state or trait

perspective.

Trait emotions describe the types of emotions people experience over time and across situations Pleasant vs. Unpleasant

Arousal Intensity explains how people experience their emotions over time and across situations High or Low Arousal Intensity

Unpleasantness/pleasantness and arousal intensity interact to produce distinct trends in personality traits


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+ Chapter 13 Emotion and Personality © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood.

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Transcript of + Chapter 13 Emotion and Personality © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood.