Cell› Fundamental unit of living organisms› Carry out metabolism› Specialized throughout the body› Cell membrane› Nucleus

Chromosomes Genes

Cytology (cyt/o = cell)

Tissues › A group of specialized cells working together

› 4 types Epithelial Muscle (voluntary, involuntary and cardiac) Connective Nerve

Membranes

Organs › Structures composed of tissues working

together

Organ (Body) Systems› Composed of several related organs working

together to perform a complex function

Organism (example: human body)Body system (example: digestive)

Organ (example: liver)Tissues (example: tissues in

liver)Cell (example: cells the

make up specific tissues)

Anatomical Position: Reference point in medical communication› Directional Terms

Anterior or ventral Posterior or dorsal Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Bilateral Unilateral Deep Superficial Parietal Visceral

Body placement positions that make examination, treatment or surgery easier

Sagital plane: divides the body into two parts lengthwise, right and left

Frontal (or coronal) plane: divides the body into front and back sections from top to bottom

Transverse plane: divides the body into upper (superior or cephalic) and lower (inferior or caudal) portions

Imaginary slices through the body at specific points Imaginary slices through the body at specific points and in specific directionsand in specific directions

Describe actions or movements of body parts.

Almost always paired: Movement and its opposite Abduction/Adduction Pronation/Supination Flexion/Extension

5: Cranial, Spinal, Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic

5 Regions: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccyx

Imaging permits visualization of the inside of the body

Used for diagnostic purposes; may also be used to guide procedures or surgery

Written reports in chart › Radiology

X-Rays› Easy to take; good screening tools› May be dye-enhanced› Shades of black, white, and gray only

Fluoroscopy › Shows a moving image› Useful in viewing GI tract and other mobile areas

and organs

Sonography› Ultrasound imaging – uses sound waves› Can produce a moving image› Often used to see a fetus in utero› Electrocardiography – used to diagnose heart

problems

Computerized Tomography (CT, CAT)› Uses computer-generated images of

structures within the body› Body is scanned in layers› May use contact media or radioactive

substances to enhance pictures PET scan − variation

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI )› Uses a magnetic field› Three-dimensional image seen

Surgical procedures have advanced greatly

Common terms› Anesthesia › Dressings › Incision› Resection› Tomy vs. ectomy (suffixes)› Biopsy

Path/o = disease› Pathology

Autopsy Biopsy

› Common terms Etiology Infection Epidemic