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macrophagesאאK ٢ J אאאאMonocytesאאK ٣ J אאאאאאאא

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאאW אאאW


KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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אאW ١–אאאK ٢–א–אאאK ٣–אK ٤–אאK

אאW אאאאאאאאK

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syrinxKאאאא٥ J٦אאאאK

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FEאLungsW אlungא


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א J J אאFE ٧}٣ ٩}٢ J J ٤}٢

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אאאאאF٢٦KEW

אinterclavicular air sacsאאcervical air sacאאאanterior (cranial) thoracic air sacsאאאא

אposterior (caudal) thoracic air sacsאabdominal air sacsאאאK

F٢٦EאאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

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אאאW אאאאW

١ J אאאאאאאאאאאאK

٢ J אאאאאאאאאK

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١٢ J١٥٪אאאK

אW אאאW

١ J אאאK ٢ J אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאrespiratory musclesאexpirationא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאinspirationא

אאאא

١٦١ א אא FE

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אאאאאאאK אאאאאאsternal ribs

אאvertebral ribsKאאאאאאאאאא

אKאsternumאfurculaאK אאdiaphragmא

אKאאאאKאאאcollapseאאאאאאאאאאאאK

Kאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאK אאאאא

אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאKאאKאאאאair capillariesא

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אאאאאW אאאאאאאair capillariesאאאאblood capillariesאאאא١}٠–٢}٠K

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١٦١ א אא FE

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אאאאאאאאKanastomosisאאאא

אאאK

אאאW אאאאאWאא

אאcounter current systemאאאאאאאאאK


אאאאW

אאאאKאאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאsolubility factorאאאאאא

٧٦٠K אאאא

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١٦١ א אא FE

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אcarbohaemoglobinK

١٦١ א אא FE

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אאKאאאאKאאא

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אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

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KHCO3 HO2HHHb J J J J J J J J J<H2CO3HKHbO2

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١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ١٠٧ -


אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

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אאK אאאא



אא אאאאK אאאאאא



אKKKאKאאאאאW

H2CO3HHHbO2 J J J J J<KHCO3HO2HHHb

١٦١ א אא FE

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FEאאW אאאא،אא،אא،אא

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Kאאאא FEאאW

א،אאאאאא،אאאKאאאאאK

אאאmidbrainאKאאאventromedial legmentumא

אאseptal areaאאpreoptic areaאKאא

אKK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

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אאא אאאW

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאא

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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אאא

אאאK




١٦١ א אא FE

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- ١١٠ -

אאאא אאאW




KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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אא אא אא

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אאאFאאEאא


אאK

אאאW

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٢ אאK

٣ אאאאאאא.

٤ אאאאאאאאK

٥

٦

٧

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٩

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אLEFEFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאאא،אFE


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١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

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א א

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א


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א









KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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א

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אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

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- ١١٦ -

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אאאאK ٥–אאK ٦–אאאK

אאאW

אא٨٥ J٩٠K٪ אאW

٣K

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١١٧ -

אאW ١–אאאK ٢– JאK ٣–אK ٤–אאK ٥ JאאאK ٦–אאPOWER POINT

אאW

אאאאאאאאK

אאW

אאאאאאא

אאאאאאא

אFאKE

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١١٨ -

אאא Excretory System

אאexcretionאא אאאאK

אאW ١ JאאSalivary glandsאאאK ٢–אlungsאאאאאK ٣ Jאאdigestive tractאאאא

אאאאK ٤ Jאאnasal glandsאא

אK ٥ JאkidneyאאאאK

JאאUrinary SystemW

אאאtwo kidneysאא،١W٧}٢٪אא،אאאא

F٢٧Eאtwo uretersאאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١١٩ -

F٢٧Eאאאא

אאאא

אאא٦٥}١א١אאאKאא

אKאאאאאאאאאcranialאmiddle

אcaudalKאאאאאאאאאK

אאאW

١ JאThe kidney

אkidneyאאאאאאאprotein catabolismאאאאא

אאאאא

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٢٠ -

אאאאאאאuric acidא

אאK אאאאאאא


אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאKאNa+אCl-אאאא

אK+אNH4-אאאאאאאאאאhomeostasisK

אW

אאאא אאאאאא

אאאאאאF٢٨KEcortical tissuemedullary tissueKאא

א،אאאאאא

אאF٢٨KE

١٦١ א אא FE

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- ١٢١ -

F٢٨EאאאאאאאFאKE

אאThe nephronW אאF٢٩E،אאאא

אאאאאW ١ J אאאאCortical nephronsW

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאK

٢ J אאאאMedullar nephronsW

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٢٢ -

אאאאאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאK ٣ J אאאאIntermediate nephronsW

Kאאאאא אאF٢٩Eאאrenal corpuscleא

אglomerulusBowman’s capsuleאאא

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)אאאdistal convoluted tubule

(DCT)אאאאאcollecting tubuleאאאאאF٢٩KE

F٢٩EאאFאWE١ J٢–

٣–א٤–٥–٦–٧– ٨–٩–

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٢٣ -

٢ JאThe UreterW אאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאKא

אא٢אאKאאא١٣–١٧אF٣٠KE

F٣٠EאאאאאK

אאא Kidney functionW

١ J אWאאאאאאאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٢٤ -

٢ J אWאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאhomeostatic

mechanismאאאאאאאאאאK

٣ J אאWאאאאאאK ٤ J אאGluconeogenesisWא

אאאאאאאא א אאאא

א אאK ٥ J אאאW

Erythropoietinאא،אאאאא٣Dihydroxyvitamin D3א7-dehydrocholestrol

אאאאאאUV٣Vitamin D3אאD

אא25 hydroxyvitamin D3א1,25אdihydroxyvitamin D3אאאא

Steroid hormoneאDNAאאATPase & calcium binding proteinאאאאcalcium homeostasisאK

אאאא kidneys אאuretersאאאcoloacaK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٢٥ -

אאfrom birds Methods of urine collectionW



אK אאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאK

١ Jאאartificial anusאcolostomyKאאא

אאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאretractionאKאאאאrenal

clearanceאא،אreabsorptionאאאא

אאאאאאאFאKE

٢ JאWאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK אאאאא

אcanellaאאאאKא

אאאאאאKא

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٢٦ -

אאF٠٥}٠LLEאאאאאאאKא

אאאosmotic diurticsאאאאאאchlorothiazideאhydrochlorothiazideK

אאmode of actionאאאאאאK

אW אא–אfiltration-reabsorption

אאאאאglomerulosaאreabsorptionאאאrenal tubes

אK

WאW אאאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאKאא

١٠٠א،٧٠٠٠٠Kאאאאאאא١٪

אK אאאא،אאאא

אאאאאאK אאW

١ J אאאאK ٢ J אאאאאK ٣ J אאאאאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٢٧ -

WאReabsorptionW אאאאאא


אאאW ١ JאאK ٢ Jאאאאmicrovilli

אאאאKאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאKאאאאאאK

WאאSecretionW

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאK

אWאאExcretion of waterW

אאאאאאאdilute urineא،אא

hydrationKאאאhypotonic urineאאאאאover hydrationאא،

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٢٨ -

אאאhypertonic urineאאא،KאאאאK

אאאF٠٣}٠LL٣}٠LLEאא٣٪א

אKאאאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאאאא٤٥٠Lא٥٠Lאא

אאא٣٤٠LKאאאאאאאADHאאאK

אא،אאאאאאאאאאא basis of the

counter-current multiplierאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،א

א،אאאאא אאKF٩Eאא

Kא F٩EאאאK

א

אאFLE ٣١٢ ٣٤١ אאFLE ١١٥ ٥٣٨

אFLLE ٣٠٠}٠ ٠١٨}٠ אFLLE ١٢}٢ ٧٣}١

אאאE٪F ٨٩ ٩٩

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٢٩ -

WאאאNitrogen materials excretionW

F١٠EאאאאK

א אאFL١٠٠E ٤٤٠ ٢٣٧

אאWE٪F ١}٨٤ ٨}٥٧

٨}٥ ٢٣ ٢}٥ ٩}٢

٥}٠ ٣}٤ ٧}١ ٨}٢

אאאאאאא

אאאאאאFאEאאacademiaאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٣٠ -

אאאאאאW ١ J אFאWE

אאאאאאאאאtubular filtrationאאאtubular secretion

אאאK ٢ JאאW


אאאאאאK אאא

אK ٣ JאW

אאאאאאאאarginaseאK

٤ JאאW אאאאא

Kאאאאאאאאאאאא

Kאא

אאאExcretion of inorganic ionsW ١ J אW


אאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٣١ -

٢ J אW אאK

٣ J אW אאאא

אאאאאאאאhyperphosphataemiaK

אאPhysical characteristics of urineW

١ J אW אאא

אאK ٢ Jאאא JאAcid-base balanceW

pHאא٧٠}٤ J٠٠}٨אאאאאאhypoxiaאאאKpH٤}٦K

אאpHאF٣}٥EpHאF٦}٧Eאא

אאאאאאpHK

٣ JאאNitrogenous constituentsW אאאאא

אאאאK

אאאאאא

WאאW אאW

١ J אאאאAntidiuretic hormone (ADH)W

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٣٢ -

אאאאאאא

אאאK ٢ J אEpinephrineW

אadrenal cortexKאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאK ٣ J אThyroxinW

אאאאthyroid glandאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאאא


٤ J אאParathyroid hormoneW אאאאא

אאאאאK ٥ J אMineralcorticoidsW

אאאאmineralocorticoidsאaldosteroneא dexy-corticosteroneא

אאאאאאאאK

WאאW אאא JאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٣٣ -

אאאאאW

אאאאאW FEאאאאאאW

אאאאאאאK

FEאאאאW אאאאK

FEאאאW אאאאאאא אאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٣٤ -

٢ JאThe Skin

אאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא


אK א٤٠ J٤٥אאK

אאאאK

אאW ١ J אאאאK ٢ J אאאאאא٠ ٣ J אאאאאאK ٤ J אאאא٣٠א٪

אאאאא،אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאK

אW אW

١ J אEpidermisK ٢ J אFאEDermis or coriumא

hypodermisאאאאK אאאFאאאאאEא

אאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٣٥ -

אHypodermisW

אאאאK אאאאאאאKאא

٤٠٠٠ J٤٤٠٠אאאאאאKאאאא

Kאא אאאא

אאאK

אKeratinizationW אאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאαβγאאK אאא

אאhydrolytic enzymesאאאאאK

אאאאSkin derivativesW אאאאאאאאאאF

אאאEאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאK

אWאאאScale and scutesW אאאאאF٣١Eאאא

אאאKאאאאאאא

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٣٦ -

אאאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאא


F٣١EאאK JאאOil gland W אא) aglandular אאEאא

אאאאא

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٣٧ -

אאKאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאK אאcaudal arteryאאא

אcaudal veinאאK

אא Oil gland functions W ١ JאאאאאK ٢ JאאאאאאK ٣ Jאאאא??א

אאאאאא אK

٤ JאאאאאאאK JאאאאאW

אאאאאאאאאK

אCock combW

combאאאאאאאאאF٣٢Eאאא،אאאא

אK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٣٨ -

F٣٢EאאK אHen combW

אF٣٣Eאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٣٩ -

F٣٣EאאK

אאWattlesW אאאF٣٢&٣٣E

אK

אEar lobeW אאKF٣٣&٣٢KE

אBeak or billW

אאאKאאאאאאKאא

אKאאF٣٢&٣٣EK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٤٠ -

אCerא ClawאSpurWF٣١&٣٢WE אcerאא

K אאClawsא

אאאF٣١KE אSpurאאאא٤٥

אאF٣١KE

אאFeathering coverage and moultingW

אFeathersW אאאW

אאאאאאKאאquillאF٣٤KEאאאא

axis or stemאאאאא quillאאאאrachis or shaftאvaneא

barbsאאאאinferior umbilicusאאאאKא

אאbarbulesאאאhooksאF٣٤KE


אאאאאאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٤١ -

F٣٤Eאאאא Fbarb J barbulesא– shaft-Hooks KE

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٤٢ -

אאאאW FEאא Contour featherW

אאאאאאאquillKאאאא

אאאאאprimariesאאא١٠ J١٢אאאאאאא

אאsecondariesא١٢ J١٤אאאאאאאF٣٥KE

FEאdown feathersW

אאאאKאאאאאunder coat

אאאאאאאF٣٦KE

FEאאאFiloplumesW

אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאKאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאK


١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٤٣ -

אא

א

אא

F٣٥EאאFאא–אא–אאE

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٤٤ -

F٣٦EאאאאK

אMoultingW אאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאאא

אK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٤٥ -

אW J אאNatural moultingW

אאW ١ J אאאK ٢ J periodical moultingאא

אאK

J אאForced moultingW אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאK אאאאאKאאאאא

K



אאאאאאאאK

אאW



١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٤٦ -

אאאKאאאאאK

אאאW אאאmelanin

אאcartoinoidsKאאאאeumelaninאאאאאKאphaeumelanin

אאאאאאאKאאtrichosiderinKאאאאאchestinאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאrhodoxanthinastaxanthincanthaxanthinאאאאאאאאluteinאאzeaxanthinא

beta carotinKאאאאאא אK

אאאאW אאאאאאאא


אKאאאאאאאאאאאא

אK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٤٧ -

אאא

אאא אאאאW

١ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٢ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٣ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٤ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٥ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאא

אאאאK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٤٨ -

אאא אאאFאEאאאK

אאאא אאאאאW

١ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٢ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٣ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٤٩ -

אאא אאא

١ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٢ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٣ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٤ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٥ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאא אא

١ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٢ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٣ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٤ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٥ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٥٠ -

אאאFאאEאא


אאK

אאאW

אFאאE

אאFאאE

١ אאאאא

٢ אאא

٣ אאא

٤ א

٥ אא

٦

٧

٨

٩

١٠

אאאLEFFEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא،אFE


אאאLKEFאEF

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٥١ -

אאאFאאKEאא

אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אWLL١٤ אW אW١٢٣٤

א א

١ אאא

٢ אאא

٣ אאאאא

٤ א

٥ אאא

٦

٧

٨

٩

١٠

א


W KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٥٢ -

א










KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אאא

- ١٥٣ -









אאאא

אאאאFFEE

א

א

٧

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ١٥٤ -

אW אאאאאאאא


אאאאKאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאא،


אאW

אאאאK

Wאא ١–אאאאK ٢–אאאאK ٣–אאאאאאאאK ٤–אאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ١٥٥ -

אאאW אא٨٥K٪

אאW K

אאW ١–אאאK ٢–א–אא JאאK ٣–אK ٤–אאK ٥–אאK

אאW

אאאאאאאאK

אאW

אאאאאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ١٥٦ -

אא

The nervous system א

אאאאאאאא

FאאאEאאאאאאאאאאאאK



אא٠

אאא

אאאאאNeuroneF٣٧E W

١–אcellBodyאאא

אW–––––K

٢–אא Processes WW א Jא Axon Wאאא

אaxon hillockאאF٣٧Eאneurofibrilsאא

אאאאאאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ١٥٧ -

–אאא Dendrites WאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

neurolemmaאאאmyelin sheethK אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

F٣٧Eאא

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ١٥٨ -

אאW אאאאאאאאאאאא


אFאאאEאאK אאW

אאאאאאאאKאאאK

אאאW אאאאא

אאאאאאאF٣٨E K

F٣٨EאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ١٥٩ -

אאאאאKאאא

אאאאאK

אWReceptors אאאאאאאאא

K אאW

א JאW ١–Extroceptors

אאאאא - א–אא–א-אK

٢–אInterceptors אאאאאאאא

אאאK

–אW ١–Mechanoreceptorsאאא٠ ٢–א٣–א٤– ٥–אאK

אאאkinds of neurons אאאאאW

١–אאאW אאאאאאאא

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ١٦٠ -


אאאאאאאאK ٢–אאאW


אאאK ٣–אאאW

אאאאאK

אאאReflex action אאאאאאאאא

KאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאF–

–KE אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאK

אאאW ١–אאWאאאK ٢–אאWאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאK

אאאNerve centers

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ١٦١ -

אאאאאאאאFאאאEאא

אאאאKKKKKKKKKאK

אאStructure of the nervous system

אאאאאאאאאW ١–אאאCentral nervous system

אbrainאאSpinal cordאאK ٢–אאאPeripheral nervous system

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאWא–

אא–אאK ٣–אאאאAutonomic N.S.

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאW א–אאאSympathetic NS.

–אאאאParasympathetic N.S.

אאאThe central nervous system(C.N.SEK

אאאאW –אאSpinal cord

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ١٦٢ -

אאאאאאCerebrospinal fluidאא

אאאאW ١–אDura matter spinals


٢–אאAranchoidea אא

אאאאאאאK

٣–אאPia matter אאאא

א.אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאW

אאאאאאF٣٩E

F٣٩Eאא١ Jא٢א Jא٣א–א

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ١٦٣ -

٤א–א٥א–٦– ٧–٨–٩–א١٠א–

١١–١٢–א١٣–אא ١٤–אא١٥–K

١–Wאאאאאאא

אW א–WאאאאK

–WאאאאאאאK

٢–אWאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאK

אאSpinal nervous אאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאSpinal ganglionאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאK

אא Spinal cord functions ١ JאאאאאאW

א–אאאאאK –אאאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ١٦٤ -

JאאאאאK JאאאאK

٢–אאאאאאאאאK ٣–אאאאאאאא

אא–אא–אאא אאK

Wאא אאאא

אאאאאאK

WThe brain אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאF٠٤KE

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ١٦٥ -

F٤٠EאאאאF١–٢א–א

٣–٤א–א٥א–٦א–٧א–אE ٨–א٩א J١٠א–א١١א–אאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ١٦٦ -

אאW אאאאWF٤١E

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אאאאאאאאא W

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אאאאאאK

אאW –אא AdenohypophysisאאאאW ١–אאPars distalisאאאא

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אא. ٣–אאPars intermedia _אאNeurohypophysisW ١–אאNeural lobe ٢–אאNeural stalk

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٢WאאאאW

אאMelanocyte stimulating H. (MCSH) א אאא.

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אאאW אאא ١ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٢ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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אאא ١ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٢ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٣ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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א ١ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٢ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٣ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٤ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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אאאW אאא

١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥KKKKKKKKKKKK ٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאאW

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٢–אא

אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ١٩٨ -

א KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK






١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ١٩٩ -

א KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK








KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK...........

אא

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- ٢٠٠ -

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אאW

אאא JאאאאK אאאW

אא٨٥K٪

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٠١ -

אאW ٣K

אאW

١–אאאK ٢–א–אאאאא

אאאK ٣–אK ٤–אאK

אאW

אאאאאאאאK

אאW



١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٠٢ -

אא Reproduction System

JאאאWPoultry male reproductive system ،אאאאא

٣٥אאאאאאא،אKאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאK

אאאW

אאאאtestisא،אducts deferens

אepididymisא،KאאאאאאאאאF٤٨KE

F٤٨EאאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٠٣ -

١ JאTestisW אאF٤٧&٤٨E

אאאאאאא٤١א°אאאאKאאא

mesorchiumאאאאאF٤٨KEאאאאאא٢ J٤

٢٥ J٣٥אאאאF٤٧KE אאא

tunica vaginalisאאאאtunica albugineaאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאLeydigאאאאK

אאאאW

אאאאreleasing factorsאאhypothalamusאאאא

gonadotropic hormones،אאאאאאאneurosecretory activityאאא

sexual maturationאageאאenvironmental stimuliאאphotoperiodK

אאאW אאאאאspermatogenesis

אאאאאאאאspermatogoniaאאאprimary

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٠٤ -

spermatocytesאאא٢ J٣אאאאאאאK

אאאsecondary spermatocytesאאאאאאאאאK

אאspermatidesאאאאimmature spermatozoaאאאא٢٠אא

אאF٤٩KE אאאאאאא

אאאאא٨ J١٠١٦א J٢٤K

אאאאאאאאK

אאW

אאאFEF٤٩Eאאאgerminal epitheliumאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאWאאאאspermatogonia،אאא

אprimary spermatocytes،אאאאsecondary spermatocytes،אאFאאאEspermatidsאאאאאK spermatozoa

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٠٥ -

F٤٩EK

٢ JאאאJuxtra-testicular duct systemW אאאאאאא

אא،אאאFאאEאאאא

mesonephrosאאnetwork of seminiferous tubulesאאאאKא

אאאextensive ductuli efferentsאאאאאstrstified layer of cellsKאא

אאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٠٦ -

אאאאאאshort ductus epididymisF٥٠E

F٥٠EאאאK

٣ JאאDuctus deferensW אאא

אאאKאא

אerectile papillaFאאאejaculatory ductEאאאאאאurodaeumא

אאF٤٨EK אאאאאאאאאא

K

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٠٧ -

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאK


٤ JאW

אאאאאאא

אאאאF٤٨Eerectile phallusאאאאא

אאאאאKאerectionאאאK

אאאאprostate glandCowper’sאאseminal vesicleKאא

אאאאK

אאW אאאאfollicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

אאאspermatogenesis activityאאאLuteinizing hormone (LH)אאsteroidogenic

activityאאK אאאאאK אאאאאאא

אLHאאא،LHאאאאW

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٠٨ -

אאאאאא

spermatogoniaאאא אdiploidאא

אאאאאאאK

אאאאאhaploidF٥١Esertolicאא،

אאאאאאאאnurse cellsK

F٥١EאאאF2nEdiploid אFnEhaploidK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٠٩ -

אאאאאאאאFSHאא

LHאK FSHאאאא


אאאאאאstem cellsKאאאאאאא

אאאאK אאאאא

אKאאאFEאאאKאאאאאF٤٩KE

אאאאאאאא١٢ J١٣אאאאאא

אאא٣ J٤K אאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאא٦٠ J١٠٠אא

١٠٠Kאאאאא٦ J٨אאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאא

אאאאK אאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאא

אאF١١KE

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢١٠ -

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKא

אabdominal massageא٨٧٪אאאאאא٥אאLK


אאאאאאאאאאאאF١٢EK


אאאאאא٥אLK אאאאאאא

אאאאאcapacitationF١٣KE

F١١Eאאאאאאא

G١٠٠C٦١٠אLFKE

א

א אC٩١٠ א

G

אא א א

٣٥}٠ ١}٠–٩}٠٧}٥ ٣–٨ ٢٠ א ١٥}٠ ١٥}٠–٣}٠٥ ٥–٥}٧٥}٧

א ٢}٠ ٠٨}٠–٥}٠٥ ٥}٣–٦١٠ ١٥}٠ ٠٨}٠–٣}٠٩ ٨–١٤٥}١٣

٢}٠ ١}٠–٣٣}٠٥}٩ ٩–١٣١٩ ٢٣}٠ ١}٠–١ ٤ ٢–٦ ٢}٩

١}١ ١–٥}١ ٨}١ J J٢٠٠

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢١١ -

F١٢EאאאFאEאאאא

א

אLא

FE אאא

FC٩١٠E אאא

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١ ٧٥}٠ ٤٠}٢ ٧٠}١ ٢ ٨٧}٠ ٩٠}٣ ٣٠}٣ ٣ ٢٠}١ ٩٠}٣ ٧٠}٤ ٨ ٩٨}٠ ٥٠}٤ ٣٠}٥

F١٣Eאאאאאאאאא،א،א

א אאאא

א א אא א H HH HHHH

אא: • L ٣L٦٩ ٥L٣٩ ٥٧L٧٧

• ٪ ٤ ١٣ ٧٤ • אאאא

אא ٣L١٩ ١٦L٣٦ ٢٥٠L٢٥١

H אאאאK

HH ٥٠K٪

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢١٢ -

HHHH אאאK

אאא Sperms transportation and storageW אאאאmature spermatozoaאאאא

rete tubulesאאאאאאvasa efferentiaאepididymisאאductus deferensא

אאKאאאאאK


אK אאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאFאEאאאאK

אאאאאFEאא٢٤אאא٢٧Kאאא

אאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאurodeumK

אאאאאאאurodeumאאאproctodeumKאאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאאא

Kאאאאא אאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאphallic foldsאאא

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢١٣ -

אKאאאאאאאאאK אאאאW אאאאאKאאא

אacrosome،אhead،אאmidpiece،אtailKאאאא١٠٠א٥}٠١٠

F٥٢KE

אאאאאW אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אאאאאK

אאאאאW אאאאאאאא

אאאseminal vesiclesאprostate

glandאאepididymisאKאאאאfructoseאאcitrateK

אאאאpHאא٧–٦}٧K

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢١٤ -

F٥٢EאאאK

אאאאאאW אאאאאאא

אאאאאאF١٤Eא،١١}٠אFאאאE١Fאא

אEאאאאאאא٥}٣אאאא٥}٠–١א٧}١–٥}٣

אאאאאאאאאא٧–٢}٨F١٤KE

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢١٥ -

F١٤EאאאאאאאאK

א אFE אאL٣

א ٤}٠–٦}١ ٢}٣ א ١}٠–٧}٠ ٦}٢ א ١}٠–٢}٠ ٢}١

א ٢}٠–٣٥}٠ ٧

אאאMale sex hormoneW

Jאאtesticular steroidsW אאאאא

אאאאK א testosteroneאאאאאא

אאאאא–א–אKKKKKKKאF١٥KEאprogesterone

אא J١٧ Jestradiol-17-βאאK אאאאאאאאאK

JאאאאW

אאאFSHאאאאאאאאאא

FSHאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢١٦ -

F١٥Eאאאאא

א אFאLEא

א ٤}٣–٤}٥ ٣}٧–٣}٩

٣}١١–٧

٢٥א J٣٤ ٣٧א J٤٤

אא

אא ٥}٠ ٢}٠

٧}٠–٣}٠

אאphotosensitive אאphotorefractory

אא

א ٠١}٠ ٧١}٠ ٩٣}٢

אאF JE אFE

אnest buildingFE

א ٠٩}٠

١٥}٢–٤}٥ ٨٠}٠

אאphotosensitiveF JE אbreedingFE

אmmuoltFE

JאאאWHen reproductive system

אאאאאleft ovaryאאאאאleft oviduct or genital tractKאאאאאא


אrudimentarycysticאאאאאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢١٧ -

אאאW אOvaryW

אאFאאאEאאcephalic endאאadrenalsאאאא

אKאאאאmesovarian ligamentא

אאovarian stalkF٥٣KE אאאאאאcortexאאאovarian folliclesאאova

אאאאmedullaK אאאאאא٢٠٠٠א١٢٠٠٠א

F٥٣KEאאאא٢٠٠ J٣٠٠אאא،אא

אאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢١٨ -

F٥٣EאאאאאK אאW

א אאouter cortex

א،א،אאא،אאאאא،

אmedullaKאאprimary

Oocytesאאאsecondary OocytesK

אאאאאאא٤٠אאאאא

אא،אאovarian folliclesאstalks or pediclesKאאא

٢ J١٠אא١ J٢אאאאאKאאאא

אאאאatretic folliclesאאאpost ovulatory folliclesאאF٥٣KE

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢١٩ -

אאאW אאאW

F EאאאOvarian follicleGrowingW אאאאאאK

אאאאא٤٠א

preovulationKאאאאאא.

אאאאאאאאא

אK FEאא

אאאאאאא٥٠٠.

אאאאאאא. FEאFאאWE


אאא٤א J٦אאK

אOvarian endocrine tissueW

אאאאW ١ J אAndrogensאאאK ٢ J אEstrogensאאK ٣ J אProgestronאא

אאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٢٠ -

אOviductW ،אאאא


אאאאF٥٤EאאWאinfundibulum (funnel)אMagnumאIsthmusאאUterus (shell gland)

אאVaginaK אא

F٥٤&٥٦EW

FEאInfundibulumW אאאאאאא٩،

אfunnelאneckKאאאאאאאא

אא،אinfundibular

neckאאאchalaziferous regionאאאאאK

אאאאאovulationאKאאאאא

אK אאאאא

Interlaying٢٤Kאאאאאאאאא


אאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٢١ -

F٥٤Eאאא

FEאThe magnumW אאאאאא

٦}٣٣–٤٢אאאאא،אאKאאאאא

אK אאאאtubular glandsא

אunicellular glandsK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٢٢ -

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאK

FEאIsthmusW

אאאאא٢Kאאאא٨אא

אKאאאאאאאאאאאperistaltic movementא

אzigzag movementאאאאאKאאאאאK

אאאאאאinner shell membraneאאouter shell membraneK

FEאFאEUterus (shell gland)W

אuterusאshell glandא١٠אאא

אKאאאאאאאאאwatery uterine fluidאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאא

אאאאאK אאא٢٠אK אאאאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאא

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٢٣ -

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאFאE

אאאאאshell matrixאאאאאאK

FEאVaginaW

אא٦ J٨Kאאsphincterאאא

cloacaKאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאKאאאאאאK

אאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאthe sperm-host glands of utero-vaginal

regionאאאאsperm-nestsאאאאKאאאא

٢ J٣אאא Jאאא،אאאא٢١אאא

אK

אאאאW ١K אא١٨א١٥–٣٠K ٢K אא٥٤א٢–٣K ٣K אא٧٤Kאאא٤،٢٦

אאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٢٤ -

٤K אאאW٢٠٤٦אK אאא٢٥–٢٨אא

אאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٢٥ -

אאא

אאאW אאאאאאאK

אאאW אאאאאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٢٦ -

אאאW אאאK

אאאאW אאאאאK

١ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٢ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٣ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٤ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ٥ JKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

אאאW W

אKKKKKKKKKKKKאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKא

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٢٧ -

אאאFאאEאא

אאאאאאאא،אFEאא،אאא

אאK

אאאW

אFאאE

אאFאאE

١ אאאK

٢ אאאאK

٣ אאאאאK

٤ אאאאאK

٥ אאאא

٦

٧

٨

٩

١٠



אאאLKEFאEF

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٢٨ -

אאאFאאKEאא


א א

١ אאאK

٢ אאאאK

٣ אאאאאK

٤ אאאK

٥ אאאא

٦ א

٧ אאא

٨

٩

١٠

א


W




١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא אא

- ٢٢٩ -

א










KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

١٦١ א אא FE

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- ٢٣٠ -

א









KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

אא

אאאאFFEE

א

١٠

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא א

- ٢٣١ -

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אאאאאאאאאאאFאE

אאאאאאאאאאאאKאFאאא Jא––א

–אאEאאFא–א–א–אאEאאK

אאW

אאאאאאאא

אאאא.

אאW

אאאW ١–אאK ٢–אאK ٣–אאK ٤–אאאאאK ٥–אאאאאK

אאW אאא٩٥٪K

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא א

- ٢٣٢ -

אאW

K

אאW

١–אK ٢–אאK ٣–אאK ٤–אK

אאW

אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאא٠א

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא א

- ٢٣٣ -

אEgg Formation

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא–א–אאאK

אאאאאK

אאאאWF٥٥EאאאאW

J F٥٥EאאאK

١– ٢א–אא٣א–אא٤א–אא

א٥א–א٦א–א٧–٨א–א٩א Jאאא١٠–אא١١–אאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא א

- ٢٣٤ -

אאאאאW ١– אFא–אEWאאא

א–א–א–א–אאK ٢– אFאWEאא–אאאא–א

אא–אאאK ٣– אW–א–אאא–א

אK ٤ J אאאWאאאאאאאא

אK ٥– אWאאK

WאW

אFאEאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאK

אאאאאאאאא

אK

אאאאאאאW

א–אK

٢–אאK ٣–אאK

אאאאK


١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא א

- ٢٣٥ -

אאאאאאKאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאF٥٤KE


אאאאstalkאאאאovarian follicle K

Wא

אאאFאEאאFאEאאאEאFאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאLH & FSH K


אF٥٦EאFאEאאW –אאא W Chalaziferous layer

אאF٥٤Eאאאאאאאאאא


–אאאW

אאאאאאאאא

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא א

- ٢٣٦ -

אאאאאאאאאK


אאאK

–אאאאW


–אאאW

אאאאאאאאא٤٠–٥٠٪אאא٥٠–٦٠٪א

אאאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא א

- ٢٣٧ -

F٥٦Eאאאא

אאא

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אאאאאא–אאאא

אאאאF٥٧E Jאאאאאאאא

אאאאאK

F٥٧Eאאא

אא

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא א

- ٢٣٨ -

אWא אאא٢٠א٨٠٪אא

אאאאאאאא٩٤٪אא


אאאKאאאאאאא

אאF٥٨EK

F٥٨EאK

אW

אאאאאאאאא

אFאאEאאאK

אאאא٢L٣אK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא א

- ٢٣٩ -

אאאאאאאא

אאאFא٩٤٪ J١٪ J١٪ JאEK

F٥٩EאאאאאאאאאFאEאאK

F٥٩Eאא

אאאאא אFאEאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא א

- ٢٤٠ -

אאאאאCO3א

אאאאאאאא.אאאאא.

Carbonic anhydrase ( CA )אאאאאאאאאאא


אאאא .אאאאאאא

אאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא א

- ٢٤١ -

אאאאאW ١ J אאאאא

אאאאK

٢ J אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאK

٣ J אאאאאBuffering Capacityאאאא

Hאאאאאאא

אK ٤ J אאאאא

אאאאאאK


אאא٧٠٪אאאאא٣٠א٪אאאאא

אK

WאW אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאK

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא א

- ٢٤٢ -

WאאאW אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא


אאאאאא.

אאאאא.אאא


אאאאאא

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא א

- ٢٤٣ -

אאא

אאאW אאאאאK

אאאW אאאאK

J – –

١٦١ א אא FE

אא אא א

- ٢٤٤ -

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146 אאK ٣٧

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196 אאאK ٥٢

200 אאאאאK ٥٣

202 אאאK ٥٤

213 אאאK ٥٥

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217 אאאא

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219 אאא

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א אא 89 א אאא 106 א אא 143 א אא 165 א אא 185 א א 211

אאא 229

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