Anatomy and Physiology Honors

Ms. Sunday

Chapter 1An Introduction to Anatomy and

Physiology

The Basics

Biology – the study of life› Living organisms have 5 basic functions:

Responsiveness Organisms respond to change in their immediate

environment Growth

Over their lifetime, organisms increase in size through cell growth

Reproduction Movement Metabolism

Organisms use chemical reactions to create energy for responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and movement

Anatomy is Structure; Physiology is Function

Anatomy› “a cutting open”› The study of internal and external

structure and the physical relationships between body parts

Physiology› The study of how living organisms perform

their vital functions

Anatomy Anatomy can be broken down into gross anatomy

and microscopic anatomy› Gross (macroscopic) anatomy

Considers features visible with the unaided eye Surface anatomy-study of general form and superficial

markings Regional anatomy-considers all superficial and internal

features in a specific region of the body Systemic anatomy-considers the structure of major organ

systems› Microscopic anatomy

Concerns structures that cannot be seen without magnification

Subdivided into specialties Cytology-analyzes the internal structure of individual cells Histology-examines tissues, groups of specialized cells, and cell

products that work together to perform specific functions

Physiology

Human physiology-Study of the function of the human body› Cell physiology-study of the functions of living

cells Both within cells and between cells

› Special physiology-study of the physiology of specific organs

› Systemic physiology-considers all aspects of the function of specific organ systems

› Pathological physiology (pathology)-study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions

Levels of Organization

To understand the human body you must understand its levels of organization› Chemical (molecular) level-a molecule’s specialized

shape determines its function› Cellular level-molecules interact to form structures that

have specific functions in a cell› Tissue level-tissue is composed of similar cells working

together to perform a specific function› Organ level-organs consist of 2+ different tissues

working together to perform specific functions› Organ system level-organs interact in organ systems› Organism level-all of the organ systems in the body

work together to maintain life and health

11 Organ Systems

Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system Lymphoid system Respiratory system Digestive system Urinary system Reproductive system

The Integumentary System

Structures: Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands

Function:› Forms external body

covering› Protects deeper tissues

from injury› Involved in vitamin D

synthesis› Prevents desiccation,

heat loss, and pathogen entry

› Site of pain and pressure receptors

The Skeletal System

Structure: 206 bones of the human body

Function:› Protects and supports

body organs› Provides a framework

that muscles can use to create movement

› Mineral storage Bone contains 99% of

the body’s store of calcium

The Muscular System

Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body

Function:› Locomotion› Manipulation of the

environment› Maintaining posture› Thermogenesis

(generation of heat)

The Nervous System

Structures: Brain, Spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Function:› Fast-acting control

system of the body› Monitoring of the internal

and external environment and responding (when necessary) by initiating muscular or glandular activity

› Information Assessment

The Endocrine System

Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands› Pituitary, Thyroid,

Thymus, Pineal, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, Heart

Functions:› Long-term control system

of the body› Regulates growth,

reproduction, and nutrient use among other things.

The Cardiovascular System

Structures: Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)

Functions:› The heart pumps blood

thru the blood vessels.› Blood provides the

transport medium for nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2), wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules (hormones), and heat.

The Lymphoid System

Structures: Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Red bone marrow

Functions:› Returning “leaked” fluid

back to the bloodstream› Disposal of debris› Attacking and resisting

foreign invaders (pathogens i.e., disease-causing organisms)

› Absorption of fat from the digestive tract

The Respiratory System

Structures: Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Functions:› Constantly supply

the blood with O2, and remove CO2

› Regulate blood pH

The Digestive System

Structures:Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Functions:› Ingestion and

subsequent breakdown of food into absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the body’s cells

The Urinary System

Structures: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Functions:› Removal of

nitrogenous wastes› Regulation of

body’s levels of water, electrolytes, and acidity

The Reproductive System Structures:

› Male: Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis

› Female: Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary glands

Functions:› Making Babies

Homeostasis

Homeo (unchanging) + stasis (standing) Refers to the existence of a stable internal

environment; living organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive

Homeostatic regulation-the adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis. Involves 3 parts:› A receptor-sensitive to a stimulus› A control center-receives and processes receptor

information› An effector-responds to the commands of the

control center and opposes/reinforces the receptor

Negative and Positive Feedback

Negative feedback opposes variations from the norm, whereas positive feedback exaggerates them

Negative feedback-regardless of whether the stimulus rises or falls at the receptor, a variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation

Positive feedback-the initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus

Anatomical Position

Anytime you describe structures relative to one another, you must assume this standard position:

Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward Thumbs point away from

body

Surface Anatomy

Anterior Position(Supine)

Posterior Position(Prone)

Cephalon or head

(Cephalic)

Directional Terms

Lateral

Distal

Planes of Section

Anatomical Locations

Abdominal: abdominal region

Acromial: the point of the shoulder

Antebrachial: forearm Antecubital: anterior

surface of the elbow Axillary: armpit Brachial: upper arm Buccal: cheek of the face Calcaneal: heel of the foot Carpal: wrist Cephalic: head

Cervical: neck Deltoid: round part of

the shoulder Digital: fingers and toes Dorsum: back Femoral: thigh Frontal: forehead Gluteal: buttocks Hallux: big toe Inguinal: groin Lumbar: lower back Mammary: breast

Anatomical Locations (cont.)

Mental: chin Nasal: Nose Occipital: base of the

skull Olecranal: elbow Oral: mouth Orbital: bony eye socket Otic: ear Palmar: palm of hand Patellar: Kneecap Pedal: Foot Pelvic: pelvis region

Perineal: area between anus and external genitals

Plantar: sole of foot Pollex: thumb Popliteal: behind the

knee Pubic: genital region Sacral: lower back

between the hips Scapular: shoulder blade Tarsal: ankle Thoracic: chest

Body Cavities Many vital internal organs

are housed in chambers called body cavities that have essential functions:› Protect the organs from shock

and cushioning them from jolting that occurs when walking, running, or jumping

› Permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs

Dorsal body cavity-protects the nervous system› Contains the brain and spinal

cord

Body Cavities (cont.) Ventral body cavity (coelom)-appears early in

development and gradually subdivides as the organs it contains grow› Diaphragm-divides ventral cavity into thoracic and

abdominopelvic cavities Thoracic-subdivided into the pericardial cavity

(containing the heart) and 2 pleural cavities (containing the lungs)

Abdominopelvic-subdivided into the abdominal cavity (containing the liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine and most of the large intestine) and the pelvic cavity (small portion of the large intestine, urinary bladder, and various reproductive organs)

› The internal organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called viscera

Serous Membranes

Serous Membranes have two layers› Parietal serosa-

lines internal body walls

› Visceral serosa-covers the internal organs

› Serous fluid separates the serosae

Quadrants

RUQ› Liver

LUQ› Spleen

RLQ› Appendix

LLQ› Sigmoid colon

Abdominopelvic Regions