+ BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.
-
Upload
helena-spencer -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
0
Transcript of + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.
![Page 1: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
+
BACTERIA
CLS 311: Basic MicrobiologyMrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy
![Page 2: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
+
Bacteria are the smallest and most versatile
independently living cells known.
![Page 3: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
+Microorganism
s
Acellular
Cellular
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Archaea
Bacteria
Viruses
Protozoae
Fungi .
![Page 4: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
+History
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723):
He is the father of microbiology.
Known for his invention of the single-lens microscope.
Bacteria were first observed by him in 1676.
![Page 5: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
HistoryLouis Pasteur (1822-1895).
discoveries helped to formulate “germ theory of disease” .
Invention of pasteurization.
![Page 6: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
+History
Robert Koch (1843-1910):
German physician.
He confirmed the germ theory of disease.
He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis, the Tuberculosis bacillus and Vibrio cholerae and for his development of Koch's postulates.
He won a Nobel Prize on 1905.
Monument to Robert Koch in Berlin
![Page 7: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Prokaryotes
There are two major types of prokaryotes:
1. Bacteria.
2. Archaea (also called archaebacteria)
are often found in extreme environments (Oxygen-free environments
concentrated salt-water hot, acidic water), and while they are clearly
prokaryotic, they have evolved separately from bacteria.
Prokaryotic cells possess simpler
structures than eukaryotic cells , since
they do not have a nucleus or many
cytoplasmic organelles.
![Page 8: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
+Bacteriology
It is a branch of microbiology that is concerned with bacteria
Bacteria – single celled organism that multiply by binary fission Larger and more complex than viruses Viable under light microscope Prokaryotic, has both DNA and RNA
![Page 9: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Introduction
Bacteria (plural), Bacterium (singular).
Bacteriology The study of bacteria.
Bacteria are unicellular microscopic prokaryotes.
Bacteria are ubiquitous in every habitat on Earth,
growing in soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste,
water, and deep in the Earth's crust, as well as in organic
matter and the live bodies of plants and animals.
Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients such as the
fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere and
decomposition of dead organic materials.
![Page 10: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Morphological features of bacteria
SizeUnit of microbial measurement is the micrometer (m), formerly micron () which is equal to: 1m = 1/1000 of a millimeter (mm)
Average size of the bacteria generally varies from 0.5 – 2m in diameter and 2 – 8m in length.
![Page 11: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
+Fundamental Shapes
Bacilli (bacillus, singular) – rod shaped organisms
Cocci (coccus, singular) – spherical or round organisms
Spirilla (spirillum, singular) – spiralled or comma-shaped organisms
Bacilli
Cocci
SPIRILLUM
![Page 12: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
+Bacterial Arrangements
Two factors that affect bacterial arrangements:
Plane of division
Position taken after cell division
![Page 13: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Pairs: – diplococci (e.g. N.gonorrheae)
DIPLOCOCCI
![Page 15: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Chains – streptococci,
STREPTOCOCCI
![Page 16: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Grapelike clusters – staphylococci
STAPHYLOCOCCI
![Page 17: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Groups of four – tetrads (e.g., Peptococcus)
TETRADS
![Page 18: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Packets of eight – cuboidal (e.g., Sarcinae)
PACKETS OF EIGHT
![Page 19: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Palisades (slipping)
– organisms tend to place themselves side by side
(e.g., Corynebacterium)
PALISADES
![Page 20: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
+
CLASSIFICATION and TAXONOMY
![Page 22: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
+What is Taxonomy
Greek words “taxes” – arrangement, “nomos” – law
The science of classification.
The branch of biology concerned with the classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure, origin, etc.
![Page 23: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
+Classification of Organisms
Based on the is based on similarities and differences in genotypes and phenotypes
Microbiologist traditionally emphasize placement and naming of bacterial species into three categories Family (similar to Human clans) Genus (equivalent to human last name) Species (equivalent to human 1st name)
![Page 24: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
+
![Page 25: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
+
![Page 26: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
+Nomenclature
Nomenclature provides naming assignments for each organism.
Assignment of names for purposes of communication and identification
Use a binomial systems of nomenclature
Standard rules for bacterial names: The name of the family is CAPITALIZED
and has an aceae ending (ex:Enterobacteriaceae)
Binomial nomenclature Genus & species
Escherichia coliGenus name is always capitalized Species name is never capitalized coliBoth names are always either italicized or underlined Abbreviation: E. coli
![Page 29: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
+
The plural of genus is genera and there are many genera in the family Enterobacteriaceae
Ex: Famliy: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Escherichia Species: coli
![Page 30: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology
(ICSB) maintains international rules for the naming of bacteria
and taxonomic categories and for the ranking of them in the
International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria.
Kingdom Bacteria
Phylum Proteobacteria
Class Gamma Proteobacteria
Order Enterobacteriales
Family Enterobacteriaceae
Genus Escherichia
Species Escherichia coli
e.g. Escherichia coli
![Page 31: + BACTERIA CLS 311: Basic Microbiology Mrs. Amany Ahmed Niazy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649de45503460f94adadd8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
+Identification
Application of classification & nomenclature to assign proper name to unknown organism and
place it in its proper position within classification system.