Articulate the problems the Anti-federalists believed would arise from extending the republic over a vast territory. Articulate the difference between a pure democracy and a representative republic, and which of these James Madison considered best for the American people. Learning Objectives Which of the weaknesses of the Articles proved most significant in causing the failure of government under the Articles? What amendments might the states have added to the Articles to make this plan for government more effective? Articles of Confederation No separate executive branch to carry out the laws of Congress No national judiciary to handle offenses against the central governments laws or to settle disputes between states Congress did not have the power to levy taxes Congress could not regulate interstate and foreign commerce DEFICIENCIES The states as well as Congress had the power to coin money Congress could not support an army or navy and was dependent on state militias Nine states had to approve every law Amendment of the Articles required unanimous consent DEFICIENCIES restricted navigation rights of the Mississippi Conflict over Territory N. of Florida Conflicts with Spain Maintained Forts in NW Territory Exports to Britain had to travel to come on British Ships Conflict With Great Britain Problems with The States three general problems that contributed to the "melancholy situation" (as Alexander Hamilton called it in The Federalist No. 15 ) 1.State government often acted in ways contrary to state declarations of rights. 2.State governments violated national treaties, ignored requisitions for funds passed by Congress, and continued to exercise powers prohibited by the Articles of Confederation 3.States frequently disregarded Congressional requisitions for funds to pay for national defense. After 1783 European business partners of Massachusetts merchants refused to extend lines of credit to them and insisted that they pay for goods with hard currency. Merchants passed these demands to cash poor rural traders Daniel Shays, a former Continental army Captain leads a rebellion in MA MA government crushes rebellion with Benjamin Lincoln leading an army. Jefferson: The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure." Shays Rebellion ( ) Adopted by Congress in the United States on May 20, 1785 Immediate goal was to raise money through the sale of land Each western township contained six miles square of land, which was further subdivided into thirty six lots, each lot containing one square mile of land.into thirty six lots, each lot containing one square mile of land. Land Ordinance of 1785 Followed a New England land system was premised on community-based development, the Southern land system was premised on individual frontiersman appropriating undeveloped land to. "There shall be reserved the lot No. 16, of every township, for the maintenance of public schools within the said township. Land Ordinance of 1785 States ceded territory to what would become the Northwest Territory "The navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places between the same, shall be common highways and forever free Natural rights enshrined Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged. Protected freedom of religion, habeus corpus, right to trial by jury, no cruel and unusual punishment Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Native American relations: The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and, in their property, rights, and liberty, they shall never be invaded or disturbed Slavery There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory Why did the south Consent? Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Stipulated the creation of at least three but not more than five states out of the NW Territory Once sixty thousand people resided in a territory, they could apply for statehood. Draft a state constitution, and then submit the document to the United States Congress for approval The state constitution had to guarantee basic rights to its people, including religious freedom, trial by jury, the right to bail Northwest Territory Road to the Constitution Shays Rebellion Conflicts with Europe (Spain and Great Britain) Conflict with the States Convention May Convention of 1787 Philadelphia called Convention The Debate focused on three issues unicameral versus a bicameral Congress mode of election (state legislators or the people) equal versus proportional representation in Congress, otherwise known as the "rule of suffrage" in the legislature Convention The Connecticut or Great Compromise A senate provides equal representation to the states and is elected by legislators A lower house has representation by population and is elected by the people Second compromise is the 3/5 compromise Slaves will count for 3/5 of a person for the purposes of representation Debate over Presidency Virginia Plan recommended the creation of a "national executive" to be chosen by Congress for a single limited term. Hamilton proposed the creation of a "supreme executive," consisting of one person, to hold office indefinitely, assuming that he practiced "good behaviour." the final draft established an executive power: vested in one president, Four Year Term, eligible for re-election could be removed from office if impeached Federalists versus Anti- Federalists Federalists: 6 students divided into three groups Federalists: 6 students divided into three groups Anti Federalist: 6 students divided into three groups Anti Federalist: 6 students divided into three groups Federalists Vs. Anti Federalists What are the underlying ideas of the anti- Federalists? Were they right? Is our government flawed and ungovernable? What are central ideas of the Federalists? Were they right? Does our Federal system work? September 1787 Constitution approved at the Convention (No RI) December Delaware ratifies the constitution Voters in Rhode Island vote down the Constitution (2372,945) End of 1789 Bill of Rights is sent to the states RI ratifies the constitution George Washington In office April 30, 1789 March 4, 1797 Creates Judiciary, DC and Cabinet Hamiltons Bank Plan (7 min.) re/scenes_02_qt_hi.htmlre/scenes_02_qt_hi.html Whiskey Rebellion In 1791, the federal government instituted an excise tax on a distilled spirits Believed by Hamilton to be a luxury tax It became known as the whiskey tax, the most popular spirit Farmers on the frontier arguing the tax unfairly targeted westerners Small scale resistance began immediately Tarring and feathering of tax collectors Whiskey Rebellion In 1794 a full scale insurrection arose in western PA Washington ordered an army raised and promptly crushed the rebellion with 13,000 men How does this differ from Shays Rebellion? Zinn A Bank of the United States was set up as a partnership between the government and certain banking interests. A tariff was passed to help the manufacturers. It was agreed to pay bondholders- most of the war bonds were now concentrated in a small group of wealthy people-the full value of their bonds. Tax laws were passed to raise money for this bond redemption. Zinn One of these tax laws was the Whiskey tax, which especially hurt small farmers who raised grain that they converted into whiskey and then sold. In 1794 the farmers of western Pennsylvania took up arms and rebelled against the collection of this tax. Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton led the troops to put them down. We see then, in the first years of the Constitution, that some of its provisions-even those paraded most flamboyantly (like the First Amendment)-might be treated lightly. Others (like the power to tax) would be powerfully enforced. Zinn. A Peoples History of the United States. A Kind of Revolution Spanish Tensions The Spanish acquired Florida and the southern coast along the Gulf of Mexico in the Peace Treaty of 1794 Spanish closed New Orleans to American goods coming down the Mississippi River Pickneys Treaty, 1795 Free Navigation of Mississippi Settled land disputes Demonstrate USA as a international player Jays Treaty Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, Between His Britannic Majesty and The United States of America But I Like Jays Treaty Issues with Britain The British were occupying forts on U.S. territory in the Great Lakes region, The British were continuing to impress American sailors into British service. American merchants wanted compensation for 250 merchant ships which the British had confiscated in 1793 and Southern politicians wanted monetary compensation for slaves who were evacuated by the British Army following the Revolutionary War. Issues with Britain Merchants in both America and in the Caribbean wanted the British West Indies to be reopened to American trade. The boundary with Canada was vague in many places, and needed to be more clearly delineated. The British were believed to be aggravating American Indian attacks on settlers in the Northwest (modern-day Kentucky and Ohio). Jay's Treaty Terms No more impressment British vacated border forts Granted Britain a most favored nation status US guaranteed the payment of private prewar debts owed by Americans to British merchants that could not be collected in U.S. courts 600,000 in 1802 Establish the boundary line in the Northeast No compensation for slaves French Revolution French Revolution Starts in 1789, Conflict with Britain starts in 1793 Federalists (Hamilton and company) wanted the US to Favor Britain. Jeffersonian Republicans favored France wanted the U.S. to honor the 1778 Treaty of Alliance Haitian Revolution (17911804) Most successful slave revolt in history Partly inspired by the American and French Revolutions The Washington, Adams and Jefferson administrations supported the white government US does not recognize government until 1862 Washingtons Policy Washington wanted to avoid Foreign entanglement Proclamation of Neutrality May 1793, declaring the nation neutral in conflict between France and Great Britain The Neutrality Act of 1794 made it illegal for an American to wage war against any country at peace with the United States Washingtons Farewell Address (1796) Decided not to run for a third term Warned against political parties Advised Americans to avoid foreign entanglements and long term alliances