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Transcript of Δρ. Ελένη Λύτρα Arthur Chapman - ahdr.infoahdr.info/ckfinder/userfiles/files/LOW_MIXED...

  • :. .

    :Arthur Chapman

    : .

    : :

    : [email protected] : http://www.ahdr.info

    Copyright: UNDP-ACT, 2011All rights reserved.

    fi: GRA.DES www.gra-des.comCover Photographs: Georgios Philippou: KAILAS Printers & Lithographers Ltd., ,

    , , (UNDP-ACT) .

    , , , , , , . , , . : , , .

    T: : , ( ) ISBN: 978-9963-703-23-4

    : / , (UNDP) (USAID) ().

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    . (AHDR - MIDE) 2009 2011. , . , - . , - . , , .

    . . . , . - , . , , , , , . , 2003, .

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    (UNDP-ACT) . (AHDR) (MIDE) , .

    , , . Stephania Costache .

    .

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    , - . , , . . , , . , , ., , .

    , , . , , , , . , , , , . , . , , . , .

    , , , , , , , . , , .

    , .

  • 8_ : ,

    37 . . , . . , .

    , . , , , . , 37 , . , . . . . , . .

    1955 1974.1 . , , , - .

    1. fi fi .

  • : , _9

    :

    : , , , , , , , , , .

    1571 . . (Hackett, 1901 Anastasiades, 1979, .15, . ,2002, Taeuber, 1955). . , , . , , Hackett , [] ... ( ) (Hackett, 1901, Anastasiades, 1979, . 15 . , 2002, . 211).

    . , (Pollis, 1973). , (Taeuber, 1955). . (, 2002, Pollis, 1973).

    Pollis (1973), . 1821 o . , , (. Pollis, 1973, . 588). , , , o (, 2005). , (Pollis, 1973).

    , 20 . , 20 (Pollis,.586). , ( ) ( ) ( . Pollis, .585 Panayiotou,2009, ).

    1878 , .

  • 10_ : ,

    . , 1878 (Katsiaounis, 1996). , , , , , . , , , . , (., 1992, Kliot & Mansfield, 1997). , , . , 1925 . , . 1946, 80% 18% ( , 1946).

    : . , . , , . , , (Michell, 1908). , (Kitromilides, 1977). , 19 20, , , , . .

    , , , , , . 1881 1921 -, 1931 -, 1946 . , : 1891 346 802 , 1960 114 623 (Patrick, 1976).2 , .

    , - , 1940. , - . , 1950, - ,

    2. Taeuber (1955, .13) fi , 1946.

  • : , _11

    3. , (), , . , EOKA, , .

    , . , , ( ) 1940. , , 4, () . , , , , . , (. An, 2004, .136) - , - . 1955 , , . (. , 2004, .31,An, 2004, .92-93).

    , , . Packard (2008), TMT - , - . , , (Attalides, 1979). 1958 . (Packard, 2008, .16), . , (. Kliot & Mansfield, 1997, .499). , , (), , 1944. , , (Kappler & ,2010, 1999, An, 2004, , 2004).5

    1959 . , ,

    3. , 1955 fi 1959, fi .

    4. Trk Mukavemet Tekilat (Turkish Resistance Organisation)5. An (2004, .128-129) fi fi 1955.

  • 12_ : ,

    (Kiziliurek, 1999, .60). , .

    16 1960 , . , . . , . 1964 1971 (. Patrick, 1976, .28). (, 2002).

    1962, - . ( ) (Packard, 2008, .17). (. , 2004, .52, 44).

    1963, 13 , . 1963 1964. , . , (Patrick, 1976). . , , , . , , . (Patrick, 1976, .360-1). , 1964 .

    1960 114 . 1963-64 . (Patrick, 1976). , (CYTA) (. Packard , .75-76; Patrick, .111). Packard (2008, .52-3) 1964 , , , . ,

  • : , _13

    . . , .

    Packard:

    ( )... (.131).

    , , T. (. Packard, 2008, .135).

    . : , , , . , (Packard, 2008, .135), .

    , , , (Patrick, 1976). , , , . , T (Packard,2008). , (see Packard, 2008).

    . , , (Packard, 2008). , , , (Patrick, 1976).

    , , . , (Packard, 2008, .90). , , , , (, 1989 , 2011, . Patrick, 1976, .133, , 2004, . 44, An, 2004, . 136).

  • 14_ : ,

    , (Patrick, 1976, .112), . , 1964, , , (Patrick,1976, .345).

    , , , , , . , , , (. Packard, 2008; Kliot & Mansfield, 1997; , 2004).

    1963 1964 72 24 12 (Patrick, 1976,.340). Patrick (1976) Packard (2008), . , , , , , (Patrick, 1976). , , (. Packard, 2008, .68, .73).

    , 42 . , 3-4% , . 115 (Kliot & Mansfield, 1997). , (Kliot & Mansfield, 1997). 6 . Patrick (1976), : , .

    , , (Packard, 2008, Canefe, 2002). , .

    6. 1964 2500 , fi fi . , fi . , fifi (. , 2011, .11).

  • : , _15

    , , (Packard, 2008).

    , .7 , .8 . , Packard (2008, .124) , , (.. , , , ), . .

    , 1963-64, 20,000-25,000 ( ) 200-300 6 (Patrick, 1976). 1964, , , . Packard (2008), 1963 1964 135 45. , 350 200 (Patrick, 1976).

    9 55 125 (Patrick, 1976). , . , . , . , , , , , , (Patrick, 1976). ( Patrick, 1976, .21). , , , , , (Kliot & Mansfield, 1997, . Attalides, 1977 Canefe, 2002, .13). , , , , , , . , , , . 1967

    7. fi fi Packard (2008, . 50).

    8. Packard (2008) fi (.101)

    9. fi 1964 fi .

  • 16_ : ,

    , -, . 21 . , .

    1967-1974, . - . , , , (Patrick, 1976). , . , . 1968 , , , . 1971 , , . , , 1970 1972, (, 2008). , - , .

    , 1970 346 1891 48(. 1 ). 1960 1970. , 1891 and 1931, (. Asmussen, 1996) . 30 , 1931 1960, , , 1950 . 1970 , 10% . , Patrick (1976) 1970 , , . , (Patrick, 1976, .8).

    1971, 2 000 19 5 , 57 (Patrick, 1976).

    1974, , , , . . , ( 180 000 ) . , . 30 000 ,

  • : , _17

    1. 1891 1970 ( Patrick, 1976)

    T % % % T

    1891 346 342 114 802 43 43 14

    1931 252 358 84 694 36 52 12

    1960 114 392 117 623 18 63 19

    1970 48 444 11 503 10 88 2

    ., ., .

    , 1965, . 1975, 37% , . 162 . 1 000 . , 1 500 27010 (Attalides, 1979).

    1974 . . . , , , . , , . , .

    , . 37 . 48 1970, . , , , .

    1983 , (), .

    10. fi , www.cmo-cyprus.org/ (fi 15/5/2011)

  • 18_ : ,

    23 2003 , , 1974.11 29 , , , . , 2004, ( ) 76% 65% .12 .

    11. O , fi fi , fi fi.

    12. . , (2007), Bahceli (2004) Coufoudakis (2004).

  • : , _19

    . , : . , . . (Psaltis & Duveen, 2006). , , (Papadakis, 2008, Psaltis, ). , , . , , . , , . -/- , , , , .

    , , , , , . , , (.. Tajfel & Turner, 1979, 1986).

    , , . , ., , . , (Sherif, 1966). , ) ( , -). Stephan Stephan(1996), , . -.

    , -. , . , , . , ,

  • 20_ : ,

    . , . (..Blanz, Mummenday & Otten, 1995, Sachdev & Bourhis, 1987). , ( Taeuber, 1955), , . , , .

    , . ., . 1963-1964 , , (Patrick, 1976, ackard, 2008). , , . . , , . .

    Muzafer Sherif (1966) . Sherif , , - .

    , Sherif 22-24 12 2 . , , . , . . . , , , . , . , . , , . , . . , , . , , . . Sherif (1966) , (.. Brown, Condor, Matthews, Wade & Williams, 1986, Struch &

  • : , _21

    Schwartz, 1989). (.. Gonzalez &Brown, 2006, Otten, Mummenday & Blanz, 1996).

    . .

  • 22_ : ,

    :

    . Sherif (1966) , . , ( Brown, 1988).

    ( Pettigrew & Tropp, 2000). (Allport, 1954) , , , . , - (Pettigrew, 1998), - -. - 500 ( Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006) , , Allport (1954) .

    , . , - (Gaertner et al., 1999).

    - , . - . , . - , -. , , -. , , - - (Gaertner et al., 1999). , : (Gaertner et al., 1999).

    - (Nier & Gaertner, 2001). . - , .

  • : , _23

    -, . -, -, (Gomez, Dovidio, Huici, Gaertner, Cuadrado, 2008). - , - (Gomez et al., 2008). , - , -, , -, - (Gomez et al., 2008).

    , ( Pettigrew and Tropp, 2000). , , - . , , .

  • 24_ : ,

    - , . .

    (, ), .

    , , , . , , (Psaltis, ). , , . , , , , (Hadjipavlou-Trigeorgis, 1993).

    Djordje Stefanovic . , . - - . , Stefanovic , , . , , -, (Stefanovic, 2007).

    180,000 . , (Wagner, Christ, Pettigrew, Stellmacher, Wolf, 2006). . , . , (.. Wagner & van Dick, 2001, Wagneret al., 2006, .381) , . . ,

  • : , _25

    -, , . , . , ( 180,000 ) , . - . , , . , .

    , . , . , , , . , , , . , , (Karatsioli, 2010).

    - . 1950 1970. , . .

    , . , , , . , . . , , . , : , , .13

    13. fi fi fi (2010), . 62- 68.

  • 26_ : ,

    , . . , 1958, , 1963 . , , - . . , , . , . , , 1990 , , . , , . , , (Karatsioli, 2010). , , .

    .

  • : , _27

    . . , . , , . , , , . , , .

    , 1945, .

    , , ( ) 4 ( ), : 2 8 . , (Asmussen,1996). Asmussen (1996), - , .

    1945 , , 1960 , 1 4 , . (Patrick, 1976). , , (Markides, 2001). , 1963-64 .

    , 1963-64, . , de jure . , : . , , , , (Patrick, 1976, . 82).

    ,

  • 28_ : ,

    . , , - . . , , (Patrick, 1976). . , , , , .

    , , , (Patrick,1976, . 465). Patrick, , . , . , .

  • : , _29

    , . 1883 (Asmussen, 1996). 1909, 1914 . , 1925 1938. , . 2 .

    2. 1924 1935 ( , 1965,.59)

    1924 28

    1925 29

    1930 326

    1935 339

    : , .. , , . , , . , . (, , , , ), .

    , , 1930, 150 , . , 1936 1938 , . , , , , . , , . , 1931-1933, , , , , . , . , 3.

  • 30_ : ,

    1959 . , . . . , 1958 ( Asmussen, 1996), 1958 80, . .

    To 1959, 1958, . , , . ( 4) , , 1959.

    4. ( , 1965, .223)

    - -

    469 115 13

    17 10

    , 1958 (n=80). , 1958 , .

    3. ( , 1965, .101).

    1945 1952 1962

    18 152 308

    3600 27820 58600

  • : , _31

    . . , . , , , , .

    , . , ( Beckingham, 1957). , 1950, , , , , . , 1950, , .

    Beckingham (1957) , , , . , (Kirklar Tekke, ) . , , . , Beckingham, (Beckingham,. 173). , . , . , , . . , 19 , ( Pollis,1973). , 1960, (, 2009, . 4, , 2002, . 202). , , (, 2009).

    , , . , ,

  • 32_ : ,

    (, 2009). , , . , , .

  • : , _33

    Asmussen (1996), , , . - .

    , . , . , (, 2001). , , 1881 (, 2001, . 210).

    , Loizos 1950 (Loizos, 1967 Asmussen, 1996). , Asmussen , ( Asmussen, 1996. .104). , ,, , . (2009) , , (2010). , Packard (2008, .139) , , . , Packard , , , (Packard, 2008; 2009). , (, 1938, Pollis 1973), Pollis (1973) . , 18 . (Pococke, 1743, Beckingham, 1957, .173).

    , , . Beckingham 1957 , (.173). , , ( Uludag, 2005).

  • 34_ : ,

    Beckingham 1957, (.166). , 1957 , ( , 2002, .202), (.. Ipsillat) (.. Bogaz ). , . , 14. 1958 , , (Kappler & Petrou, 2010).

    , . , 1974 . (Baysal, 2010)., 1958 1974 . ( , ), ( ) 1990 .

    14. fi Beckingham (1957), .166

  • : , _35

    . , , , , , , 15. , ( Beyli, 2010).

    , , . , . Zehra Beyli (2010) , , . , , .

    , , . Beyli (2010) : , Beyli .

    Cakal , 2 1,, , (Cakal, 2007). . , Cakal - (Cakal, 2007).

    Hewstone (Psaltis & Hewstone, 2008) : . Hewstone , , , , , . - . , (Harwood, Raman & Hewstone 2006) , . , , , . , ,

    15. , fi 60.

  • 36_ : ,

    , , , , , . , , , , .

  • : , _37

    , , , . , . , , , . , , , , Beckingham (1957), .

    19 , , , ( ,1937 Pollis, 1973, .587). 19 , , , . , , , , .

    . . , , (Kappler & Petrou, 2010). 1878. , (Kappler & Petrou, 2010). , , , , . , , .

    , . , . 1960 38% , 1% .

    , , . , , (Beckingham, 1957, . 170). Kappler Petrou (2010, .6), , (5.4% 1891 1.3% 1946). , 1946, 0.32% (Patrick, 1976, .13)16.

    16. fi fi fi , , fi .

  • 38_ : ,

    1958 ! (Vatanda Trke konu!), . (Kappler & Petrou, 2010, .7). 1964 (Patrick, 1976, .13), .

    , . , .

  • : , _39

    , . , , , . , . , , .

    , 1571 1754, , . (, 1992; Patrick, 1976). 1878 76 64 . , . (Weir,1952, .23). Canon Newham 1902, :

    , . ...( Weir,.72).

    , , , . 5 .

    5. ( Newham, 1902, Anastasiades, 1979, .25).

    5 - 15

    1881

    1891

    1901

    45952

    50500

    54776

    14

    28

    37

    16

    28

    39

    15

    28

    38

  • 40_ : ,

    , . , (Newham, 1902, Weir, 1952, .25). , ( 1933; Anastasiades,1975, .70). , (Pollis,1973, Taeuber, 1955). , , , . 2 (Anastasiades, 1975, . 23-27).

    , . , ( ,2000). , , , . (Weir, 1952, .121). (Weir, 1952). , , (Weir,1952, .115). , 1892 , 1898, ( Anastasiades, 1975, .34).

    , 17 . . , , , , Ilmi-jal, , , , (Newham, 1902, Anastasiades, 1975, .31; Weir, 1952, .72). Talbot Cape 1913:

    , Ilmi-jal. , , , (cited in Weir, 1952, .35).

    , (Luke & Jardine, 1920, Weir, .73). , . , 1904 13

    17. fi fi fi , fi , , .

  • : , _41

    , , (Anastasiades, .40). , , ( 1934-35, Weir, .35).

    , - , , .

    , , . , . (2009), , 20 , , , , ( Pollis, 1973).

    . , , . , , , .(Anastasiades, 1975; 1979). , , -.

    , ( , 2002). . . (1992), . , , .

    1923 1959 , (Persianis, 1978). , : (1) (2) (3) (4) (Weir,1952). , , , . . , , , , 19 20, 1920 1930[ ].

  • 42_ : ,

    1929, , :

    1929, , ,, ( 1934-35 Weir, . 28).

    . (Anastasiades 1975, .50), , , , . , .

    . ( ):

    ... ... . ... , . (Weir, 1952, .99-104).

    , . , . , Weir:

    (Talbot & Cape, 1913, Weir, .28).

    , (Anastasiades, 1975; 1979, Weir, 1952).

    , 1933, . 1934-35 ( Weir, 1952) :

    () , , () , , , , , ... (.36).

    , 1937 . , , , Palmer 1936

  • : , _43

    (An, 2005). 1930, , , . 1940, 1950, , 1946 .

    1960, , . , , (Pollis, 1973; Anastasiades, 1979). , . , (1992) ( ), . 1963, , . . , 1965, .

  • 44_ : ,

    1974, , ( Patrick, 1976). , . , 1974 , . , 1974 , , . , .

    (Bryant, 2008). , , status quo .

    Rebecca Bryant , , .

    , , (Bryant, 2008). . Bryant . . , , , , 1974, . , Bryant , , . . , , (Bryant, 2008).

    , , . Bryant, , . ,

  • : , _45

    1950 1974. , , . , , , (Papadakis, 1998). , , : (Papadakis, 1998, .156-158).

    Bryant . , , , , . , (Uludag, 2005). , , 1974, (Loizos, 2008). . Loizos 1974, , 1974. , Loizos, (Loizos, 2008, .25). , . , , , . , , , , .

    , (Canefe, 2002). . , 1950 1960 , 1974 . . 1950, , , , - (Canefe, 2002).

    , , . Roger Zetter, , , , (Zetter, 1998). H ,

  • 46_ : ,

    , . , - ., (Zetter, 1998). , , 1974.

  • : , _47

    :

    , () ; 1974 .

    Peter Loizos . 19 , . 1950 , (Loizos, 1981). , 1974 (Loizos, 1981). . , , (Loizos, 1981).

    , . , . 1974, , . , , (Loizos, 1981, .144). 1974, (Loizos, 1981, .46). , Loizos (Loizos, 1981, .42).

    , Peter Loizos 1974 , . , (Loizos, 2008, .37). Paul Sant Cassia (Sant Cassia, 2005, Loizos, 2008).

    , , . , . , , (Loizos, 2008). (Loizos, 2008, .73).

  • 48_ : ,

    Loizos , Eral Akarturk (2008) Loizos . Akarturk . , Akarturk . , , . , .

    , , , . 1960. . , . , , . , .

    , . , , . , .

    , (Cabrera, 2009). . 1974, , . , . 1955-1959, , . (Cabrera, .8). 1974 , . , 1974 (, , ) . . 1974. 1974 2003 , , . , , (Cabrera, 2009).

  • : , _49

    , Zehra Beyli . Beyli : , . , . 1963-64, , , . . , . . . , : .

    , . , . 700 750 350 500 . 60, . . , , , . , . , : , , 1960 . , .

    Zehra Beyli (2010) , (Philippou , 2010) . , : , . , . , : , , . , . , , .

    , , . ,

  • 50_ : ,

    1963, . 1963-64, , . , . , , , . , ( 1968-69) , . , , . , , . , , . :

    ... [ ]... [ ], (Philippou, 2010, .12).

  • : , _51

    :

    ( ). , 2003, . , 1974 (.. Constantinou& Papadakis, 2001; Cakal, 2007). , .

    , (Constantinou & Papadakis, 2001). , , (Constantinou & Papadakis, 2001).

    (Papadakis 1997, 2009) , 1994 1995. , . , , . , . , , , , .

    (Papadakis 1997, 2009) . : 1963-64 1974 . .

    , . , , . , , , 1821 : (, 2009, . 317). , . , . , :

  • 52_ : ,

    , . , . , , , (, 2009, .326). , , , , ., , , . , , .

    , , . , 1990 , , (1997, 2009, Constantinou& Papadakis, 2001). , , . : , . : , , . , , . , .

    Huseyin Cakal (Cakal, 2007). Cakal , . , Cakal, , . , Cakal . , Cakal : 1974, . , 1960 , 1963 1974. 1955, 1960 1963. 1974, Cakal , , .

  • : , _53

    . , , , (Cakal, 2007). 200318, , , . , , , , (.. 1996), 1974.

    Hewstone (2008) . , . Hewstone , , , -. , . , (, , ) . , . , , , . .

    , , 61.3% 86.6% . . . , . , , . , , .

    , Hewstone (2008) , . , . , , ,

    18. 2003 fi fi fi . fi, fi fi . , fi

  • 54_ : ,

    19, - .

    (Karatsioli, 2010) , . , (.43). , , , , 1974 , . . , , , . , , , . . , 1963-64. . , , 1963-64 . , , , . , , , . , , , . , , .

    19. (intergroup salience) fi (Harwood, Raman and Hewstone, 2006).

  • : , _55

    :

    , .

    2003 . , :

    , , , , .

    , , , .

    , 1974, . , . Peter Loizos, , , . , , ( ) . - (Loizos, 2008). , (Loizos, 2008). Loizos . , , . , .

    . , , , .

    2003 . .

  • 56_ : ,

    . , . , . : (Beyli, 2010, .12). . (Beyli,2010, .14). . , . : . , .

    2003. , , status quo. Cabrera (2009), . , , . , . , :

    (Beyli, 2010, .21-22).

    3-4 . . . Cabrera, . . . , . , . . . , 1974 .

    , , . .

  • : , _57

    , . , , , . (Cabrera,2009, .15) , . .

    (Beyli, 2010). status quo . , status quo , . . , . , (Beyli, 2010) .

    . . . , .

    1900 100 . . , .

  • 58_ : ,

    , . , .

    , , . , , , , . , , . , , .

    . , AHDR-MIDE, , .

    , A, , E T , , . , (Noverna) (Kadem). , 10 10 . , . 173 45 1 .

    . 1955-1959, 1963-1964 1974, 1955 1974. , . , , . , ( ) , , .

    , 1960 ( 1960). , - , 1960 ., 97 , 1.

  • : , _59

    , . , , .

    . , , . () ., . , . , . , , . , 20, 2 . , , .

    . . , , , . .

    1005 . 55% 45% , 68 .

    882 . 55% 45% , 61 .

    20. , fi fi .

  • 60_ : ,

    :

    1974. .

    . , 1.

    1 (32.1%) 2 (18.9%)

    3 (16.3%) 4 (32.6%)

    1. .

  • : , _61

    2. ;

    50.0%

    40.0%

    30.0%

    20.0%

    10.0%

    0.0%

    58.4%

    44.5%

    14.0%15.1%

    16.4%

    20.1%

    6.2%4.8% 5.0%

    15.5%

    O

    TK

    60.0%

    1, 32.1% 1, . , 18.9%, 2, 16.3% 3. ,6% 4 .

    . , . 2, (58.4%) (44.5%) . , , 15.5% , 5% .

  • 62_ : ,

    3. - -;

    40.0%

    20.0%

    0.0%

    fi- fi

    -fi

    30.9%

    60.1%

    56.3%

    29.3%

    7.7%

    2.0% 2.6%3.1%

    2.3%

    O

    EK

    60.0%

    . -21 ( ), (60.1%) , 29.3% . , (56.3%) , 30.9% . , - , - ( 3).

    21. -, fi fi fi . fi, - , , .

    5.7%

  • : , _63

    / . (73.1%) , , 39.7% ( 4).

    4. - / ;

    40.0%

    20.0%

    0.0%

    39.7%

    73.1%

    19.1%20.7%

    18.8%

    4.1%

    14.7%

    1.6%

    7.6%

    0.5%

    O

    EKTK

    60.0%

    80.0%

    . (83.4%) , 62.9% , 31.7% 12.1% ( 5). , .

  • 64_ : ,

    5. ;

    100.0%

    20.0%

    0.0%

    83.4%

    62.9%

    12.1%

    31.7%

    3.3% 4.2%1.1% 1.0% 0.1% 0.1%

    80.0%

    60.0%

    40.0%

    . 6 . . , 68.9% , 8.6% . , 31.3 % , 3.2% . . , , 6.7% . , 32.5% , 4.6% .

    O

    EKTK

  • 3.2%

    31.3%

    4.6%

    32.5%

    12.9%

    52.0%

    52.6%

    38.7%

    54.3%

    61.7%

    4.2%

    23.7%

    4.2%

    25.1%

    10.5%

    20.7%

    9.4%

    27.7%

    8.8%

    16.1%

    4.8%

    19.7%

    5.1%

    21.2%

    22.0%

    14.9 %

    10.4%

    19.4%

    9.7%

    11.5%

    18.8%

    16.1%

    19.5%

    13.8 %

    22.5%

    8.0%

    12.4%

    9.2%

    10.3%

    6,6%

    68.9 %

    8.6%

    66.1%

    6.7%

    30.8%

    4.0%

    10.6%

    4.8%

    13.6%

    3.5%

    4.46

    2.47

    4.39

    2.37

    3.48

    1.91

    2.15

    2.13

    2.17

    1.73

    : , _65

    6. - .

    , - ( );

    - ;

    , - (.. ,, , , );

    - ;

    EK

    TK

    EK

    TK

    EK

    TK

    EK

    TK

    EK

    TK

    - ;

    : - .

    - , , , , , . , . 52% , 53.3% .

    , , -. (62% 66.4% ) (63.1% 77.7% ) , . , - , , (33.5% 27.5% ).

  • 66_ : ,

    , -. , . 7, (78.8%) 1974 . , (14.7%) . , . , (77.8%) , (14%). , , (80.9%) , (13.6%) .

    7. - 1974,

    4.1%

    29.4%

    5.9%

    34.8%

    4.0%

    29.3%

    5.9%

    25.5%

    5.3%

    23.6%

    5.7%

    25.7%

    10.3%

    29.0%

    9.9%

    25.9%

    8.1%

    29.8%

    32.0%

    10.1%

    31.9%

    10.5%

    36.2%

    10.1%

    46.8%

    4.6%

    45.9%

    3.5%

    44.7%

    3.5%

    EK

    TK

    EK

    TK

    EK

    TK

    , . , :

  • : , _67

    9 , . , . . 0.33, 0.75, 1 . , , 58% 1 , . , 4% 1.

    Volkan. (63.9%) Volkan, (52.8%) Volkan ( 7).

    7. Volkan;

    20.0%

    0.0%

    fi- fi

    -fi

    15.1%

    12.1%

    63.9%

    15.2%

    10.7%

    19.8%

    4.4%

    34.8%

    5.8%

    18.0%

    O

    EKTK

    60.0%

    40.0%

    , . 74% EOKA, 34.2% . 19.2 % , 2.8% ( 8).

  • 8. Volkan.

    68_ : ,

    8. ;

    20.0%

    0.0%

    fi- fi

    -fi

    2.5%

    13.0%

    74.0%

    14.6%16.6%

    18.9%

    4,1%

    34.2%

    2.8%

    19.2%

    O

    EKTK

    60.0%

    40.0%

    80.0%

    , , . , .

    , , Volkan . . , 84.8% 72.9% , 12.6% 21.3% Volkan EOKA ( 8).

    NAI OXI

    EK

    TK

    12.6%

    21.3%

    84.8%

    72.9%

  • : , _69

    1955-59, 1963-64 1974. 9, 1974. , 14.5% , 4%. 25% , 5.2% . . : 8.4% 1963-64 21.5% 1974 (0.3% 1963-64 3% 1974).

    , , , . , , 1974. , 37% 41% . . 16% 1963-64, 3% . . , , 1974, 36% 41% . , ( 21%) 1963-64.

    9. 1955-56, 1963-64 1974.

    GCTC

    GCTC

    GCTC

    GCTC

    1955-59

    0.4%3.3%

    1.0%1.7%

    2.3%4.1%

    1.0%3.6%

    1963-64

    0.7%7.5%

    0.3%8.4%

    3.3%16.3%

    2.9%20.5%

    1974

    4.1%14.5%

    3.0%21.5%

    41.0%36.8%

    36.3%41.3%

    , , 1974, , 1963-64, . , , 1974 .

  • 70_ : ,

    :

    . , , , , , . , , , .

    , . , , . , .

    , , . , , :

    1.

    2.

    3.

    2 3 1 , 2 3 1 .

    , , 2 3 1, . , .

    , (Cronbachs ) .22 0.60 Cronbachs , 0.70 , 1.00 . 14 . , Likert 5, 1 5 , . 14 10 (. 72) .

    22. fi : Jose M. Cortina (1993). What is Coefficient Alpha? An examination of Theory and Applications. Journal ofApplied Psychology, 78(1), 98-104.23.

  • : , _71

    , , . , , - , . -/-, , .23

    , . , , , -. . , - , -.

    . , . . - - 0 100 .24 - 1 10, 10 -.

    , , , . , ( . 60). .

    , 1974. , .

    23. fi (2007).

    24. fi Geoffrey Haddock, Mark Zanna, and Victoria M. Esses (1993). Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes:The case of attitudes toward homosexuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1105-1118. fi . , fi .

  • 72_ : ,

    10. Cronbachs 25

    (6 )

    ;( ) , - , , ,

    .79 .90

    EK TK

    (3 )

    / / / /

    .96 .99

    - (3 )

    / / / /

    .98 .96

    -/-(4 )

    / / /

    /

    .77 .79

    (3 )

    ()

    .84 .77

    (6 )

    -,/, (.. ) ( ) ( )

    .95 .87

    (4 )

    - -

    - , -

    .83 .89

    25. Cronbachs fi 0.60 fi fi , fi 0.70 , 1.00 fi . fi Jose M. Cortina (1993).

  • : , _73

    (2 )

    -

    .65 .67

    (4 )

    - - -

    - -

    ( ) -

    -

    .88 .74

    (7 ) EK

    1955-1959

    1974 (

    )

    ()

    .67 .67

    (3 )

    .

    .81 .67

    -(1 )

    . (0) (100) .

    -, ;0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

    (2 items)

    -

    - -

    .65 .67

    EK TK

  • 74_ : ,

    (4 )

    - 1974, :

    .96 .93

    - (3 )

    -; -,

    ; -,

    ;

    .75 .85

    : , , , - .

    (6 )

    - ; , - (..

    ); - ;

    - (.. , , , ,);

    - ;

    - ;

    .74 .91

    EK TK

  • : , _75

    :

    , . 14 t-tests . t-tests . t-tests 14 11.

    11 t-test , , . , , . 1 5, 1 5 , 3 , , 3 .

    , t-test ( ...). , , , , t-test ( p-value 0.05 ).

    11 t-test , . , - .

    . , 11 , - , , -. Kibrisli Turk ,26 , . , , . , . 11, , , .

    , . , , 3.

    26. Charis Psaltis (fi )

  • 11. T-tests

    76_ : ,

    1.61

    1.82

    .77

    .91

    p < 0.001

    -

    4.65

    4.13

    .54

    1.34

    p < 0.001

    -

    4.57

    4.64

    .67

    .78

    p

  • : , _77

    , . , . . , . , , , .

    . , . , , . -. , , 5 1 10. , , 5.

    . , , , , . , . , . , . , , , . , , , , . , , .

  • 78_ : ,

    ;

    , .

    . , 5 ( 9 ), 15 . .

    1 2

    3 4

    5

    9.

  • : , _79

    1 - (14 ), 2 - (13) 1 -. 3 - (11) 3 - 4 (9) - 5 -. , 5 (6) - 8 -.

    12 , (77.2%) 1. . , 5 . 1 (45.8%), . 3 (23.5%), 18.3% 4. 5, , . . , - (11), (3) - ( 3), - (9) 5 -( 4).

    12. 5

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    EK

    45.8%

    6.9%

    23.5%

    18.3%

    5.4%

    TK

    77.2%

    7.6%

    4.3%

    5.4%

    5.4%

    , . , , , . 13 . 13 , 1 ( ), 22.2% 1 . , 23% 2 , 11% 3 . , 1 . . 1, 2, 3 4 . (32.8%) 5, (6) - 8 -. , 3.1% .

  • 13. 5

    80_ : ,

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    EK

    TK

    EK

    TK

    EK

    TK

    EK

    TK

    EK

    TK

    97%

    77.8%

    85.9%

    23%

    77.5%

    11%

    59%

    5.1%

    32.8%

    3.1%

    3%

    22.2%

    14.1%

    77%

    22.5%

    89%

    41%

    94.9%

    67.2%

    96.9%

    , . , : () , () , () () .

  • : , _81

    10 , , . 10 29% 17% . , 20% . , 27% , 9%. , ,, .

    10.

    10.0%

    0.0%

    fi

    28.9%

    16.7%

    18.9%

    11.4%

    23.4%

    20.6%19.8%

    24.7%

    9.0%

    26.6%

    O

    EKTC

    30.0%

    20.0%

  • 82_ : ,

    , . 11, 28% , 23% . , 20% , 8% . , .

    11. .

    10.0%

    0.0%

    fi

    27.5%

    22.6%

    19.9%

    13.1%

    26.3% 25.6%

    18.6%

    20.6%

    7.8%

    18.0%

    O

    EKTK

    30.0%

    20.0%

  • : , _83

    . , 12, 40% , 2%. , 60% , 9%. ,23% 7% , .

    12.

    20.0%

    0.0%

    fi

    2.2%

    39.0%

    3.5%

    16.0%

    7.1%

    23.0%

    27.1%

    13.3%

    60.2%

    8.8%

    O

    EKTK

    60.0%

    40.0%

  • 84_ : ,

    , , 25% , : . ( 10%) ( 13).

    13. , .

    10.0%

    0.0%

    fi

    21.3%

    25.5%

    8.6%9.2%

    27.4%

    25.6%24.9%

    17.8% 17.8%

    21.9%

    O

    EKTK

    30.0%

    20.0%

    , . , , . 60% , 21.5% . 3 .

    , , , 46% , 18% .

  • : , _85

    . , 70% , 64% . . , 85% , 60% . , . , (81%) , .

    , , , . , . , 59.5% 69.7% .

    14. .

    59%

    40%

    19.4%

    22.3%

    21.5%

    37.7%

    /

    EK

    TK

    40.5%

    30.3%

    41.3%

    23.6%

    18.2%

    46.1%

    EK

    TK

    10.2%

    63.6%

    20.3%

    23.1%

    69.4%

    13.3%

    EK

    TK

    84.7%

    12.9%

    11.4%

    25.8%

    3.9%

    61.3%

    EK

    TK

    81.2%

    27.4%

    14.7%

    39.9%

    4.1%

    32.7%

    /

    EK

    TK

  • 86_ : ,

    ,

    , , , , . , , , . , , , . , . . , ( ) . , ( ) , , , .

    , . , , . , , , . , , , - ( Wenzel,Mummendey, Weber&Waldzus, 2003). , , . .

    , , . (Structural Equation Modelling [SEM])27

    . SEM . 14. .

    (chi-square=202,20, df=18,CFI=0.96, RMSEA=0.074, FMIN=0.10) . (/ ) . , . . , , , . , . .

    27. fi .

  • : , _87

    , , , . , . , , , . , , , . , .

    /

    -.07* -.06*

    -.10**

    -.16***

    .18*** -.31***

    -.20***

    -.28***

    -.33***

    .40***

    .23***

    -.12***

    -.17***

    -.16***

    -.24*** .16***

    .15***

    R2=.24

    * p

  • 88_ : ,

    , 14, , : -, 28 . , , , , , .

    , SEM , , , , .

    . 15 .

    28. 5 fi . 78 - 80.

    /

    -.16***

    -.22***

    -.15***

    .10*** -.28***

    -.15***

    -.20***

    -.26***

    -.08*

    -.12***

    -.33*** .13***

    .18***

    R2=.17

    -.09*

    -.25***

    -.31***

    * p

  • : , _89

    , SEM , . , , , . . , , , . , , . 15, . , . , , . , , . , . , (, ) , .

    , SEM , , , , -, , ( 15). . , , .

    , , . , , . , . , , .

    , , , . , , .

    , . , , .

  • , . 17, . , , .

    90_ : ,

    SEM , , , -.

    , , , 16. 16, . . , . , .

    =-.14*** =.37***

    [=-.13***] =-.08*

    =.14*** =-.24***

    1: * , *p

  • : , _91

    =-.11*** =.33***

    [=-.10**] =-.06*

    1: * , *p

  • 92_ : ,

    . . , . - , . , , , , . , , .

    , , 1900 , , 100 . , , . , , , .

    , , . . , , , . , , , . , .

    37 , . - , . , . , . , : ;

    . - , , . 29 .30 37

    29. fi " fi fi " . 44.

    30. fi fi . 24.

  • : , _93

    , , ( Papadakis, 1998;Bryant 2008; Loizos, 2008). 1950 - ( Canefe, 2000). , . , .31 , ( Zetter, 1998). , , .32

    , - , 1974 , . 33, , , 1950 , , 1963-64. , , , 1963-64, , .34 , , , , . , 1974, , , . 1974.35 , 30,000 , , . , ( ), , , .

    , , . , , , . , , . , , , , , , , .

    31. fi fi fi fi fi fi ( . 84 - 85).

    32. fi fi fi fi fi fi ( . 84-85).

    33. fi " : " . 9.

    34. fi fi fi fi fi fi , fi fi , 1955-59 1963-64 ( . 69).

    35. , fi fi . 69.

  • 94_ : ,

    , , , . , , , . , .

    . . 42% , 10%. 33% , 3%.

    , , , . , . , , 59,5% 69,7% .

    , , , , , , , , . , , . . , , . , , , . , , . . , , . , ( ) . , , , . ,

  • : , _95

    ( , , ) . , , . , , .

    , . , . , , . , . , . , , , , , , , , . , , - , . , - , , , .

    . , , . - ( , ) . , , , . , , , . , ( Packard, 2008; Psaltis, Lytras, Pachoullides,Philipou&Beili, 2011), . . , , , . , , , , 1974.

  • 96_ : ,

    . , . , .

  • : , _97

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  • 106_ : ,

    I

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    6.

    7.

    8.

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12.

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

    17.

    18.

    19.

    20.

    21.

    22.

    23.

    24.

    25.

    26.

    27.

    28.

    29.

    30.

    Aphania

    Akaki

    Akoursos

    Alethriko

    Alaminos

    Ambelikou

    Anaphotia

    Anglisidhes

    Anoyira

    Argaki

    Aredhiou

    Arnadhi

    Arsos

    Asomatos

    Asproyia

    Ayios Andronikos

    Ayia Anna

    Ayia Erini

    Ayios Ermolaos

    Ayios Yeoryios

    Ayios Yeoryios Lefkas

    Ayios Sozomenos

    Ayios Theodhoros

    Ayia Varvara

    Ayios Vassilios

    Dhali

    Dhenia

    Dhioros

    Dhromolaxia

    Episkopi

    Gaziky

    Akaa

    Akarsu

    Aletirke

    Aleminyo

    Balky

    Akkor

    Aksu

    Talca

    Argaca

    Aretyu

    Kuzucuk

    Aroz

    Gzgzel

    Aktepe

    Yeilky

    Akhisar

    Akdeniz

    Ayirmola

    Ayyorgi

    Madenliky

    Arpalk

    Boazii

    Engindere

    Ayvasl

    Dali

    Denya

    Yorgoz

    Mormeneke

    Yalova

    ( )

  • : , _107

    31.

    32.

    33.

    34.

    35.

    36.

    37.

    38.

    39.

    40.

    41.

    42.

    43.

    44.

    45.

    46.

    47.

    48.

    49.

    50.

    51.

    52.

    53.

    54.

    55.

    56.

    57.

    58.

    59.

    60.

    61.

    Ephtakomi

    Galataria

    Gouphes

    Khoulou

    Kalavassos

    Kalokhorio / Vouda

    Karavostassi

    Kato Dheftera

    Kato Polemidhia

    Kazaphani

    Kilani

    Kilanemos

    Klepini

    Kolossi

    Komi Kebir

    Korakou

    Kouklia

    Kritou Terra

    Lapathos

    Lapithos

    Lefka

    Limnitis

    Lythrangomi

    Malia

    Mansoura

    Mari

    Maronas

    Maroni

    Mathiatis

    Meneou

    Monarga

    Eftakomi

    Yourtular

    amlca

    Hulu

    Kalavason

    Vuda

    Gemikona

    Aa Deftera

    Aa Binatl

    Ozanky

    Ceylan

    Kilanemo

    Arapky

    Yunus

    Byk Konuk

    Koraku

    Sakarya

    Giritutera

    Boazii

    Lapta

    Lefke

    Yeilrmak

    Boltal

    Balarba

    Mansur

    Tatlsu

    Uluam

    Maroni

    Matyat

    Menevi

    Deregeit

    Limassol

  • 108_ : ,

    62.

    63.

    64.

    65.

    66.

    67.

    68.

    69.

    70.

    71.

    72.

    73.

    74.

    75.

    76.

    77.

    78.

    79.

    80.

    81.

    82.

    83.

    84.

    85.

    86.

    87.

    88.

    89.

    90.

    91.

    92.

    Moniatis

    Morphou

    Neokhorio

    Orounda

    Palekithro

    Pano Archimandrita

    Pano Arodhes

    Pano Flasou

    Pano Lefkara

    Paramali

    Petra Soleas

    Pendakomo

    Peristerona

    Peristeronari

    Perivolia

    Pissouri

    Polis Chrysohous

    Potamia

    Prastio - Evdhimou

    Prodromi

    Pyrga

    Pyroi

    Silikou

    Skylloura

    Syngrassi

    Timi

    Tokhni

    Trakhonas

    Trachoni

    Tremetousha

    Vasilia

    Elmal

    Omorfo

    Minareliky

    Orounda

    Balkesir

    Yukar Arhimandrida

    Kalkanl

    Yukar Flasou

    Yukar Lefkara

    ayn

    Dereli

    Beevler

    Peristerona

    Narlky

    Bahalar

    Pisuri

    Poli

    Dereliky

    elikta,

    Karyaka

    amlbel

    Gaziler

    Silifke

    Ylmazky

    Snrst

    Ovalk

    Takent

    Kzlba

    Kayakale

    Tremee

    Vasilya

  • : , _109

    93.

    94.

    95.

    96.

    97.

    Vatyli

    Vitsadha

    Yenagra

    Yeroskipou

    Zygi

    Vadili

    Pnarl

    Nergisli

    Yeroibu

    Terazi

  • 110_ : ,

    II1 1

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    -.224

    **

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    **

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    *

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    **

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    *

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    *

    .499*

    *

    .510*

    *

    -.011

    -.057

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    **

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    **

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    -.247

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    **

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    *

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    *

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    **

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    *

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    1

    /

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    (/

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    /

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