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Transcript of Andes Mountains and Amazon River? ◦ South America China, India, Tibet? ◦ Asia Why study...
GLOBAL HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY I
REGENTS REVIEW
Andes Mountains and Amazon River?◦ South America
China, India, Tibet?◦ Asia
Why study Geography?◦ Show connections between people and places
Physical Map would show?◦ Mountain ranges
Early civilizations start in river valleys because?◦ Periodic flooding left rich soul, which was ideal for
farming
Geography
Time line is?◦ Chronological relationship between events
Archaeologist◦ Study artifacts
Anthropologist◦ Study culture
Historian Topics
Hunters and Gatherers Migration starts in Africa around the world Earliest humans began in Africa Nomads Small populations
Paleolithic Era
Domestication of animals Food Surplus Begin living in permanent settlements Development of civilizations especially river
valley ones. Food supplies became more reliable
Neolithic Revolution
Caused by the introduction of agriculture Before towns and cities can develop
◦ An agricultural surplus is needed Is a result of the Neolithic Revolution Has 8 aspects:
◦ Cities◦ Organized government◦ Complex religions◦ Job specialization◦ Social classes◦ Arts and Architecture/Improved technology◦ Public Works◦ Writing/Record Keeping
Civilization
Drs. Mary Leaky and Louis Leaky Discovered “Lucy” Hominid
Homo Habilis (Handy Men) - First to make tools Homo Erectus (first to stand tall) - Discovered fire Homo Sapiens
Neanderthals (Ritual Burials) Cro-Magnon (US)
Where does our story start?
Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia
MESOPOTAMIA AND PERSIA
Sargon - Founded worlds 1st Empire (Akkadian Empire)
Hammurabi - First written laws in Babylon created by this king
Nebuchadnezzar- Neo-Babylonian Emperor rebuilt the empire
Cyrus- Founder of the Persian Empire
Darius I-Built roads to connect empire and divided Persian Empire into Satraps
EGYPT AND THE HEBREWS Akhenaton- tried to make Egypt a monotheistic kingdom under the god
Aton
Hatshepsut -1st Female ruler of Egypt
Thutmose III - Made Egypt into an empire
Ramses II - Signed the first peace treaty
Abraham - Founder of Judaism, a Monotheistic religion; main book the Torah (Old Testament of the Bible)
Moses- Created (given) the 10 Commandments
David- 1st King of Israel
Solomon- Builds the temple of David, richest king of Israel.
Mesopotamian and Egyptian Timelines Mesopotamian Civilizations (in chronological order) Egyptian Time Periods
Sumer Akkad Babylon Hittites Assyria Neo-Babylon Persia
Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom
Comparing Egypt and Persia
Similarities Differences
Polytheistic Have a social order Both became empires Both had a written
language Both had a king
King was not both a god and king in Persia (Egyptian pharaoh was a god-king)
Barter economy vs. token economy
Size of the empire (Persia was larger)
Persians accepted the Hebrews
Ancient China and India
Geography of India and ChinaIndia China
Indus River Subcontinent Peninsula Gangetic plain Deccan Plateau Coastal Plains
Hung He (yellow ) River
Himalayas mountains from India
Tian Shan Desert from middle east
Empires/Dynasties
India China
Indus Civilization (2600 B.C.E.)
Aryan Civilization (1500 B.C.E)◦ Hinduism (750 B.C.E.)◦ Buddhism (563 B.C.E.)◦ Jainism (500 B.C.E.)
Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E.)
Gupta Empire (320 C.E.) Golden Age
Shang Zhou
◦ Confucius◦ Taoism
Qin◦ Legalism
Han
The belief that a Chines dynasty’s actions gave them the right to rule
If a Chinese dynasty does a poor job of organizing society, they lose their right to rule
What was the Mandate of Heaven?
Created during Han Dynasty Reached from China to the Mediterranean
Sea Sparked interaction between various people
(Cultural Diffusion) Helped spread Buddhism
Silk Road
Established by the Aryans Enforced by the Hindu Religion Helped created a social order in India People were born into a specific level of
society and could not escape it or change their destiny
Caste System
Founder:
Location: Important Text: Key Teachings:
Aryans and Indus natives
India Vedas Goal is to reach Moksha
(liberation) Caste System Karma (actions and
deeds have consequences) and Dharma (virtuous behaviors that allow the universe to function)
Hinduism
Founder: Location: Important Text: Key Teachings:
Mahavira India Vedas All people can perform
rights not just priests Believe that Ahimsa
means one should not harm any living creature
Meditation and self-denial of food
Jainism
Founder: Location: Key Teachings:
Siddhartha Gautama India Tripittaka “Three
Baskets of Wisdom” Four Noble Truths Eightfold Path Rejected the caste
system Rejected the millions
of gods of Hinduism
Buddhism
Chinese philosopher Analects Social Order Five relationships Younger generation
respects older and wiser generation
Older generation should be a good role model
Civil Service Exams
Confucius
Founder: Location: Important Text:
Key Teachings:
Founded by Laozi China Writings are Dao De Jung
(Way of Virtue) Balance between humans
and nature Universal order between
life and the universe Support less government
interaction Government causes a
imbalance in nature.
Doaist or Taoist
Han Feizi Chinese
philosopher The law is always
right and must be followed to the letter
Man is inherently evil and only laws can provide order
Legalism
Ancient Greece
Geography Peninsula Mountainous topography Mountains - lead to disunity among city
states Mountains lead to creation of independent
city-states
ATHENS Civic values Promoted art and
literature All adult male
citizens were eligible to vote
Established a government that had democratic elements
Direct democracy
SPARTA The government
and society of Sparta are so strict the people have little voice in government.
Military Service
Athens and Sparta
Golden Age Time of an explosion in the arts Advances in literature, science, medicine,
architecture
Greek Indiviuals to Know Leonidas - King of Sparta, leader of the 300 (Battle of Thermopylae)
Pericles- Politician from Athens Golden Age
Alexander the Great- Conquered the whole known world from Greece to Egypt to Persia
Miltiades- Athenian General during the 1st Persian war at Marathon
Philip II- Father of Alexander the Great of Macedonia
Herodotus- Father of History-Wrote first history book and history of the Persian Wars
Thucydides- Writes history of the Peloponnesian War writes without bias.
Key Greek Events
Trojan War- War between the Greeks and Trojans over trade
Persian War- 1st war fought between Athens and Persia; 2nd Athens and Sparta vs. Persia
Peloponnesian War- Athens (Delian League) vs. Sparta (Peloponnesian League)
Direct Democracy - All citizens vote directly on issues (Athens)
Oligarchy- Power is in the hands of a few elders (Sparta)
Alexander the Great Conquered the Persian Empire, Egypt,
Palestine, and parts of India Spread Hellenistic Culture to these regions Greek becomes a international language Through his conquering and the library of
Alexandria cultural diffusion occurs
Famous Greek Philosophers, Scientists and Mathematicians Socrates- Founder of philosophy and questioning
everything
Plato- created the School of Athens
Aristotle- Found of physics
Euclid-founder of geometry
Archimedes-Created simple machines
Hippocrates- Code of Doctors
The Roman Empire
3 phases of Roman Government from 400 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.
Kingdom of Rome Republic of Rome Empire of Rome
Pax Romana EmperorsBad Emperors
Caligula (37-41A.D.) ◦ Mentally Disturbed
(assassinated) Nero (54-68 A.D.)
◦ Good Administrator, but vicious and cruel
◦ Set fire to Rome to rebuild it
◦ Persecuted Christians Domitian (81-96 A.D.)
◦ Ruled like a dictator did not accept Senate counsel
◦ Feared treason
Good Emperors
Nerva (96-98 A.D.)◦ Began custom of adopting heir
Trajan (98-117 A.D.)◦ Empire reached its greatest
extent◦ Undertook vast building program◦ Enlarged social welfare
Hadrian (117-138 A.D.)◦ Consolidated earlier conquest◦ Recognized the bureaucracy
Antonius (138-161A.D.)◦ A time of peace and no war and
persecution Marcus Aurelius (161-180
A.D.)◦ Brought empire to its economic
height◦ Defeated invaders
Geography of Rome Peninsula Center of the Mediterranean Sea Excellent for trade, commerce, and travel
What caused the Roman Empire?What causes a golden Age? Strong Central government Stable governments
Rome's Impact Governmental structure Roads to create unity and communication 12 Tables
◦ Individuals rights within government.◦ Written legal systems.
Role of Women? Some legal rights after husband’s death,
otherwise husband owned them
Fall of Rome Weak central government Disunity Political corruption Invaders Disorder Resulted in the Dark Ages (Period of time
within the Middle Ages)◦ Chaos and disorder
Christianity Has roots in Judaism Monotheistic Belief that Jesus Christ is the Son of God and savior
of mankind due to his death and resurrection (Easter)
Ethical code Roman Catholic Church founded by Peter
◦ Protestant Religions (broke away from Catholic Church) Baptists, Calvinists, Huguenots, Lutherans (Martin Luther/95
Theses), etc. Eastern Orthodox (Greece/ Byzantine) (Paul/Thomas)
◦ Russian Orthodox Coptic (Egypt) (Andrew/James)
Byzantine Empire, Early Middle Ages, and Islam.
Byzantine Empire The eastern region of Europe/ Roman
Empire was unified under the Byzantine Empire
The location of Constantinople contributed to its prosperity
They preserved Greek and Roman learning and passed it on to Western and Eastern Europe
Its location made it the crossroads of Europe and Asia
Feudalism Under feudalism, land became an economic
commodity Feudalism developed after the Roman
Empire collapsed Feudalism is a system in which land is
exchanged for military service and loyalty Supported by the labor of peasants Society based on social classes
Roman Catholic Church Religion played a significant role in the lives
of residents Most important force in providing unity and
stability through out Western Europe during the Middle Ages
Demonstrated centralized power in the Pope
Popes and monarchs often clashed on who held power over whom
Western Europe and the Middle Ages Was caused by a break down in central
government. Is characterized by the manor system and
the importance of land ownership. Also known as manorialism Limited social mobility Individual social status is determined by
birth Education declined as a result of the fall of
the Roman Empire
Islam Spread along Arab trade routes Empire extended from Spain to India Islamic Golden Age - Development of
medical encyclopedias, development of algebra and astronomical tables
From Southern Spain across northern Africa, occupying the Arabian peninsula to Southeast Asia is the extent of the Muslim world
Islamic Golden Age A time of advances in math, science,
medicine and literature Started when the Arab people began
expanding their empire They accepted the ideas of all people in the
empire which resulted in a cultural diffusion of knowledge which led to inventions
Pax Romana (Peaceful Rome) Started with the Caesar Augustus lasted for
200 Due to his stable government, Pax Romana
began A time of peace and no major conflict and
the creation of architecture and literature
High and Late Middle Ages
Eastern Schism◦ Roman Catholic Church◦ Greek Orthodox Church
Western Schism◦ Pope in France◦ Pope in Rome
Schisms
Started when the Byzantine Empire Asked for help
3rd Crusade was the most successful Motives
◦ End of feudal obligation◦ Defend the Holy Land (Jerusalem)◦ Forgiveness of sins◦ Wealth
Crusades
Resulted in an increased interest in middle eastern goods
Contact with the Byzantines and Muslims lead to an interest in knowledge
Brought new ideas to the world Cultural exchange between Christians and
Muslims Increase in trade with Middle East
Crusades
Rose to power by defeating the Byzantine Empire
Controlled parts of the Middle East, North Africa, and Eastern Europe
Strategically located between Europe and Asia
Combined religion with tradition
Ottoman Empire
A strengthening of power of monarchies
High and Late Middle Ages
Is conquered by the duke of Normandy his name was William.
He created the Domes Day or dooms day book to keep a record of taxes.
England
Power of the monarch is limited (kings and queens must adhere to the law)
Habeas Corpus – the principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with evidence.
Magna Carta (1215)
England –Parliament France- Estates General
Governing Bodies
Caused by an increase in trade Affected the economy by causing
production to decline and prices to rise Spread through trade with Asia People of North Africa, Europe, and Asia
trade routes Started in Asia Caused a break down in the social order Helped strengthen the power of the
monarchies
Bubonic Plague
Mongol China and Feudal Japan
Tang and Song Dynasties Built canals to aid in troop movements Great wall was used to keep nomadic
people out of China
Mongolian Empire (Mongols) Genghis Khan was the first emperor (1206 to 1227) By 1300, this empire controlled most of Asia Used stirrups and excellent horsemanship to build
an empire. Started trade again with Europe in the 1250’s Contributed to cultural diffusion Used psychological warfare Political stability Pax Mongolia (stability that resulted from Mongol
rule) Led to trade and control of the Silk Road
Marco Polo Promoted interest in Asian goods.
Ming Dynasty (China) Defeated the Mongols Promoted the civil service system Traded with many diverse people Zheng He helped open new sea trade routes Zheng He opened trade with Africa But due to the expense in oversees trade
they stopped exploring
Japan Share China’s idea of Monarch’s divine right. China had influence on Japan due to geographical
proximity Korea served as a bridge between the two civilizations. Started making Zen gardens, drawing calligraphy, and
tea ceremony Japan though still kept an independent culture from
China Geography - volcanoes, limited resources, large coastal
population Shintoism - worship nature; promotes a harmony
between humans and nature.
Feudalism Had a well defined social class Samurai- were warriors who followed Bushido which mad them
loyal to their Daimyo There is a decentralized political system Power is based on class relationships Difference from European feudalism is the centralization of the
Shoguns power Bushido helped bring about a culture of militarism. It also helped give a guide of behavior for the warrior class Women are to be obedient to men Tokugawa Shogunate isolates Japan Merchants were viewed as having little purpose in Japanese
society Bushido is similar to chivalry in Europe
The Renaissance
Secular (non-religious) achievements were emphasized
Began in Italy because Italian city-states had grown wealthy from trade between Europe and Asia (access to the Mediterranean Sea)
Revival of Greek and Roman culture Stress the importance of the individual
Renaissance
Wrote “The Prince” The ends justify the means Leaders may use any method to achieve
what is best for the state Better to be feared then loved, but not
feared enough for people to rebel Employ absolute power to maintain order in
the areas under their rule
Machiavelli
Helped sparked changes in Europe Helped spread Martin Luther’s ideas Led to the spreading of Scientific Revolution
and Enlightenment ideas
Printing Press
95 Theses helped directly led to divisions in the church
Attacked sale of indulgences Indulgences do not lead to salvation Attacked corruption among high officials of
the Church Starts the Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther
Challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church
Helped bring the end of Christian Unity Brought a decline in the power of the
Church Creates the Anglican Church of England
Henry VIII
Power of monarchs grew Immediate effect – destroyed the religious
unity of Europe
Protestant Reformation
The crusading spirit continued in Spain. It was called the Reconquista
The goal was to drive Muslims off the Iberian peninsula
Most of Spain controlled by Moors, a Muslim people
By 1300, Christians controlled the entire region except Granada
Muslim influence continued, however, and shaped the arts and literature in Christian Spain
Reconquista