˘ ACADEMIA EURASIANA NEUROCHIRURGICA th Theme: … nna51/jarad.pdf · KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME...
Transcript of ˘ ACADEMIA EURASIANA NEUROCHIRURGICA th Theme: … nna51/jarad.pdf · KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME...
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KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME
Pacified
Psychic blindness
Altered feeding behavior
Hypermetamorphosis
Sexual perversion
“not a monkey”
BILATERAL TEMPORAL LOBECTOMY
Including & excluding mesial temporal structures
Visual discrimination
Tactile discrimination
Penfield: interpretive cortex
MANIPULATION of the MIND
MIND ENHANCEMENTทุกขกริยาสมาธิPAVLOV : Conditioned reflexes
Avoidance Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Near-death experience
Brain wash
HypnosisEEG: enhanced gamma waves
4th Congress of
ACADEMIA EURASIANA NEUROCHIRURGICA
Bangkok, 1986
Theme: CONSCIOUSNESS
Session on Meditation
BRAIN PLASTICITY
EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Animal: Brain ablationElectrical stimulation
Human: Studies of brain destruction from injuries & diseases
Studies in epilepsyBrain stimulation
Neurosurgical operationFunctional neurosurgery
Anthropological studiesDevelopmental studies
Psychological tests
& experiments
Pharmaceutical studies
BIOTECHNOLOGY
COGNITIVE
SCIENCES
NEUROSCIENCES
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BIOTECHNOLOGY
COGNITIVE
SCIENCES
NEUROSCIENCES
CONVERGENCE & RECONSTRUCTIONFUNCTIONAL (MOLECULAR) IMAGIMG
STRUCTURAL IMAGING
MCA Infarction
Cerebral
hemorrhage
Cerebral
hemorrhageInfarction
TumorSTRUCTURAL IMAGING
T1W T2W FLAIR
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Encephalitis
EpilepsyMesial Temporal Sclerosis
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
MR SpectroscopyMR Spectroscopy
Normal
Acute Cerebral Infarction
Lactate PeakNAA 2.0 ppm
Cr 3.03 ppmCho 3.2 ppm Lactate 1.32 ppm
Multi Voxel
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BROOKHAVEN LABORATORIESNew York
Cyclotron & Positron Emission Tomography 1976
Studies of brain functions,
brain mapping andMolecular biochemical basis
ADDICTION
BEHAVIOR
BROOKHAVEN LABORATORIESNew York
Measurement of CBF Measurement of CBF
Tracer: TcTracer: Tc--99 HMPAO99 HMPAO
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
Cerebral
Infarction
SPECT in EPILEPSY
CYCLOTRON F18 FDG
C11
N13
O15
PET / CT SCANNER
PET RADIO-PHARMACEUTICALS
Asymmetrical hypoperfused
areas
* Decreased perfusion and glucose metabolic
rate
( P E T )
Multi-infarctDementia* Symmetric temporo-
parietal hypoperfusion*Decreased regional
cerebral blood flow and
glucose metabolic rate
Alzheimer’s Disease
NORMAL
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Functional MRI ( fMRI )
Finger tapping
Visual stimulation
BOLD
3D fMRI
Advanced Image Analysis
VISION MEMORY
3D RECONSTRUCTION BOLD
BIOTECHNOLOGY
COGNITIVE
SCIENCES
NEUROSCIENCES
GenomicsProteomics
360 different genes -- activate by electrical impulses
Example: candidate plasticity genes (CPGs).
Nedivi E (MIT) – glass window
Elly Nedivi and Peter So (MIT): "candidate plasticity genes" (CPGs)
One gene, CPG2, causes the cell to withdraw receptors that respond to incoming signals, reducing its neighbors' influence on it. Another gene, CPG15, encodes a chemical message that tells neighboring cells to grow and become more communicative.
Implantation of two glass discs a few millimeters in diameter into the scalps of living mice that had been engineered to express a fluorescent protein in some of their brain cells. The discs allowed the researchers to peer into the animals' brains using a powerful microscope and, with the help of special software, to produce detailed, 3-D pictures of the cells.
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AT BIRTH: 100,000,000,000 neurones.
Stop multiplying at birth. Each neurone connects to 10 – 10,000 neurones,
AT 3 YEARS: 15,000 synapses per neurone.
Twice as active as adults.
Synapse count highest at adolescence.
3 week fetus: gene-regulated cell metamorphosis.
250,000 cells / min. at peak
Effects of sensory deprivationEffects of environment, stimulation.
Ability to learn second language decreases from age of 7 years“CRITICAL PERIOD FOR LEARNING”.
Japanese children have equal capacity to distinguish R and Lafter birth until 6 – 12 months. Connection then eliminated to L.
“WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY”
Music talent highest before age of 3 years.
DEVELOPMENT disturbed byMaternal malnutrition
Drug abuse Viral infection
Etc.
BIOTECHNOLOGYCOGNITIVE
SCIENCES
NEUROSCIENCES
Intelligence, Memory, Learning
Sensory perceptionMotor pattern generation
Emotion, PersonalityAggression, Addiction
Sleep, etc.
ATTENTION
INHIBITIONCOMPULSION
AROUSALDECISION MAKING
RISK-TAKING
EXAMPLE:
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Subcallosal cortexLeft postcentral gyrus
INHIBITION (no go) foraddiction
BIOTECHNOLOGY
COGNITIVE
SCIENCES
NEUROSCIENCES
Dalai Lama Richard Davidson: W.M. Keck Laboratory for
Function Brain Imaging And Behavior, University of Wisconsin
Time 100 Most-influential Men 2006
Studies of brain in Tibetan meditation
EEG., fMRI, MR SPECT, PET
Left prefrontal cortexlight up
Posterior parietal cortexquiet down
Amygdalaquiet down
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Andrew Newberg at University of Pennsylvania
Studied Dr. Michael J. Baime (practitioner of Tibetan Buddhist meditation) and seven other Tibetan Buddhists, all skilled meditators.
When they reached the "peak" of spiritual intensity, they tugged on the twine. Newberg, huddled outside the room and holding the other end, felt the pull and quickly injected a radioactive tracer into an IV line that ran into left arm.
After a few moments, they were whisked off to a SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) machine. the prefrontal cortex, seat of attention, lit up, the superior parietal lobe, toward the top and back of the brain, had gone dark.
Structures
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Connectivity
+
Neurochemistry
+
Metabolic
+
Electromagnetic
+
Genetic
IMPROVEMENT OF HUMAN PERFORMANCE
EDUCATION: MEMORY, LANGUAGES, CALCULATION etc.Mnemonic Entraining Technology, Mental gymnastics
TRAININGS, SKILLS COMPLEX MOTOR PATTERNS (SPORTS)
MOOD ENHANCEMENTGROWTH ENHANCEMENT
Lie-detectors, Personality Assessment
PREDICTING OTHER’S THINKING
F FDGF DOPA
C
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18
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F FDG18
BIOTECHNOLOGY
COGNITIVE
SCIENCES
NEUROSCIENCES
NANO-
TECHNOLOGYINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
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Francis Fukuyama (2002):
Our Post-human FutureOur brain power-the knowledge, skills, and
personality quirks that make us human--with our computer power in order to think, reason, communicate, and create in ways we can scarcely even contemplate today.
Ray Kurzweil (2006):
Reinventing Humanity The Future of Machine-Human Intelligence.
“Brain implants based on massively distributed intelligent nanobots will greatly expand our memories and vastly improve all of our sensory, pattern-recognition, and cognitive abilities.”
The Futurist 40, 39-40, 42-6, 2006