. 8 I-. .

I-

CuAgAuz294779Ar63,6107,9197,01,751,421,42

I- :[] ns1 (n1)d10 : 0, +I, +II, +III : 2 (sp -., .), 4 (dsp 2-., ; sp 3-., )

s2d 9s1p1d 9

+I (d10ns0)+II (d9ns0)+III (d8ns0)CuCu2SO4, CuClCu(+II) . . NaCuO2AgAg(I) . . AgCO3, AgF2AgF3AuAu2S, AuBr Au(+III) . .

+I+II+III AgNO3AgClCuSO4CuCl2 Au2(SeO4)3 [Ag(NH3)2]+[Cu(NH3)4]2+ [AuCl4]

. ., 1084,5961,91064,4. ., 254021702947, /38,910,519,3

: H ... Cu Ag Au u2+/Cu Ag+/Ag [Aul4]/Au , : +0,34 +0,799 +1,00 I + H2O I + H3O+ CuAgH2SO4(.) HNO3(.) HNO3(.)Cu2+ Ag+

( . . +III)Au + HNO3 + 4HCl = H[AuCl4] + NO + 2H2O ( . . +III)2Au + 6H2SeO4 = Au2(SeO4)3 + 3SeO2 + 6H2O ( . . +I)2Cu + 8(NH3.H2O) + O2 = = 2[Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 4OH + 6H2O2Cu + 4CN + 2H2O = 2[Cu(CN)2] + 2OH + H24Ag + 8CN + 2H2O + O2 = 4[Ag(CN)2] + 4OH

Cu Ag, Au +I: Cu2O . ., . . 1240 +II: CuO ., . Cu2O O2 (1026 )Cu(OH)2 , ., . CuO H2O (40-80 )+III: Cu2O3 - . 400 ( CuO O2 )+I: Ag2O . Ag O2 (160 )+II: Ag2O2 (AgIAgIIIO2) , . Ag2O O2 (100 )+III: Au2O3 ., . Au O2 (160 )Au2O3 2H2O (K K)

IC, H2, N22CuCl CuF2 CuF CuCl2 CuI CuI2CuSO4 AgNO3 ( Au)HNO3(. .) H2SO4(.) HNO3 HCl ( )[AuCl4]OH, , L (-)[Cu(NH3)4]2+ [Cu(CN)2] [Ag(CN)2] [Au(CN)2] .

:26. Cu 0,01% .69. Ag 1105 % .75. Au 5105 % .

(FeCu)S2 Cu2S CuS Cu2O Cu2(CO3)2(OH)2 Ag2S AgCl AuTe2

2(FeIIICuI)S2 + 5 O2 + 2SiO2 = 2Cu0 + 2FeSiO3 + 4SO2 / FeII . Cu+I + 1e = Cu0Fe+III + 1e = Fe+II2SII 12e = 2S+IVO2 + 4e = 2OII .

I(Ag,Au) + NaCN() + O2 [(CN)2] + OH....-, > 7, HCN () 2[(CN)2] + Zn(., ) = [Zn(CN)4]2 + 2() Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2 ( Zn)

2Cu+I Cu0 + Cu2+ Cu2O + H2SO4 = = Cu0 + CuSO4 + H2O Cu2O + 2HCl = 2CuCl + H2O CuCl + HCl = H[CuCl2] Cu2O + 4(NH3H2O) = = 2[Cu(NH3)2]OH + 3H2O(CuI) = 2, sp-.:4Cu(OH)2 + N2H4H2O = = 2Cu2O + N2 + 7H2O

Cu(OH)2: Cu2+ + 2OH = Cu(OH)2 : Cu(OH)2 + 2H3O+ = = [Cu(H2O)4]2+Cu(OH)2 + 2OH = = [Cu(OH)4]2Cu(OH)2 = CuO + H2O t

Cu2+(): [Cu(H2O)4(H2O)2]2+ [Cu(H2O)4(H2O)2]2+ + 4NH3H2O = = [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ + 8H2O -:CuN: 205 , CuO: 337 [Cu(NH3)6]2+ [CuL4]2+ (CuII) = 4, dsp2-. () . - sp3d2, .

dsp2 ():[Cu(H2O)2(OH)4]2, [Cu(H2O)2Cl4]2, [Cu(NH3)2(H2O)2(NO2)2] sp3 ():[Cu(OH)4]2 ( . . , 11) - (II):

- 2[Cu(H2O)4]2+ + 4I = 2CuI + I2 + 8H2O Cu2+ + I + e= CuI (CuII ) 2I 2e = I2 -: [I(I)2], CuI () I2 + 2SO3S2 = 2I + S4O62 :CuI() + 2 SO3S2= [Cu(SO3S)2]3 + ICuI() + 2Na2SO3S = Na3[Cu(SO3S)2] + NaI

Ag : : AgNO3, AgClO4, AgClO3, AgF ( ): AgX() + 2NH3H2O = = [Ag(NH3)2]X + 2H2O ( 2)AgX() + 2Na2SO3S = Na3[Ag(SO3S)2] ( 2)

2Ag+ + 2OH Ag2O() + H2O(AgOH) = 1,6 1062Ag+ + S2 = Ag2S() (Ag2S) = 6,3 10504Ag + 2H2S + O2 = 2Ag2S + 2H2O ( )