Denden

A Reference Grammar

by Boudewijn Rempt

Denden: A Reference Grammar

©

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Examples

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1. Introduction

The Charyan people

Methodological and theoretical assumptions of this grammar

Sources

Previous work

Chapter 2. Abbreviations

Part I. Phonology

Chapter 3.

Part II. Morphology

Chapter 4. Number

Chapter 5. Cases and other adpositionalparticles

Instrumental

. lananir.é hon ka, tau.layet, gerran mimir.ir hye layet.jutaste.PT1 after TOP NEG.tasty meat pepper.DUP INST tasty.CRTIf you've tasted [it], [and it] isn't tasty, you will certainly

make the meat tasty with peppers.

. seri basuse seri hye ghijas!2sHGH wash 2sHGH INST shitYou wash yourself with shit!

. kaulon Denyal tiran.ini davain hye tyras.as e.dabig_house Denyal catch.HAB birds INST hand.DUP poss.3sMGHDenyal from the big house catches birds with his hands

. koran hye ka yadir dox ga lyan gaveil INST TOP woman all NOM beautiful NOMWith a veil, every woman is beautiful

. chaka.hau rai semor e.dos hye!beat.IMP 3pLGG knife poss.1pMGH INST

Let's beat them up with our knives!

. soi hye sümzi ka, tan dasir hod'shulas ga, daha.wine INST drunk TOP TAN 3pfMGH head.mist NOM tomorrowThey're drunk with wine, they'll have a misty head, tomorrow.

. garal.al garalbay hye hyahyahair.DUP brush INST brush

garal.al hye garalbay hyahyahye garalbay garal.al hyahyagaralbay hye garal.al hyahya

the hair is brushed with a brush

. Yai hye e.do leham teshit.é yo maile,2sLGH INST poss.1sMGH money buy.PT1 that shirt

yo maile e.do ga!that shirt poss.1sMGH NOM

You've bought that shirt with my money, it's my shirt!

. dabbe ca qiri.ri e.do penresh hye tau.qireze.zapaint into eye,DUP poss.1sMGH spatter INST NEG.see.EXP

Because the paint spattered into my eyes I couldn't see.

. ram kisen.onai hye zipaisan hye sero dotyuan.money steal.PERF INST army INST 1sHGH poor

Because the army stole [my] money, I've become poor.

. canoran seras daxa ga hye serir kaulon ca nahan tau.yindadkey 1sHGH ORN NOM INS 1pHGH house ILL go NEG.able_toBecause he had the key on him we couldn't enter the house.

. sero hakaq.aq hye Hamal, Hamal qendor, sero qendor,1sHGH fight.HAB INST Hamal Hamal win 1sHGH win

tarna turantos tau.qendor.zi.but nobody NEG.win.AUG

I regularly fight a bout with Hamal, Hamal wins, I win,

but nobody ever wins out.

. Manud yo adan tau.adan ga! da yumir'beru hye qenan,Manud that man NEG.man NOM 3sMGH wife.first INST make_love

xong.zi, xong.zi na da yumir'verai hye qenantired.AUG tired.AUG so 3sMGH wife.second INST make_love

tau.yindad. E.da yumir.ir dilogh qenan!NEG.can poss.3sMGH wife.DUP REFL make_love

That man Manud, he isn't a man! If he makes love with his firstwife he's very tired, he's so tired he can't make love with hissecond wife. His wives must make love amongst themselves!

Relative

Genitive

. kaolon tan Keluxir zi gahouse TAN Keluxir great NOM

The house of Keluxir is great.

. weru doxazdan nahan lohe tan Daine nah.two regiment go to TAN daine side

Two regiments went over to the side of the Daine

. Tan lauyè purgat.dir cyun.cyun gelaw tayde Hamal ga zunga.danGEN well god.p very.DUP angry because Hamal NOM curse.AGPThe gods of the well are extremely angry because Hamal is one

who curses.

. Tan e.do ram di tejidi tau.getirTAN poss.1sMGH money 2sMGH little NEG.obtain

You won't get even a little of my money

. séor tan Tacalsword TAN Tacal

the sword of Tacal

. Tacal tan séorTacal TAN sword

Tacal's sword

. Snes hanun.un tanplain fly.p TAN

The plain of the flies

Locative

. Seras iber tan nevus hahan.alei. Tan nevus ga ke nadul.3sHGH first TAN west tramp.PT3. GEN west NOM only sand.He travelled first in the west. The west only had sand.

. Barush tan Barushladan.dir wu.ni, barush tan gigar ga.mountain TAN barushlan.p live.HAB mountain TAN danger NOMIn the mountains the Barushlani live, in the mountains there is

danger.

. Tau.tau.etand, e.ras dox'tau.yidan ga nothazNEG.dup.be POSS.3pLGH thing.NEG.normal NOM kill

tan kal tu.belay.layTAN far without.arrow.DUP

No, no, theirs is a strange thing that kills from far without arrows.

Other cases

Dative

. Do tan di tau.gevir.ju ram1sMGH TAN 2sMGH NEG.give.CRT money

I certainly won't give you money.

. Mému gjivat tan radan ta.kiraw?QST gjivat TAN man NEG.bad

Gjivat isn't harmful for a man? (negative answer expected).

. Seri wüwish.do tan do2sHGH dance.OPT TAN 1sMGH

Will you dance for me?

. doxaz delai.ai wüwish tan palthousand girl.p dance TAN emperor

A thousand girls dance for the emperor.

Ablative

. Sera tan harulon tan Qunayir nahan, tarna sera quna tau.ga3sHGH TAN temple TAN Qunayir come_from, but 3sHGH cat NEG.NOMHe comes from the temple of Qunayir, but he isn't a cat.

. Seri bachaza.hau hod e.rai tan randa2sHGH hack.IMP head poss.3sLGH TAN trunkHack his head off the trunk!

Allative

. Sero tau.yalir rezet tan Hamal.1sHGH NEG.bring bread TAN Hamal

I won't bring the bread to Hamal.

Comitative

. Sero ta.gedir tan bué yani pahang1sHGH NEG.think TAN DIST daughter fatI don't think of that fat daughter.

. Do tan Kirimandir hales.ju1sMGH TAN Kirimandir trust.CRT

I put my trust in the Kirimandir (brother and sister gods)

. Sero tajir tan tagyan e.di1sHGH sad TAN mischief poss.2sMGH

I am saddened by your mischief (from parent to child)

. Daine chui jahar.onai tan chakahin.yiDaine easily succeed.PERF TAN battle.DIMThe Daine easily succeeded in battle

Peripheral usages of tan

Adjectival constructions with tan

. Rorayal denor gigar tan tugar, ca'fentirRorayal speak danger TAN lie yesterdayRorayal uttered a dangerous lie, yesterday

Adverbial constructions with tan

. Serir tan Pal arat tan karinzu1pHGH TAN emperor fear TAN enter

We went to the emperor with fear.

. Serir Pal.ar arat tan Pal gelaw karinzu1pHGH emperor.LOC fear TAN emperor fury enter

We went to the Emperor's palace in fear of the fury of the emperor.

Conjunction

. Pal naha tan tupamo etal.amoi Barushlaemperor brave TAN unexpected conquer.RFUT Barushla

The brave emperor then unexpectely conquered Barushla.or: The emperor then bravely and unexpectedly conquered Barushla.or even: The brave and unpredictable emperor then conquered Barushla.

'one'

. Tan tau.tau.yuan.ini yobTAN NEG.NEG.do.HAB that

One doesn't do that.

As a relative pronoun

. Do avanrir quhuran.dir tan wüwish1sMGH love whore.p TAN dance

I love whores who dance.

. Do tauvan adan tan tauvan do1sMGH hate man TAN hate 1sMGHI hate those who hate me.

Comparative constructions

. Klondan.dan. qarnak.yara tan tardan loghfarmer.p fuck.DSP TAN animal like

Farmers fuck like the beasts. (i.e. without any art).

Passive constructions

. Tarna drai tan najan.inibut girl TAN kiss.HAB

But girls are usually kissed.

As a stopgap in poetry

Genitive

. Séor oib Tacal verech.zi ga, sero gedir.ju doxaz ajun.sword GEN Tacal old.AUG NOM 1sHGH think.CRT 1000 yearTacal's sword is very old, I think a thousand years.

Possessive

. Klonlyan lua Pal cuyinleng lyantara. Lyantara ka arayacharpalace POSS emperor outstanding beautiful splendour TOP glory

lua Pal.zi pela y lyaunya lua Charya ga.POSS emperor.AUG symbolize COM pride POSS Charya NOM.

The palace of the emperor is outstandingly beautiful. The splendoursymbolizes the glory of the great emperor and is the pride of Charya.

Ornative

. lyangar tan taihanun logh daxa Yimilir wüwish tan Pal.eye-brow TAN wing like ORN Yimilir dance TAN emperorYimilir with the wing-like eyebrows dances before the Emperor.

. lyan qoron.yi daxa gabeauty face.DIM ORN NOM

She has a pretty face

. maile qurejale yar daxa Quandiyal teshitlo'ar nahan.shirt see-through long ORN Quandiyal market.LOC go

Leng.leng qureray ga!very.DUP nice NOM

Quandiyal went to the market wearing a long, gauze maile.It looked very nice.

. Beru wenyisin daxa palenlo achar, Hamal yondir, yondir, cenamone lamp ORN study light Hamal study study night

tan atar reniy com yondir.TAN evening morning until study

With only one lamp lighting [his] study, Hamal studied andstudied, the whole night from evening until the morning.

Locative

. Rahnun ar klondan ka da kenta

. Weshe wuwish pesen e.da ar

. Quashdir hahush sensh cu

Finalitive

. Klondan maunsir rahnun e.da lya palenta shunfarmer plow field poss.3sMGH GOAL noble lazyThe farmer plows his fields for the lazy nobles.

Allative

Ablative

Illative

Sociative

Comitative

. quhuran avanrir adan y yader.iy.dirwhore love man COM girl.DIM.p

The whore loves the man with [her/the] little friends.

Chapter 6. Numerals

Collective numerals

Part III. Syntax

Chapter 7.

Appendix A. CorpusBarushlani

Mar Masai

Broyan

Hamal Pulandir Ginad-Kramok' Mama~Yolunlohir T'aya

Den Wenray

Nijdal'eray'idan

Denden

Aya! sémari'ryadhe gabu ni

dray, drayi

Garalwüshir

Laga-loju

Lama hosame

Lama'tahanna

lamay-neranmen

laqa tan klondan

Mümülagayi

Matraian

Song of the Wind

Mostral

Chofir

Northern Colloquial Charyan

manxuri penerar

Southern Colloquial Charyan

Adan'fentan tan Belxa'ziyuhai

Archaic Charyan

Glossary

Broyan

Glossary

Den Wenray

Glossary

Denden

Glossary

Northern Colloquial Charyan

Glossary

Southern Colloquial Charyan

Glossary

Vustlani

Glossary

Appendix C. SourcesRecordings

Manuscripts

Bibliography