Στρατιωτική Ιστορία Τεύχος 7
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Transcript of Στρατιωτική Ιστορία Τεύχος 7
-
7
1997
.8
00
3 / SS "" ' (1935-1940)
1940-41
! 1346
"BODENPLATTE" (1-1-1945)
1828-1923
-
6
15
22
31
3 6
44
5 0
58
61
71
1346
"BODENPLATTE" (1-1-1945)
(1 8 2 8 -1 9 2 3 )
'
(1 9 3 5 -4 0 )
3 / SS ""
1940-41
1346, , . , .
4 76 ;77 78 79 80 81 82 QUIZ
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Tiger Moth (. ).
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- - , (I) .. - (I) .. , . (I) , .
1 1960. : Su-9. 20.000 m, Su-9. - U-2. , , U-2. , U-2 Su-9 . U-2 . , , . Saturn. - , 36 . ,
SA-2 U-2. MiG-19 . , , / , . , , , . 1976, .
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. - 136 (1 , . 031-285703), 50 (boardgames) Wargames.
, 1940-41 .., - - . 70 , . 29 .
20 1996 - - : Bill
Bill Bedford Hunter Farnborough 1959 (. BAe).
Bedford Yves Ezanno. Bill Bedford (1920-1996) -
Loughborough, . ,
-
I I
Yves Ezanno Armee de I Air 1966 (. SHAA).
. - RAF . - 605 , Hawker Hurricane . 1941 131 Hurricane - , - , . 1944 -47 Thunderbolt. 1944 Bedford 65 , Mustang. ' , . 1949 1951 - RAF . - Hawker Aircraft Company, - ( Neville Duke). Duke 1956, . '50 Bedford Sea Hawk, Hunter, Sea Fury .. 21 1960, 1127 (831),
V/STOL Harrier. 7 1961 Harrier, .1127 (836). 14 1961, ( ) 836, Bedford - (Martin-Baker). 8 1963 V/STOL HMS Ark Royal . To 1968 - Hawker Siddeley Aviation, . British Aerospace (BAe) Bedford .. . 6 1995, 60 Hurricane, Bedford Brooklands () Hurricane (G-HURR). Harrier .
Yves Ezanno (1912-1996) . . , 1939, 55 . 1939 . , . 7 OTU (Duala) 1940, Fezzan 1941, 2 . Blenheim 1942 El Alamein. Lorraine 1943, 198
RAF, Typhoon. , . 23 1944 198 , RAF . - , 90 Typhoon. 90 (7 1944) / , Ezanno , , , . 1945, , Meknes. 1949 . 1951 " , Sabre Farnborough ( Carpentier). Ezanno . 4 . SHAPE , . 1963 13 1967 Armee de Air, 23 , .
24 - 1997 ( ). , , , , - , - . / , , - , . . .
8 1996 () - . , , 70 .
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- . - . . , , , 1,83 15 , . 50 10 , 200 . . . , . . , , !
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, . , . . . ' 2.700 , 8.000 3.000 . 5 , . , 738 . - 12 1346, . , . , Godfrey de Harcourt, ,
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(1) Matthew Bennett: THE KNIGHT UNMASKED, Military History Quarterly, Summer 1995.(2) Matthew Bennett & Nicholas Hooper: THE CAMBRIDGE ILLUSTRATED ATLAS OF WARFARE: THE MIDDLE AGES, Cambridge University Press. 1996.(3) Alfred Burne: THE CRECY WAR, Greenhill Books, 1990.(4) David Chandler: THE OXFORD ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE BRITISH ARMY, Oxford University Press, 1994.(5) Geoffrey Parker: THE CAMBRIDGE ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF WARFARE, Cambridge University Press, 1995.(6) Bryan Perrett: THE BATTLE BOOK, Arms & Armour Press, 1992.(7) Michael Prestwich: ARMIES AND WARFARE IN THE MIDDLE AGES, Yale University Press, 1996.(8) THE AGE OF CALAMITY, Time-Life Books,1992.(9) Geoffrey Regan: MILITARY BLUNDERS, Guinness Publishing, 1996.(10) Velimir Vuksic & Zvonimir Grbasic: CAVALRY. Cassell, 1993.
-
.
,
LUFTWAFFE
,
,
.
,
. "
LUFTWAFFE
.
-
Luftwaffe - 1944, .
Goering, . , , , . Mustang Thunderbolt , - ' 1 . . , : ! , Luftwaffe ,
.
, , Bodenplatte ( ), . : - , Arnhem 1944 . , . . , Luftwaffe , - . Dietrich Peltz, 2 Luftwaffe, , . 15 ,
. , . : 10 , 900-1.000 . 11 2 9 - , .
, , Ju-88, Ju-188 Me-262, . , , , , .
: . , , !
(535 , ), . Luftwaffe - . , . Luftwaffe, - - . 1939.
. , . -17, Mustang , , . . . , .
, , , . - . , :
) . , : Luftwaffe .
Heinz Baer Eindhoven, 203 204 . 220 .
.6)
, . - , : .
) -
Fw-190 D9 II/JG26 Schiageter , Bodenplatte 500 kg. 2 3 JG26 Evere .
-
Delmenhorst / JG 6N ET H ER LA N D S
HeeschNordhorn Uf/JG 26
Volke!
Paderborn 1/J6 3 Lippspringe ttp l/JG 3Eindnoven
Ophoven
Asch *Kln-Wahn SG L Jd K d n -Ostheim
BELG IU M EttinghausenH/JG 2
NiddaMerzhausen |/J 0 2 ^ G j JG ;
= 3 1U/JG 2 Altenstadt
Rhein-Main,.
'LUXEMBOUIDarmstadt-Griesheiri \JjGt*+ l/jG 11
Gross- Os^teim |||/JG11 Babenhasen ll/ JG 4 ZellhauseVi j l/JG
NORTH 5 EA
^ --- J Vecnta^ ^^Z-^^Q akenbruck U / JG 6
B / JG 6Drope 5J/JG1 3 Furstenau J/ jG 26
1 T Heepe X |/JG 27H '--- Achmer M JG 27
f Ei'ns St JG 10 Hopsten l l/ JG 27
--- Plantlnne l||/JG26--- Rheine | j/SG 1 1/ JG 27 ,
^ Dortmund 3/JG 77 ' Bnninghardt 33/JG 77
Dsseldorf- Lohausen |lt/ jG 77 Derojs West remussels- Grimbergen- ussels-Evere---- - y 3ERM A N Yussels-Melsbroek---
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: 1 1945 . , !
Bodenplatte(1 1945): , . , .
. , Bodo Vogel 2/JG26, : , , Vogel : Abbeville ! .
08.00: , 33 , . - , .. . , : , , - . . . , , . , , , - . , . -
Typhoon IB Eindhoven.
JG3 Udet
.
1-1-1945 (05.00-08.00)- -
, . , ! . 06.30 ,
-
...
JG1 OESAU:
JG1, 80 Fw-190A8 Me- 109G14, (09.20). 1 3
. Gibbons 168 Eindhoven, FW-190A8 .
, - St. Denis-Westrem, : Ursel, -- RAF, Maldegem Spitfire IX 349 485 . , 18 .
J
. II/JG1 . To St.
Denis-Westrem Spitfire IX (302,308 317), , . Spitfire 308 . . . Spitfire , , . 15 . , , Spitfire . 317 , . - 18 Fw-190,
. II/JG1 , Staiger, , , , . (30
Herbert Ihlefeld, JG1, . Luftwaffe . 130 .
), .
JG2 RICHTHOFEN, JG4 JG6:
JG2, - FW-190F8 III/SG4 ( 150 ), St. Trond. Thunderbolt 48 404 , . , ( ,
!): JG2 , , : 33 , .
55 Fw-190 Me-109 JG4, , . , Ju-88 . , . JG6 , Ju-188, . , Volkel, . , JG6 Heesch, Spitfire. (411 442) , (410) . II/JG1 JG6. Spitfire IX 410 , . 411 442, . 17 , Spitfire, Volkel Heesch .
JG3 UDET: EINDHOVEN
Eindhoven:
St. Denis- Westrem, JG1 Oesau .
-
11 . Typhoon IB Spitfire XIV. 09.00 , 15 17 Typhoon , , . Typhoon QC-D 24 .. Gibbons, , 55 JG3 , . 09.20 ...
, Heinz Baer, 202 . : . Typhoon ! Gibbons - . Fw-190 Me-109 . Focke Wulf -
Me-109 G-14 II/JG11, Asch. 25 , .
. 16 Leipholz Eindhoven. Gibbons, Typhoon . .
Heinz Baer Typhoon . , Wilson - - Keller . Typhoon -
11 JG53 (11/JG53)
Me-109 G-14,
1944.
Heinz Plettner, 1-1-
45
Thunderbolt
. Me-109
Landt.
, ,
Bodenplatte .
. . , Me-109 ! - , . , , . - -25. - , . , Typhoon . . , - , 23 . : 60 Typhoon 58 (Spitfire, Mustang, Mitchell, -17), 25 30 . . 18 , Eindhoven .
JG11: MUSTANG TO ASCH
20 65 JG11, , , Gunther Specht. Asch, 09.40,
09.15, 12 Mustang 352 . , , , 25 . 20 12 Asch. Mustang Thunderbolt, . Gunther Specht, 32 - , .
JG 26 SCHLAGETER: 19 EVERE... - GRIMBERGEN
JG 26 , ! Josef Priller, JG 26, 50 Fw-190 D9 1 4 Grimbergen, . Priller : , Mustang! Luftwaffe 50 - , 17 , . !
-
20
. , Spitfire.
(JG 53), - Messerschmitt , . III/JG 53 Metz . . -47, . - ,
Spitfire XI Melsbroek. JG27 .
FW-190A8 JG1 St. Denis-Westrem.
Spitfire .
, ,
. Tadeusz Szienkier, Fw-190
1 St. Denis-Westrem.
Evere. . 120 Fw-190 D9 Me-109 4 2 3 15 Spitfire , , - . . Spitfire , - . - Adolf' Glunz, 6 , - Spitfire . II/JG26, Anton Hackl, . 16 Fw-190 D9 . 120 ( 60- 65 32 ), Evere Bodenplatte .
. Me-109 - . , Heinz Plettner Thunderbolt - 3 .
JG53 Metz, Thunderbolt - .
. , Metz . , Me-109 - . 109 . - , !
, 66 Thunderbolt - Metz! 18 , JG53.
J G 7 7 ROT HERZ : DEURNE
105 Me-109 G14-K4
Deurne, Typhoon Spitfire. . , 1 - - Deurne. . Deurne , .
JG 27K A I JG53 AS:
27 53 , - . Bodenplatte JG27 85 , JG53 50 Me-109 G14, G10 4.
JG27 Melsbroek , Evere, . 53 JG27 14 - . 3 Spitfire. Me- 109 4 12 , 1.500 , , Heilmann 9
-
Me-109 . , , - . .
10.30:
. -
, . . - ( ), .
, . 12.30 . ...
2/JG26, - FockeWulf 3 :
Bodo Vogel , , . - , Metz, - Stefan Kohl 109 , 11 , . - , . - . Thunderbolt. ; , . -47 , :
;". , Kohl.
450 ,40 145 . . 214 , 300 - 200 100 ! 18 , , . Luftwaffe. Bodenplatte ... . , - - 30 . , , .
, - . Luftwaffe , . - 21 ( ) - ami . . , . Luftwaffe , .
(1) Werner Girbig: SIX MONTHS TO OBLIVION. Schiffer Publications.(2) Norman Franks: THE BATTLE OF THE AIRFIELDS. GRVB Street London.(3) Alfred Price: THE LAST YEAR OF THE LUFTWAFFE, ARMS AND ARMOUR, 1991.
BODENPLATTE ANA
JG1 3 St. Denis-Westrem ()JG2+III/SG4 (1) 4 St. Trond ()
JG 3 3 Eindhoven ()JG 4 3 Le Culot ()JG 6 3 Volkei ()
JG11 3 Asch ()JG26 III/JG54 (2) 4 Evere Grimbergen ()JG27 IV/JG54 (3) 5 Melsbroek ()
JG53 3 Metz ()JG77 3 Deume ()
(1) 3 -4 (2) 3 -54 (3) 4 -54 . , .
-
.
(1828-1923)
0 ,
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). , , ( ), , - - , . , , - , , , . ( ), , Bernd Langensiepen The Ottoman Steam Navy . (1821-1828) , . , (1827),
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"Asar-i Tevfik"
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, 95 (1828-1923), , () , . , , 1923, . "
,
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, , (--), " - - . , 1827 1834. nto , , , , , , (, .). , .. Henry Eckford, 1831 United States (10001), - Mesir-i- Ferah . , 74 . 1832 - , .
, Charles Ross, Aynalikavak, , , Forster Rhodes, 1831. Rhodes, , Derya Kaptan, . Aynalikavak, , .
23
20 1828 , , . , (1828-1829), , Swift , . ( ) Kelly, , Surat . To Surat 1829 , - . , , , . Surat Derya Kaptan , . Hilton Joliffe Sagir . Hanchet , Kelly, , . ,
-
24
, . , - , , .
, Forster Rhodes . 24 1837 Aynalikavak Eser-i-Hayir . , Mesir-i-Bahri Tahir-i-Bahri (1838- 1839), . - , -- - .
. , , . , .
1846- 1847, . Taif , Saik-i-Sadi , Feyza-i-Bahri Mecidiye . , . , , . , - - . , , - - ( , , ). , , -
, . , , .
(1853-1856). , , , . , - , . 1856 Reyk-i-Zafer Kervan-i-Bahri . -
Yavuz ( Goeben") Berk-i Satvet Istinye 1914. Yavuz ( Guleryuz).
Barbaros Hayreddin 25 -12 1911 ( Guleryuz).
-
Midilli Breslau 1917. (BAM Freiburg).
, , . 1858 Sadiye" Fethiye , 1864 , , Kosovo , Ertugrul Hudavandigar . , , , . Osmaniye , . , , - - .
1855 - , , , Aynalikavak . 1863 - , know-how ( ),
, Selimiye . 1870, - !
. . - , . 1839
(Tersane-i- Amire ). . Derya Kaptan, , Bonal, , Fevaidi Osmaniye . (1843), , . Bonal , . ( , , , ), ... 25 . / , . , , .
(1847) , . , , . , , . ,
-
, . , ' , Mecidiye Taif , , . , , , 1910.
30 1853 , 1854 - 1855 - .
Abdul Aziz 20 1861, , . , , . , - .
26 : ,
, . . , , - - . . , , 1871 ( ), , .
, : ) 1866-1869, 6) - 1877- 1878.
1866 ,
. 40.000 . , Ethem Passa, , , Ibrahim Passa, . , . , .
1875. , , "Kosovo, ( Guleryuz).
, - - . , , , , . , , .
1869, , - status quo , , . , , Hobart, Hobart Passa, Albay Mehmet . - , .
22 1877 . ( ), - - - , . , 1876, Ferik Riza, Ferik Mustafa . , Mesudiye , , . 1876 (Avnillah Muin-i-Zafer) Batumi, Sehber" , - . - .
. 1877 Ferik Hasan, , Batumi. 12 1877 , - Batumi, Ferik Hasan. .
-
mi
To 1877 - Sunne () Batumi. 23 Feth-i- Bulend , , Vesta . , . 31 1877 Ferik Ahmet Sochum Batumi, - (Trabzon) . 3 23 1877 - , . Kilyoz, 30 . 23 1877 26 1878 . Intibah , 23 .
-- 1877-1878 . 30 1877 ,
. 3 Semendire Feth-ul Islam Ismail, - . , 11 , Lutf-u Celil 160 184 . 25 Macin, 15 Seyfi , . 27-29 , . - - , . 16 1877 ( Podgorice Iskodra ) Nigbolu, . 8 1877 Sunne , 27 . .
, - ,
, , . , . , , .
1897
1897 , , , . . :
* 22 1897, Hamidiye , , Mesudiye .
* 15 1897 27 -
Canakkale . Henry Wood von Hofe. , . - . Osmaniye , Armstrong Krupp ( ). ... (.. 240 mm "Aziziye ). (, .). , ( Mesudiye ,Necm-i Sevket , Berkefsan Peleng-i Derya).
-
9 Hamidiye () "Mecidiye () Zonguldak 1930 ( Guleryuz).
... , , - . von Hofe, ( ) , Armstrong, ". 15 1897 - von Hofe - , .
18 1897 .
1897 1906, , . 1897, , .
, - , -
. ( ) . - ( , , , . , ). , - , ( ) ! Thames Iron Works ( ) 10.0001 6.000 t
. (Armstrong) (Krupp). , Wilhelm II - , ,
Torgud Reis 1930. ( Guleryuz).
.
4 1897 . 10.0001, 6.000 t, 5.0001 2.500 t.
, , . 1898 " , / Mesudiye Asar-i Tevfik . , von Hofe. 11 1900 Krupp - , 648.000 .
1900 William Cramp & Sons , , 355.000 . (22.000 ) 1895 1896, -.
1903 , Mecidiye , , ( , 1914, , , ). ,
"!
-
. Hamidiye , Drama ( , , ). 1911 , 'Libia .
Krupp - - , . 1900 1906. 1900 Asar-i Tevfik
1906. ( 1901) Izmir , (600 ) 14 . 282.000 65.000 ( ) ( Peyk-i Sevket Berk-i-Satvet ), - - .
. , - (1904) Krupp , - - Sivrihisar Schneider-Creusot. , 200 t ( Refahiye ) 420 t ( Marmaris ). 22 - 1906 . Ateliers de la Loire Schneider et Cie. 1907-8 280 t ( Durandal ), . 1932 .
(26 1909) Sir Douglas Gamble (18 1908), . Gamble , , . Gamble: , . . -
"Drama Ansaldo , (. Ansaldo).
. , ( Ihsaniye , 35 13 ). 1909
5000 . - , 20 ! von Stremple . 19 1910 Donanma-i Milliye Cemiyetti ( ), ( 2 9 - ). , Gamble Williams, - 1914, , , , , - .
1912- 13, , , , . - Hamidye" (, ) , 7 1913.
-
' . 10 1909 5 1910, Brandenburg , Kurfurst Friedrich Wilhelm Weissenburg , - (S-165 S-167), 30 1910. 22 38 /- , Wilhelmshaven 14 1910 Canakkale 29 , Hamidiye . 1 1910 Barbaras Hayreddin Torgud Reis . . 25 . . ( ) , / . ,
Q ,
( , ). 1 1913, Izmit (Izmit Arrangement), Armstrong - Golcuk - Tersane-i Amire . 1913, , .
' , , Goeben Breslau . 11 1914 . (25 1917), - 95 . - Goeben Breslau , S 56/60/61/62, V 77-80, G89-90, G92-93
U-82, U-84, U-86, UB-62, UB-63, UC-63 UC-65. , , .
29 1923, , ( , - , ), , .
, : . . . . (.. ), . ( ), .
20 ,
, . . , 100 : , . , . , , . .
(1) Alan Palmer: THE DECLINE & FALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, Barnes & Noble Books, New York, 1994.(2) . : TOY 1914- 1918, --, , , 1969.(3) Bernd Langensiepen & Ahmet Guleryuz: THE OTTOMAN STEAM NAVY, 1828-1923, Conway, , 1995.(4) : . 1280-1924, , , 1988 ( ).(5) : 20 , , , 1990 ( - ).(6) .. : . 1800-1923, . ,, 1978 ( , 1800-1878).(7) ...
Hamidiye" 1913 ( Guleryuz).
-
'0 . , . . " , . , , .
" "
,
, . , 1952, - . Humphrey Bogart , ,
,
- HMS "Severn, HMS "Mersey . , Rufigi . Knigsberg", .
.
. , .
C.S. Forester, . , , , . . , ,
-
.
4800 . , . - - , , , .
. . , , , . sideshow , .
, -
2 2 . am ,
, . , , . . . . . : . , 320 . , .
. , Luderitz Bay Swakopmund. - 2.000 , 5.000 , , 1904. , . 1910. - . . 1914 Luderitz Bay, 11.000 De Wet . , . - , Swakopmund. 12 1915 Windhoek 6 - . , .
01
, . 1914, Paul von Lettow- Vorbeck , . , , . . Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck . , , . , ,
Knigsberg, Rufigi.
. . !
. 200 3.300 . - 27 1914 Douala. , , Yaounde. , , Yaounde 1 1915. .
, 480 . 150 . , . , 1914.
- , 960 . 1.300 . .
-
. , , .
von Lettow 1914 , : 3.000 11 - , . , . , : , , - , .
- , . , , . . , . , , , . , . , ,
-. .
11.000 2.000 , von Lettow . - , , . von Lettow-Vorbeck, , . . -
, . . von Lettow 30 10 .
, , . , . ,
Knigsberg . , , . Graf von Sp ee , . Knigsberg , , Bismarck Graf von spee - . Knigsberg von Lettow. 10 1914. 14 von Lettow, 6.000 . 8.000 , . von Lettow . Tanga 8 1914 von Lettow . - , , 16 .
. - 33 - von Lettow .
, - . . , , - , . ( ) 4.800 ., ; ( ) , 1915.
-
. . , , .
-
( , !) , G. Spicer-Simson. , John Lee, . John Lee , .
1915. . . , , .
, HM S Mimi" H M S Toutou , - , . , . , . - . , . , . ,
34 von Lettow.
, ! 160 . - . - . , . , . . , - .
, ! 1915
. - ! Toutou Arthur-Darville Dudley. Dudley . - von Lettow. John Lee, Simson , Dudley . , -
, & . , .
. , 320 . , - !
26 1915 , 45 t Kingani , - . . , . , , .
Kingani . ,
. . - , . To Kingani HM S Fifi . , Spicer-Simson, Fifi Dudley Hedwig von Wissman .
9 1916 - . , . . , Dudley , .
Hedwig von Wissman , , Graf von Gtzen . , . , . . Vengeur , . Graf von Gtze , . , Kigoma. .
.
, .
-
I : " Is- r
Hedwig von Wissman" . .
Jan Smuts 1916 von Lettow. Jan Smuts 27.000 - , , , . , - , .
von Lettow . , . . 1916 Smuts Dar-es-Salaam 2/3 . , von Lettow, 373.000 , , .
- , von Lettow, . , ,
, 336.540 - . Smuts . , von Lettow. , - Smuts 10.717 , . Smuts , -. von Lettow , , .
, . 1917 von Lettow-Vorbeck - , . , . , , . , 25 1918, .
. , . - von Lettow ; .
.
G. Spicer- Simson . Dudley , , . Simson - (DSO), Dudley (Distinguished Service Cross). 12 . - , : " . C.S. Forester, . Hollywood, Humphrey Bogart Katherine Hepburn .
(1) John Terraine: THE GREAT WAR, 1914-18, Hutchinson of London publications,London,1965.(2) A.J.P. Taylor: HISTORY OF W. W.I., Octopus Books, Norwich, 1974.(3) J.E. Valiuy: LA 1ere GUERRE MONDIALE, , . Larousse, 1968.(4) CONWAYS ALL THE WORLDS FIGHTING SHIPS 1860-1905, Conway Maritime Press, 1979.(5) Noble Frankland (ed), THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 20th CENTURY WARFARE London, 1989.(6) 100 , , .
-
0 , 0 , 0 0 , , 01 " 5 .. . , , , , ,, .
(1200 ..) (490/80 ..) , , . (), 9 . .., , . , .
( 5 . .. ), - .
- . - .
, , , , . , , .
. , -
, (332 ..). , .
-
fSSgfgJi f f, iW iW UKjr;IftlitirE J / 4 r r i v *? . fy*- -1 . T % \ f J - M ? t- 1 1
, . , , . , ( ) . .
, (6. - !), , / . , , , .
, (476 .). - , . ().
, , . , . , . (IB , 28) , , - . , .
" , , -
V jP S l \/ f ; 11
i m IIPr r -'i
i #
. 47 m 9 , . 1 m, (: . , 1996).
, (431 ..) (. II, 18). (). . (. II, 74).
, 5 .. -
" .
, ,
, 424 ..
(: . , 1996).
-
: . 424 .. ( ) (IV,100): , , : - , , ,
38
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13
.
,
( ) (
, . -2).
. , . , . - , , ... .
5 . .
: ) (- , ..).)
// (, , , ..).
()
-
,
, . .
,
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.
( ), , 4 . .., .
.
: , , , , , , , .
(399 ..), , , . , , . , (. , 42).
( - . . ., 1,17- ) , ( ) ( 200 , 750 ). . ( ), , - (= ). , .
: , ( ), (- ), (). - (+ = ) (. , 50). . 100-150 .
() , . . : (1), ( ) (8) (9), (2),
, (5), () , (11), (4)- - , - (6) (12) (13). (3) , (7) ,(10) ( , . -2).
-
, .
, - _ (355 ..). , , ( ). , : 1) , . 2) , , () (). - . (, 74) - (, , ), 340 .. : , , , .
. (, , , ,
). .
: - , , , , .
, - , ( - ) , (, ). , . , , , . , , , .
.
, - , . . . - , - . , (). .
, , , - . . , . , - () , 150-200 , - .
, , -. : , . . , . .
, . , ( ). , ( ) , , , .
39
, , ",
. " (
) .
( ), ,
(), (), (I),
(), (), (),
) - ().
. () ,() , ()
( , J.G.Droysen,
, 1992-93).
-
. , (, ..) (, ..). (- , , ", ), (, , , , - ) . , , , , , , .., ( , - ).
, , . . , . ( ) , , . ( ) (, X, 11,2, IG2, II, . 1467: ). -
40 . am ,
( ). , , (0,45 m) 3 - (1,40 m) 200 400 m ( -). 3-7 ( ) .
.
, , . . 2-30 (1-13 kg), 25 kg ( - ) 75 kg (- ).
,
(: . ,
1996).
: 200- 300 m. : 7-9 , ( ) 700 kg. , . ( ) , () . 4-10 , .
(332 ..) . . ( 24) : . , . ... . . , (. , 41). , .
, , . , , . ... ( ). , , . (. . 41).
, - . .
4 . .. , , . , , ( ) ( ). (306 ..), . - . () . 200 , . , , . 306 .. , -
-
,
(
),
400 ..
.
, , - I
. ^ - 4 (
).
, , 200 750 . , . 750 (4 ), 5 .
. , , , . 80 kg 150 m, . (305 ..).
. , , - . 700 m. (, : - ). - ( , , ), 25 kg 300 , .
. , (. , 85), , . .
.
,
. 25 m
.
.
. .
, , (-). , 150 . ( ) . ( ), . , ( ), .
, . ,
.
.
.
, . , , - , ( ) (212 ..). " , - , . ( ) .
, . . -
41
-
, . 1.200 (),
(150 ..), , . , .
, . - () . , (. . 4.4,4). , (207 ..) , ( - . 11. 12,4). - . ( 198 .., 191 ..). ( ) . 55 () 10 . 4 . ..
42 . ,
- -
, , , 5 . .. , , . ( ).
(II,74). , . , . , -
. , . ( . , . () . , . , .
- , (398 ..). , (. , 50). , 80 , - , - (. , 74). (...)... . (...). -
I. ().
(., 44). - , , .
( ), , - . , - 30 , 8
6,5 . 10 , . 1,5 . . . - , , . ( ).
(. VIII, 6,2-11). ( ). . , . - .
, , , - , . ( ), , , . , 40 21 , 3,5 . ( 75 kg - - ), () ( -) , 200 . , , (. , 47-48). , , .
(305 ..), . , , 23 m, 47 . , , ,
-
. 180 ( ) 180 kg. , . , . 150 kg. . , 1 m . ( ), . 3.400 , (, De Architecture, -281,3). - s g - .
-
, . - (439 ..), . , . , . ', .
, . (, , 95) - . ( ) (332 ..). , - 4-10 . ( ), - .
, (60-125 ..). , ( ).
, . , 25-45 m,
().
", ( ). . , , ( ) . , . . . : - . , - , , (. ..). ".
, . . , - . . , 7,39 m
14,78 m, . , . , (- ). ( , , X). , 4 . .., ,
(, , , , )
30 . 4.000 (240 -
. ) 100 -a&i . -
! ,
.
1,5-2 m.
. . .
(1) : .(2) : .(3) : .(4) : , , , . 4 (5) : .(6) : .(7) : (8) : .(9) : .(10) : , 3-7(.Wescher, 8).(11) : .(12) : .(13) : .(14) : X.(15) , , . 2.(16) , , . 2.(17) Werner SoedelA/ernard Foley: ANCIENT CATAPULTS, Scientific American, March 1979.(18) Barton C. Hacker: GREEK CATAPULTS AND CATAPULT TECHNOLOGY, Technology and Culture 9, 1 (Sum. 1968).(19) W.W. Tarn: HELLENISTIC MILITARY AND NAVAL DEVELOPMENTS, Cambridge University Press, 1930.(20) Adcock, F.E.: GREEK AND MACEDONIAN ART OF WAR, California University Press, 1957.(21) Peter Connoly: , I. , .
-
, , , . , .
(679-680) , () . ( ) , : - , .
(7-10), . . , . (927) . , . 963, () , .
( , 15 . ).
( , 15 . ).
-
( I. , ).
968 , . 60.000 .
, . , 969.
. . , , -
-
- - , 12.000 - , ( ) , - ( ) , - , - - .
38.000 , , , , . - , . , - , - . , . , . , . . -
46 , -
, . , , . , . , , . 9-10.000 .
, , .
-
, 971,
, 26.000, 16.000. . 2.000 , - , , . - . , . . , , . , , . 28 971 42.000 . 300 , , .
13 , , , - . . , , ( 26.000 ), - . .
3 971 . , , 50.000 . 20.000 , () , . .
- , , . , . , . . 6.000 .
, ( ..) - . 971 (10 ) - , , . , - . . - . , , , . . . , - , . , - 7.000 - , . 7.000 20.000 , , .
, , , . - - , - , .
-
, . - 6, - , . , .
, - 300 , 20.000 - . 15.000 . 23 (), 70.000 18-19 . 23 971 ( ) .
, , , . - , .
- , , : , , , . , , - , , . , . . , ,
, .
, , . - , , . (, , ) , . , . . - , . - . , , . . : , - - , , , , - .
, . . , , . . , , , . .
, , , .
, , . - , , . - . , . - , . - . .
- , ,
.
,
. 47
,
10 .
-
35.000 .
, , , . , , , , , , .
, () , . , - . , .
25 , , - .
48
. , .
, , (), , . , , . . . , , . - - ,
. , , .
, , ( ) .
, 26 , , . , - - - . . . , . . - - , , . , - . , , . . , 27 . , , . , , , , ( ), .
(- ).
. .
, , 2.000 , , . . , , , . , , . .
, - . . . , , , . , .
19 , , . - , . - . , , - . , .
20 - , ,
-
. , , , . , . , , , - , 961.
, , , , . . , , .
, .
24 971 . . . , , , . , , . - , ,
, 10 ( 886- 1118 , - ).
- . , - . , , , . , , : , , . .
. - , . ,
.
.
. .
, ,
.
.
, ,
} . I - I ,
, -
, ,
-
.
,
. , , , . 10.000 .
. , , . . - . 22.000 , 38.000 . , , . , , , .
. . - 49 . , .
. , , , , , ' 1018.
(1) . : , 1917.(2) . : , 1885.(3) : , 1988.
-
1935-1940
18 19
,
. , _
, ,
.
30, . 1928 ,
. . , - 4 , . , , , .
, , , . ,
1935-1940
.
-
, .
- , , . , , , ; , , ; , .
. , -, , . , . ( clearing),
. , , , , .
1929 Wall street, , - .
, ,
, , - - , status quo, .
, . ( ), , . , - , . , .
1929- 1932 , : , 1931, . , 70-80%
: - -, - . , - . , .
. . , . .
, ^ , , , - - - , - , . , , - , .
. , .
- CLEARINGS
, , ( ) . , -
-
, .
, . , .
. , , , . , - , . - , , - - ,
52 -
, .
, : , - , , , . , . , , , , . , .
clearing , ,
. : 1.000 , 1,000 . , () , , : . : 1.000 , 1.000 . . , , , , , .
, , , . , , , .
, Reichsbank 18/8/1932 . . , 70% - , 30% , .
clearing - : -
, . - , 1932 . . Reichsbank , . .
, 50% maximum . . , . - : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
, 20, 30. -
-
- ' i n -V '
M l
(Krupp 88 mm).
Krupp
88 mm.
, Aristide Briand . , , , 1929, , , 1930, ( ) .
, , , . - , , .
- ; Pierre Renouvin, , . - . , .
. , Schacht
, . , . , I. . . , , , , .
. Chamberlain, , . , . .
- . 1936 , , :
, , , - , . , -
clearing, , - . ' ,
clearing , , (. ).
( ) . clearing , . clearing , . clearing, .. , - , , , .
Schacht (Schacht technique ) 1934, , ,
53
-
. 1938 25 ( ), clearing, .
clearing Reichsbank , 1932, . , . , , . , .
, Reichsbank - . , , , , . , 1935, 21,8 . , -
54 .
Schacht technique . ( ), . , 1936, . , , 34,5 .
1937 ( clearing) 35,3% , 26,2% . 10% 13,3% . 3,5 , .
(25.823 1938 52,8% ). (503 1938 205 ). (70% ), , . , . . 1937 1.353.572 , 1936 34,5 .
, . , . . 67,42% . ( 1932, , 407 ), . . , , .
34.5 . , 40.5 1.400.000.000 , I. , - . , .
1936, , . , -
, . , , . - , , . , :
1) , , .
2) 75 105 mm , Krupp 88 mm - 88 mm.
3) , .
4) .
, . . 21,8 , 1935, . 1937 917 , 557 360 . 557 ,
-
, . , 360 - .
, . . .
, - , . , , , . , , , , .
, , , :
) Rheinmetall 20 mm, - , , . , 20 mm . - .
) Krupp 88 mm, . .
75 mm, , . Krupp 88 mm. , 75mm, , 105 mm . 75 mm .
Rheinmetall , .
, . , 1936, 200 . , 100.000 1936 100.000 1937, - ( ) .
1938 , . 39 Krupp 88 mm, 57 A/A Rheinmetall 37 mm, 107 / Rheinmetall 20 mm, , - Siemens, 176 Daimler , 24 Rheinmetall 37 mm, 16 Henschel Hs 126,12 Dornier Do 22Kg, 127 mm 37 mm .
18 1937 , ",
, . , 19371 - clearing , , .
, , . Manchester Guardian - - 55 . - , - 6,5 .
I. , . 22 1937, , - . , . , . , , -
-
.
- , . - . - . 1937 . 0 , . ( ) , ( ) .
, , , . Times ,
56 21 1937, - mm
. . , . , .
, , , , . I. . 1937 - ( ) , . - , .
( ) - . , , . - - , , - .
, Blackburn Aircraft . 1937 . , . , , . , . . , , 600.000 , . . .
. 21 1939 - . , . 5 1939 - , , .
. ,
, . I. - . - - 500.000 (275 . , 2.750 ), - . 500 1938. , , . , . 1940. , 40% - . , , .
, 1940, The English Commercial Corporation Ltd ( United Kingdom Commercial Corporation Ltd), . , .
, 14 1940 , ( ) , . , , , - , .
- '? -
-
Pak
38 50 mm
Christen . ]/1/2 -34
450.
58 1941. 16 , 4 -
. , , 56 (3 3 S S Totenkopf ). ( ). 56 .
31 1941 3 S S . , , . , , , . 4 , . , 5 . - 503 . 56
, .
, 56 (2 10 ) 8 , . , . , . 11 12 , - - . , .
13 S S 2 - . 15 , . ( ),
-
3 SS "'
(-
-),
,
.
.
.
' - . , . .
22 2 - , - . . 23 , . .
24 1941.
Totenkopf - 59 . - . , . . ( ) . , Fritz Christen, 2 .
Christen -
( KV-1 -34). , ( , -
TSS Sturmmann () Fritz Christen.
.
-
-34/76.
3/2 ). , - . Christen 50 mm , , . , , Christen
60 . ,
.
Christen . 27 , 3/2 (150 ) , . Christen . , . 72 Fritz Christen 13 . 1 . Christen
, . , !
24 , . 27 , , 100 ( , KV-2) , . - , . - , " ( .) . , , ( 20.000 ). ( 4.500 5.000 ), " . , , ,
. -
, , , . , , , Christen !
(1) Ellis J.: THE WORLD WAR II DATABOOK.(2) Sydnor C.: SOLDIERS OF DESTRUCTION.(3) Holt F.: BLITZKRIEG TO DEFEAT: HITLERS WAR DIRECTIVES.(4) Quarrie B.: HITLERS TEUTONIC KNIGHTS, Patrick Stephens, Wellingborough, 1986.(5) Quarrie B. -.HITLERS SAMURAI, Patrick Stephens, Wellingborough, 1983.
-
..
.
,
- .
,
, " .
1940
1941, 01 ...,
01 .
1940 , .
1939 1940 , . -- - - , .
1 1 , Potez, Blenheim Battle PZL, , 67 - 300 - , .
, . , , 1940 , 1938 .
P-36C .
-
1940 . 1941, . 6 , .
, , , . , -- , . , I. , . , - , , , - , .
, - ,
. , - , - , , . 50% . . , , .
1940. - , , ". , . 21 1940 , , , , . . 24 , - - .
, - ( 12 ) Namstrad 50 Vultee. , . 11 - . . 26 , , - , . . , , 3.
. , , . 23 , . ^.
, - . , , 1940 .
: . . , . , . , - , .
: - , - . , , . , , .
- , - :
-
7 Boulton Paul Defiant. ,
0,303 in , .
". .
, , , . - , - , . , , .
28 1940 , , , , - . , . , . , , . 7 , , , , . 0 .
, 5 ,
, . . ( ) - . , , .
- . 8 , , . , , . . 18 , . . . , , .
, -40 Curtiss-Wright , -- -40 , 1940-1941 100 -40. 22 30 -40. ^, .
22 . 30 -40, , , . , - : . .
30 , . -
63
-
-40 . Curtiss , 30 6. - , , 7. , , 30 , , . 60 8.000.000 . 30 -40 80 , 5 0 % . , -40 Allison9. , Curtiss-Wright , ,
64 .*
.
. 6 ... , . , , : 30 . . , , 30 -40 , .
: , , , .. . - 4010. , - . 11.
- 40. . , .. -40 12. 400 (!!!...) 13.
400 , , , , . I. . , .
,
, . 11 , , 30 Curtiss -36 Mohawk , 1^. , , - , . , Mohawk Gladiator () Defiant ( ). Defiant, 15.
1940 " . - . 17 . . : 16.
18 30 Defiant -40. . 17. , -40. - Defiant. 19 . -40, .
-
65
Hurricane .
. Defiant , , , . 18 - . - , , , : - 30 Mohawk -36 , 30 Tomahawk (-40) Mohawk . , 1.
, 5 , . - 27 ,
, . , Defiant. I. - , - . , , ". - -- .
, 31 30 , 60. ,
- . - . - 30, 60. : 33 . - 30
. - - . - - 1
. , , 1941, 30 - Grumman F3F , 20. - 1941, . . - - - .
- F3F -40.
-
-, Mohawk (-36) -40 . , . ... , , , , , - 2 .^ 1941 . 30 , .
, . 13 -40 .
66 - - -36 -40 22.
, . , . , . , - . ,
100 -40, : , . 2^
, - . 14 , Mohawk . Cape Town, . .
, : , . - . . , .
Mohawk, . , - - .
. -40 , , - Mohawk . -40, . ( , ), Mohawk
. , . . , , 2 .^
1941 .
PZL 1940.
-
Curtiss P-40C Tomahawk .
Defiant, 28 , - , . . 31 , - 30 Grumman F3F 48 , . - - . . , , .
, , - - . , , . 1 , : . ( F3F) , , , -40 , .
, , .
5 , 30 Grumman. 100 -40. - , . 400 , - 100 -40. 2.
, 7 . , - . , , Twentieth Century Fox . , 27. , , , F3F. F3F
, , , . - 28.
11 , , , . 30 Grumman F4F3 Wildcat . 29% - - . , : ! ; , . . , ... . :F3F4; . , - , F4F3 . : ; ; . 67 ; , . **
, Wildcat , : 21 ; . - 30. , , , . . 21". : ... , 29.
F4F3 Wildcat . - 30 , 31 ". - : -
-
30.
15 30 Grumman F4F3 , , 15 . " . - , 29 1941. , , 12 , , . 6. 30 Grumman, , 15 1941 . , , - .
QQ
, 24, - . , 30 .
17 1941, , - , , - . ,
. , , . . , ( ).
, , 4 , 58.000 , .
, , F4F3. -
. . . , , .
, 1940 . , , -40, , , , F4F3. Grumman . Tomahawk ; , ; ...
, -
, , Wildcat. , Grumman 31.
. 11 1941 . , , Grumman 19 . , , , .
Curtiss P-40C USAACto 1941.
, . 30 Hurricane ; 5 6 411 , . (. 4, 17): . , , 18 Hurricane, 32.
, - , .
-
Grumman F4F Wildcat.
, - 24 15 -40 , , F4F3, - . . . : - , 33. , 7 .
, , .
26 : . , Grumman . 28 . - . , , , , (
69
Gloster Gladiator RAF.
) . 29 , - 30 Grumman .
1941, 6 , . 30 1941 , . , ,
, . , 1940 ,
- , . . , 13 1941 (
-
), ' 3'1. , .
30 -40 , ; . , I. . , . -40 Me-109. , .
- . , , , - .
JQ - ,
. - .
, - . , . - . . - "
, ( ) .
, , 1941, . , 1942. , , . . . . , , , 30 F4F3 , , 35. . , - , , . , .
". , , .
-
(1) : , Aerospace Historian, . 74, 132-133. .. 36.(2) , 21-b-40, FRUS 1940, III 574/ , 24-6-40, . . 868.24/89. . . . .
.(3) , 23 26-10-40, . . (FRUS) 1940, III 577-579.(4) , FRUS 1940, III, 577- 579.(5) , 18-12-40. .. 868.48/83 . . . .(6) , 24-11-40, . . , . 19/487,7 . . . (..).(7) , 22-11-40, . 19/487 ...(8) , 20-11-40, . 19/487, 2, ...(9) . . , 18-12-40. . . 868.248/70. . . . .(10) , 9-12-40, . . 868.248/5523 . . . .(11) . 337, 259 339, 9 14-12-40,42. . , , .(12) , 12-12-40, . .868.248, 63, . . . .(13) , . 339, 14- 12-40, 423.(14) , FRUS, 1940, III, 599. 11-12-40. . 19/487, 30, ...(15) . . 12-12-40, . 19/487, 22, ... . . .. 36.(16) , . 340, 17- 12-40, 331.(17) , . 341, 18- 12-40, 30-31.(18) . . 18-12-40, . 19/487, 27 ... . . ..36.(19) No 3, 11. 41, 760.(20) No 3, 91. 41, 774.(21) , 2 . 41, . . 868. 248/113, . . . .(22) , . 347, 13 . 41, 76.(23) , 14-1-41, . 19/487, 40, ...(24) , 15 . 41, . . . 1941, II 676-677. . ..36.(25) : , Bantam, . , 1962.(26) : ", Philadelphia Public Ledger, 6 . 41, . . 868.248/100 . . . .(27) New York Times, 1 . 40, 22:1.(28) , . 371, 8 . 41, 1/. 371, 8 . 41, 27.(29) , . 371, 11- 2-41, 148-152.(30) , . 371, 11- 2-41, 153.(31) . . , 16 . 41, . 19/487, 42 ...(32) . . . , 23 . 41, . . 371/29814, 122 ..., . .. 36.(33) , 24 . 41. . . . 371/29814, 119 ...(34) Laird Artair: BALKAN JOURNAL, Norton, 1944.(35) Harold Ickes: TOY HAROLD L. ICKES, Simon Schuster, 1953-54.(36) C.E. Patrick Murray: UNDER URGENT CONSIDERATION, .
-
..
.
0
!,
1584
, ,
". 0
30
60
, ,
" .
, 1645.
PI N O , "
",
.
" - ,
. , . 1980. Time , , !".
1584, , . 1603, - . , 1868.
70.000 , . , . , -, . , ,
, .
-
72
(
, 1848).
, .
. . .
, 21 , . 29 - . , , , . , - , . . 0 , .
1614 1615 , , .
1634 , 51 , . - , . , ( , ) . : ,
. , , , . 1643 , , , . 1645, 61 .
, , , , . , . ,
. Pi No - . . , . . .
, , , ,
( ), , , , .
-
, . -, , , 50 .
- .
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(1836),
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3. .4.
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6. .
7. - .
8. .
9. .
. , . . . .
. , ; , - , , ...
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.
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.
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, () . .
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. .
, .
. , , .
, .
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. , , , .
. , . . . . .
. . , , - 75 - mm . .
. , , . , , . . , .
: A BOOK OF FIVE RINGS, Overlook Press, 1992.
-
;
;
, , 12 ,. . . , . - , . . " . .
. "", - (=), . - , - .
, .
, , . . , , , , . , . , .
, . . , , - - . , .
, . , - , . , , - . . , , , , , .
;
. . ( ), , . . - ", . . - , , , , . . . ot , . , , . - , . / . , - - . , , - .
,
|
1 .
, . . .
, . , . - , , , . (1071), ( - ) , . , / , .
-
(1885-1945)
, , , .
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1910 23 , . 1912 , , 43 .
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No 5, , , Air International. 2/10/1939 Vladimir Kokkinaki TsKB-55, -2/-2 Shturmovik. , 12/10/1939, TsKB-57, Alexandr Mikulin -38 -38. - . 18/04/1944 -2 , 11-10/11-10UT/II-10 . Kokkinaki 19/08/1944 -2,
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