6th century CE to 1450 CE Began with rise of Islam

First trans-regional civilization Spans Eurasia and Africa

Era of two great powers: Islam, China Ended due to Turks, Mongols, Black Death

Characteristics Spread of universalizing religions, philosophies Saw rise of new civilization centers Emergence of network of global contacts Ages of Faith, Aristocracy, Increasing

Inequalities

State Structure Most systems were aristocratic in nature Most systems were decentralized Influence of system was often more important

Agents of Change Often trade or economic Pastoral nomads and migration less important Universalizing Faiths

World System or Global Contacts No world system yet (Americas, Oceania not

included) Afro-Eurasia was a system though

Women in the Era Less Centralized states: women have more influence Less Aristocratic states: women have more influence Increasing institutionalization means fewer rights

An Age of Faiths: Religions and Missionaries Christianity

Roman Catholicism Orthodoxy: Cyril and Methodius

Buddhism Merchants spread it to East Asia, Southeast Asia Pilgrimages to South Asia

Islam Pilgrimage Dar al Islam as created by the vast conquests Sufi missionaries and merchants

Jews and Nestorians Southeast Asia: Spread of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam

Trading Patterns Muslim system including Sub-Saharan Africa Indian Ocean Systems: East Africa to Southeast Asia East Asia Central Asia: The Silk Road and Nomads Western European – Mediterranean and North Sea

Bedouin Origins Muhammad and Early Islam

The Quran, The Jihad The Sharia and Ulama The Five Pillars

The Orthodox Caliphs The Caliphate The Sunni-Shia Split

The Umayyads and Abassid Dhimmi status and “People of the Book” The Sultan and Vizier The Roles of the Turks and Mongols

Other Muslim Worlds Muslims in Spain Muslims in Central Asia Muslims in Africa Muslims in Southeast Asia

Structural Change: Fragmentation:,Sultans, Viziers, Harem

Dar al Islam provides cultural, religious unity to region

Sub-Saharan Africa Sahel: Ghana, Mali, Songhai East Africa: Swahilis, Ethiopia Southern Africa: Kongo, Zimbabwe Tribute empires, syncretic blending

South Asia Post-Harsha: Regional divisions, caste

stability From Muslims to the Sultanate of Delhi

Arabs conquer Al-Sind, raid, trade into N. India

Turks establish a Mameluk Sultanate Southern India: A Hindu Renaissance,

commercial Vaisaya caste expands with commere

The 2nd Warring States Period 220 – 589 CE Nomadic conquerors intermixing with sedentary Chinese Spread of Buddhism

Sui Dynasty reunited China; the Grand Canal Tang Dynasty

The Golden Age of China Bureaucracy and Civil Service through Confucian exams Scholar Gentry

Song Dynasty Merchants have upper hand Great technological and commercial innovation

Gunpowder, compass, porcelain, movable type printing Why was China so strong

Twice flowering rice increased harvests Settlement of marginal lands, use of terraces Capitalism as opposed to mercantilism Currency based economy

Neo-Confucianism blends Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism

Sinification vs. Indigenous Development Tribute System vs. Annexation Japan

Yamato Clan unifies Japan (Shinto) Nara: Prince Shotoku copies Chinese style of state

(Confucianism) Buddhism enters through contacts Heian: Japanese develop their own culture Court Elite vs Rural Elite vs majority of population Military elite assumes increasing power not scholar gentry

Korea Korguyo; Silla unifies Korea Confucian but not as rigid; Buddhism as balance Slavery continues to exist in large numbers

Vietnam Chinese attempts to control area until 1000 CE Vietnamese independence: Sinified elite different from

commoners Women have great influence at court, in local matters

Transition between Indian Ocean, China Decentralized State Structures, Feudalism,

Tribute Funan Khmer Empire Srivijayan Empire Malacca

Interactions Commerce and Trade Spread of Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam Syncretism

Hierarchical Systems Different: Gender

The Byzantines Insulated Europe from Arabs, Turks Civilized, Christianized the Slavs especially

Russians Preserved Greco-Roman Culture Helped spread Arabic learning to the west Monasticism was an Eastern development

The Schism A contest of wills between the pope, emperor When west was young, pope was weak As west emerged, pope got stronger The split was over the authority of the pope What occurred in 1054 was many centuries in

coming

Blending Traditions Christianity, Germanic Custom, Roman Law

The Structures from 5th century to 1000 CE From Kingdoms to the Franks to the Holy Roman Empire The Roman Catholic Church

Caesaro-papism or Papal Supremacy The Investiture Crisis Monasticism

Feudalism Aristocracy, reciprocity, and primogeniture Local rule, local self-defense, fiefs, vassals

Manorialism including serfdom, manors, autarky Vikings: Raid, Trade, Settle, New States A Changing Europe: After 1000 CE

Rise of Towns and with it the rise of the bourgeoisie Commerce and Great Fairs: use of money rather than

barter Scholasticism and Chivalry The Black Death leads to labor shortages Peasant Rebellions Wars devastate the aristocracy Rise of centralizing monarchs using law, taxes not

custom The Crusades as Contacts for Change

Expanded Warfare 100 Years War: Technology vs. Aristocratic Chivalry Reconquista in Iberia

The New Monarchy and Nationalism Centralizing royalty vs. decentralized feudalism Spain, England, France

The Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism The papacy was undermined by squabbling Never theological but was always political People began to question need for the pope Heresies occurred as did some attempts to reform

church The Renaissance

An expression of commercial prosperity Began in Italy in the 1300s with emphasis on arts The “We/Sacred” gave way to “I/Secular” Glorification of the Classical produced new ideas Humanism and Science

The Impact of the Mongols Destroyed all existing state structure Destroyed agriculture in some areas Left a vacuum upon collapse, helped create new

systems Forced states, peoples to adapt, adopt to survive

Increased contacts between distant Eurasian parts

Spread Diseases Exchanged Technologies Movement of Peoples

Paleolithic, Neolithic Peoples Existed During this period Americas also had these phases, which lasted longer

Nomadic hunters, gatherers, fishers Settled agricultural communities in many places of Americas

Subsistence vs. surplus; Irrigation systems Differentiated labor systems and hierarchy Ceremonial centers and pyramids

Americas Post-Classical Civilizations Centers

Mesoamerica Toltecs Mayans Aztec

Andean South America Chimu, Mohica Incas

Contacts Between Centers Limited but corn did spread Technology had not changed much over millennia Roles of Merchants, Roles of Diplomats

Cities Cosmopolitan cultures Centers of exchanges and commerce

Dar al Islam and China Both civilizations were centered on cities, urban

cultures Had most of the world cities with large populations

Geographic World China: Chang-an (Xian), Hangzhou, Canton Central Asia: Samarkand West Africa: Timbuktu East Africa: Swahili Cities Dar al Islam: Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba Western Europe: Venice, the Hansa Southeast Asia: Srivijaya, Malacca Southern Asia: Calicut Eastern Europe: Kiev, Constantinople, Novgorod Meso-Americas: Teotihuacan, Tikal, Tenochitlan

Cultural Diffusion through migration or Indigenous Development

Migrations Agricultural Peoples: Bantus

Comparable to Germanic migrations (but Bantu were usually not invaders)

Settlement of East, Central, Southern Africa Diffusion of iron-making, farming, herding State building: Kongo, Swahili trading cities

Nomadic Peoples Comparable to Hunnic and Indo-European migrations Arab Bedouins Turks: Seljuk and Ottoman

Disrupted Abbasids, Byzantines, Central Asia Introduced mameluk armies, Sultans Produced the first European crusades

Mongols and Mughals Disrupted most of Eurasia Created a power vacuum

Contacts as Migration Pilgrimage: Buddhist, Muslim, Christian Commercial contacts along caravan and sea routes Scholarly exchanges between Muslim and non-Muslim worlds

Demographic Shift A change in demographic patterns Abrupt decrease in population due to illness

6th century Bubonic Plague Preceded spread of Arabs Strongest impact was in SW Asia, East Africa

Black Death or 14th Century Bubonic Plague Originated in China Spread by Mongols throughout Eurasia Spread throughout Mediterranean by contacts Results

Labor Shortages: fostered growth of free, paid labor Attacked old elites in cities producing new urban elites Broke back of Mongols, small states Forced states to create new means of taxation, military

formations

Aristocracies: Called Gate Keepers European classes of “those who fight” and “those who pray” Capulis of the Aztecs and the nobles of the Mayans Brahmins and Kshatriyas of South Asia The landed scholar gentry (shi) of China The daimyos and samurai of Japan

The Peasants: Those Who Work Shudras and Pariahs of South Asia The Peasants of East Asia The Serfs and peasants of Western Europe, Eastern Europe The serf like capulis of Aztecs, Mayan caste peasants The sharecroppers and tenant farmers of the Arab world The commercial classes are agents of change

Gender Roles The patriarchical system increases with aristocratic societies, warrior societies Increasing examples of subordination of women

Footbinding in China; painted faces in Japan Veils, purdah in SW Asia and India; suttee in India Women as legal minors, disenfranchised in Western Europe Women as baby factories: Aztecs

Exceptions to the Rule Women in the Catholic Church: renounce sexuality and acquire equality Women in Bantu Africa – farmers, merchants, some rulers, matrilineal

descent Women in Southeast Asia – merchants, commerce, some rulers, matriarchy

The Muslims including South Asia Preserved Past Learning Especially the Greeks Created New Learning Spread other civilizations‘ accomplishments Science, Math, Geography, History, Philosophy

The Chinese and Japanese Golden Age of Art and Poetry under Tang and

Song The Heian Age in Japan – first novels, pillow books Ming tend to preserve culture or turn the clock

backwards The Byzantines

Icons, Hagia Sofia, Cyrillic Western Europe

Romanesque and Gothic Architecture Epics and Romances Scholasticism

Mesoamerica Higher mathematics Astronomy and Calendars BUT: Most of Technology remained borderline

Neolithic

Compare and contrast Japanese and Western European feudalism. (Note you might want to consider adding Zhou feudalism).

Compare and contrast political and social institutions in Western and Eastern Europe.

Analyze the roles and functions of cities in major cultures (Islamic, West European, East Asia, Western Africa, Eastern Africa).

Compare trading alliances and patterns of trade in any two of these regions: Northern Europe (Hansa) Mediterranean (Venice, Genoa) Abbasid Muslim world The Silk Road of Central Asia Trans-Saharan Trade Route East Africa/ Swahili cities The Indian Ocean.

  Compare the roles of politics, social

classes, and gender in Christianity and Islam.

Analyze gender and social systems and any changes over time as caused by interactions and religions such as the impact of Islam and Neo-Confucianism.

Compare the Aztec and Inca Empire.

Compare European, Sub-Saharan African, Southeast Asian and South Asian contacts with the Islamic world.

 

Compare the impact of the Mongol Empire on cultures and institutions in Eastern Europe, Middle East, and East Asia.

Compare the impact of Turkish invasions on the Byzantines and Islamic worlds.

Compare the Christian Crusades and Islamic Jihads.

Compare schisms in Christianity (Roman Catholic-Orthodox) and Islam (Sunni-Shia).

Compare interactions in any two regions during this time period: Pre-Columbian Americas Eastern Europe Western Europe Sub-Saharan Africa Islamic World South Asia Southeast Asia