تقنيات الطرق
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אאאא
אא
٢٥٥٢٥٥
א ٢٥٥
א
،،אא،אW
אא א א א א א אאאא،אאאאאאא
אאאא אאאאאאאWא
אאK אאאאאאא
א ،א אא א א אא א א ، א
א،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אא،אאאא،אK
א א ?א ??א א ?אאאאאאאאK אאאאאאא
،א،אאאאאאאאאK
א אא ؛אאK
אאאא
א ٢٥٥
א
אא אאאא،אאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאא
אאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא
א א אאא א א א א אא א א א א א א
אא אא א K אאאאאא
א אא א אאאא אא Kאא א א א א א
אאאאK
אאאאא
אאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאא
אא
א
א
א
١
٢٥٥مدن אא א אאא
אאאWאאאאW
א א א א אא אKאאאאא
א א א K א א א א אאאK
אאW אאאאW
١K אאK
٢K אאאאK
٣K אאאאאK
٤K אאאאK
٥K אאאK
٦K אאאK
٧K אאאאK
אאאWאא٩٥٪K
אאאW٤K
אאWאאK
٢٥٥مدن אא א אאא
אאא
אאאאאאאא א א א Kא א א
א א א א א אאא אא ،א א א K אא א א
אא ،א אאא אאאא،אאאאאK
،אאאאא٣٥٠٠א،אאא١٥٠٠א،
٥٣٩אKאא א א א אK א
אא٣٢١א،אאאאאאאאKאא
אאאאאאאא אאא K א١٩٢٠אא،
א ،א אא א K אא
אא،אאאא، א א
אאאאא،אאאאאאאאאא
א،אאK
٢٥٥مدن אא א אאא
אא א א אא א א א
א א א א א ، א א א ،א א א א אKאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאK א א א
אא א אא Kא אאאאאKאאאאאאא
אW
• אאWאא אאאF١ J١EK
• א אWאאאא אאאאF١ J١EK
• א אWאאאא אאאאאF١ J١EK
F١ J١EWאK
٢٥٥مدن אא א אאא
אא אאאאאאאאאאאאא،א
Kאאאאא
אאאא אאא א אאאא אאא
א א א א א א ،א א ،אאאאאא א
، א אא אא א אאאאאKאאא
אא א אא J א J א א א א א אא א א א א א א
،א א א אא אא א אאאאאאא א
אאאאאא Jא - אאא א א
א،אאאא א אאא א אא
אא א א א א א אא.אאאאאאאא
١٤١٩ ٤٥٥٠٠אאאאאא אא K א א א א א
א א א א א אא א אאאאאK
אא
אאאאאW
٢٥٥مدن אא א אאא
١K א א(Freeway Systems) Wא א אאאאאא
אא אא א א א Kא א،אאאאאאאא
K
٢K א א(Major Arterial Systems) W Kאאאאאא
٣K א א(Collector Street Systems) W א אאאאאK
٤K א(Local Street Systems)WאאאאאאאאK
א
אאאא K א א א א א
אאאאאK
אאא א א א א א א אאאאאאא א
אאאאאKאאאאאאאאא
א ،א א א א אאKאאאאאאאW
٢٥٥مدن אא א אאא
١EאאאW
א א א א א א אאאKאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא
אF١W٥٠٠٠EKאאאאאא אF٤}٠ E F٦}٠ E א א א א Kאא
א א א אא א א אאא א א אא א א Kא א
אאאאאאאF١ J٢KE
F١ J٢EWאאאK
אא
אא
●●
٢٥٥مدن אא א אאא
٢EאאאאW
א א א אא א אא א،אאאאאא
א אא K א א א אאאא א א א א א Kא א
א א א א א א א א אא Kא א א אא
אאאא אא א אF١ J١KE
F١ J١EWאאאאK
א אאאאא
אא FE
אא
١W٢٥٠٠
١W١٠٠٠٠٠
١W١٠٠٠٠
١W٥٠٠٠٠
٥–١٠
١٠–٥ אא
אא١W١٥٠٠٠
١W٢٥٠٠٠
١W٥٠٠٠
١W١٠٠٠٠
٢–٥
٥–١٠ אא
אא١W٤٠٠٠
١W١٠٠٠٠
١W١٠٠٠
١W٢٥٠٠٠
٥}٠–١
١–٥
אאאאאאאאאא א אא א א א א א אאאאאא
אאאאKאאא
٢٥٥مدن אא א אאא
אאאאאאא،אאאאאאאK
٣EאאW
א אאאאא אאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאא
א א אא א א א אKאאאאאא
אאאאאאKאאאאW
١K אאאאK
٢K א א א א א אא אאאאאאאאאאK
٣K אאאאאאאאK
٤K אאאאK
٥K אאאאK
٦K אאאאK
א א א א אא אא א Kא א א אא א
אאאאאK ٤EאאW
אאאאאאאאW
٢٥٥مدن אא א אאא
١K אאאאאאK
٢K אK
٣K אאאאאאK
٤K אאאK
٥K אאאאאאאאK
٦K אאאאK
אאאאאא F١W٥٠٠٠ E F١W١٠٠٠ E א א א א
אאאKאאאאאאאאאK
٥EאאW
א א א א א א א א אאא א K
F٣٠EאKאאאאא K
א א אאא א אאאאK
א
אאא אKאאאאאא
אאאKאאאאאאKא،
٢٥٥مدن אא א אאא
אאאאא א אאאא،אאאא
K אאאא אאא אאאאW
١EאאאW
א אאא אאא אKאאאW
المتوسطاليومي المرورحجم365
السنوي المرورحجم=
،אא אאKאא،
אאאאאא Kאאא א א،א Kא א א
F١ J٢EאאאאאW
F١ J٢EW אאאK
א אא אFLאE
٠٠}٧–٤٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠ ١٥}٧
١٥}٧–٤٤٠٠ ١١٠٠ ٣٠}٧
٣٠}٧–٤٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠ ٤٥}٧
٤٥}٧–٣٦٠٠ ٩٠٠ ٠٠}٨
א ٤٠٠٠
٢٥٥مدن אא א אאא
אאא א א ٤٤٠٠אאF١٥}٧٣٠}٧Eא٤٠٠٠
אאKאאאאא אאאאאא Kא
אאאאאאK
٢EאאW
א א אא א א א אאאאאW
١K אאאK
٢K אאאאאאאאאאאאאK
٣K אאאK
אאאאאW
( )nDn eVV += 1
W VnWאאאK VDWאאK
eWאאאK nWאאK
W
אאא15000،אאאאאאאאא٣K٪
٢٥٥مدن אא א אאא
אW ( )n
Dn eVV += 1 VDWאא=15000
FeEWאאא = ٣٪
(n)Wאא=١٠א
( ) ( ) 2015903.01150001 10 =+×=+= nDn eVV
אאאZ٢٠١٥٩L
אאאא א א א א אא א א
אא א א Kא،אאאא
אאא KאאאאאאאאאאKאW
• אK
• אאאאK
• אאאאK
• אאK
• אK
• אאאאK
• אאאאK
• אאאאK
אאאאאאאא א א K אא א א
٢٥٥مدن אא א אאא
אאאאKאאא א K א F١ J٣ Eא א
א א א אF١ J٣ E א אאאאאK
F١ J٣Eאאא(AASHTO)K
FE
אאFE 5.8 12.1 16.7
אאFE 2.1 2.6 2.6
אFE 1.3 4.1 4.1
אאאאFE 3.4 7.6 6.1
אאאאFE 0.9 1.2 0.9
אאאאFE 1.5 1.8 0.6
FאE
F٣E
F٥E
F٥E
F٧E
F٩E
٢٥٥مدن אא א אאא
F١ J٣WEאאאאאאK
אא
אאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאא א אK א א א א א
אאאאאאאאא K אאאאא
אאאאאאK
אאאאאא،א،א،א،،אאאא
אאאאאאאאאK
٢٥٥مدن אא א אאא
אאא אאאאאא
א א א אא א א K א א א א א א
אא،אKאאאא א א אא ،א
א אא אא א א א KאאאאאK
Wאאאאא
١K אאאK
٢K אאאאK
٣K אאאאK
٤K אאאאאK
אאא אאאאאאא،
אאאא אא אאאKאאאאא
אאKאאאא אא א א Fא אא Eא
אאאאאאאא א ،אא א א אא א א
א א א אא K א א אאאאא
אאאא KאאאאאW
٢٥٥مدن אא א אאא
١K אאאK
٢K אK
٣K אאאאK
٤K אאאאאאאK
٥K אאK
٦K אאאאאK
٧K אאאאK
٨K א،אאאאK
٩K אאאאאאK
١٠K אאאאאאאאאאK
٢٥٥مدن אא א אאא
W
١E אאא؟אא
٢E אאאא؟א
٣E אאאאא؟א
٤E אאא؟א
٥E ؟אאאאאא
٦E אאאאאא٤٠٠٠אאאא٤K٪
٧E אאאאאאא Kא
٨E אאאאא؟א
٩E אאאאאאK
١٠E ؟אאאאא
K
אאאא
אא
א
א
٢
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
אאWאא
אאW א א א א א K
אאאאאK
אאW
אאאW
١K אK
٢K אK
٣K אאאK
٤K אאאאK
٥K אאאאK
אאאWאא٩٥٪K
אאאW٤K
אאWאאאאאK
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
אא ٢ J١
אא אאא א א K אאא
Kאאאאאאא
٢ J٢ א א א
אKאאאאאKאאאאאKא אא א אא אא א
אKאאאאK
٢ J٢ J١ אא(Stopping Sight Distance: SSD) אאאא
،אאאW
١K א(S)אאאאKאאאאאא٥}٢،W
VS 5.2= :SאFE، :VאFLKE
٢K א (d)W
• WfgVd2
2
=
W :dאFKE
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
gWאאFLKE :VאFLKE
fWאאאF٤}٠KE
• W( )GfVd
±=
254
2
Gאא١٠٠K
(SSD)אאאW
dSSSD +=
• WfgVVSSD2
5.22
+=
• אW( )GfVVSSD
++=
.2545.2
2
• אW( )GfVVSSD
−+=
.2545.2
2
אאאאא2SSDKאF٢ J١Eאאא(AASHTO)
אאאאK
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
F٢ J١EWאK
אא
F/אE
א אא
א
אFE
אאFE
48 0.36 55 0.62 48 64 0.33 80 0.60 72 80 0.31 115 0.58 100 96 0.30 150 0.56 132 104 0.30 165 0.56 149 112 0.29 185 0.55 129 120 0.28 205 0.54 190 128 0.27 230 0.53 212
W
א،אאא٦٠אLא٤}٠אK
אW
:VאZ٦٠LאZ٦٧}١٦LK
fWאאא=٤}٠K
mfg
VVSSD 08.7781.94.02
)67.16(67.165.22
5.222
=××
+×=+=
W
אא٥٪א،אא٨٠אLא٤}٠אK
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
אW :VאZ٨٠Lא=٢٢}٢٢LK
fWאאא=٤}٠K :Gאא١٠٠=٠٥}٠
E אאW
( )( )( ) m
GfVVSSD 10.61
05.04.025422.2222.225.2
2545.2
22
=−×
+×=−
+=
E אאW
( ) ( ) ( )( ) m
GfVVSSD 87.59
05.04.025422.2222.225.2
2545.2
22
=+×
+×=+
+=
٢ J٢ J٢ אא(Passing Sight Distance: PSD) א א א
אKאאאF٢ J١KE
F٢ J١EWאK
A A’ B B’
C’ C
d1 d2 d3
S S
العربات في الوضع النهائي: ’A, B, C A’, B’, Cاألولي في الوضع عرباتال:
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
١K אא(d1)WאאאאאK ٢K אא(d2)WאאאאK ٣K אא(d3)WאאאאאאK ٤K אא(d4)Wאאאאאא
אK אאאd1d2d3d4W
( )MVd −= 84.01( )tMVSd −+= 84.022
td 28.03 =
24 32 dd =
( )
aSt
MVS
73.2
62.0
=
+−=
W d1،d2،d3d4K
VWאאFLאEK aWאאא٤LאLK
MW،אאאאאאא١٦LאK
א(PSD)W
4321 ddddPSD +++= אF٢ J٢Eאאאא(AASHTO)K
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
F٢ J٢EWאאK
אאF/אE48 64 80 96 112 128
אאאF/אE
41 54 65 75 86 94
אאאF/אE
58 70 82 91 102 110
אFE 335 460 550 640 675 835
٢ J٣ אא
، א אא אא א אא א א אאאאאאאא
א Kאאאאאא א א א Kא א
א א א א א א אא אאאאאאאאK
٢ J٣ J١ אא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
א א א א א א א אF٢ J٢EאF٢ J٣E،אאאFE
אאFEאא،אK
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
F٢ J٢WEאאK
F٢ J٣WEK
אאW
١K אאאאאK
٢K אWאאאK
٣K אWאאאK
אאאW
• אאK
• אאK
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
• אאK
• אאא.
א ،א א א א א א א א K א א אא
אאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאK
٢ J٣ J٢ אאא אF٢ J٤EאאאאאW
F٢ J٤WEאאאK
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
٢ J٣ J٣ אא אאא
אא Kאאאא א אא Kא א א א
אאאאאאF٢ J٥EKאאאאאאK
F٢ J٥EWאאK
אאאאW
RVfe
127
2
=+ W
eWאאK VWאאFLאEK RWאFEK fWאאK
fאF٢ J٣Eא(AASHTO)K
θ
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
F٢ J٣EWfאאK
אאFLEf ٣٠ ١٧}٠ ٤٠ ١٧}٠ ٥٠ ١٦}٠ ٦٠ ١٥}٠ ٧٠ ١٤}٠ ٨٠ ١٤}٠ ٩٠ ١٣}٠ ١٠٠ ١٢}٠ ١١٠ ١١}٠ ١٢٠ ٠٩}٠
W
אא١٠٠אא٨٠L،אאאK
Wא
VZ80LאRZ١٠٠fZ0.14
אאW
364.014.0100127
80127
22
=−×
=−= fR
Ve
٢ J٣ J٤ אאאא
אאאא٧٥٪אא(1/15)אאKאאאאW
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
١K אא٧٥٪אאאאW
( )R
Ve127
75.0 2
=
٢K אe(1/15)אאאאK
٣K אe(1/15)(1/15)אאאfאאW
eR
Vf −=127
2
٤K אfF0.15EאאK
٥K אfF١٥}٠Eאאא(Va) אW
RVfe a
12715.0
151 2
=+=+
٦K אאאאאe(1/15)K
٧K אאאאאאאK
W
א٥٠٠אא١٠٠L،אאאאאK
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
אW ( ) ( ) 088.0
50012710075.0
12775.0 22
=××
==RVe
א(1/15)eF1/15EאאאfW
09.0067.0500.127
100151
127
22
=−=−=R
Vf
f١٥}٠אאFZ1/15KE
W
אאאאא٢٠٠אא١٠٠LאK
אW
RV
fe a
12715.0
151 2
=+=+
217.0127
2
=R
V a
RV a ××= 127217.02 9.2755)200()127()217.0(2 =××=aV
hkmVa /5.52=
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
٢ J٣ J٥ אאא אאא Kאאאא
Wאאאאאא
RV
fe127
15.0151 2
=+=+
5.27
2VR =
אאאאאאאWאא
• אW
( )5.27
16 2+=
VRrolling
• אW
( )5.278 2+
=VRrolling
אא،אאאאאאאא
אF٢ J٤EאF٢ J٦KE
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
F٢ J٤WEאאאאאאK
V (km/h)
f R (m)
e = 0.04 e = 0.06 e = 0.08 e = 0.10
30 0.17 35 30 30 25
40 0.17 60 50 50 45
50 0.16 100 90 80 75
60 0.15 150 135 125 115
70 0.14 215 195 175 160
80 0.14 280 250 230 210
90 0.13 375 335 305 275
100 0.12 490 435 395 360
110 0.11 635 560 500 455
120 0.09 870 755 665 595
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
F٢ J٦WEאאאK
W
אאא١١٠LאK
אW
• אאאאאWmVR 4405.27
1105.27
22
===
• אאW( ) ( ) mVRrolling 5775.2716110
5.2716 22
=+
=+
=
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
٢ J٣ J٦ א אאאאF٢ J٧E
אא אאאאKאF٢ J٥Eאאא،
אאאK
F٢ J٧EWאאK
F٢ J٥EWאאאK
אFE ٦٠ ٦٠ J١٥٠١٥١ J٣٠٠
٣٠١ J٩٠٠ ٩٠٠
אFE ٣}٠ ٦}٠ ٩}٠ ٢}١ J
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
٢ J٤ אא • אאאא
א،אאאאאK • א،אא
،،אאאאא
אאאאאאאK • אאאאא،אא
אאאאאאאאאאאK • אאאאאאא
٥٠٠١٠٠٠K • אאאאאאאK • אאאאאאאאאאא،K • אאא،אא
א،אאא،אא
אאאא،٤٠אK
• אאאא،אא،אא
אאאא،אאאאאאK
• אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،
אאK
٢٥٥مدن אא א אא
W ١E ؟אא
٢E אא،אאא١٠٠Lא٤}٠אK
٣E אא٥٪،אאא٩٠אLא٤}٠אK
٤E אאא١٠٠Lא،א؟
٥E ؟אא
٦E ؟אאא
٧E אאא١١٠LאK
٨E אאאא؟
٩E א٥٠٠אא٩٠L،אאאאאK
١٠E ؟אאאאאא
אאאא
אא
א
א
٣
٢٥٥ אא א אא
אאWאא
אאW אאאא،אא
אאאאאאאאאK
אאW
אאאW
١K אאK
٢K אאאא
٣K אאאK
٤K אאאאK
אאאWאא١٠٠٪K
אאאWK
אאWאאאאאאK
٢٥٥ אא א אא
אא
٣ J١ אא א א א א א א א א א א F٣ J١ KEא
א א אאאאאKאאאאא
אאK אאאאאא
א א،א א Kא אאאאאאאK
א אאא א אאאאK
F٣ J١EWK
אאW ( )
10010010021
1
211
ggggA +=⎟
⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −−⎟
⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ +=
( )100100100
32
2
322
ggggA +−=⎟
⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ +−⎟
⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −=
WAאאאאאאK
+g1% -g2%
+g3% A1
A2
A3 θ
٢٥٥ אא א אא
٣ J٢ אאאא אאאאאאאא٨٪
אאאKאF٣ J١Eא א א א אא א א
אאKאאאאאאאאאאאK
F٣ J١Eאאאאאא(AASHTO)K
אא FLאE
אאאE٪F
٩ ٦ ٤٨ ٨ ٥ ٦٤ ٧ ٤ ٨٠ ٦ ٣ ٩٦ ٥ ٣ ١١٢ ٤ ٣ ١١٨
٣ J٣ אאא אאאאא
אאאא،אאאאאא٢٥Lא
אאKאF٣ J٢Eאאאאאאאאא(AASHTO)K
٢٥٥ אא א אא
F٣ J٢Eאאאאא(AASHTO)K
אאE٪F ٥}٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨
אFE ٧٠٠ ٤٧٥ ٣٢٥ ٢٥٠ ٢٠٠ ١٧٥ ١٦٠
W
אאא٥אK٪
אW
א ٢٥٠א ، אא א א א ٪٥אאא ٢٥٠٢٥Lא
אK
٣ J٤ אא אFאאE
KאאאF E א F٣ J٢E ، אא F
EאF٣ J٣KE
אאאא،א،אאאאאאKאא
א Kא א א א אאאK
אאא،אאF٣ J٤E،אאW
٢٥٥ אא א אא
• אאאK • אK • אאאאאאאK
F٣ J٢EWאאK
F٣ J٣EWאאK
+g1% +g1% -g2%
+g2%
-g1%
-g2%
A A
A
g1 > g2
A= (g1 - g2) /100 A = (g1 + g2) /100
A= (-g1 + g2)/100
g1 < g2
A
-g1% +g2%
A= (-g1 – g2) / 100
+g1%
+g2%
A= (g1 – g2) /100
-g1%
-g2%
A= (-g1 + g2) / 100
A
A
٢٥٥ אא א אא
.العناصر التصميمية للمنحنيات الرأسية): ٤-٣(شكل
٣ J٥ אאא
אאאאFEאא F Eא F٣ J٢E אF٣ J٣ KE
אאאאאK
٣ J٥ J١ אאאאFSSDE אאאאאW
١K אאWאא(SSD < L) W
( )2
21
2
22 hh
ASL+
=
٢K אאWאא(SSD > L) W
( )A
hhSL
2
21 222
+−=
W LWאאFEK
L/2 L/2
L
+G2 -G2
VPI
VPT VPC
e
e
x
y
٢٥٥ אא א אא
SWאאאאFEK
AWאאאאאאFEK
h1Wאא1.22אK
h2Wא0.1א K
٣ J٥ J٢ אאאא אאאאאאא
א א א א h1 אא אh2 Fh1Zh2Z٢٢}١KE
אW
١K אא(PSD < L) W
76.9
2ASL =
٢K אא(PSD > L) W
ASL 76.92 −=
W LWאאFEK
SWאאאאFEK
AWאאאאאאFEK
٣ J٥ J٣ אאא
אאאא،אאאאK
אאאאאאW
٢٥٥ אא א אא
( )21
3378.0 AVL = W
LWאאאFKE
AWאאאאאאK VWאאFLKE
W
אאאאא0.09KאאאW
١K אZ١٠٠אK
٢K אZ٥٠אK אW
(SSD < L) WאאWאא
A = 0.09 S = 100 m h1 = 1.22 m h2 = 0.1 m
( ) ( ) mhh
ASL 93.2221.0222.12
10009.0
222
2
2
21
2
=×+×
×=
+=
אאאא(SSD > L) W
A = 0.09 S = 50 m h1 = 1.22 m h2 = 0.1 m
( ) ( ) mA
hhSL 14.55
09.01.0222.12502
222
22
21 =×+×
−×=+
−=
W א(1/40)Kאא(1/30) אאאא
אאא٤٤٠אאאאK
٢٥٥ אא א אא
אW
• אאWPSD < L
( ) ( ) 058.040/130/121 =−−+=−= ggA
mASL 49.115076.9
440058.076.9
22
=×
==
• אאWPSD > L m
ASL 72.711
058.076.9440276.92 =−×=−=
W
אאאF1/20EF1/25 KEאאאא٩٠LK
אW
( ) ( ) 09.025/120/121 =+−−=−= ggA
( ) ( ) mAVL 82.969009.0378.0378.0 21
321
3 =×==
٣ J٦ אא אאאW
١K אאאאאאK
٢K אאאאאא
٣K אאאאאK
٤K אאאאאאK
٥K אאאאאK
٢٥٥ אא א אא
٦K אאאK
٧K אאאאאK
٨K אאא٥}٠٪אK
٩K אאאאאאאאK
٣ J٧ אאאאא
אאאאאאKאאאW
١K אאאאאK
٢K א א א א אאא،א א א، אאאאא אא
،אאK
٣K אאאאאאK
٤K K
٥K K
٦K אאאK
٧K אאK
٢٥٥ אא א אא
W ١E ؟אא
٢E אא؟א
٣E אאאאאא٧א٪؟
٤E ؟אאא
٥E ؟אאא
٦E ؟אאאאא
٧E ؟אאא
٨E אאאאא٠٣}٠אאא١٥٠KאאK
٩E אאאאאא٤٪ אא٦K٪אאאא٣٨٠א
אאא؟
١٠E אאא٣٪٥K٪אאאא١٠٠L؟
אאאא
אא
א
א
٤
א ٢٥٥ אאא א אא
אאאWאא
אאW אאא،אאא
אאאאאאאאK
אאW אאאאW
١K אאאK
٢K אאאאאאK
٣K אאאאK
٤K אאאאK
אאאWאא٩٥K٪
אאאWK
אאWאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אאא א אא
אא
٤ J١ אאאאאאא
אKאאאאאאאKאא
،אא א אאא ، ،א א א K א א אא א אאא א אא K אF٤ J١EאאK
F٤ J١EWאאK
٤ J٢ אא אאאאאאאKא
אאאאאאאאאאKא
אאאאאאאאא٣אאא٧٥}٣אא
آتف آتف
حارات حارات
وسطى جزيرة
א ٢٥٥ אאא א אא
אKא אא א אא אא אFאEאאאאאK
אא،אאאאאאאאKא
אאאאא א KF א Eאא
אאKאאאאF٤ J٢EK
F٤ J٢EWאאK
אאאאאאאW
• אWאאאאאF٤ J٣EK
• אWאאאאאF٤ J٤EK
• אWאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אאא א אא
F٤ J٣EWKF٤ J٤EWK
٤ J٣ א
אאאאאאאאאאKאא
אאאאאאאא א Kא א א
א،אאאאאאאאKאאאא
אאKאאאאא،אאאא
אK
٤ J٤ אא אאאאK
אא،אאא٢٪אא٣א٪אא א אא Kא
אאאא،אאF٤ J٥EK
א ٢٥٥ אאא א אא
F٤ J٥WEאאK
٤ J٥ א
א אא אא אא א א אאאא א F٤ J٦E K א א ،
א א א K א א א٢٥}١٦٠}٣Kא
אאאא٢٪٥٪K
F٤ J٦WEK
א א א א א KאאאאאאאאK
אW ١K אאא،אאאא
אאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אאא א אא
٢K אאאK
٣K אאאK
٤K אאא،אאאK
٥K אאאK
٦K אאאK
٧K אאK
٨K אאK
٤ Jא ٦א
א א אאאאKאאאאK
אאאW • אK
• אאאאאאK
• אאK
• אאK
אאW
١K אאאWאאאאKאאאאאא١٥٥٠Kא
F٤ J٧EאK
٢K א אא W א א א אאאKאא١٠١٥א١W١
١W٢אF٤ J٨KEאאאאאאאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אאא א אא
F٤ J٧WEאK
F٤ J٨WEאK
א ٢٥٥ אאא א אא
٤ J٧ א אאאאאאK
א٥}١אKאא א אאא
אאאKאF٤ J٩EK
F٤ J٩WEK
٤ J٨ אא
אאאאאאאK א א א א
א א אא Kא א אאאאאKאא
אאW
א ٢٥٥ אאא א אא
E אאאW
אא אFWWE ١ ١W٦
١٣ ١W٤ ٣٥}٤ ١W٣ ٥}٤٦ ١W٢
٦ ١W٥}١ EאאאW
אא אFWWE ٣ ١W٢
٣ ١W١
EאאW
אא אFWWE ١٠ ٣W١
١٠٢٠ ٢W١
٤ J٩ אא אאאאא٢٥}١א٢٠א
א،אאאW
• אאאאK
• אאאאאאK
• אאאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אאא א אא
א א א א א א אF٤ J١٠Eא،
אאK
F٤ J١٠WEK
٤ J١٠ אאא
אא،אאאאא، א א K א א א א א א
א א א אא K ٢٠٢٥אKאאאא
אאאKאF٤ J١١EK
א ٢٥٥ אאא א אא
F٤ J١١WEK
آتف آتفحارة
א
حارة ميل جانبي ميل جانبي
األرض الطبيعية
خط منسوب المقارنة
آتف آتفحارة حارة حارة ميل جانبي ميل جانبي حارة
جزيرة
األرض الطبيعية
قارنةخط منسوب الم
א ٢٥٥ אאא א אא
W
١E אא؟אא
٢E ؟אאאא
٣E אאא؟
٤E אאא؟
٥E ؟אאאא
٦E ؟אאא
٧E אאאא؟؟
٨E ؟אאא
٩E ؟אאא
١٠E ؟אאאאאא
אא
אא
א
٥
٢٥٥ אא א א
אאWא
אאW אאאאאאאK
אאW
אאאאW
١K אאאK
٢K אאאאK
٣K אאאאK
אאאWאא١٠٠٪K
אאאWK
אאWאאאK
٢٥٥ אא א א
א
٥ J١ אאאא،
א א K،א ،א ،א א א א אא،אK
٥ J٢ אאאא
אאאW
• אאאK
• אאK
• אאK
• אאאK
• אאאK
• אאאK
• אK
• אאK
• אאK • אK
٥ J٣ אא
א א א אאאאא
א א א ،
٢٥٥ אא א א
אאאאאK
٥ J٣ J١ אאא אאאW
١K אא(T) (Y)(+)WאאאאאאKאאא
F Eא א K אF٥ J١ E א א א אK
F٥ J١WEא(T) (Y)(+)K
٢٥٥ אא א א
٢K א א Wא א א א א א
אאאאF٥ J٢KE
F٥ J٢WEK
٣K אא א W א א אא אא אאאאא
אאאאF٥ J٣KE
F٥ J٣WEאאK
٤K אאWאאאKאאאאאאאא
٢٥٥ אא א א
א א א א K אF٥ J٤ E אאK
F٥ J٤WEאאK
٥K אאאאWאאאK
F٥ J٥WEאאאK
٢٥٥ אא א א
٥ J٣ J٢ א א F E א א
אאאאאא א K
א אF٥ J٦ Eאא אאאא،אא،אK
F٥ J٦WEK
٢٥٥ אא א א
W ١E ؟אאא ٢E ؟אאא
٣E אאא؟אאאא ٤E ؟א
٥E ؟א
אאאא
א
א
٦
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
אאWאא
אאW אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאKאאאאא
אK
אאW אאאW
١K אאאאאK
٢K אאאK
٣K אאאאאאK
٤K אאאK
٥K אאאאאK
٦K אאאK
אאאWאא٩٥K٪ אאאWK
אאאW • אאאאאK
• אאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
אא
٦ J٢ Jאא אאאאאא
א Kא א א אאאאKאאאא
אאW
١K אאאאK
٢K אאאאאאK
٣K אאאאאאK
٤K אאאאK
٥K אK
א א א ،א 1930 א
אאW
١K אא( )dγK
٢K אא( )wK
٣K אאFאKE
٤K אK
٦ J٢ Jאאא אאאאאא
אא،W
١K אא
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
٢K אא
٣K א
٤K אא
אאאאאאאאKאאאKאא
אאאא א א א א אאאK
Eאא(Standard Proctor Test)
F٦אאאא J١KE
F٦ J١EWK
W
١E אא٢}١٠א٦}١١אאא٦K
٢E אא٤٩}٢א٥}٣٠K
אאאאאW
المطرقة
القالب
امتداد علوي
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
١K אאאאK
٢K אאאK
٣K אא٢٥אאK
٤K אאאFγEK
٥K אאFγdEאW
1001 wd
+=
γγ
٦K אאאאאאאK
٧K אאאFγdEאאFwEאF٦ J٢KE
٨K אאאFγd-maxEאאאא(OMC)אFw JγdKE
F٦ J٢EWאK
אא،E٪F
،
א
א
(kg/
cm3 )
0 5 10 15 20 1.60
1.70
25
1.80
1.90 אאא
א
א
א
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
Eאא(Modified Proctor Test)
אאאאאאא אא א א Kאא א
א א (AASHTO) א א א א Kאאא א א א
אW ١K אZ٥٤}٤K
٢K אאZ٧}٤٥K
٣K א٥K
א א א א א א א א א، א א א א א
אאאאאא KאF٦ J٣Eא אK
F٦ J٣EWאאאK
א،אE٪F
אא
אא
،
א
א
(kg/
cm3 )
0 5 10 15 20 1.60
1.70
25
1.80
1.90
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
W אF٦ J١Eאא Kא
אאאK
F٦ J١WEאK
א אאFE אאE٪F
١ 1847.71 6.00 ٢ 2000.37 8.00 ٣ 2163.13 10.58 ٤ 2188.75 12.90 ٥ 2097.81 15.68 ٦ 2012.74 17.78
אW
אאWmV
W=γ
אאFVm = 943.3 cm3EאK
אאאאאאאאW
1001 wd
+=
γγ
אF٦ J٢ Eאאאאא gm/cm3אאאkN/m3 K א F٦ J٤Eא א א
אא،אאאאאאאW
%40.11/43.20 3
max
==−
OMCmkNdγ
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
F٦ J٢WEאאK
א
אא (%)
א gm)(
א
)cm3(
אא
)gm/cm3(
אא
)kN/m3(
אא
)kN/m3( 1
6.00 1847.71 943.30 1.96 19.22 18.13
2 8.00 2000.37 943.30 2.12 20.80 19.26
3 10.58 2163.13 943.30 2.29 22.50 20.34
4 12.89 2188.75 943.30 2.32 22.76 20.16
5 15.68 2097.81 943.30 2.22 21.82 18.86
6 17.78 2012.74 943.30 2.13 20.93 17.77
F٦ J٤WEאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
٦ J٣ Jאאאא אאאאאK
א 0א=wא א א א Kא א אאKאא
א ،א א א אא אאאאאאאK
אאאאאאKאאאאא
، אא א א K א א אאאאאאאא،
אאא،אאאאאאאאאאK
א אאאאאא אאW
١( אW אאא א אא א א K אF٦ J٥ Eאא
אאאאאאKאאאאאאא
אאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
F٦ J٥WEאאא
٢( אאWאאאאKאאאאא
א א א K א א א א אאאאw1w2
א F٦ J٦E א ،אאאFOMCKEאאאK
F٦ J٦WEאאא.
γd
w2 w1 w (%)
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
٣E א Wאא אא،א א K א א F٦ J٧ Eא א
אאאאאאאאאאאא،אאא
אאאאאאK
F٦ J٧WEאאא
٦ J٤ Jאאאא אא،אאאא
א א א K א אאאאאאא
K א א א א א א א אאא،K
٦ J٥ Jאא
אאאאאW
١K אאK
( )max−dγ
OM
C OM
C
w (%)
γd א
א
( )max−dγ
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
٢K אאאאK
٣K אאאאאאK
٤K אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
٥K ٢٠א٣٠K
٦K אאאK
٧K אאK
٨K אאאK
٩K אאאאK
١٠K אאאK
٦ J٦ Jאאא
אאא א א א א א א،אאא،אאאאא،
אאאKאאאא٢٠٣٠אאא
אאאאאאKאאאאאאF٦ J٦EK
א א א א א א،אאאאאאK
אאאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
٦ J٧ Jאאאא אאא،אאא
אא،אאW
١K אאWאאא٨א١٢אאאאאא א
א א א Kא א، א א א א א א K אF٦ J٨ E
אאאK
F٦ J٨WEאK ٢K אWא80 %א
אאא ٢٠٠א א א K א
א700 kN/m2KאF٦ J٩EאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
F٦ J٩EWK
٣K אאWאאא12 %אאK،אא14007000 kN/m2K
אאאאאאאאאאK א אא א
אאאאאאKאF٦ J١٠EאאK
F٦ J١٠WEאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
٤K אאא Wאאא אא K א א א א א
א א א אא א K אF٦ J١١ EאאאאK
F٦ J١١EWאאK
٦ J٨ Jאאא אאאאאא
אאאאFאאEאאW
100(%))max(
)( ×=− labd
fielddRCγγ
W RC=אK
)( fielddγ=אאאK )max(labd−= γאK
אאאאאאאאאא90%100%K
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
٦ J٨ J١ אאא אאאאאW
١K אאK
٢K אאאK
١EאאW
אאאאאאאKאאא
אFsandγE אF٦ J١٢KE
F٦ J١٢EWאאK
אאאאW
• אאאאאאאאאK
• אאאאאאK
• אא (Wsoil) FwKE
• אאאאאK
• אאאאאאא(Vhole) W
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
Sand
Sandhole
WVγ
=
• אאWsoil
hh V
W=γ
• אאW)
1001( w
hd
+=
γγ
• אW100(%))max(
)( ×=− labd
fielddRCγγ
W
אאאאאאאW
אאW3/46.1 cmgmsand =γ
אאWgmWsand 7.468=
WgmWא soildry 3.618=−
אW
• אW30.32146.1
7.468 cmW
Vsand
sandhole ===
γ
• אאW33 /3.19/93.10.3213.618 mkNcmgm
VW
hole
soildryd ≈=== −γ
٢EאאאW
א א א א א אאא Kאאאאא
א אאא Kאאאאאאאא
אאאאKאאאא،א אא
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
א Kא א א א אאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
W
١E ؟אא
٢E אאאאאK
٣E אאאאK
٤E אאאאאK
٥E אאאאK
٦E אK
٧E אאאK
٨E א א 19.55 kN/m3 1.02 kg ،0.99 kgKאאאאK
٩E א א א א א אאאW
א 1 2 3 4 5
אא
)/( 3mkNγ 16.73 18.05 19.22 18.93 17.33
אא(%)w 4.75 12.13 19.32 24.91 32.52
١K אאאאאאאK
٢K אאאK
٣K אאאא15.75 kN/m3אא،؟؟אא
١٠E אא٩٩ %אא،אאW
%37.14/25.19 3
max
==−
OMCmkNdγ
א ٢٥٥ אא א א
אאאאW
%3.16
/60.17 3
=
=−
w
mkNfielddγ
אאאW
١K ؟אאאאאK
٢K ؟אאאא
٣K א؟؟אאא
אאאאאא
אא
אא
א
٧
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאWאאא
אאW אאאאאאאאא
K
אאW אאאW
١K אאאאאאK
٢K אאאאאK
٣K אאאאK
٤K אאאאK
אאאWאא٩٥K٪
אאאWK
אאאWאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאא
٧ J١ אאאאא אאאא
אKאאאאאאאאK
אאKאאאאאאאאאא
אW
٧ J١ J١ אא אאאאא،א
א א K א א אא אאF٦٠L٧٠EאF٢٠٠L٣٠٠EאKא
א א א א אKאאא،
אאא،K
٧ J١ J٢ אא אאאאאאא
א א ١٥٠ ٢٠٠ K א א א١٢٠١٤٠ K א א אאא א א
F E אW
(RC-300)،(MC -70) ،(SC-200)
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאW
RCWא
:MCא
:SCא
FRC-300EאאF٣٠٠EKאאFSC-200EאF٢٠٠KE
א א אא אאאאאאאאK
٧ J١ J٣ אא אאאא،
אא١٠٠١٣٠אאא٦٠٧٠K
א א א א א אא א א אאאאאKא
KאאאאאK
٧ J١ J٤ א אאאאאאW
• אWאאאאK
• אWאאאאK
• א א W א א אאאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאאאאאאא،אK
٧ J١ J٥ אאאאא
א א א אא א אא Kאאאאא K
אאW
א • אא W א אא א א א אא Kאא
אאאאאK
• אWאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
• אא Wאא אא א٣٠ ١٧٥ Kא אא א
א א K אא אאאאאא،א
אאאאאאאK
• א W א א א א א ،אא٥٠
אאאאאאK
• אאWאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאK
• אWאאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
• אWאאאאאאאאK
• א א Wא א א א אאאאאK
٧ J٢ אאאאא
אאאאא ،א ،א א
א،אאKאW
• א W א א א אאא א אא K ،א ،א
א،KאאאאK
• אWאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא٨F٣٦}٢EKא
אאאאא٨אאאאאאאאKאא
אא٤F٧٥}٤E١٠٠٪٢٪٢٠٠F٠٧٥}٠EKאאא،א
א٤KאאאאאאאאאאאאK
א א א אא Kא אא אא א א א א
אאאאKאא
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
א א א Kא א א אאאאאאאK
،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאW
• אא א(Sieve Analysis Test) W א א אא אאאאאאK
• א א א א(Absorption & Specific Gravity Test) W אאאאאאאאאאא
א٢٣אאאK • אא אא Wא א א א א אא
F٢٠٠EאK
• א א א א א (Aggregates Abrasion Test) W א،אאאאא
א א ،א א א אK
• א א(Aggregates Impact Resistance Test) Wא אאאאאK
• א (California Bearing Ration: CBR) Wא א א א א א
אאK
٧ J٣ אאאא אא א אא א
אאא א א א א א אKאאאאאאא
אW
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
• אאW٩٣٩٦٪
• אאאאW٤٧٪
אאאאאאאאKאאא א אא
אאKאאאא،אא،א،Kא
אאW
١K אאא(Hot-Mixes Asphalt: HMA) W א(Asphalt Concrete)אא אאאאא
א א KאFא אאE א אאF١٣٩–١٦٣E،
א א א Kא א א א
אאW
• א (Dense-graded Mixes) W א (Well-graded)، א
א אא א אא אאKאא
W א (Fine-graded) א (Coarse-
graded) ،אאאאאאאאאאF٧ J١KEאF٧ J١E
אK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
F٧ J١WEאK
F٧ J١WEאאאאאאאאK
אאא(Mixture Nominal Maximum
Aggregate Size)
א (Coarse-graded Mix)
א (Fine-graded Mix)
37.5 mm (1.5 inches) < 35 % passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4 Sieve)
> 35 % passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4 Sieve)
25.0 mm (1.0 inch) < 40 % passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4 Sieve)
> 40 % passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4 Sieve)
19.0 mm (0.75 inches) < 35 % passing the 2.36 mm (No. 8 Sieve)
> 35 % passing the 2.36 mm (No. 8 Sieve)
12.5 mm (0.5 inches) < 40 % passing the 2.36 mm (No. 8 Sieve)
> 40 % passing the 2.36 mm (No. 8 Sieve)
9.5 mm (0.375 inches) < 45 % passing the 2.36 mm (No. 8 Sieve)
> 45 % passing the 2.36 mm (No. 8 Sieve)
• א (Open-graded Mixes) Wא א א
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
א א אא K א אאאאאאאא א א א
א א K אF٧ J٢ E א K
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
F٧ J٢WEאK
• א א(Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixes: SMA) W א א(Stone Mastic Asphalt) א
אאאאK (Gap-graded) אF ٦ E٪ א
א K א א ،א א
א א א F ٢٠ J٢٥ E٪א א א KאF٧ J٣EאאK
F٧ J٣WEאאK
א אא אא אא(WSDOT Standard Hveem Mixes) אF٧ J٢KE
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
F٧ J٢WEאאא .(WSDOT Standard Hveem Mixes)
אאא
אא
Class A. Dense-graded HMA
א٩٠٪א،אאאאא
אאK
Class B. Dense-graded HMA
א٧٥٪אא،א
K
Class D. Open-graded HMA
אאאאK
Class E. Dense-graded HMA
אאK
Class F. Dense-graded HMA
(Class B)אאאאא،א
(Class B)K
Class G. Dense-graded HMA
אאאא٥}٩،
אאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
٢K אא א(Hot Rolled Asphalt)W אאא א אFא E ٥٠ ٪א א
אF٨ J١٠ KE٪אא אאK
٣K אא א(Porous Asphalt) W ،
אא אא אא F٥ J٦E٪אאKאא
אאאאאאK
٧ J٤ אאאא אאא
א ،א א א א א אF٧ J٤ E א א אF٧ J٥ E א א K א א F٧ J٦KEא א
א א א א א Kא א א
אאKאאאאאW
١K אאאאאאאK
٢K אאאK
٣K אאF١٣٩ J١٦٣EאאK
٤K אאאאאK ٥K אאאאאK
٦K אאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
٧K אאאאK
٨K אאאאK
٩K אאF١٣٩ J١٦٣EאאאאאFא٣٠KE
١٠K אאאאK
١١K אאאK
F٧ J٤WEאאK
F٧ J٥WEKF٧ J٦WEK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
W ١E אאאא؟אא ٢E א؟אאאא
٣E א؟אאאא
٤E אאאאא؟א ٥E אאאא؟א ٦E אא؟א ٧E אאאאW(MC-250) (RC-300) (SC-200)؟
٨E אאא؟אא
٩E אא؟א
١٠E אאאא؟א
אאאא
אא
א
א
٨
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
אאWאא
אאW אאאאאאאKאאאאK
אאW
אאאW
١K אאאאאK
٢K אאאאאאאK
٣K אאאאאא??“AASHTO”
٤K אאאא(CBR)K
אאאWאא٩٥K٪
אאאW٨K
אאאWאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
אא ٨ J١ J
אאאאאא א א K א אאא
א א א א א א K אאאאאא
אK
٨ J٢ Jאא אW
١K אא(Flexible Pavement)
٢K אא (Rigid Pavement)
אאK
٨ J٢ J١ אא אא א א א א אאא
א، א א אאאאאF٨ J١Eאאא
אW
F٨ J١EWאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
١K אWאאאאא אא א א אא א
אאאאK
٢K א W א א א אאאאאKא
אאאאאאאאKאאאא
אK
٣K א W א אא אאא K אא
אKאאאK
٤K אאא WאאאאאK
٥K א א W א א א א Kאאאאאאאא
אK
אאאאאאאאאKאא
אאאאאאK
٨ J٢ J٢ אא אאא١٥
٣٠ א א אF٨ J٢EK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
F٨ J٢EWאאK
א א א
٥٣٠אא٣٠٠אאKא א א אא א
אאאאKאאאאאאאאא Kאא
א א א אאKאאאאאא
א،אאאKאאאאאאאאאא
אK
٨ J٣ Jאא אאאאאא
אא אא א אא Kאא אאא א
א א א אא Kא א א א א א א
א אא K א אאאאא
אאאאKא
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
א א אא א אא אאK
אא אאאא אאא Kאא
אאאאW
١K אWאאK ٢K אWאאאאאאאK ٣K אWאאאאאK ٤K אWאאאאאK
٨ J٤ Jאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאא
אKאאאאאאאאאK
אאW
١K אאאא??“AASHTO”
٢K אא “Asphalt Institute” ٣K א “California Method”
אאW
٤K “Marshal Method” ٥K א“Superpave Method” ٦K “Hveem Method”
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
٨ J٥ Jאאאאא?? אא??אאאא
אW
EאאFSNEWאאאאאW
١K אאאאK
٢K אאא٢٠אK
٣K אאZFאאHא٢٠E÷٢K
٤K א א א א א א אא א אאאאא٥}٠،٦}٠،٧}٠K
٥K א א אא אא٨٢٠٠אאאF٨ J١EF٨ J٢KEאא
אאאK
F٨ J١EאאאK
א אאא ٠٠٠٤}٠
١٧}٠ א ٥١}٠
J ٤٦}٠ ٦٤}٠
F٨ J٢EאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
אFEאאא
٩١٠ ٠٠٠٢}٠
١٨١٠ ٠٠٢٥}٠
٢٧٢٠ ٠١}٠
٥٤٤٠ ٠٢}٠
٨١٦٠ ١
٩٠٧٠ ٦}١
١٤٥٢٠ ٣}١٣
٢١٧٩٠ ٨٧ ٦K אאאאW١٩}٠
٨}٠K
٧K אאW
• F٤–٥EאאאK
• F١–٥}٢EאK
• F٣}٠–٥}١EאK
• F٢}٠–١EאK
٨K א אF٢–٥EK אא٥}٢א٢אאK
٩K אאFSNEאאאאF٨ J٣EW
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
• אא(CBR) אאאאאאאאא
אאFSNEK
• א א א א א אאאאK
EאאWאאאאW
١K אא אFSN E אא אW
SN = A1D1 + A2D2 + A3D3 W
D1WאK D2WאK D3WאK A1WאK A2WאK A3WאK
אאF٨ J٣KE
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
F٨ J٣EאאאK
א א
א A1 A2A3
א
٤
٥}٢
٥}٢
٥}٧
١٠
٥}٧
٠٧}٠
١٧}٠
١٦}٠
א
١٠
١٠
١٠
١٠
١٠
١٠
א
٠٤}٠
٠٦}٠
٠٦}٠
٠٨}٠–٠٩}٠
١٠}٠–١٢}٠
١٢}٠
א A3
א
١٠
١٠
٠٣}٠
٠٢}٠–٠٤}٠
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
F٨ J٣WEאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
W
W
١K (CBR)Z١٠K٪ ٢K אאאאZ٩٠٠٠אאK ٣K אאא٢٠Z١٩٠٠٠K
אW
WאאEא
١K אאFZ٩٠٠٠H١٩٠٠٠LE٢Z١٤٠٠٠K ٢K אZ٦}٠K ٣K אא٦}٠א×١٤٠٠٠Z٨٤٠٠אK ٤K אאאאK ٥K אא א אא ، א א
א١٠٠٠K ٦K אאאא١٠٠٠
K ٧K אאZ٥}١ ٨K אZ٢א٥}٢אK ٩K אא א (CBR) Z١٠٪
١٠٠٠אאאאFSNEא٧}٣אאF٥}٢ZPKEאאאF٢ZPEא
אFSNZE٤}٣ ١٠K א א א אא א א א
אאאאRאF٤ J٥KEאאאF٣}٠ J٥}١KEאאאאאFSNE
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
אF ٧}٣ ٤}٣ E א ٥}١א א א WSNZ٤א٦}٣אK
EאאW
א א א א א א אאאKאאK
SN = A1D1 + A2D2 + A3D3 WאאאKאאW
אאW אאאאאא
،אאאאאאאאאאW
אא ٤ ٥١٧}٠٢٠אא٠٦}٠א
١٠א٠٤}٠KאאאאW = SNF٥ ×١٧}٠FHE ٢٠ × ٠٦}٠FHE١٠×٠٤}٠ZE٤٥}٢
א א ٤٥}٢ א א א FSN Z٤E ، אאKא٧א
٤٠א٢٠אW
= SNF٧ ×١٧}٠FHE ٤٠ × ٠٦}٠HEF٢٠×٠٤}٠ZE٣٩}٤
אאאאאKא١٠}٠אW
= SNF٧ ×١٧}٠FHE ٢٥ × ١٠}٠FHE١٠×٠٤}٠ZE٠٩}٤
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
אאW
D1WאZ٧
D2WאZ٢٠
D3WאZ١٠
אאW אאאאא
W
١K א א FSN Z E٤ א ،FCBRZ E٨٥٪،א٣٠٪،
אא١٠א٪אאאK
٢K אאאאאאא٨٥א٪אאאKא
F٨ J٣Eא٧}١K
٣K אא١٠אאW
SN = A1D1 + -- + -- = SN1.7 = (0.17 × 10)
٤K אאאאאא
אאFCBRE٣٠٪אאא١٠٠٠KאF٨ J٣Eאאאא٢}٢K
٥K אא٢٠٠٦}٠
W
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
SN = A1D1 + A2D2 + -- 2.9 = (0.17 × 10) + (0.06 × 20) = SN
א٩}٢אא٢}٢K
٦K אאאא٤א٣ א אא ١٠א K٪ א א
٠٦}٠٢٠W SN = A1D1 + A2D2 + A3D3
4.1 = (0.17 × 10) + (0.06 × 20) + (0.06 × 20) = SN אאאאאW
D1WאZ١٠
D2WאZ٢٠
D3WאZ٢٠
٨ J٦ Jאא(CBR)
א(CBR)אאKאF٨ J٤Eא(CBR)אאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
F٨ J٤WE א(CBR)אK
Wאאאאאאא
2/1
175.1⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡−=
pCBRPt
π
W : tאFE
:PאאFE
: pאF /٢E،
:AאF٢KE
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
W
א א א(CBR) אא א،אW
• אאZ٤٠٠L
• CBRZ٥٪
• PZ٤٠٨٢
• = p ٧ /٢
אW
E אאW
CBRZ٥٪אאZ٤٠٠LאZ٣٨
E אאW
cmt
pCBRPt
5.35)7()14.3(
1575.14082
175.1
2/1
2/1
=⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡×
−=
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡−=π
٨ J٧ Jאא
א א אאאאאאאKאF٨ J٥E
אאאא،אאאאW
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
F٨ J٥EWאאK
١EאאאW
אאא،אאאאאאאK
אאאאאW
3
3
2
2
1
1
100
Gw
Gw
Gw
G a
++=
W GaWאאאאK
:w1, w2, w3אאאאאאFKE :G1, G2, G3אאאאאאאK
٢EאאאW
אאאאGtאW
b
b
a
bt
Gw
Gw
G+
−=
100100
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
W GtWאאאאK
:wbאFKE
GbWאאK
GaWאאאK ٣EאאW
אאאאאאאאאW
tt G
G100=γ
W γtWאאK GWאאאאK GtWאאאאK
٤EאאאW
אאאאאVaאW
t
tta G
GGV )(1001 −=−= γ
٥EאאאWVoids in the mineral aggregate): VMA(
אאאאVMAאאW
awGVMA −= 100
W VMAWאאאK
:waאFKE
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
٦EאאאWVoids filled with asphalt): VFA( אאאVFAאאW
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ −=
−−=
VMAV
VMAVMAVFB at 1)100( γ
W VFAWאאאK
VaWאאאאאK
٨ J٨ JאFMarshal MethodE
א א א א אאאא א٢٥ Kא א
אאW
١K אK ٢K א אאK ٣K אאK ٤K אאK
אאאאFאאאאאאאאאWE
• א٣١٢٠٠א
• אאאK
• אאאK
• אאאאאF١٦٠ J١٦٥KE
• אאF٤٪،٥}٤٪،٥٪،٥}٥٪،٦٪،٥}٦٪،٧KE٪
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
• א٦}١٠١א٢}٧٦ ٥٣}٤א٨}٤٥א ،٣٥ ٥٠٧٥
אK
• א א אא א אאK
• א٦٠א٣٠،אאאK
،אאאאאK
• אאאאK
• אאאא،אא،FאEאאא،K
• אא ،א ،א אא ،אא،אאאאאא،אK
• אאFאאE،אאאאK
٨ J٩ JאאFSuperpaveE
א(Superior performing asphalt pavement) ، א א א א אK א אא
א(Superpave Gyratory Compactor, SGC)א א א אא אא א
אאא Kא א אא ٦٠٠±١٨kPaא א ،F א
אאא א א א א א א KE אאאאW
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
١K ٦אאאאW
• ٢אאאK
• ٢א٥}٠٪אאK
• ٢٥}٠٪אאK
٢K אאאאאאאK
٣K אאאאאאאK
٤K אאאK
٥K אאא٤אK٪
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
W ١K אא؟
٢K אא؟
٣K ؟אא
٤K אאא؟אא
٥K ؟אאא
٦K Wאאא١٠٠٠٠א،אאאא א٢٠ ٢٠٠٠٠،
(CBR)Z٢٠٪؟
٧K אאא(CBR)؟
٨K א א א א (CBR) Wא א٣٠٠٠(CBR)٥٠٪K
٩K אאאא؟
١٠K א؟אא
אאאאאא
אא
א
א
א
٩
א ٢٥٥ אא אאא
אאWאאא
אאW אאאאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
אאW אאאW
١K אאאאK
٢K אאאK
٣K אאאאK
٤K אאאאK
٥K אאאאאאK
٦K אאאאאK
٧K אאאK
٨K אאאאK
אאאWאא٩٥K٪
אאאW٨K
אאאWאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא אאא
אאא
٩ J١ אאא אאאאאא
אאאF٩ J١Eא،א א Kא א
אאאאKאאאאאאאא
אK
F٩ J١EWאאאK
٩ J١ J١ אאא
אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאK
١EאאאאאW
א א א אאא א א א א א אאK
אאאאאאKאאאאאאאW
طبقة ما تحت األساس
طبقة األساس
التربة األصلية
طبقة السطح
א ٢٥٥ אא אאא
١K אא א א א א Kא،אאאאא،אא
٢K אאאאאאאאK
٣K א٥٥٪אאאאK ٤K אא٣٠K
٥K א٢٥٪א٦٪K ٦K א٤٠٪K
٧K (CBR)٨٠K٪
٢EאאאאאW אא،אאאאאא
אאאאאKאאאאאW ١K K ٢K אאאאאאK ٣K א٢٥٪א٦K٪ ٤K א٥٠K٪
٥K (CBR)٥٠K٪
٩ J١ J٢ אא
١EאאW
• אאאאK
• אאאK
• אא١٥K
• אאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא אאא
• אאאאאאK
٢EאאאאW
• אאאאK
• אאF١–٤EK
• אF٨L٣ J١٠٠EK
• אאאאK
• אאאאK
٣EאאW
• אאאאאK
• אאאאK
• אאאאאאK
• אא١٥K
• אאK
• אאאK
٩ J١ J٣ אאא
א א א אא א אא אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אא
אא، א אא אאא אאאאאאאאאKאאא
אאאאאאאאא،אK
א ٢٥٥ אא אאא
א א אאא א אאא،אאאאא
א אא א K א א א אאאאאאאאאא
٤אKאאאאאW ١K ٩٥א٪אאK ٢K אאאאא٢٥
Kאאאאאא٢٠،אאאא٣٠K
٣K א א א א ١٥אK
٩ J٢ אאא
אאאW،אאאא،אאאא،אאא،אW
٩ J٢ J١ אא(Prime Coats)
א א א ، א א אא א
אאאאKאאאMC-30MC-70،אF٩}٠ J
٣}٢EL٢ ،אאא א K א א
אאא א F٩ J٢ KE א א
אאאאאKאאאא א ١٦ K א אא א
א ٢٥٥ אא אאא
אאF٩ J١EאאאאאאאאK
F٩ J٢WEK
F٩ J١WEאאאK
א
אאא FE
א א
MC-30،RC-30 ٣٠ ٥٥
MC-70،RC-70 ٦٠ ٨٠
MC-250،RC-250 ٧٥ ٩٥
א א א אא אא אאאאאאאאאאא
אאא،אאאא K،אאא
אאא،אאאאאKאא٢٤א،
אאאא٧٢K
א ٢٥٥ אא אאא
٩ J٢ J٢ אא(Tack Coats) אאא،
א א א א א א K א א אא א א א א א
RC-70RC-250KאאאF١٩}٠ J٣٨}٠EL٢אאאאאאF٩ J
١KE
٩ J٢ J٣ אאא(Grouted Macadam) א א א א
א אא ،אאא א K ٨٠L١٠٠
١٢٠L١٥٠אF١٣٥ J١٧٧EKא א אא ٣٠אF ٪א א א
KE
א א אא א א אא،אאאאא
אאKאא١٠FאאEא אא א אא א
٩}٧٢}١٠L٢٨٩١٠٠Kאאאאאא
K
٩ J٢ J٤ אאא(Bituminous Macadam) אאא٥٥}٧
K אא אאא
א ٢٥٥ אא אאא
אא KאF٦٠L٧٠EF٨٠L١٠٠EאKאאאאW
• אאאא א אא א
אאKאF٩ J٣EאאאK • אאאאאאK • אאK • אאאאאF٩ J
٤EאאאK • אאאF٨–١٠EFאEK • אFאEאK
F٩ J٣WEKF٩ J٤WEאK
٩ J٢ J٥ אא(Asphaltic Concrete)
אאאאKאא ٥ א א א א ١٠א א א K
אא٣Kאאאאאא
K אא אאא א אא
א ٢٥٥ אא אאא
אאאאF١٣٩–١٦٣EאאאאFאאEאא،
אאאK א ،א א א
אא K אאא א א אא ١٢٠ אא ،
אאאאאאאאאא٤K
٩ J٢ J٦ א אאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאKאאא
אאאאF٩ J٥ KEאא א Fא E ٠}٣אא א
אאKאא١٠אאאKא
אאאאאK
אF٩ J٥WEאאK
٩ J٢ J٧ אאא
אאא،א א א K א אא
א ٢٥٥ אא אאא
אאאאאF٨ J١٢EאאאאאF١٥ J٣٠E Kאא א אאאא ٥L
אאאאאאF٩ J٦KEאאאאאאKאאא
אאKאאאאאאאאאא
א א א K ،א א א אא אא ٢٠٠
אאאא،٩٥٪אאאKאאאא
אאKאאאא٣٪٢٪אאאאK
אF٩ J٦WEאאאK
٩ J٢ J٨ אאאאא
אאאאא אאאW
١K א א א א אא אאא :אאא،אאאאא،
א،אא،אא،אK
٢K אאאאא אא אWא W א ،א ،א ،א ، אא אא
אאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא אאא
٣K א א ،א א א אK
٤K אאאאאF١٣٩ J١٦٣EK ٥K אאאאאאא
אאאאאK
٩ J٢ J٩ אאאאא אאאאאאאW
١K א א א ،אאא א א
٥٠٠אאאאK
٢K אאאאאF١٤٩ J١٦٣EK
٣K אאא אאאK
٤K אאאאאאאF٩ J١KE
٥K אאאא אF٩}٠ J٣}٢EL٢אאאK
אאאK ٦K אאא٤Kא
אאאאF١٢٠EK
٧K אאאאאF١٥ J٢٠E٪ אK
٨K אאאא אאאא١٠K
٩K א א א אא א K א א אא א١٥٠אא אאK
אאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא אאא
١٠K א א אא א א אאK
٩ J٢ J١٠ אא
אא אא אאאאאאאאKאאW
١K אאא٢٠٠١٠٠٠٢K
٢K אאW
• אאאאWאאאK
• אאWאאאאאK
• אW٩٥٪אאאK
٣K אאאא،אא א א א K א
אאאא٠}٣א٣אא٦٣אאK
٤K אאאאאאאאK
٥K א א א א ٣ ٪ ٢٪ אאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא אאא
W ١E אאא؟אא
٢E ؟אאאא
٣E ؟אא
٤E ؟אא
٥E ؟אאא
٦E ؟אאא
٧E אא؟אא
٨E אאאא؟
٩E אאאא؟א
• אאאאאאא؟K
אאאאאאאא
אא
א
א
א
א
١٠
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
אאWאאאא
אאW אאאאאא
א אאא אאא،אאK
אאW
אאאאW
• אאאK
• אאאאאאK
• אאאK
• אאאאאאאK
• אאאאאאK
אאאWאא٩٥K٪
אאאW٤
אאW
• אאאאK
• אאאאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
אאאא
אא
אאא Kא א אאאא אאאא
Kאאאא אאאאאאאא אKאא א
א א א א אא א FEא אW
• אאא אא • אאאא
• אא • א
• אא • א
אאא אאאא
،אאא K א א ،א א
אW
١K א(Cracking) ٤K (Surface Deformation)
٢K א(Patching) ٥K (Surface Defects)
٣K א(Potholes) ٦K (Miscellaneous Distresses)
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
١٠ J٢ J١ Jא(Cracking)
אאאאאא،אא
אאאאאא،אאא،KאאאאW
١K א (Fatigue Cracking) W א א א א אא א
אא،אאאאKאא
א Kא W،אF١٠ J١KEא
אאאאא אאKאא
אאK
F١٠ J١WEאK
٢K (Block Cracking) W אאאF٣}٠x٣}٠EF٣ x٣E،
،אאא٦אא،א١٩ א א ،١٩ Kאאאאאאאאא אאאאF١٠ J٢E
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
Kאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא ،אא
א א אאאא א . א א א א
א،א א א א א א.
F١٠ J٢WEK
٣K (Edge Cracking)Wא אF١٠ J٣ Eאא א א א
א K א א
א א K אאאW
• WאאK • Wאא١٠٪
אאאK • W אא
١٠٪אאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
F١٠ J٣WEK
٤K (Longitudinal Cracking) W א א אא אא אא א
F אא E א F١٠ J٤KE ،אא٦،
٦ ١٩ ، ١٩K אאאאאK
F١٠ J٤WEK
٥K (Transverse Cracking) W אF١٠ J٥ E א א אאאאא
،אאW
• ٦K
• ٦١٩K
• ١٩K
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
F١٠ J٥WEK
٦K א(Reflection Cracking) W א Fא א E א
אאאF١٠ J٦KE
F١٠ J٦WEאK
١٠ J٢ J١ א(Patching)
אא א א א Kא א א א א א ،א
א K א א א אא א א א K א א א
אF١٠ J٧WE • W א א א
אK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
• Wאא א אאאK
• Wאאא אאK
א ،א א א א אאא K
F١٠ J٧WEאK
١٠ J٢ J٢ א(Potholes)
• אאאאאאF١٠ J٨Eאאא،K
אאאאאאאFאאאאאE
אאאאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
F١٠ J٨WEאK
אאאW
• Wאא٥}٢K • Wאאא٥}٢٥K
• Wאא٥K
١٠ J٢ J٣ אא(Surface Deformation)
אאW
١K א(Rutting) WאאאאאK אאאא אא
א א א א א K א א אאא א Kאא
אאאאF١٠ J٩KE
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
F١٠ J٩WEאאK
٢K א(Shoving) W אאK
א אאאאאאאאאאKEא Fאאא
אאאאאאאKאאאאאKאF١٠ J١٠EאK
F١٠ J١٠WEאK
١٠ J٢ J٤ אא(Surface Defects)
אאWאאא،אF١٠ J١١KEאW
١K א(Bleeding) Wאא אא אא א
אKאאאאא אאאאא.
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
٢K א(Raveling) Wאאאאאא אאאאא K א א אא
אאאא KאאאאאK
٣K א(Polished Aggregate)WאאאאאאאאK
FאFEאFEאE
F١٠ J١١WEאאK
١٠ J٢ J٥ W
• אא FאEK א א א א אא
אאאא K
• אאאאאאאK
١٠ J٣ Jאאא
אאאאאאאאאW
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
١K אאאאאK
٢K אאאK
٣K אאאאK
٤K אאאאK
٥K אאאאאאK
٦K אא،אאאאאK
٧K אאאאאאאK
٨K אאאאאאK
٩K אאאאאK
١٠K אאאאאK
١١K אאK
١٢K אאK
١٣K אאאK
١٤K אאאאK
١٥K אאאאK
١٦K Fא א אEאאאK
١٧K אאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
١٠ J٤ Jאאא אאאW
١K אאאאK
٢K אK
٣K אאK
٤K אאאאאאאאאK
٥K אאK
٦K אאאK
٧K אאK
١٠ J٥ Jאאאא א א א אא אא
אאאאא، א אאא Kא
אא،אאאא
אאאKאא א Kא א א
אאאאאאאא K א א א א א
אאK
١K אWא אאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאKאאאKאאאאאאאא
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
אאאאא٣٠א א א K א א א א
א א א אאKאF١٠ J١٢EאאK
F١٠ J١٢EWאאאK
٢K אWאאאF١٠ J١٣KE אאאאא
אאאF١٠ J١٤KE
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
F١٠ J١٣EWאאK
F١٠ J١٤EWאאאK
٣K אWאאאאאא א ، K א א
אאאאK
٤K אWאאאאאאK
٥K א W א א א א אאאאאK
٦K W، א אאאאאאאK
אא،אאאK
٧K W אF١٠ J١٥KEאאאאאאא
אאאאאאKאאאאא
א א א א Kא א א א א א
אאא،אאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
F١٠ J١٥EWK
١٠ J٦ Jאאאא
אאאKאאאאאאאא
KאאאאאאKאאאW
١K א Wא א א א א א٣אאK
٢K אא W אא א א אK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אא
W ١E אאאאא؟
٢E אאא؟
٣E ؟אא
٤E ؟א
٥E ؟א
٦E אאאא؟
٧E ؟אא
٨E ؟אא
٩E ؟אאא
אאאאאאאאאא
אא
א
אא
א
א
١١
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאאאא
אאWאאאאא
אאW אא אאאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
אאW אאאאW
• אאאK
• אאאאאאאK
• אאאאK
• אאאאאאK
• אאאאאK
אאאWאא٩٥K٪
אאאW٦K
אאW
• אאאאK
• אאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאאאא
אאאאא
١١ J١ אא אאאאאאא
אאאKאאאאאא א א א Kאא
אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאW
אאאאאאאW
١K אאאאאאאאאW
• אאK • אאK
• אאאאK • אאאאאK • אאאאK
٢K אאאאאאאאאא אא א
אF،א،אאאאאאאKE
٣K א א א אא א א אאאאאאאW
• אFWEאK
• אFWEאאאאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאאאא
• אFWEאאאאאאאאאאK
• אFWEאאאאאK
٤K אאאאאאאאK
٥K אאאאאאאK
אאאאאאW
١K אאאאאאאאאאאW
٢K אאאאאאK
٣K אאאאאאאא א אא אאא K א א
אאאK
٤K אאאאאאאאאאW
• אFWEאK • אFWEאאאאK • אFWEאאא
אK • אFWEאאאK
אאאW
١K אאאאא אK
٢K אאא، אא .
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאאאא
٣K א א אאא א א אא א Wא.א ، ، (CBR)
אאאK
٤K .
٥K א.
٦K אא .
٧K אאאא .
٨K אאאא אאא אא אא.
אאאW
١K אאאא .
٢K אאא٢٠א، א א א ٣٠ ،א א
אK
٣K אאאא אK
٤K אאאK
٥K א .
٦K אאאאאאא .
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאאאא
אאאW
١K א א א אא א אא אא Wא ،א ،א ،אא ،،א،K
٢K אאאאK
٣K אאאK
٤K אאאאאאא .
٥K אאאאאאא .
אאאאאאW
١K אאאאK
٢K אאא .
٣K אאאאאאאאK
٤K א F٦٥}٠ J٧٥}١EL٢K
٥K אאאאK
٦K א א،א אאאאא .
אאאאW
١K א א אאא א א Wא، א אא،אא،א אK
٢K א אא א אWא ، א،א،א،אאאאאאאK
٣K אאא
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאאאא
٤K אאא אאא .
٥K אאאאF١٣٩–١٦٣Eא אK،אא א אא
אאאאאK
٦K אאאK
٧K אאאאאא אאא .
٨K אאאאאF١٥–٢٠E٪ א .
٩K אאאK
١٠K אאאאא א.
١١K אאאא אא .
١٢K א אאא אאאK
١٣K אא א ،א א א א א،אאאאK
١٤K אאאאאאאK
١٥K אאאאאאK
אאאאאאW
١K אאאא .
٢K אאאאאאK
٣K אאאK
٤. אאא٢٥}٠אL٢K
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאאאא
אאאאW
١K א אא אFא א א E א אא W א،אא،א،אא،אK
٢K א אא א Wא ، א، א،א،אאK
٣K אאאאF١٣٩–١٦٣KE
٤K אאא .
٥K אאאאאא אK
٦K א א אא אאF١٥ J٢٠ E٪א .
٧K אאאK
٨K אאא،א אאא א ،אאK
٩K אא٥אK
١٠K א א א אא אא،٩٥٪אאאK
١١K אאאאא א Kאאא א אKאאא
אאK
١٢K אאאאאא אK
١٣K אאאאאK
١٤K אאאא٣٪٢٪אאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאאאא
١١ J٢ אא אאאאא
א،אF١١ J١KEאאאא א א א אא Kא אא
אאKאאא
א א א א א אK
F١١ J١EWK
אאאאW
١K א א א א א א א אאK
٢K א א אא ٣٠٦٠אF١١ J٢EK
٣K א א Fא א א א אEK
٤K אאא١٥٢٠אא١٠K
ترابيجسر
تربة أصلية
طبقة رملية
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאאאא
٥K אאאאKאאאאאאאאK
٦K אאאאKאאאאא ٢אW٣FW E א א ٦
K
٧K אאאאאאאK
٨K א אא א א א אאK
F١١ J٢WEאK
אאאאאאאא
אאאW
١K אאאאאאאא،W،אא
،אאא،،אאK
٢K אאא٩٥א٪FCBRE٢٥٪K
ترابيجسر
طبقة رخوة
رملية مصارف
طبقة رملية
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאאאא
٣K אאאאא٢W٣א٦אK
٤K אאאאאאKאא٤K
٥K אאאאאא٤ J٥K٪
١١ J٣ אא
אאאאאאאא א א א אא א א א
א א א א K אא א אאאאאאKאא
אאאאאאW
١١ J٣ J١ א א א א אא
אאאא،אאא،אאאאאאאאאאKא
אאאאאאW
١K אאK
٢K א٢٠٠א١٠٪K
٣K אא١٠א٪K
٤K אא٣٠K
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאאאא
١١ J٣ J٢ א אאאאאא
אאאאKאאאאאאאאאאKא
א א א אא א א א א אא.אאא
אאא٩٥K٪
١١ J٣ J٣ אא
אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאW
١K אאאאא٦٪K ٢K א٤٠٪א٥٠٪
אK
١١ J٣ J٤ אאאאאא
אאאאאאW
١K (CBR)אאא٨٠K٪
٢K (CBR)אא٥٠K٪
١١ J٣ J٥ אאא אאאאאאאאאא٢٥אא Kא
W
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאאאא
١K אWאאאאאא٢٠אאאא٣٠K
٢K אWאאאאא١٥K
١١ J٤ אא
אאאאאאאאאאW
١K אא א א א אא،אאאאא،אK
٢K אאאאאאF٤KE ٣K א١٠٪א،אאא
٥אאאK ٤K א١٪אאא٩٥}١K ٥K א٥٥٪אאאאK ٦K אא٤٠K٪ ٧K א٣٠٪K ٨K א א א אF٤ E
אאאאאK ٩K אאאאאאאF٣٠E،
אאאאK ١٠K א א א א ٣٠L٤٠ ٦٠L٧٠
٨٠L١٠٠Kאאאאאא٤–٧K٪
١١ J٤ J١ אאא
אאאאא٤אאאאא٠}٣א٣א
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאאאא
א٦٣אאKאאאא٣٪٢٪אאאאK
١١ J٤ J٢ א
א א א א א א١٠٠٠٢א ٥א א א א א K אא
אאאאא٩٥K٪
١١ J٤ J٣ אא א אאא אא
אאאאאW
١K אאאאאאאאK
٢K אאאאאK
٣K אאאK
٤K אאאאאאK
٥K אאאK
אאאאאאאא Kאא א ،٧
אאאאאKאאאאא،אאאאאאאא
אKאאאאאא٣ א א א א
אאאKאאאאאא١אK٪
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאאאא
١١ J٤ J٤ א ٥ א א
א١٠٠٠٢F٢٠٠KE، א א א א Kא א
אאאאאK
١١ J٥ אא אאאאאאא
אאK אאאא אאאאאאאKא
אאאאאאKאאאאK
אא Kאאאאאאאאא
אא K א א א א א ، א
אאKאאאאאאאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאאאא
W ١E אאאאאאא؟
٢E אאאאאא؟
٣E אאא؟
٤E אאא؟
٥E אאא؟
٦E אאאאא؟א
٧E אאאא؟
٨E אאאא؟
٩E ؟אאא
١٠E ؟אאאאא
אאאאאא
אא
אא
א
١٢
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאWאאא
אאW אא א א אא אאא
אאאאא א א אK
אאW
אאאאW
• אאאאאאK
Kאאאא •
• אאאאאK
• אאאאאK
• אאאאאK
• אאאאאK
אאאWאא٩٥K٪
אאאW٣٠K
אאW
• אאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאא אאא
Penetration Test of Bitumen
אאW אאאאאאא
אKאאאאאא א א Kא
١٠٠אאא٥אאא٢٥אאאKאאאאאאאא
،٢٠L٣٠א ٢٠٣٠ Kאאאאאאאא
אאאאK
אאאW ١K אאאF١٢ J١KE ٢K K ٣K K ٤K K
٥K אאK ٦K אK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
F١٢ J١WEאK
אאW
١K אאK ٢K אאאא١٠
אאאאאK ٣K אאאא
K
٤K אאא٢٥K
٥K אאאאאK
٦K א٥٠אאאא١٠٠אK ٧K אאאאK ٨K אא٥אאא
אK ٩K אאא
אא١٠א١٠אאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאא אאא
Flash Point Test of Bitumen
אאW א א א א אא
K א אא אאאאא א ،א אאא K אא א א
אאאאאאאאאאKאאא א א K
א١٧٥א،אאאא١٦٢אאאאא٢٣٠K
אאאW ١. אאF١٢ J٢KE ٢. אK
٣. אאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
F١٢ J٢WEK
Wאא ١K אאאאאK
٢K אאאאאאK
٣K אאאא١٦٠אאK
٤K אא٨}٢אאאאאאK
٥K אא אאאאא٥אאאK
٦. אאאאאאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאא אא
Softening Point Test of Bitumen
אאW אא אא א٣٠١٧٥
אאאאFEthylene glycolEK א א א אא א
Kאאאאא א א א א א ،א
א א אא א Kא א אאא ،א א אא א א א א
אK،אאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאW
١K אאאאF١٢ J٣KE
٢K אK
٣K א٥}٩K
٤K אאK
٥K אK
٦K אאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
F١٢ J٣EWאאK
אאW ١K א،אאאאFאE
אאאאאאFEthylene glycolEא١٠٠–١٠٨אא
א٢٥–٣٧אאאאאאאאK
٢K אאאאאאאאאF١٢ J٤EK
٣K אאא٥אK
٤K אאאאאאא،אאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
F١٢ J٤EWאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאא אא
Ductility Test of Bitumen
אאW אאאאא
אKאא٥١٠٠אאא٥٠אאאאאאK
אאאW ١K אאאF١٢ J٥KE ٢K K ٣K אאK
אאW ١K אאאאאא٢٧K ٢K אאאK ٣K א٥٠אK ٤K אאאאאK
F١٢ J٥WEאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאא אא
Kinematics Viscosity Test of Asphalts
אאW אאאאאאא
אאאאא٦٠אאא ١٣٥ Kאא א
אאאאאאאKאאאאא
א א، K א א א א
אא(CST) א٦٠٠٠}١٠٠K
אאאW ١K אאאF١٢ J٦KE
٢K אאK
٣K אאאK
٤K אK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
F١٢ J٦WEאK
אאW
١K אאK
٢K אאאK ٣K אא٦٠
אאK ٤K אאאK ٥K אאאאאK ٦K אאאK
٧K אא אא א אאא١}٠אא،٦٠אא
אאK
٨K א א א א א W אאFZEFאExFאאKE
٩. אאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאא א
Solubility Test
אאW אאאאאKאאא
.(Carbon Disulphide)א אאאאא٩٩K٪
א Volatility Test
אאW
א אאאאאאאKאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאא
אאאKאא½K٪
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
א Superpave Method
FSuperpaveE א superior performing asphalt
pavementKאאאאאאאאאK
אאאW
אאא
Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) Test
אאW א א אאא
א Kא אא אא א א אאאK
Wאאא
אאאאאאF١٢ J٧EאW
١. אK
٢. אאאK
٣. אאאאK
Kאאא .٤
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
F١٢ J٧WEאאK
אאW
١K אאאאK ٢K אאאK ٣K אאאאK ٤K א٢٠א2 MPaK
٥K אאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
א אאאא
Rotational Viscometer (RV) Test
אאW א א א אאK א
אאאK
אאאW
אאאאא אאF١٢ J٨EאW
١. אאאאK
٢K אאאאK
٣K אאאK
F١٢ J٨WEאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאW אאאאאאW
١K ٣א٦٠٠אK ٢K אF٠–٢٥٠אE٠}١K ٣K אא١٪אאK ٤K אF٨–١٣EK
٥K א א א אא א א אאאK
٦K אאא אאאאאאאK
٧K אאW
• אK
• אאאK
• אK
• אאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
א אאא
Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) Test
אאW אאאאאא
א א א א א א אאא١٠אאאאאK
אאאW
١K אאאאF١٢ J٩EK ٢K אK ٣K K
٤K K
F١٢ J٩WEאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאW א א אאא
א :
١K א١٠٢٠F١٠٠אEאאK
٢K א٥٠אK ٣K א א ،
אא٢٪FGE١אK ٤K אא אא٦٤٠
אKא٨٢٥אK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
א אאא
Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) Test
אאW אאאאא
Kאא אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
K
אאאW ١K אאאאF١٢ J١٠EK ٢K אK ٣K K
٤K K
F١٢ J١٠WEאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאW ١K א א אאא
אK ٢K אאאאK
٣K אאאאK ٤K א٤K
٥K אאאK
א אאא
Direct Tension (DT) Test
אאW אא א א א א א
אאאאאאאאאF٠–٣٠KE
אאאW
١K אאאאF١٢ J١١EK ٢K אK ٣K K
٤K K
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
F١٢ J١١WEאאK
אאW ١K א א אאא
אK ٢K אאאאK
٣K אאאאK ٤K אK
٥K אאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאאא אאאאא
Aggregates Abrasion Test
אאW ،א א א א א
א א K א אא א א אאK
אאאW
١K אאאאאF١٢ J١٢EאאאאאאK
٢K ٨١٢K
٣K K
٤K אK
٥K אאFא٨}٣٣٩٠ J٤٤٥KE
F١٢ J١٢WEאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאW ١K אאאא٨אאאK ٢K אאאFאKE
٣K אאאא٣٠٣٣אא٥٠٠١٠٠٠K
٤K אאאא١٢אאאאאאאאא،אאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאאא א
Aggregates Impact Resistance Test
אאW
אאאאאK
אאאW ١K אאאF١٢ J١٣Eאאא
٢}١٠٥אאK ٢K ١٤אא٣٨אK
אאW ١K ٥}١٢א١٠K ٢K אא٢٥אK ٣K אאאא٢٥K ٤K א٣٨אא١٥K ٥K א٣٦}٢K
אאאאאאא،אW
• א١٠٪אאK
• א١٠ J٢٠٪אאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
• א٢٠ J٣٠٪אK
F١٢ J١٣WEאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאאא אאא
Compaction Tests
אאW א א א א א א אא א א
אאK
אאאW
١K אאאF١٢ J١٤EWK ٢K F٤KE ٣K K ٤K K ٥K א20 kg ٦K א0.1 gm ٧K א١١٠±٥K ٨K K
٩K אאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
F١٢ J١٤WEאFEK
JאאStandard Proctor Test
אאW
١K אאאאאK ٢K אF٤E٨٠٪،אא
אK ٣K אא،אאאאאK ٤K אאK ٥K אאאאאא5 cm
7 cmK ٦K אאאאאא2.5 kgא30.5 cm،٢٥
אK ٧K אאאא
،אאאאאאF٧KE
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
٨K אאאא،אאא،אא
אאאF٧KE ٩K אאאאא،אאא
אאאK ١٠K אאאK ١١K אאא،אאK ١٢K אאאאK ١٣K אאF٦EF١٣Eאא٪٣
אאאK
JאאModified Proctor Test
אאW ١K אאאF١EF٥EאאאK ٢K אאאאK ٣K אאאאאא4.54 kgא45.72 cm،٢٥
אK ٤K אאאא
،אאאאאאF٣KE ٥K אאאK ٦K אאאאאאF١٠EF١٣E. ٧K אאאא٪٣א
אאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאW אא( )max−dγmaximum dry density
אא( )OMCoptimum moisture contentא،אאאאאאKאאאW
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛ +
=
=
1001 wV
WVWs
dγ
:
sW= אאא V= א W= אאא w= אאא
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאאא א
CBR) TestECalifornia Bearing Ratio
אאW
א א אאאאK
אאאW
١K CBRאאאF١٢ J١٥EK
٢K אאא١٥א١٨K
٣K ٥٣}٤א٨}٤٥KK
٤K K
٥K אאאK
٦K אK
٧K K
אאW
١K א١٢אאאF٤EK
٢K אאאאאK ٣K אא٥٥אאאK ٤K אאא٥}٤Fא
אKE
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
٥K אאא٤אא٠،١،٢،٤،٨،١٢،٢٤،٣٦،٤٨،٧٢،٩٦K
٦K אאאא١٥אאK
٧K אאאF٥}٤Eא٢٥}١Lאא٥}٢א،٥،٥}٧،
١٠،٥}١٢K ٨K אאאאאאאאאא
אאאK
٩K אFL٢EאאFEאF١٢ J١٦Eאאאא٥}٢٠}٥K
١٠K CBRאאW
CBR(%)القياسية األحجار منلعينة مم2.5 الختراق المسببالحمل
100التجربة عندللعينة مم2.5 الختراق المسببالحمل =×
אF١EאאCBRאאאW
F١ECBRK
אאFE אאFE
אאFL٢E
٥}٢ ٥
٥}٧ ١٠
٥}١٢
١٣٧٠ ٢٠٥٥ ٢٦٣٠ ٣١٧٠ ٣٦٠٠
٧٠ ١٠٥ ١٣٤ ١٦٢ ١٨٣
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
F١٢ J١٥WE.CBR
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
F١٢ J١٦EWאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאאא אא
Marshall Method of Design
א א א ،א אאאW
١K אK ٢K א אאK ٣K אאK ٤K אאK
א Marshall Test
אאW
١K אK
٢K אאאאK
٣K אאאאאK
٤K אאאK
٥K אאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאW ١K אאF١٢ J١٧EK
٢K א ٢٢٧٦K
٣K אא٦}١٠١א٢}٧٦K
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
٤K אאאK
٥K ٥٣}٤א٨}٤٥K
٦K K
٧K אK
٨K ،،،א،K
אW
אאאאאW
١K א ٣F אאE،١٢٠٠אK
٢K אא١٠٥١١٠٢٤K
٣K א٢٥א،١٩،٥}٩،٧٥}٤،٣٦}٢،١٨}١.
٤K אאאאא א١٧٠±٢٠ (CST) אאאא אא
٢٨٠±٣٠ (CST) Fא١٦٠١٦٥KE
٥K א א א א א א א אא אאא١٢٠٠ א
א א ٥}٦٣±٢٧}١ 101.6K٣אאK
٦K א א א א ٤ אא،א אאא
F٤٪ ،٥}٤٪ ،٥٪ ،٥}٥٪ ،٦٪ ،٥}٦٪ ،٧E٪א א ، K
٧K אאאא אאא٤אאא٥٠٪אא א،א
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אא،١٥א ١٠אאאא٥٠٪K
F١٢ J١٧EWK
אW
١K א א א٩٠–١٥٠K
٢K אא١٥ א١٠אאאאK
٣K אא אאא א ٧٥א ٥٠ Fא א E
אאאK ٤K אאאאK ٥K אאאאא ،א
אאא K
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאW ١K אאא F٣٠– ٤٠E
א٦٠K
٢K אאאא א אK
٣K א א אא אא א א אאKא
אאאאאK
٤K אא٨}٥٠ אאK
٥K אאאאאאאא אאאFא٣٠
אאאEאאא٠١}٠ ٢٥٤}٠ K
٦K ٢٤ א א א אאאאאK
٧K אאאאאF٤٪،٥}٤٪،٥٪،٥}٥٪،٦٪،٥}٦٪،٧E٪אאאאא
אאאאאאK
אאW ١K אFL٣E א
אאא K א א א אF אEאאF אאEK
الكلية الكثافةالحجم
الجافالهواء في العينة وزن=
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
٢K א אא אא א אא אFא Eאא אאF٪ E א א אא
F٪KE
٣K אאאFFE E،אאאFEK
الثباتفي الفاقددقيقة 30 بعدالثبات
100ساعة 24 بعد الثبات- دقيقة 30 بعدالثبات =×
٤K אאאאאאKאאאאאא ٣٥٪ אא
אאאאא٤٪K
٥K א אאא אא א F EאאאאאK
٦K א א א א א א אא אאK
٧K אאאW
• ١٠٠٠אK • ٤}٢א٥K • א٢٥אK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאאא אאא
Superpave Method of Design
אאW
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא
א א א א א K
אאאא Gyratory Compaction Test
אאW ١K אאאאא(Gyratory Compactor)אא
F١٢ J١٨Eאאאאאא،K
٢K אאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אF١٢ J١٨WEאאאK
אאW ٢K ٦אאאאW
• ٢אאאK
• ٢א٥}٠٪אאK
• ٢٥}٠٪אאK
٦K אאאאאאאK
٧K אאאאאאאK
٨K אאאK
٩K אאא٤אK٪
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאאאא
אאאא
אאא א،א א אאאאKאאW
• אאאאF١٢ J١٩KE
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
• אאאF١٢ J٢٠KE
F١٢ J١٩WEאא
F١٢ J٢٠WEא
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאאאW
١K אאאW
٢K אאאאאא א א אא F ٢٠ Eא א
אאאK ٣K אאW
א א א א א אאאK
٤K אאאW
א א א א א א Kא ، א א א א
אאאאאK ٥K אאאW
א א א א א א אא،אאאא
א אאאא Kא א א אא ،א א אא א א
K ٦K אאאאW
א א א א א א ،א א א א א א K
אאאאאאאK ٧K א אאאא Wאא א א
אאא א ٠٠٥}٠א٪ א א א K
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאאאאאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאאא אאאאאא
Bitumen Content Extraction Test
אאW
אאאאאאאא،אא אאאאאאK
א אאאK
אאW
١K אאאF١٢ J٢١ Eא 3600 אK
٢K אK ٣K ،،K ٤K K ٥K K ٦K אא FTrichloroethyleneKE
٧K א ((NH4)2 Co3) K
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
F١٢ J٢١WEאאK
אאW
١K א א א א
F٢EK ٢K אא١}٠٪،א
אאאF٢EאK
٣K אא אאאא
٤K א א א אאא א،א
٥K א א א ،אא א ٣٦٠٠ ،א א،אאא٢٠٠،א
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאאאאא א FאKE
٦K אא אא א ١١٠±٥ א،א א
אאאHאאK ٧K אאאא
١٠٠،א אא א ٥٠٠ J٦٠٠ ٥
א،א א א א ،א א١٠٠ א ،א
אאאא אאK
F٢Eאאאא
FE
אאאFE
4.00 37.500 3.00 25.00 2.00 19.00 1.50 12.500 1.00 9.500 0.50 4.75
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאאא אאאאאא
Field Density Tests
אאאאאאאאאאאא
א א אK א אא אאאאאא،א٩٥–١٠٠٪א
אK
א
Sand Cone Method
אאW אאאאאאK
אאאW ١K אאאאF١٢ J٢٢EK
٢K אK
٣K אK
٤K אK
٥K K
٦K K
٧K אאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאW ١K אאאאאאאאאK
٢K א אא א א א אאאK
٣K אאא،(Wh) K
٤K ،אאאאאאאאאאאאאK
٥K אאא،אאאאאאאK
٦K אאא(Wsand)K
٧K אאאאאFSandγKE
٨K אאFSand
SandWVγ
=KE
F١٢ J٢٢WEאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאאאאאאW
• אאWvWh
h =γ
• אאW)1( +=
wh
dγ
γ
• אW100(%))max(
)( ×=− labd
fielddRCγγ
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
אאאא אאא
אאW
אאאאאאאאאK
אאאW אאאאאF١٢ J٢٣KE
אאW
אאא،אאאאאאKאאא
א א ،א א א א ،אאא
א א K אא אאאW
١K אאK
٢K אאאK
٣K אK
٤K אאאK
٥K אאK
٦K אK
٧K אאאK
א ٢٥٥ אא א אאא
٨K אאאK
٩K אאK
F١٢ J٢٣WEאK
א ٢٥٥ אא
א
אא
• KאאאKאF١٩٩٩KE
• KאאFאא – KEא אF١٩٩٨KE
• א א א א ، KKאFK١٩٩٩KE
• KאKאאKאאאאF١٩٨٥KE
• KאאאKאאKאאאאF١٩٨٥KE
• אKאאKאאKF١٩٨٢KE
• אKאאKאאKF١٩٨١KE
• אאאKאאאאKאאאFK٢٠٠١KE
• ASSHTO Materials, Part I, Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials,
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC (1993).
• Colm A. O’Flaherty. Highway: The Location, Design, Construction and Maintenance of Road Pavements. Butterworth-Heinmann, 4th Edition, (2002).
• David Croney and Paul Croney. Performance of Road Pavements. McGraw-Hill Professional (1997).
• Fred L. Mannering and Walter P. Kilareski. Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, (1997).
• Kenneth N. Derucher, George P. Korfiattis and Samer A. Ezeldin. Materials for Civil & Highway Engineers. Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1998).
• Merritt D. R. Geometric Design Features of Single-Point Interchanges. Transportation Research Record 1385, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC (1993).
א ٢٥٥ אא
א
• Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A. Hoel. Traffic and Highway Engineering. Brooks/cole Pub Co., 3rd Edition, (2001).
• Oglesby, C. H. and Hicks, R. G. Highway Engineering. John Willey & Sons, Inc. (1982).
• Paul H. Wright. Highway Engineering. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-00315-8. (1996).
• Roderick D. Johnston. Road Repair Handbook. Trans Mountain Publishing, (2002).
• Robert D. Holtz and Williams D. Kovacs. An Introduction of Geotechnical Engineering. Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1981).
• Ruediger Lamm, Basil Psarianos and Theodor Lailaender. Highway Design and Traffic Safety Engineering Handbook. McGraw-Hill Professional, (1999).
• Thomas R. Currin. Introduction to Traffic Engineering: A Manual for Data Collection and Analysis. Brooks/cole Pub Co., (2001).
• Waheed Uddin. Pavement Engineering for Roads and Highways. Chapman & Hall, (1998).
• Williams R. McShane, Roger P. Rioess, Elena S. Prassas and Roger P. Roess. Traffic Engineering. Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition, (1997).
• Yang H. Huang. Pavement Analysis and Design. Pearson Education POD, Book & Disk Edition, (1992).
א ٢٥٥ א
א
א ......................................................................................................................
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i ii iii
١ J١ ١ J٢ ١ J٣ ١ J٤ ١ J٥ ١ J٦ ١ J٧ ١ J٨ ١ J٩ ١ J١٠ ١ J١١ ١ J١٢
אאWאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٢ ٢ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٤ ٤ ٨ ١٠ ١١ ١٢ ١٢ ١٣
٢ J١ ٢ J٢ ٢ J٢ J١ ٢ J٢ J٢ ٢ J٣
אאWאא KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
١٥ ١٥ ١٥ ١٧ ١٨ ١٩ ٢٠
א ٢٥٥ א
א
٢ J٣ J٢ ٢ J٣ J٣ ٢ J٣ J٤ ٢ J٣ J
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٢١ ٢٢ ٢٣ ٢٥ ٢٦ ٢٧
٣ J١ ٣ J٢ ٣ J٣ ٣ J٤ ٣ J٥ ٣ J٥ J١ ٣ J٥ J٢ ٣ J٥ J٣ ٣ J٦ ٣ J٧
אאWאא אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٢٩ ٢٩ ٣٠ ٣٠ ٣٢ ٣٢ ٣٣ ٣٣ ٣٥ ٣٥ ٣٥
٤ J١ ٤ J٢ ٤ J٣ ٤ J٤ ٤ J٥ ٤ J٦
אאאWאא KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٣٨ ٣٨ ٣٩ ٤٠ ٤٠ ٤١
א ٢٥٥ א
א
٤ J٧ ٤ J٨ ٤ J٩ ٤ J١٠
אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٤٢ ٤٣ ٤٤ ٤٤ ٤٥
٥ J١ ٥ J٢ ٥ J٣ ٥ J٣ J١ ٥ J٣ J٢
אאWא KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٤٧ ٤٧ ٤٧ ٤٧ ٥٠ ٥٠
٦ J١ ٦ J٢ ٦ J٣ ٦ J٤ ٦ J٥ ٦ J٦ ٦ J٧ ٦ J٨ ٦ J٨ J١
אאWאא אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٥٢ ٥٢ ٥٧ ٥٩ ٥٩ ٥٩ ٦٠ ٦١ ٦٢ ٦٤
א ٢٥٥ א
א
٧ J١ ٧ J١ J١ ٧ J١ J٢ ٧ J١ J٣ ٧ J١ J٤ ٧ J١ J
אאWאאא אאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٦٦ ٦٦ ٦٦ ٦٧ ٦٧ ٦٧ ٦٨ ٦٩ ٧٣ ٧٤
٨ J١ ٨ J٢ ٨ J٢ J١ ٨ J٢ J٢ ٨ J٣ ٨ J٤ ٨ J٥ ٨ J٦ ٨ J٧ ٨ J٨ ٨ J٩
אאWאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאא??KKKKKKKKKKK
אאFCBREKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אFMarsha MethodEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אFSuperpaveEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٧٦ ٧٦ ٧٦ ٧٧ ٧٨ ٧٨ ٧٩ ٨٥ ٨٦ ٨٨ ٨٩ ٩٠
אאWאאא
א ٢٥٥ א
א
٩ J١ ٩ J١ J١ ٩ J١ J٢ ٩ J١ J٣ ٩ J٢ ٩ J٢ J١ ٩ J٢ J٢ ٩ J٢ J٣ ٩ J٢ J٤
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٩٢ ٩٢ ٩٣ ٩٤ ٩٤ ٩٤ ٩٥ ٩٦ ٩٦ ٩٧ ٩٧ ٩٨ ٩٩ ٩٩ ١٠٠ ١٠٠
١٠ J١ ١٠ J٢ ١٠ J٢ J
١ ١٠ J٢ J٢
١٠ J٢ J٣
١٠ J٢ J٤
١٠ J٢ J
אאWאאאא KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
١٠٢ ١٠٢ ١٠٢ ١٠٥ ١٠٦ ١٠٧ ١٠٨ ١٠٨ ١٠٨ ١٠٩ ١١٠
א ٢٥٥ א
א
٥ ١٠ J٢ J
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
١١٢ ١١٢
١١ J١ ١١ J٢ ١١ J٣ ١١ J٣ J
١ ١١ J٣ J٢
١١ J٣ J٣
١١ J٣ J٤
١١ J٣ J٥
١١ J٤ ١١ J٤ J
אאWאאאאא אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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אאWאאא WKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאא
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א ٢٥٥ א
א
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאWKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאאא WKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאא KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKאאאאאא
אKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
١٣٥ ١٣٧ ١٣٩ ١٤١ ١٤٢ ١٤٣ ١٤٣ ١٤٤ ١٤٥ ١٤٨ ١٥١ ١٥١ ١٥١ ١٥٥ ١٥٥ ١٥٩ ١٦١ ١٦١ ١٦١ ١٦٣
אא.........................................................................................................................................