მიკრომეწარმეობა, როგორც...

mikromewarmeoba, rogorc siRaribesTan

brZolis saSualeba

angariSi da rekomendaciebi

mikromewarmeoba, rogorc siRaribesTan

brZolis saSualeba

angariSi da rekomendaciebi

2013

kvlevis Catareba SesaZlebeli gaxda organizaciebis: qalTa fondi saqa-rTvelo, Care International, OXFAM, Mercy Corp, saqarTvelos skauturi moZ-raoba, fondi „afxazinterkonti“, World Vision, ACF, „adamiani gaWirvebaSi“ daxmarebis Sedegad.

publikaciis Sinaarsi SesaZloa ar gamoxatavdes USAID-is, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis an EEEWMI Sexedulebebs.

The content of this publication do not necessarily reflects the view of USAID, the United States Government, or EWMI.

© saTemo ganviTarebis centri, konsultaciisa da treningis centri, saqarT-velos mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa asociacia / 2013

kvlevis avtorebi: Tamar bregvaZe, beso sulaberiZe, tato xundaZe

proeqtis gundi: ana margvelaSvili, irina xanTaZe, kaxa koxreiZe, nino odiSvili, nino sanadiraZe

kvleva Catarda da gamoica saTemo ganviTarebis centris, konsulta-ciisa da treningis centrisa da saqarTvelos mcire da saSualo sawar-moTa asociaciis erToblivi proeqtis `mikromewarmeoba, rogorc siRa-ribesTan brZolis instrumenti“ farglebSi, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis marTvis institutis (EWMI) programis „saqarTveloSi sajaro politi-kis, advokatirebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTareba“ (G-PAC) mxardaWeriTa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTa-rebis saagentos (USAID) dafinanNNsebiT.

sarCevi

1. Sesavali 4

2. meTodologia 7

3. ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mimoxilva 8

4. mikro da mcire mewarmeobis mxardamWeri programebi saqarTveloSi 11

4.1. startap grantebis specifika 13

4.2. startap grantebis distribuciis geografia da beneficiarebis SerCevis strategia 14

4.3. saswavlo komponenti 14

5. mikromewarmeobis mxardamWeri iniciativebis miznebi da Sedegebi saqarTveloSi 15

5.1. startap granti, rogorc sawyisi kapitalis xelmisawvdomobis gazrdis damoukidebeli instrumenti 16

5.2. mcire granti, rogorc sawyisi kapitalis xelmisawvdomobis gazrdis Tanmdevi instrumenti 17

5.3. startap granti, rogorc zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis instrumenti 18

5.4. startap granti da Temis ganviTareba 20

5.5 startap grantebis socialuri funqcia 20

6. CarTuloba, mdgradoba da startap grantebis ganxorcielebis Tanamdevi riskebi 22

7. sistemuri sakiTxebi da saxelmwifos roli 27

8. mikromewarmeobis mxardamWeri sagranto sqemebi - saerTaSoriso gamocdileba da Sedegebi 28

9. mTavari daskvnebi 34

10. rekomendaciebi 36

11. angariSi mikromewarmobasTan dakavSirebuli sagranto programebis mxriv, poloneTSi arsebuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb 39

12. startap sagranto programebSi monawileTa magaliTebi 49

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1. Sesavali

2013 wlis maisSi arasamTavrobo organizacia saTemo ganviTarebis cen-trma (CDC) konsultaciisa da treningis centrTan (CTC) da saqarTvelos mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa asociaciasTan (GSMEA) partniorobiT dai-wyo proeqtis „mikromewarmeoba, rogorc siRaribesTan brZolis saSu-aleba“ ganxorcieleba. proeqtis mizania, erTi mxriv, mcire mewarmeo-bis mxardamWeri programebis TvalsazrisiT gaaanalizos saqarTvelos arasamTavrobo seqtorSi arsebuli gamocdileba, meore mxriv ki, am analizze dayrdnobiT, moamzados saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da sakuTriv am sferoSi momuSave aqtorebisTvis Sesabamisi angariSi da gauwios sa-Tanado rekomendaciebi.

organizatorebis mier proeqtis inicireba ganapiroba samma ZiriTadma mizezma: uSualod siRaribis problemis simwvavem, am problemis mogva-rebis TvalsazrisiT bolo wlebSi periodSi gadadgmuli nabijebis nak-lebefeqtianobam da axlad arCeuli mTavrobisagan mcire mewarmeobis, rogorc siRaribis daZlevisa da socializaciis erT-erTi instrumen-tis mimarT interesis gaCenam.

• siRaribis problemis simwvave - sxvadasxva gaTvlebiT, saqarT-veloSi RaribTa raodenoba aRwevs 1 milion adamians (msoflio bankis bolo kvlevebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi siRaribis done 25 procentia).1 eqspertTa mosazrebiT, ukidures siRaribeSi cxovrobs saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 10 %, rac daaxloebiT 440 aTas adamians Seadgens.2 siRari-bis problemas ufro met simwvaves matebs is garemoeba, rom bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi siRaribis zrdis tendencia sakmaod mdgradia.

• bolo periodis ganmavlobaSi siRaribis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi ga-dadgmuli nabijebis naklebefeqtianoba - 2003-2012 wlebSi saqarT-velos mTavrobis mier gatarebuli neoliberaluri ekomikuri poli-tikis pirobebSi ver moxerxda gardatexis Setana siRaribis daZlevaSi. am periodis ganmavlobaSi socialuri programebi ZiriTadad siRari-bis simptomebis da ara maTi gamomwvevi mizezebisa aRmofxvras emsax-ureboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2005 wlidan saqarTvelos mTavroba Seudga siRatakis zRvars qvemoT myofi ojaxebis registracias, ris safuZvel-zec Semdgom wlebSi daiwyo Sesabamisi socialuri daxmarebebis gacema.

1. The World Bank, 2009, http://data.worldbank.org/country/georgia

2. „saqarTveloSi 1 milioni adamiani Raribia, xolo 440 aTasi adamiani - ukidures-ad Raribi“ „amerikis xma“, d. guguSvili, 2013, http://www.amerikiskhma.com/content/arti-cle--1------440------96756439/530029.html

mikromewarmeoba, rogorc siRaribesTan brZolis saSualeba

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damatebiT saqarTvelos mTavrobam ganaxorciela struqturuli re-formebi, romelTa wyalobiTac mniSvnelovnad Semcirda korufciis done da gamartivda biznesis warmoebis regulaciebi. mTavrobis mxri-dan am nabijebis gadadgmas TiTqos bunebrivad unda mohyoloda siRari-bis donis Semcireba, magram am mimarTulebiT man xelSesaxeb Sedegs ver miaRwia. neoliberaluri politikur-ekonomikuri modelis arsebobis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos mTavrobam bolo wlebSi faqtobrivad uari Tqva dasaqmebis politikis centralizebulad gatarebaze. amas adasturebs is faqti, rom 2006 wels gauqmda kanoni `dasaqmebis Sesaxeb~.3 dasaqmebis politikis arqonam gamoiwvia umuSevrobis donis zrda (gansakuTrebiT soflad), rac, Tavis mxriv, proporciulad aisaxa siRaribis donis mate-baze. im pirobebSi, roca qveynis mosaxleobis TiTqmis 60 procenti so-flad cxovrobs, xolo 55 procenti soflis meurneobaSia dasaqmebuli, soflis meurneobis mimarT araTanamimdevruli saxelmwifo politika siRaribis zrdis kidev erTi xelSemwyobi faqtori gaxda.4 amas daemata isic, rom 2003 wlis Semdeg gatarebuli institucionaluri reformebis Sedegad samuSao adgilebi ufro meti gauqmda, vidre Seiqmna. miuxeda-vad imisa, rom iseT sferoebSi, rogorebicaa mSenebloba, sabanko seq-tori, wiaRiseuli da saxelmwifo seqtori, gaizarda samuSao adgilebisa da xelfasis odenoba, aman mainc ver moaxdina didi gavlena dasaqmebis gazrdaze da, Sesabamisad, siRaribis Semcirebaze, radgan am seqtorebis wili saerTo dasaqmebis bazarze sakmaod dabalia.5

• axalad arCeuli mTavrobisagan mcire mewarmeobis, rogorc siR-aribis daZlevisa da socializaciis erT-erTi instrumentis mimarT interesis gaCena - 2013 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelos ekonomikis ministrma ganacxada, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikis saministro gegmavs e.w. star-tapebis fondis Seqmnas, romelic daafinansebs startap kompaniebs da inovaciur ideebs. misive TqmiT, „...dasaqmebis kuTxiT erT-erTi mniS-

3. evrokavSiris samezoblo politika da saqarTvelo (damoukidebel eqspertTa anal-izi), „siRaribis daZleva da socialuri stabiluroba“. ciuri anTaZe, 2010, http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe?e=d-00000-00---off-0civil2-civil2-01-1--0-10-0--0-0---0prompt-10--.%2e-4----4---0-1l--11-ka-10---10-preferences-50--00-3-1-00-0-00-11-1-0utfZz-8-00-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-10&a=d&c=civil2&cl=CL2.6&d=HASH2097cf9988510f51cdfd72.4.24. mTavrobis Secdoma pirvel rigSi is iyo, rom soflis meurneoba araptioritetul dar-gad gamoacxada - im pirobebSi, roca qveynis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti soflis meur-neobaSia dasaqmebuli, saqarTvelos mTavrobam 2010 wels am dargs biujetis 1 procentze naklebi moaxmara.

5. World Bank, “Georgia Poverty Assessment,” April 2009, 1, ix. wwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2009/04/29/000350881_20090429111740/Rend ered/PDF/444000ESW0P1071C0Disclosed041281091.pdf

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vnelovani nabiji swored startap kompaniebis dafinanseba iqneba“.6 mcire mewarmeobis mxardaWeris TvalsazrisiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs okupire-buli teritoriebidan devnilTa da gansaxlebis saministrosa da ius-ticiis saministros iniciativebsac. kerZod, devnilTa da gansaxlebis saministros iniciativa iTvaliswinebs okupirebuli teritoriebidan devnilebisTvis mcire mewarmeobis programebis dafinansebas maTi so-cialuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad. garda amisa, iusticiis samin-istro mcire mewarmeobis mxardamWer sagranto programebs sTavazobs probacionerebs, rac, erTi mxriv, miznad isaxavs probacionerTa eko-nomikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebas, meore mxriv ki - maTi sazogadoebaSi integraciisa da socializaciis xelSewyobas.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, CamoTvlili mizezebis gamo gaCnda intere-si, rom pirvel rigSi Catarebuliyo kvleva, romelic gaaanalizebda mcire mewarmeobis sferoSi samoqalaqo seqtoris gamocdilebas da Sem-dgom etapze am analizis Sedegebs SesTavazebda saxelmwifo uwyebebs. aseTi tipis samuSaos Catarebas aqtualoba SesZina im faqtmac, rom ad-gilobriv da saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebs aqvT saqa-rTveloSi mcire mewarmeobis mxardaWeris programebis ganxorcielebis mravalwliani gamocdileba da am gamocdilebis gaziarebam, SesaZloa, saxelmwifo uwyebebs mniSvnelovnad gauadvilos aseTi programebis efeqtianad Sesruleba.

winamdebare angariSi moicavs saqarTveloSi mikro da mcire mewarmeobis mxardaWeris programebis modelebis, maTi ganxorcielebis specifikisa da warmatebuli magaliTebis aRweras. angariSis daskvniT nawilSi moce-mulia kvlevis ZiriTadi mignebebi da rekomendaciebi, romlebic miRebu-lia am sferoSi momuSave aTamde organizaciis gamocdilebisa da am pro-gramebis uSualo beneficiarebis mosazrebebis analizis safuZvelze.

kvlevis procesSi SeirCa mcire mewarmeobis mxardamWeri programebis sferoSi momuSave aTamde organizacia, romelTa warmomadgenlebTanac Catarda CaRrmavebuli interviuebi. winamdebare angariSze momuSave mkv-levarTa jgufma msgavsi tipis programebis pirdapir beneficiarebTan muSaobis dros gamoiyena fokus-jgufis meTodic. garda amisa, jgufma gaaanaliza saerTaSoriso gamocdilebac, maT Soris detalurad Seiswav-la poloneTis modeli.7

6. „xelisufleba damwyebi kompaniebis dafinansebisTvis specialur fonds qmnis“, 2013, http://commersant.ge/?page=news&id=2198#.UfgKBmcewHW.facebook7. polonuri gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, anagariSi moamzada organizaciam Rzeszow Regional De-velopment Agency


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am Temaze amgvari tipis kvleva aqamde ar Catarebula da kvlevis pro-cesSi gamoikveTa ramdenime mniSvnelovani SezRudva (ix. Semdegi Tavi, kvlevis meTodologia), romelTa aRmofxvrac SesaZlebelia SemdgomSi damatebiTi kvlevebis CatarebiT. miuxedavad am SezRudvebisa, avtorebi imedovneben, rom winamdebare angariSi xels Seuwyobs mcire mewarmeobis mxardaWeris programebis TvalsazrisiT arsebuli gamocdilebis gaaz-rebas da, aseve, imasac, rom igi daexmareba saxelmwifo uwyebebs ufro efeqtianad warmarTon TavianTi saqmianoba am mimarTulebiT.

2. meTodologia

kvlevis procesSi ZiriTadad gamoyenebuli iyo CaRrmavebuli inter-viusa da fokus-jgufis teqnika. mkvlevarTa jgufma proeqtis koordi-natorTan erTad, pirvel etapze Caatara SerCeva, ra drosac damyarda kontaqti mcire mewarmeobis mxardamWeri sagranto programebis ganmax-orcielebel ZiriTad adgilobriv da saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo or-ganizaciebTan. Semdgom etapze, mkvlevarTa jgufis mier damuSavebuli struqturirebuli kiTxvaris safuZvelze am organizaciebis warmomad-genlebTan Catarda CaRrmavebuli interviuebi. mkvlevrebma fokus-jgu-fis meTodi gamoiyenes zemoT aRniSnuli tipis programebis pirdapir beneficiarebTan. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom kvleva Catarda mx-olod ori proeqtis samizne fokus-jgufebTan, rac SeiZleba kvlevis erT-erT SezRudvad CaiTvalos.

garda amisa, kvlevis procesSi mkvlevarebma gamoiyenes meoradi wy-aroebi, maT Soris saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier Catarebuli kv-levebi da uSualod sagranto programebis ganmaxorcielebeli orga-nizaciebis angariSebi. aseve, kvlevis procesSi mkvlevrebma aqtiurad gamoiyenes akademiur sferoSi am Temaze arsebuli literatura. saer-TaSoriso gamocdilebis analizis TvalsazrisiT, aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom angariSis momzadebis dros polonelma partniorebma SeimuSaves mcire analitikuri narkvevi, romelic exeba poloneTis gamocdilebas mcire biznesis mxardamWeri programebis ganxorcielebaSi (ix. danarTi).

kvlevis procesSi gamoikveTa sami ZiriTadi SezRudva: • kvlevam ver moicva yvela is organizacia da proeqti, romelic mimar-

Tulia mcire mewarmeobis mxardamWeri programebis ganxorcielebisak-en. Sesabamisad, am mxriv kvlevis areali Semcirebulia.

• kvlevis procesSi kvleva fokus-jgufTan Catarda mxolod ori pro-eqtis beneficiarebTan, rogorc es proeqtis dagegmvisas gadawyda. mkv-levarTa jgufma drois da adamianuri resursebis simciris gamo SeuZle-

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blad miiCnia am meTodis gamoyeneba sxva proeqtis beneficiarebTan. • kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebuli angariSebi meoradi wyaroebia. mkv-

levarTa jgufi am angariSebidan Sesabamisi masalis gamoyenebis dros mTlianad eyrdnoba maT avtorebs, radgan maT ar hqondaT Semowmebis saSualeba. rodesac aseTi tipis angariSebze vlaparakobT, xazi unda gavusvaT kidev erT SezRudvas. kerZod, SerCeuli organizaciebis war-momadgenelTa didma nawilma ver moaxerxa Sesabamisi angariSebis mowo-deba. amitom xSir SemTxvevaSi analizi mTlianad eyrdnoba interviuebis saSualebiT miRebul cnobebs.

3. ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mimoxilva

2008-2013 wlebSi saqarTvelos ekonomika araTanabrad viTardeboda. ruseTTan saomari konfliqtisa da globaluri krizisis zemoqmedebis Semdgom periodSi saqarTvelo recesiuli mdgomareobidan gamovida, magram veRar SeZlo gaegrZelebina swrafi ekonomikuri zrda, rac ganpirobebebuli iyo, rogorc makroekonomikuri, aseve instituciona-luri da politikuri faqtorebiT.

2008 wlis meore naxevarSi wliuri mTliani Sida produqtis zrda mkve-Trad daeca - 2.3 procentamde. dacema SeiniSneboda TiTqmis yvela seq-torSi. Semdgom wlebSi igi ryevebiT gamoirCeoda. 2008-2012 wlebSi mSp saSualod wliuri 3.6 procentiT gaizarda. 2012 wlis meore naxevarSi daiwyo ekonomikuri aqtivobis Seneleba da saSualo wliurma zrdam 2.4 procenti Seadgina. mSp-s zrdis tempi emyareboda tradiciuli sferoe-bis - gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis, transportis, kavSirgabmulobisa da safinanso Suamavlobis - zrdis maRal tempebs. am wlebSi ekonomikur ganviTarebas gansazRvravda, rogorc kerZo, ise sazogadoebriv seq-torebSi moxmarebisa da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis cvlilebebi. 2008-2012 wlebSi moxmarebis wili mTlian mSp-Si investiciebs TiTqmis 3,2-jer aWarbebda. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi qveynis dargebis ganviTrebas uzrunvelyofda, gansakuTrebiT 2005-2008 wlebSi da igi saqarTvelos ekonomikis erT-erTi mamoZravebeli Zala iyo. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis dabandebiT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda ener-getikisa da gadamamuSavebeli dargebi. 2008-2012 wlebSi sagareo vaW-robaSi gagrZelda is tendenciebi, romelic saqarTvelos axasiaTebda wina wlebSic - sagareo vaWrobis deficiti gaizarda da mimdinare anga-riSis balansi gauaresda. 2008-2012 wlebSi ekonomikuri zrdis erT-er-Ti ganmsazRvreli faqtori iyo momsaxurebis eqsporti, kerZod, tur-izmidan miRebuli Semosavlebi, romelmac qveynis mTliani gamoSvebis 7


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procenti Seadgina. 2008-2012 wlebSi igi daaxloebiT samjer gaizarda. 2008-2012 wlebSi mcire da saSualo biznesis susti mdgomareoba kvlav gagrZelda da biznesgaremo konkurenciis ganviTarebisaTvis arasax-arbielo darCa. 2008-2012 wlebSi mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis mier gamoSvebuli iyo biznesseqtorSi warmoebuli mTliani produqciis 17.9 procenti da dasaqmebuli iyo sul dasaqmebulTa mxolod 43 procenti. maTi wili warmoebul damatebiT RirebulebaSi 21,8 procentia. Sedar-ebisaTvis, evrokavSiris (27) qveynebSi misi wili erTobliv damatebiT Ri-rebulebaSi Seadgens saSualod 57.6 procents da dasaqmebulia dasaqme-bulTa 67,1 procenti.8

mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa seqtors mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba konkurentuli garemos formirebaSi, socialuri uTanabrobis Ser-bilebasa da dasaqmebis zrdaSi. mcire sawarmoebi qmediT rols asrule-ben siRaribis daZlevaSi. isini moqnilad da swrafad reagireben bazris cvlilebebze, advilad iTviseben axal produqcias da ZiriTadad ori-entirebuli arian adgilobriv bazarze. ekonomikis am segmentis rece-siuli mdgomareoba uaryofiTad moqmedebda ara marto socialuri garemos gaumjobesebaze, aramed qveynis konkurentunarianobisa da bi-znesgaremos srulyofaze, ris Sedegadac umuSevroba da siRaribe kvla-vindeburad qveynis ZiriTad problemad rCeboda.

dRes saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri zrda ZiriTadad msxvili sawarmoebis wilad modis. mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis konkurentunarianoba da efeqtianoba dabalia. isini sustadaa ganviTarebuli da ver asruleben ekonomikis qmediTi mamoZravebeli Zalis rols.

arsebuli mdgomareoba aisaxeba dasaqmebasa da umuSevrobaze. umuSev-roba yvelaze mniSvnelovani socialuri problemaa, romelic ganpiro-bebulia mcire da saSualo biznesis ganuviTareblobiT da daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa dabali wiliT dasaqmebulTa saerTo raodenobaSi. bolo 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi es maCvenebeli mcirediT klebulobda. oficialu-rad umuSevrobis done 2008 wels 16.5 procents Seadgenda. 2013 wels man 15 procenti Seadgina.

aq isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom bolo wlebSi investiciebis didi nawili kvlavindeburad dabandebuli iyo transportsa da kavSirgabmu-lobaSi, mopovebiTsa da gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi. man, marTalia, pozitiuri zegavlena moaxdina mTliani Sida produqtis zrdaze, magram, radganac am dargebs SezRuduli aqvT axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis

8. Eurostat. Statistics in Focus. 2008. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-08-031/EN/KS-SF-08-031-EN.PDF

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SesaZleblobebi, isini ver uzrunvelyofen socialuri fonis gaumjobe-sebas da dasaqmebis zrdas.

mikromewarmeobis ganviTarebas aqvs mTeli rigi sagadasaxado bari-erebi. 2010 wlis 29 dekembris sagadasaxado cvlilebebs dabali brunvis sawarmoTaTvis SeRavaTiani pirobebis Seqmnis daniSnuleba hqonda. cv-lilebebi SeRavaTebs iTvaliswinebda, Tumca warmoiqmna garkveuli Sez-Rudvebic. amgvari magaliTebia:

1. mewarme fizikuri pirebi, romelTa Semosavali ar aRemateba 100,000 lars da romlebic ewevian saqarTvelos mTavrobis N 419 dadgenile-biT9 gansazRvrul saqmianobas, gaTavisuflebuli arian saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan.10 TumcaRa, saqmianobis es saxeebi 2011 wlamdec gaTavi-suflebuli iyo saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan, xolo 2011 wlis Semdeg saqmianobaTa CamonaTvali Semcirda. kerZod, avtomobilebis teqnikuri momsaxureba, samdivno da mTargmnelobiTi momsaxurebis gaweva, sacxovre-beli adgilebis mokle vadiT gadacema, saparikmaxero momsaxureba dRes fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dabegvris obieqtad iqca. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am nawilSi mikrobiznesSi dasaqmebul pirTa mdgomareoba gauaresebulia.

2. mewarme fizikuri pirebi, romelTa Semosavalic ar aRemateba 30,000 lars. aRniSnul jgufSi Semavali mewarmeebi gaTavisuflebuli arian saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan. es siaxles warmoadgens 2011 wlamde mo-qmed sagadasaxado kodeqsTan SedarebiT. TumcaRa, SeRavaTi ar vrcel-deba rig saqmianobebze (saqmianoba, romelic saWiroebs licenzias an nebarTvas, savaluto operaciebi; samedicino, arqiteqturuli, saadvo-kato an sanotaro, saaudito, sakonsultacio saqmianoba, saTamaSo bi-znesi, vaWroba, qonebis ijariT gacema, da sxva).11

3. fizikur an iuridiul pirebs, romelTa brunvac ar aRemateba 100,000 lars, SeuZliaT gadaixadon fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi. gamartivebuli aRricxva da sakontrolo salaro aparatis gamoyenebisgan gaTavisu-fleba mniSvnelovania mikrobiznesisaTvis. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom 2011 wlamde saqmianobaTa didi nawili, romelic moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dabegvris obieqti gaxda, saerTod gaTavisu-flebuli iyo saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan. aseve, mewarme gaTavisufle-buli iyo salaro aparatis gamoyenebisganac.12

9. saqarTvelos mTavrobis N 419 dadgenileba, danarTi 1, 29/12/2010

10. 2011 wlamde moqmedi ssk, 168-e muxlis pirveli nawili, „l“ qvepunqti

11. saqarTvelos mTavrobis N419 dadgenileba, danarTi 2, 29/12/2010

12. 2011 wlamde moqmedi ssk, 104-e muxlis meoTxe nawili, 97-e muxlis meoTxe nawilis, „g“ qvepunqti


11

4. mikrobiznesSi dasaqmebuli piri SeiZleba iyos mxolod fizikuri piri. mewarmeTa umetesoba amjobinebs biznesis registracias SezRudu-li pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis formiT. es SesaZleblobas miscemda Sps-s, sawyis etapze mieRo mikrobiznesis statusi, Semdeg mcire bizne-sis statusi da Semdeg gaegrZelebina saqmianoba Cveulebrivi dabegvris reJimSi. amavdroulad, daqiravebuli piris gamoyenebis SezRudva xels uSlis raime qmediTi biznesis dawyebis SesaZleblobas.

5. am sakanonmdeblo normiT sawarmoebs ara aqvT ufleba, mikrobiznesis statusis mqone pirebisgan da fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelebis-gan SeZenili saqoneli an momsaxureba gamoiqviTos xarjebSi. msgavsi Sez-Rudva xels uSlis mikrobiznesSi dasaqmebul pirebs, saqmiani kavSirebi daamyaron sxva sawarmoebTan da ganaviTaron sakuTari saqmianoba.13

6. Tu sagadasaxado organos mier Catarebuli inventarizaciis Sedegad dadginda, rom mikrobiznesis statusis mqone fizikuri piris sasaqonlo-materialuri maragebis naSTi aRemateba 45,000 lars, mikrobiznesis sta-tusi mimdinare sagadasaxado wels uqmdeba. magram mikromewarmeobis sta-tusi ganisazRvreba brunvis da ara sasaqonlo-materialuri maragebis mixedviT.14 Sesabamisad, ssk-a garkveul winaaRmdegobas Seicavs.

7. Tu mikrobiznesis statusis mqone fizikuri piri eweva mikrobizne-sisTvis akrZalul saqmianobas an 3-jer ar gamoyenebs salaro aparats da mas daekisreba sanqcia kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi, sagadasaxado organo uuqmebs mas mikrobiznesis statussa da specialuri dabegvris reJims da ajarimebs 500 lariT. amave brZanebiT, igive vrceldeba mcire biznesis statusis mqone fizikur pirze15. vinaidan mikrobiznesis saqmi-anobis sfero SezRudulia, xolo kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi miRe-buli Semosavali ganisazRvreba 30,000 laris odenobiT, mizanSewonili iqneboda, sajarimo sanqcia diferencirebuli yofiliyo mikro da mcire biznesisTvis.

4. mikro da mcire mewarmeobis mxardamWeri programebi saqarTveloSi

arasamTavrobo seqtoris mxridan mikromewarmeobis mxardaWeris pirveli talRa saqarTveloSi daiwyo 90-iani wlebidan sxvadasxva saer-TaSoriso organizaciebisa da humanitaruli daxmarebis misiebis muSao-

13. ssk, 106-e muxli, „z“ da „T“ qvepunqtebi

14. ssk, 85 -e muxli, `b~ qvepunqti da 84-e muxli

15. saqarTvelos finansTa ministris N 999 brZaneba, muxli 8 da muxli 18, 31/12/2010

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bis gaaqtiurebasTan erTad. sawyis etapze am organizaciebis intervenciebs hqonda pirdapiri hu-

manitaruli daxmarebis saxe, rac TandaTanobiT ganviTarebis progr-amebma Caanacvla. ganviTarebis programebis farglebSi mcire biznesis xelSewyoba, xSirad organizaciebis sxva prioritetebis (Temis ganviTa-reba, konfliqtebis mogvareba, efeqtiani mmarTvelobis Camoyalibeba, siRaribis aRmofxvra) Tanamdev mimarTulebas warmoadgenda - fermer-ebis an fermeruli jgufebis daxmareba umetes SemTxvevebSi saTemo ka-vSirebis, asociaciebis an momsaxurebis momwodeblebis meSveobiT xde-boda da gulisxmobda sxvadasxva tipis (maT Soris saganmanaTleblo) servisisa da sawarmoo saSualebebis miwodebas, produqciis xarisxis gaumjobesebasa da produqciis gasaRebaSi daxmarebas. organizaciebis prioritetebis nusxaSi mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebis sakiTxis amgvari gaazreba dResac farTod aris gavrcelebuli.

mcire biznesis mxardaWeris meore mimarTulebaa uSualod mcire bizne-sis xelSemwyobi sagranto programebi, romelTa farglebSi mniSvnelo-van da mzard mimarTulebas e.w. startap (sawyisi) grantebi warmoadgens. ganviTarebaze momuSave organizaciebis strategiebSi startapebi da mi-kro da mcire biznesis mxardamWeri sxva sagranto programebi 2000 wlis Semdeg sxvadasxva etapze sesxebis programebis paralelur an Camnacv-lebel intervenciad gvevlineba.

qveyanaSi politikur-ekonomikuri konteqstis SecvlasTan erTad gan-viTarebisa da pirdapiri daxmarebis programebis, iseve rogorc ses-xebisa da startap grantebis komponentebis, xvedriTi wilebis urT-ierTmimarTeba daxmarebis programebSi icvleboda (erT-erTi amgvari ryeva donori organizaciebis grZelvadian strategiebSi, magaliTad, 2008 wlis movlenebma gamoiwvia - ganviTarebis programebi calkeul re-gionebSi kvlav pirdapiri daxmarebis programebma Secvala, xolo qveya-naSi Semqnili ekonomikuri krizisisa da saprocento ganakveTis zrdis fonze sakredito programebi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis strat-egiebSi TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi mikrograntebis komponentma Caanacv-la). dReisaTvis mcire biznesis xelSemwyobi startap grantebi, ZiriTa-dad, mowyvladi jgufebiskenaa mimarTuli da qveyanaSi mikrosafinanso programebis paralelur instrumentad moiazreba.

saerTaSoriso da adgilobriv arasamTavrobo organizaciebs dReisaT-vis mikro da mcire mewarmeobis programebis dagegmvis, ganxorcielebisa da monitoringis mdidari gamocdileba daugrovdaT. saqarTveloSi am mimarTulebiT milionobiT dolari daixarja, Tumca dReisaTvis es ga-


13

mocdileba naklebad aris Sejerebuli da ganzogadebuli. mikrobiznesis xelSemwyobi arasamTavrobo iniciativebis farglebSi

calkeuli organizaciebisa da programebis dagrovebuli codnisa da ga-mocdilebis analizi da gamTlianeba dReisaTvis ori mizeziT aris mniS-nelovani:

socialuri mxardaWeris, regionuli ganviTarebisa da mikro da mcire biznesis xelSemwyobi saxelmwifo programebis amoqmedebis fonze mniS-nelovania ganisazRvros is niSa, sadac arasamTavrobo seqtori SeZlebs axal konteqstSi efeqtianad funqcionirebas da saxelmwifo progr-amebTan sinergiuli efeqtis miRwevas;

arasamTavrobo seqtorSi mikro da mcire mewarmeobis mxardaWeris TvalsazrisiT dagrovebuli gamocdilebis struqturireba - interven-ciebis susti da Zlieri mxareebis gamovlena da am gamocdilebis integ-rireba saxelmwifo programebis strategiebSi xels Seuwyobda am mimar-TulebiT saxelmwifo intervenciebis efeqtianobis gazrdas.

4.1. startap grantebis specifika

mikrobiznesis xelSemwyobi sagranto programebis miznobriv jgufs, ZiriTadad, dabali socialur-ekonomikuri statusis mqone individebi warmoadgenen, romlebsac surT, sakuTari biznesis wamowyeba.

daxmarebis paketi TiToeuli individisaTvis saSualod 1000-dan 3000-mde laris odenobis grantis micemas gulisxmobs. grantis komponents, Cveulebriv, win uZRvis da Tan axlavs teqnikuri mxardaWera - treningebi biznesis wamowyebisaTvis mniSvnelovan zogad da dargobriv kompeten-ciebSi da agreTve konsultaciebi biznesis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze.

TiToeuli proeqtis saSualo xangrZlivoba 2 welia, saidanac pirve-li ramdenime Tve mosamzadebel (saswavlo/saorganizacio) komponents eTmoba. proeqtis msvlelobisas, Cveulebriv, donori organizacia ax-orcielebs monitorings biznesgegmaSi Camoyalibebuli indikatorebis Sesrulebis kontrolisaTvis da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, beneficiarebs specifikur sakiTxebze miznobrivi konsultaciebiT uzrunvelyofs. saqarTveloSi aseve xorcieldeba ufro xanmokle (eqvsTviani) an xan-grZlivi - 6 wlamde xangrZlivobis startap proeqtebic.

kvlevaSi CarTuli organizaciebisa da beneficiarebis informaci-iT, grantebis naxevarze meti sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobaSi gaicema (ZiriTadad, mecxoveleobaSi). Tumca, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, grantebi aseve gaicema arasasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobisaTvisac, rac ZiriTa-dad gulisxmobs soflis mosaxleobisaTvis iseTi servisebis Seqmnas,

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rogorebicaa maRazia, veterinaruli klinika, internet-kafe, saparik-maxero da a.S.

startap proeqtebi, Cveulebriv, gulisxmobs beneficiaris Tanamonaw-ileobas startap iniciativaSi fuladi an sxva saxis kontribuciis saxiT.

4.2. startap grantebis distribuciis geografia da beneficiarebis SerCevis strategia

dReisaTvis ganviTarebis organizaciebis mier startap proeqte-bi ZiriTadad soflad xorcieldeba da saqarTvelos yvela regions moicavs, Tumca gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba eTnikuri umciresobe-biT an iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul da maRalmTian regionebze.

saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc msoflios bevr qveyanaSi, grantebis ga-nawileba efuZneba potenciuri beneficiaris mier gamocxadebul sur-vils, monawileoba miiRos programaSi16. Sesabamisad, programas win uZRvis sainformacio kampania samizne adgilebze, rac gulisxmobs in-formaciis gavrcelebas sxvadasxva sainformacio saSualebebiT da Te-mis krebebis organizebas.

xSirad startap proeqtebis beneficiarebis SerCevisas moqmedebs damatebiTi kriteriumebi (magaliTad, mikuTvnebuloba konkretuli mowyvladi jgufisadmi). aseTebia: qalebi, mravalSviliani ojaxebi, mar-toxela dedebi, iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi, SezRuduli SesaZle-blobebis mqone pirebi.

programisaTvis beneficiarebis SerCeva, Cveulebriv, or etapad mimdi-nareobs. pirvel etapze gadaarCeven sagranto konkursSi monawileobis msurvelebis mier SemuSavebul sawyis biznesideebs da amowmeben ben-eficiaris Sesabamisobas SerCevis sabazo kriteriumebTan (magaliTad, mikuTvnebulobas mowyvladi jgufis an konkretuli geografiuli ad-gilisadmi), SerCevis meore etapze ki gadaarCeven Sesabamisi treningis gavlis Semdeg SemuSavebul detalur biznesgegmebs.

4.3. Tanmdevi saswavlo komponenti

saswavlo komponenti startap grantebis programebis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia. saganmanaTleblo komponents, ZiriTadad, modu-

16. Macours. K., Premand, P., Vakis, R. 2013 Demand versus Returns? Pro-poor targeting of business grants and vocational skills training . The World Bank. Latin America and the Caribbean Region. Poverty, Gender and Equity Unit


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laruli struqtura aqvs da, pirobiTad sam nawilad SeiZleba daiyos:pirveli komponenti biznesgegmebis SemuSavebasa da mcire biznesis war-

moebis sabazo unarebSi wvrTnas gulisxmobs. meore etapze ukve gadar-Ceuli biznesgegmebis avtorebi da grantis mflobelebi gadian wvrTnas dargobriv kompetenciebSi (proeqtis specifikis mixedviT), xolo gran-tis administrirebis etapze beneficiarebi iReben konsultaciebs muS-aobis procesSi warmoqmnili saWiroebebis mixedvT.

mikrobiznesis xelSewyobis programebis ganmaxorcielebeli orga-nizaciebi saganmanaTleblo komponentSi eyrdnobian, rogorc Sida, ise gare resursebs. biznesis warmoebis sabazo unarebis treningis provaiderebi arian bazarze arsebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis or-ganizaciebi, xolo dargobrivi kompetenciebis ganmaviTarebeli pro-gramebis uzrunvelyofas sagranto programebis ganmaxorcielebeli organizaciebi ZiriTadad individTa (dargis eqspertTa) resursebze dayrdnobiT axerxeben. grantebis monitoringi, iseve rogorc Tanmxle-bi konsultaciebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi grantis gamcemi organizaciebis Sida resursebis (mobilizatorebis) funqcias warmoadgens, Tumca saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi isini iyeneben gare resursebsac.

saganmanaTleblo komponentis pirveli ori etapis xangrZlivoba, Cveulebriv 2-3 kviraa, xolo monitoringis Tanmxlebi konsultaciebis xangrZlivoba da intensivoba calkeuli proeqtebis specifikasa da xan-grZlivobazea damokidebuli. saSualod monitoringisa da konsulta-ciebis etapi erT weliwads an weliwad-naxevars grZeldeba.

5. mikromewarmeobis mxardamWeri iniciativebis miznebi da Sedegebi saqarTveloSi

saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc msoflios bevr sxva qveyanaSi, mikrome-warmeobis mxardamWeri programebis da, konkretulad, startap sagran-to iniciativebis ZiriTad mizans miznobrivi jgufebis dasaqmebisa da Semosavlebis maCveneblebis zrda warmoadgens. vinaidan unar-Cvevebisa da kapitalis deficiti zRudavs produqtiul arCevans17, ganviTarebis programebi pirvel rigSi am SezRudvebis aRmofxvrisken aris mimarTu-li. Sesabamisad, daqiravebuli Sromidan da TviTdasaqmebidan Semosav-lebis odenobis zrdis xelSewyobis mTavar instrumentebad am tipis

17. Lucas, R. E., Jr. (1978). "On the Size Distribution of Business Firms." The Bell Journal of Economics 9(2): 508-523.Banerjee, A. V. and A. F. Newman (1993). "Occupational Choice and the Process of Development." Journal of Political Economy 101(2): 274-298.

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programebSi likvidobis Semaferxebeli barierebis Semcireba da mizno-briv jgufebSi biznesis wamowyebisaTvis mniSnelovani kompetenciebis ganviTareba warmoadgens18. aseve mniSvnelovania mcire biznesis xelSem-wyobi sagranto programebis Tanamdevi socialuri efeqti: miznobrivi jgufebis socialuri statusis amaRleba da maTi integracia sazoga-doebaSi, TemSi sxvadasxva servisebisa da produqciis xelmisawvdomo-bis gazrda, TanamSromlobiTi kulturisa da RirebulebiTi jaWvebis formireba.

5.1. startap granti, rogorc sawyisi kapitalis xelmisawvdomobis gazrdis damoukidebeli instrumenti

donorebica da beneficiarebic iziareben mosazrebas, rom mcire bi-znesis ganviTarebis sagranto programebi, pirvel rigSi, mniSvnelova-nia, rogorc biznesis sawyisi dafinansebis wyaro. miuxedavad Tanxis simcirisa (2,000-dan 3,000 laramde), am odenobis kapitalic ki Znelad mi-sawvdomia sofelSi (danazogi, sxva saqmianobiT mopovebuli fuli).

„grantis sidide saSualod 2,000 lars Seadgenda. SeiZleba es ar aris didi Tanxa, magram am fulis mopoveba soflad Zneli, TiTqmis SeuZlebe-lia“ - aRniSnavs startap grantis erT-erTi beneficiari da xazs usvams am mcire investiciis mniSvnelobas Tavisi biznesis wamowyebisaTvis.

programaSi CarTuli adamianebis ukukavSiri aCvenebs, rom mikrosafi-nanso sferoSi mimdinare reformebis miuxedavad, fuladi saxsrebis xelmisawvdomoba kvlav mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens soflad mcxovrebi Raribi mosaxleobisaTvis:

„mqonda didi oTaxi, sadac mindoda gamekeTebina ritual-uri momsaxurebis darbazi (sufra qorwilis, dasaflavebis, dabadebis dRis Tu sxva msgavsi RonisZiebis dros), magram ar mqonda Tanxa misi SekeTebisa da aRWurvisaTvis. granti SekeTebisa da aRWurvisaTvis gamoviyene da, Sesabamisad, grantis gareSe bizness ver daviwyebdi;~

programis beneficiari

arsebuli biznesis zrdisaTvis kapitalis sxva wyaros biznessesxic warmoadgens, Tumca sesxi bevri beneficiaris mier biznesis wamowyebis



17

sawyis etapze ar ganixileba rogorc mikrograntis alternativa. amis mizezad respondentebi ramdenime faqtors asaxeleben:

pirvel mizezs maRali saprocento ganakveTi warmoadgens (36%). im Sem-TxvevaSi, Tu SesaZlebelia, kapitalis wyarod damatebiT gamoyenebul iqnes sayofacxovrebo sesxi, granti amcirebs sesxis momsaxurebis tvirTs klientebisaTvis:

`isedac dawyebuli mqonda maRaziis mSenebloba, da vapir-ebdi kreditis aRebas. amitom CemTvis mniSvnelovania, rom ar vixdi procents. vfiqrob axla kidev gamovitano kredi-ti, sasaqonlo maragebisaTvis;~


5.2. mcire granti, rogorc sawyisi kapitalis xelmisawvdomobis gazrdis Tanmdevi instrumenti

dReisaTvis donori organizaciebis mier mcire granti strategiulad ganixileba, rogorc ara mxolod sesxebis alternativa, aramed sesxebis xelmisawvdomobis gazrdis winapirobac, radgan mikrosafinanso pro-gramebis warmatebas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs beneficiarebis wina gamocdileba da kompetenciebi, sawyisi ekonomikuri da socialuri kapi-tali19.

programis monawileTa da ganmaxorcieleblTa azriT, am TvalsazrisiT granti beneficiarebis momzadebis efeqtur instruments warmoadgens.

`2003 wlidan pirdapiri komponenti iyo biznesstarta-pebis mxardaWera, im dros bankebi ar iZleodnen startap sesxs, imitom rom (potenciur beneficiarebs) gamocdileba ar hqondaT. Cven SevTavazeT sqema - daviwyebT ideebis Seg-rovebas, gavfiltravT, movamzadebT klientebs, istoriac rom hqondeT, biznesgegmis werac icodnen da gamocdilebac SeiZinon.~

donori organizaciis warmomadgeneli

gamocdilebis arqonas, rogorc biznessesxebis xelmisawvdomobis SemzRudav faqtors, programebis beneficiarebic asaxeleben - bizne-sis warmoebis gamocdileba sesxebis gacemisas erT-erT mniSvnelovan kriteriumad ganixileba da xSirad dadebiTi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas

19. Nenova, T. 2009. Bringing finance to Pakistan’s poor : access to finance for small Enterprises and the underserved. The World Bank.

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Semaferxebel garemoebas warmoadgens.

`fuli, raime danazogi, ar mqonda, banki biznessesxs ar momcemda, radgan biznesi ar arsebobda. swored am gage-biT vambob, rom programa stimuli iyo. imis Semdeg, rac grantiT daviwye biznesi (SevakeTe marani, movawesrige ezo), bankma momca sesxi (4,000 lari, 48% wliuri ganakveTiT da kerZo piris TavdebobiT);~


respondentebi imasac aRniSnavdnen, rom gamocdilebis arqona moq-medebs, agreTve, rogorc subieqturi Semaferxebeli faqtori sesxis aRebisas - gamocdilebis arqonas Tan axlavs SiSi, sakuTar ZalebSi dau-rwmunebloba, rac damatebiT fsiqologiur barierebs warmoqmnis:

`sabanko sesxis aRebisa meSinia, ara var darwmunebuli sawarmos stabilurobasa da Cemi saqmis warmatebaSi~.


donorebi da programis beneficiarebi Tanxmdebian imaSi, rom startap grantebi xels uwyobs sawyisi gamocdilebis Seqmnas, biznesis dagegmvi-sa da ganxorcielebis unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas da sawyisi kapitalis formirebas, rac mniSvnelovnad zrdis mikrosafinanso programebSi monawileobisaTvis mzaobasa da warmatebis Sansebs.

5.3. startap granti, rogorc zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis instrumenti

mewarmeobisaTvis mniSvnelovani unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis xelSewyo-ba formaluri da araformaluri ganaTlebis sistemebSi prioritetul amocanas warmoadgens evropis qveynebis saganmanaTleblo sistemebSi. saqarTveloSi es sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas, radgan, iseve ro-gorc sxva postsabWoTa qveynebSi, saqarTveloSic mewarmeobisaTvis mniSvnelovani kompetenciebis ganviTarebas warsulSi saerTod ar eT-moboda yuradReba saswavlo gegmebSi. dRes erovnuli saswavlo gegma me-warmeobis kompetenciebis ganviTarebas iTvaliswinebs. Tumca am prior-itetis realizaciis mimarTulebiT mxolod pirveli nabijebi idgmeba.

startap grantebi da maTi Tanmdevi saganmanaTleblo komponenti am TvalsazrisiT, rogorc Teoriuli codnis SeZenis, ise am codnis praq-tikaSi ganmtkicebis efeqtian saSualebas warmoadgens.


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donori organizaciebis warmomadgenlebis azriT, startap grantebi, zogadad, xels uwyobs mewarmeobisaTvis mniSvnelovani sabazo unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebasa da codnis gaRrmavebas mosaxleobaSi.

`ZiriTadad fuli unda yvelas, treningi ki ar undaT. Za-lian didi dro miaqvs imis Cvenebas, rom man ar icis, fuli rogor gamoiyenos. amitom mere giwevs mobilizeba, trenin-gis Catareba, rom iman dainaxos, Tu ra aris biznesi - ro-gor unda daxarjos ufro efeqturad fuli, ratom aris aucilebeli reinvestireba.~


`bevri programa SecdomiT eZaxis startaps iseT pro-eqtebs, sadac grants gascems Zroxis SesaZenad. Zalian bevri fulia daxarjuli amgvarad - kreditebis 70% gace-mulia mecxoveleobaSi, aqedan 80% gulisxmobs, magaliTad, Zroxis yidvas, da imis gamo, rom arasworad aris komponenti dagegmili - Zroxa ar aris biznesi, biznesad Zroxa im SemTx-vevaSi gadaiqceva, Tu beneficiari gegmavs reinvestirebas.~


kvlevaSi CarTuli startap programebis beneficiarebi laparakoben agreTve programis farglebSi SeZenili codnisa da kompetenciebis mniS-vnelobazec.

`saqmis keTebis dros bevri ram viswavle. vin ifiqrebda, rom SevZlebdi CurCxelebis ara mxolod saojaxo moxmarebi-saTvis gakeTebas, aramed maT realizacias? vfiqrob, es un-ari saqmianobis dros SeviZine da Cemi Tavis imedic gamiCnda.~


startap grantebis beneficiarebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom proeqtebis ganxorcielebis procesSi maT mxolod axali codna da gamocdileba ki ar SeiZines, aramed am codnis gaRrmavebis survili da swavlis gagrZelebis motivaciac gauCndaT:

„radgan Cem saqmeSi, siRnaRSi Camosuli stumrebis mom-saxurebis dros unda vicode ucxo ena, inglisuris swavla daviwye. aseve meti unda vicode sastumros momsaxurebis

20

Sesaxeb da veZeb, sad SeiZleba gaviaro Sesabamisi treningi“.


5.4. startap granti da Temis ganviTareba

donorebisa da beneficiarebis ukukavSiris Tanaxmad, startap grante-bi, aseve, xels uwyobs TemSi axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, Rirebule-baTa jaWvebis formirebas, servisisa da infrastruqturis gaumjobese-bas.

`proeqti mniSvnelovania soflebisTvisac, radgan isini amarageben rZis produqtebiT Cems sawarmos~ - aRniSnavs erT-erTi respondenti da msjelobs proeqtis efeqtze mTlianad soflis cxovrebis gaumjobe-sebis TvalsazrisiT.

zogierTma respondentma, agreTve, aRniSna startap proeqtebis mniSvn-eloba soflad axalgazrdobis damagrebisaTvis.

`vaJi unda dabrundes Tbilisidan da Caebas am saqmeSi. yov-elTvis ganvicdidi, ras Sveboda TbilisSi, sadac kargad ver moewyo da uWirda, dabrunebiT ki ver brundeboda, radgan aq saqme araferi hqonda. yvelasTvis kargia, sofelSi roca iqneba Tavis ojaxTan erTad;~

amasTanave, startap grantebi xels uwyobs TemSi codnis gavrcelebas da motivaciis gazrdas mcire mewarmeobis warmowyebisaTvis:

axloblebs Zalian moswonT, surT, amgvar saqmeSi miiRon monawileoba, siamovnebiT gaakeTebdnen amisTana proeqts;~


5.5. startap grantebis socialuri funqcia

startap grantebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Sedegia Tanmdevi so-cialuri efeqti.

erT-erTi respondenti sakuTar gamocdilebaze msjelobisas aRniS-navs, Tu rogor imoqmeda startapma mis TviTSefasebaze:

`...ufro metsac getyviT, exla rom viwyebde, Tavidan ukve met pirutyvs SeviZendi, imitom rom SiSi, sakuTar ZalebSi daurwmunebloba gadavlaxe.~

proeqtis beneficiari


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amasTanave, beneficiarTa azriT, startap grantebi iniciativis da mo-tivaciis gazrdis efeqturi saSualebaa:

`didi xania, vfiqrobdi eTnografiuli ezos mowyobaze, romelic siRnaRis municipalitetSi Camosul turistebs moemsaxureboda. magram ramdenime mizezis gamo ver viwyeb-di: erTi, rom ver vbedavdi, vfiqrobdi, ver SevZleb, Tavs ver gavarTmev-meTqi; meore, rom usasrulod gadavdebdi xolme am ideis ganxorcielebas, radgan aravis winaSe ar mqonda pasuxismgebloba;

muSaobis survili gamiCnda. rodesac arafers akeTeb, mu-Sobis survilic sul ufro knindeba. exla ki, rac mets va-keTeb, miT meti minda vakeTo. davinaxeT, rom raRac gamodis. me puris gamocxoba CemTvis mezareboda, exla ki Tones va-muSaveb;~

proeqtis beneficiari

respondentebs, zogjer TemSi da mikrosocialur jgufebSi social-uri rolebis struqturis cvlilebis TvalnaTeli magaliTebic mohy-avT:

`qmari mexmareba ToneSi muSaobaSi, xandaxan umcrosi qa-liSvilic. qmars Tavidan rcxvenoda - puris cxoba ra kacis saqmeao, - Tavs uxerxulad grZnobda, roca mezoblebi xelSi comiT xedavdnen, exla ki CemTan erTad muSaobs~;

startap programebis beneficiari qalebi siamayiT aRniSnaven, Tu ro-gor gafarTovda maTi socialuri kavSirebi da statusi, rogorc TemSi, ise ojaxSi.

`yvela molaparakebas Tavad vawarmoeb. magaliTad, siRna-Ris sastumroebTan, romlebic eZebdnen adgils Tavisi st-umrebis sazeimo sadilisaTvis. sofelSi ufro didi pativ-iscemiTa da ridiT mepyrobian~.

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6. CarTuloba, mdgradoba da startap grantebis ganxorcielebis Tanamdevi riskebi

msoflio bankis mier bolo wlebSi gamocemuli angariSebi cxadyofs, rom mikromewarmeobis mxardamWeri RonisZiebebi da, kerZod, startap grantebi xels uwyoben Semosavlebis zrdas da dasaqmebisa da TviT-dasaqmebis maCveneblebis gaumjobesebas mowyvlad jgufebSi20.

calkeul qveynebSi ganxorcielebuli eqsperimentuli kvlevebis Tanaxmad, mikro-grantebis beneficiar qalTa Semosavlebi sakontrolo jgufTan SedarebiT 80%-iT maRalia, xolo mamakac beneficiarTa - 30% -iT maRali. grantis miRebidan 2 wlis Semdeg sakontrolo jgufTan Se-darebiT programis beneficiarTa aqtivebis Sefasebebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba21.

startap grantebis programebis monawile mowyvladi jgufebis warmo-madgenlebSi mniSvnelovnad izrdeba TviTSefasebis, cxovrebiT kmayo-filebis, motivaciis maCveneblebi22.

analogiuri suraTi ikveTeba saqarTveloSic. miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanaSi am TvalsazrisiT sando statistikuri monacemebi naklebad moipoveba, donorebisa da beneficiarebis SefasebiT, am tipis inicia-tivebs dadebiTi efeqti aqvs, rogorc Semosavlebis, ise dasaqmebis maCveneblebis zrdis TvalsazrisiT.

treningebisa da konsultaciebis centris mier ganxorcielebuli mi-kromewarmeobis xelSemwyobi programis anagariSis mixedviT iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebis Sinameurneobis Semosavlebi 2010-2012 wlebis ganmavlobaSi saSualod 37%-iT gaizarda.

qalTa fondi saqarTveloSi programis angariSSi amave periodis (2010-2012) ganmavlobaSi beneficiar qalTa Semosavlebis 77%-ian zrdaze miuTiTebs.

20. Macours. K., Premand, P., Vakis, R. 2013 Demand versus Returns? Pro-poor targeting of business grants and vocational skills training . The World Bank. Latin America and the Caribbean Region. Poverty, Gender and Equity UnitFiszbein, A.m Kanbur, R., Yemtsov, R. 2013. Social Protection, Poverty and the Post-2015 Agenda. The World Bank Human Development Network Social Protection and Labor Department. Policy Research Working Paper Nenova, T. 2009. Bringing finance to Pakistan’s poor : access to finance for small Enterprises and the under-served. The World Bank.

21. The World Bank. Human Development Network. 2013. From Evidence to Policy. Policy Breif.



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calkeuli donori organizaciebis monacemebiT, zogadad mikrome-warmeobis mxardamWeri programebis sawyis etapze mowyvladi jgufebis programaSi CarTvis motivacia da, Sedegad, monawileobis maCveneblebi SedarebiT dabalia imave georgafiul adgilas sxva jgufebis CarTu-lobis maCveneblebTan SedarebiT. Tumca TemSi am kuTxiT warmatebuli magaliTebis dafiqsirebis Semdeg monawileobis msurvelTa ricxvi iz-rdeba23.

donori organizaciebis monacemebiT, beneficiarTa 90%-ze meti aRniSnavs, rom startap grantebis programaSi monawileoba swori gadawyvetileba iyo da kmayofilia SedegebiT24.

miuxedavad amisa, donorebi am tipis iniciativebis Sedegebis gaaanali-zebis dros garkveul SezRudvebsac aRniSnaven. kerZod:

a) dafinansebuli biznesproeqtebis saSualod naxevarze mets grZelva-dian perspeqtivaSi problemebi eqmneba mdgradobis TvalsazrisiT;

b) xSir SemTxvevaSi dafinansebuli biznesproeqtebi wlebis Semdeg imave saxisaa da naklebad viTardeba;

g) mikro biznesproeqtebis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi didad aris damokidebuli calkeul subieqtebs Soris TanamSromlobiTi urTier-Tobebis Camoyalibebasa da kooperaciaze, magram calkeul proeqtebs Soris TanamSromlobis magaliTebi cotaa an saerTod ar aris:„erTad naklebad akeTeben rames, ar TanamSromloben, donorisgan Tu

ar modis iniciativa da Tavidanve ar aris jgufuri proeqti. Tu sx-vadasxva regionia da sxvadasxva proeqti - TanamSromloba saerTod ar aris“ - aRniSnavs erT-erTi donori organizaciis warmomadgeneli

Seqmnili situaciis mTavar mizezebad donorebi ramdenime faqtors mi-iCneven. es faqtorebia:

dabali pasuxismgebloba - beneficiarebi grantis Tanxebis xarjvas na-klebi pasuxismgeblobiT ekidebian, vidre sesxis SemTxvevaSi.

`rogorc ki organizacia konkurss gamoacxadebs, modis uamravi xalxi, romelsac ubralod fuli sWirdeba. muqTa fuli cudia. riskze ufro midis. imitom rom am muqTa fuls debs Zalian uxarisxo raRacaSi. rode-sac modis muqTa fuli, romelzec pasuxismgebloba ar gaqvs, did riskzec midixar~.

manipulirebis SesaZlebloba - calkeul SemTxvevebSi grantiT gamo-

23. Women’s Fund in Georgia. 2013. Women’s Economic Independence in the Post-conflict Zone and Re-mote Regions of Georgia. Final Report.

24. Center for Training and Consultancy (CTC). 2012. Sustainable integration of IDPs into value creation chains in new settlement areas. Final Report

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yofili Tanxebi aramiznobrivad ixarjeba. aplikantebi konkursSi sxve-bis Sedgenil biznesgegmebs waradgenen.

xSirad yofila, mosulan qalbatonebi da saerTod ar icodnen, ra ewer-aT (biznesgegmaSi). mohyvebodaT biZa da mere aRmoCndeboda, rom proeqti biZisa yofila.

dabali mzaoba, informirebuloba - mewarmeobaSi gamocdilebis ar-qonis pirobebSi potenciuri beneficiarebi arasworad afaseben riskebs, mosalodnel sargebels da sakuTar SesaZleblobebs, rac xSirad gadame-tebuli an, piriqiT, dabali TviTSefasebis winapirobaa.

arasakmarisi kapitalizacia - gamoyofili grantebis moculobis da imavdroulad gascemi grantebis raodenobis swori balansis moZebna am tipis intervenciebis erT-erT mTavar amocanas warmoadgens. startap grantebis gacemis sistemaSi CarTulma bevrma organizaciam benefi-ciarTa raodenobis gazrdis mizniT mniSvnelovnad Seamcira startap grantis moculoba. programebis beneficiarTa, iseve rogorc donori organizaciebis warmomadgenelTa nawilis azriT, startap grantebisaT-vis gansazRvruli Tanxebis odenoba Zalian mcirea, rac zrdis biznesis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebul riskebs. garda amisa, socialurad daucveli da ukiduresad gaWirvebuli ojaxebis dafinansebis SemTxvaSi arsebobs imis saSiSroeba, rom maT mogeba mTlianad moaxmaron ojaxis mimdinare xarjebs da ar moaxdinon reinvestireba biznesSi.

`kapitalizacia mainc ar aris sakmarisi, mTeli mogeba re-investiciisaTvis gamoiyeneba. aRmoCnda, rom, imis garda, rac gavakeTeT, kide bevri ram aris dasamatebeli, amitom jerjerobiT ojaxs araferi moxmarebia, ufro metic, sesxis aRebas vapireb damatebiT~.


`mcire problemac ki SeiZleba gaxdes biznesis gakotrebis mizezi. magaliTad, daavadebis gamo damexoca goWebi da aRar vici, rogor gavagrZelo mewarmeoba~.


bazarze dargobrivi kompetenciebis ganmaviTarebeli programebis provaiderebis nakleboba - mikrograntebis Tanmdev saganmanaTleblo komponentSi grantis gamcem organizaciebs dargobrivi kompetenciebis ganmaviTarebeli programebisaTvis provaiderebis moZebnisas xSirad problemebi eqmnebaT.


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"gvqonda universitetebTan TanamSromlobis mcdelo-ba, magram didi survili ar gamouTqvamT. garemos dacvis mimarTulebiT ufro iolia instituciuri TanamSrom-loba, soflis meurneobaSi provaiderebis qseli ar arse-bobs. moTxovna Zalian didia, magram momwodebeli cotaa. magaliTad, yvelis teqnologiebSi saqarTveloSi mxolod 5 eqspertis moZiebaa SesaZlebeli. sakiTxs gaaCnia - agronomi-is mimarTulebiT metia, vidre Tanamedrove teqnologiebis mimarTulebiT".


winaswari kvlevebis nakleboba - mikromewarmeobis mxardamWeri ini-ciativebi xSirad usistemo xasiaTisaa da naklebad aris dakavSirebuli samizne regionis an Temis ganviTarebis grZelvadian strategiasTan, is-eve rogorc adgilebze arsebul saWiroebebTan.

`startapebTan muSaoba Zalian rTulia. startapi imas niS-navs, rom adamians am saqmeSi gamocdileba ara aqvs. gamouc-deloba Zalian mniSvnelovania. iluziebi aqvT. Semosavali naklebia, mogeba naklebia, biznesSi reinvestireba nakle-bia. amitom marketinguli kvleva kidev ufro mniSvnelova-nia, vidre arsebuli dafinansebuli biznesis dros. es aris sruli aucilebloba~.


socialuri daxmarebis paketebis sixiste - mikromewarmeobis mx-ardaWeris programebSi mowyvladi jgufebis monawileobas xSirad afer-xebs is faqti, rom maT angariSze fulis daricxvisTanave beneficiarebs uuqmdebaT socialurad daucvelis statusi.

`Cven upiratesobas socialurad gaWirvebulebs vaniWebT, magram problemas wavawydiT - maT eSiniaT, rom socialur daxmarebas dakargaven da meorec, rom es Tanxa ver auva ojaxis xarjebs. socialuri paketi ufro stabilurad miaC-niaT, miT umetes axla, roca is ormagdeba. Tu adre gamodi-oda ojaxze 150 lari, axla aris 300 lari. TiToeuli wevri iRebda 24 lar daxmarebas. amas emateba socialuri SeRa-vaTebi - swavla, janmrTelobis dazRveva da Sen ki eubnebi, rom 960 lars (erTjeradad) mogcem, samagierod ki kargav 1000 larso, romelsac xelis gaunZrevlad, garantirebu-

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lad iRebs. realurad, socialuri politika am iniciativas xels uSlis~.


CamoTvlili riskebis Semcirebis mniSnelovan strategiebad donori organizaciebi Semdeg RonisZiebebs miiCneven:

- startap grantebis monitoringis sqemebi myisieri amonagebis Se-fasebaze ki ar unda iyos orientirebuli, aramed Sedegisa.

- proeqtis warmateba Catarebuli treningebis an SeZenili saqonlis raodenobiT ki ar unda gaizomos, aramed imiT, Tu rogor SeZlo beneficiarma am resursebis gamoyeneba.

- saswavlo komponenti unda iyos startap grantebis aucilebeli Tanmdevi komponenti.

- adamianma, sul mcire, biznesgegmis Sedgena unda icodes. reinve-stirebis mniSvnelobis gaazreba unda SeeZlos. Tavisi dro unda Cados xarjebSi - alternatiuli Rirebulebis cneba Tu ar icis, ese igi verafers gaakeTebs. xSirad ar ician, rogoria investiciis efeq-tianoba. roca glexs vuTxariT, rom weliwadSi 110 lari aqvs Semo-savali, gagiJda, warmodgenac ar hqonda amis Sesaxeb.

- beneficiaris fuladi Tanamonawileoba mniSvnelovania beneficia-rTa motivaciis gazrdisaTvis, Tumca Tanamonawileobis odenoba winaswari mokvlevis safuZvelze unda ganisazRvros.

- zogierT SemTxvevaSi ar miiReba mxedvelobaSi, ra mogebas naxavs da sakmarisia Tu ara is ojaxisTvis. es avtomaturad klavs iniaci-ativas. amas emateba isic, rom kontribuciiT unda Semovides. Tu araferi ara aqvs, rogor Semodis kontribuciiT.

- saWiroa xangrZlivi monitoringi da daxmareba. - erTi weli marto mosamzadebeli samuSaosTvis aris saWiro, soflis

meurneobaSi - gansakuTrebiT. minimum 4-5 wli unda iyos startapis proeqti. 4 welze naklebi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iyos amgvari proeqtebi.

- programebis sawyis etapze gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces potenciur beneficiarTa SesaZleblobebisa da mdgomareobis Ses-wavlas, raTa garantirebuli iyos miznobrivi xarjva da proeqtis mdgradoba. unda SemuSavdes daxmarebis diferencirebuli paketebi Raribi da ukiduresad Raribi mosaxleobisaTvis.

- kargad unda ganisazRvros, am TanxebiT vis SeuZlia ganviTardes, imitom rom arian Raribebi da ukiduresad Raribebi. Raribebs aqvT


27

saSualeba, rom ganviTardnen, magram, Tu upirvelesi saWiroebebi ara gaqvs dakmayofilebuli da TviTgadarCenaze fiqrob, bizness ver daiwyeb.

- saganmanaTleblo programebis provaiderebis naklebobis proble-mis aRmosafxvrelad provaiderebTan TanamSromlobas instituci-uri xasiaTi unda mieces. kerZod, dargobrivi kompetenciebis gan-viTarebis programebis danergvis mimarTulebiT unda gaZlierdes kooperacia formalur saganmanaTleblo sistemasTan - umaRles da profesiul saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebTan.

7. sistemuri sakiTxebi da saxelmwifos roli

mikrobiznesis xelSewyobis programebis warmateba saqarTvelo-Si didad aris damokidebuli zogad konteqstze da iseTi sistemuri sakiTxebis regulirebaze, romelic scdeba am programebSi CarTuli organizaciebis mandats. makro doneze zogadi xedvis arseboba da Tan-mimdevruli nabijebi am xedvis ganxorcielebisaTvis am iniciativebis warmatebis sawindaria.

kvlevaSi CarTuli respondentebis azriT, mikrobiznesis programebis warmatebisaTvis mniSvnelovani sistemuri sakiTxebia:

- mikrobiznesis mflobelTaTvis metad xelSemwyobi samarTlebrivi garemos Seqmna;

- socialuri daxmarebis gauqmebis pirobebis imgvarad Secvla, rom es winaaRmdegobaSi ar modiodes mikrobiznesis xelSemwyobi programebis strategiasTan da ar aferxebdes mowyvladi jgufebis monawileobas am programebSi;

sxvadasxva sferoebSi mimdinare reformebis, iseve rogorc mikrobi-znesis xelSemwyobi calkeuli programebis koordinaciis xelSewyoba:

- am TvalsazrisiT erT-erT mniSvnelovan strategiul mimarTulebas, romelic, SesaZlebelia, daukavSirdes mikrobiznesis ganviTarebis pro-gramebs soflad, warmoadgens kooperativebis Camoyalibebis saxelm-wifo iniciativa.

- meore mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa mikromewarmeobis programebis Sedegebis monitoringis erTiani sqemis Camoyalibebis xelSewyoba da mikromewarmeobis xelSemwyobi iniciativebis dakavSireba, erTi mxriv, mikrosafinanso programebTan da, meore mxriv, formaluri ganaTlebis sistemaSi arsebul saganmanaTleblo resursebTan.

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- kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelic sistemur doneze unda gadaiWras, gaxlavT mikromewarmeobis iniciativebis regionaluri gan-viTarebis gegmebTan dakavSireba. mikromewarmeobis xelSemwyobi ini-ciativebis dagegmvisa da monitoringis dros xelmisawvdomi unda iyos informacia regionis prioritetebis, dagegmili da ganxorcielebuli intervenciebis Sesaxeb da, piriqiT, mikromewarmeobis xelSewmyobi inci-ativebis strategia da Sedegebi integrirebuli unda iyos regionaluri ganviTarebis gegmebSi.

8. mikromewarmeobis mxardamWeri sagranto sqemebi saerTaSoriso gamocdileba da Sedegebi

mikromewarmeobis mxardamWeri grantebis sqema dReisaTvis aqtiurad gamoiyeneba msoflioSi, rogorc socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTa-rebis xelSemwyobi instrumenti. mowyvlad jgufebze gaTvlil sxva in-strumentebTan erTad, rogorebicaa sakredito momsaxureba, danazogis formirebis xelSewyoba, dazRveva da teqnikuri mxardaWeris paketebi, es instrumenti xels uwyobs, rogorc finansuri usafrTxoebis qselebis Camoyalibebas Rarib SinameurneobebSi, ise kapitalis ufro efeqtianad gamoyenebas (World Bank, 2002).

CamoTvlili instrumentebidan dReisaTvis yvelaze farTod mikros-afinanso sqemebi (sesxebi, danazogi) gamoiyeneba. Tumca msoflio bankisa da evrokavSiris mier ganxorcielebuli uaxlesi kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom mowyvlad jgufebTan muSaobis TvalsazrisiT ufro efeqtur sawyis strategias xSir SemTxvevaSi grantebis sqema warmoadgens.

es mosazreba gamyarebulia ori daSvebiT:a. sakredito sqemebSi CarTulobis maCveneblebi mniSvnelovnad daba-

lia mowyvlad jgufebSi (Navajas et al 2000; Morduch 2002) sakredito momsaxureba SedarebiT naklebad gamoiyeneba uRaribesi

mosaxleobis mier, radgan mosaxleobis es jgufi (im SemTxvevebis garda, rodesac mikrosafinanso iniciativebi specialurad maTzea gaTvlili da specialuri sainformacio da wamaxalisebeli kampaniebic axlavs Tan), ar ganixilavs sesxebis programas, rogorc TavisTvis gankuTvnil serviss, arc aqvs mcdeloba, gamoscados sakuTari SesaZleblobebi dab-ali TviTSefasebis gamo, eSinia siaxlis, Tvlis, rom ara aqvs „Sesabamisi tansacmeli“ da sxva (Ibid 2002).

mikrokreditis xelmisawvdomoba Raribi da ukiduresad Raribi mo-saxleobisaTvis problemaa ara mxolod ganviTarebad qveynebSi. magali-


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Tad, evrokavSiris axal wevr qveyanebSic mosaxleobis mesameds ara aqvs raime saxis kavSiri bankTan, naxevars ara aqvs gaxsnili angariSi da dan-azogi da daaxloebiT sam meoTxeds ara aqvs wvdoma kreditze. amis sapir-ispirod, evrokavSirSi Semaval 15 qveyanaSi, 10-dan 8 zrdasrul adamians SeuZlia miiRos sabanko momsaxureba; aTidan 7-s aqvs danazogi an kredi-ti da aTidan mxolod erTi aRniSnavs, rom kreditis aRebisas uari miiRo. evrokavSiris uaxlesi publikaciebis Tanaxmad, sabazo finansur opera-ciebze (sabanko angariSi da martivi tranzaqciebi) wvdomis SezRudu-loba aferxebs integracias evropis sazogadoebaSi, radgan finansuri eqskluzia pirdapir kavSirSia socialur eqskluziasTan (European Com-mission 2010).

b. sakredito momsaxurebaze wvdomis pirobebSic, mowyvladi jgufebis kategoria ufro naklebi albaTobiT iyenebs sesxs produqtiulad (Parker and Pearce 2001)

Semosavlis momtani saqmianobis nacvlad sesxi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes sabazo samomxmareblo da janmrTelobis saWiroebebisaTvis. Sesa-bamisad, valze dafuZnebuli iseTi instrumentis, rogoricaa mikrokred-iti, am jgufTan gamoyeneba kidev ufro amZimebs maT mdgomareobas.

Sesabamisad, grantze dafuZnebuli sqemebi sawyisi safexuria, ro-melic exmareba gaWirvebaSi myof adamians, miaRwios im mdgomareobas, roca mas SeuZlia fiqri samomavlo gegmebsa da investiciebze. garda amisa, granti exmareba mowyvlad jgufebs, Seiqmnan erTgvari stabilu-robis garantia da gamoyon dro da resursebi Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebisa da aqtivebis formirebisaTvis, rac Semdgom sakredito momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomobisa da misi efeqturad gamoyenebis winapi-robaa (Parker and Pearce 2001).

amgvari intervenciis TvalsaCino magaliTia BRAC IGVGD (Income Genera-tion for Vulnerable Groups Development) programa bangladeSSi. es programa mTavrobis, World Food Program-isa da bangladeSis erT-erTi umsxvilesi arasamTavrobo organizaciis, BRAC-is erTobliv iniciativas warmoad-gens. igi exmareba beneficiarebs ukiduresi siRaribidan ekonomikuri damoukideblobis kondiciaSi gadasvlis procesSi. programis samizne jgufs soflad mcxovrebi qalebi warmoadgenen. IGVGD iwyeba 18-Tviani pirdapiri daxmarebiT (romelSic Tanamonawileobs mTavroba da World Food Program). pirdapiri daxmarebis komponents Tan axlavs intensiuri treningi mewarmeobaSi. garda amisa, beneficiarebi sargebloben janmr-Telobis dacvis sabazo paketiT. am drois ganmavlobaSi monawileebi

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swavloben Semosavlis momtani saqmianobis dagegmvasa da ganxorciele-bas da iwyeben sakuTar saqmes. bolo aTi wlis manZilze am programis farglebSi amgvari tranzicia milionze metma adamianma moaxdina. or-wliani periodis ganmavlobaSi daaxloebiT 80 % ukve flobs mcire Se-mosavlis momtan saqmes, aqvs danazogi da gaxda BRAC-is mikrosakredito sqemis beneficiari.

Sefaseba aCvenebs, rom bangladeSis programis kompleqsuri formati - granti, treningi, TviTdasaqmeba - efeqturad muSaobs ukiduresi siR-aribis, socialuri izolaciis, Sesabamisi kompetenciebis naklebobis, dabali TviTSefasebis daZlevis mimarTulebiT, rac adre am adamianTa TviTdasaqmebisaTvis barierebs warmoadgenda (Hossain & Zahra, 2010).

sagranto komponentis (rogorc ukiduresad Raribi da mowyvladi jgufebis socialuri da ekonomikuri integraciisaken mimarTuli in-tervenciebis, sawyisi etapis) efeqtianobaze miuTiTebs msoflio bankis uaxlesi kvlevebi sxva qveynebSic. unda aRiniSnos, rom es kvlevebi sa-mecniero sazogadoebis CarTulobiTaa ganxorcielebuli, iyenebs eqs-perimentul dizains da farTo, reprezentatiul SerCevebs eyrdnoba.

magaliTad, msoflio bankis mier mowyvladi jgufebisaTvis mikrome-warmeobis xelSemwyobi saxelmwifo sagranto programis Sefasebis Tanaxmad, ugandaSi mowyvladi jgufebisTvis gacemuli mikrograntebi aumjobesebs dasaqmebis maCveneblebs da amcirebs siRaribes - programis dawyebdan 4 wlis Tavze isini, vinc granti miiRo, 41%-iT met Semosavals iRebdnen, vidre sakontrolo jgufi (igive socialur-ekonomikuri maxa-siaTeblebis mqone jgufi, romelic ar iyo CarTuli programaSi). sagran-to sqemis beneficiarTa dasaqmebis albaToba saxelobo sferoSi 65%-iT ufro maRalia, biznesis registraciis albaToba - 31 %-iT ufro maRali, xolo gadasaxadebis gadaxdisa da aRricxvis warmoebis albaToba - 40%-iT ufro maRali, vidre sakontrolo jgufSi (World Bank, 2013).

aseve, ugandaSi ganxorcielebuli Sefaseba miuTiTebs ukugebis ufro maRal maCveneblebze qalebisaTvis. programaSi CarTul qalTa Semo-savali 84 %-iT ufro maRalia sakontrolo jgufis maCveneblebTan SedarebiT, maSin rodesac mamakacTa eqsperimentuli da sakontrolo jgufebisaTvis gansxvaveba 31%-s Seadgens. erT-erTi mizezi, kvlevis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba iyos isic, rom qalebs (grantis arqonis SemTxvevaSi), Semosavlisa da danazogis ufro dabali sawyisi maCveneblebi hqondaT da kreditis ufro SezRuduli wvdoma, rac arTulebda sawyisi kapitalis Segrovebis process.

aseve, ugandaSi ganxorcielebuli kvleviT ar dadasturda hipoTeza


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grantebis aramiznobrivad xarjvis maRali albaTobis Sesaxeb mowyv-lad jgufebSi. maTgan, vinc miiRo granti, 76%-ma miznobrivad gamoiyena Tanxa. aseve, grantis armqone pirebisaTvis gacilebiT dabalia profe-siul ganaTlebasa da sxvadasxva treningebSi CarTvis albaToba.

kvlevis Tanaxmad, sagranto programis beneficiarebma ara mxolod miznobrivad daxarjes, aramed efeqtianad gamoiyenes miRebuli Tanxa. yoveli investirebuli dolaridan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ukugeba 1.4 dolars Seadgenda. sakontrolo jgufTan SedarebiT, grantis mimRebma jgufma 4-5-jer meti daxarja biznesisaTvis mniSvnelovani masalis SeZe-naSi. 4 wlis Tavze biznesmasalebis Rirebuleba beneficiarTa jgufSi 51%-iT ufro maRali iyo, vidre sakontrolo jgufSi.

analogiuri kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, nikaraguaSi Raribi mosaxle-obis mxardaWeris sagranto programa mniSvnelovnad zrdis monawile-obisa da Semosavlis maCveneblebs da arasasoflo-sameurneo sferoSi TviTdasaqmebis maCveneblebs. garda amisa, es kvleva mkafiod aCvenebs sagranto programebis gansakuTrebul efeqts ukiduresad Raribi mo-saxleobis jgufze (Macours et al, 2013).

miuxedavad sagranto komponentis efeqtianobisa, mowyvladi jgufebis ekonomikuri da socialuri integraciis kompleqsuri programebis dagegmvisas unda gaTvaliswinebuli iyos ramdenime piroba. kerZod:

Tanamedrove kvlevebis Tanaxmad, granti, mikrokreditTan SedarebiT, ufro efeqtur sawyis intervenciad moiazreba:• sagangebo situaciebis Semdgom periodSi; • qronikuli ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi;• naklebad ganviTarebuli infrastruqturis, servisisa da bazris wv-

domis pirobebSi;• mosaxleobis gafantulobis SemTxvevaSi; • erTi tipis ekonomikur aqtivobaze damokidebulebis pirobebSi; • barterze damokidebulebis pirobebSi;• mosaxleobis arastabilurobis pirobebSi (iZulebiT gadaadgilebu-

li pirebiT, ltolvilebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebuli regionebi).• imisaTvis, rom mikrograntis instrumentma efeqturad imuSaos:• guldasmiT unda iyos SerCeuli miznobrivi jgufi - mikrograntebis

sqema unda emsaxurebodes im adamianebs, romlebic ver sargebloben mirkokreditiT konkretul konteqstSi (magaliTad, ukiduresad Raribi mosaxleoba an iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi);

• unda iyos erTjeradi da ganixilebodes, rogorc gardamavali etapi mikrokreditis etapze gadasasvlelad;

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• unda iyos kargad struqturirebuli da axldes monitoringis Zli-eri komponenti, raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos miznobrivi xarjva.

• unda axldes treningisa da konsultirebis komponentebi;• moiazrebdes, sul mcire, 5-10-procentian kontribucias grantis

mimRebis mxridan (Parker and Pearce 2001).mikrosakredito programebTan koordinacia, rogorc mikrogrant-

ebis, ise mikrosafinanso iniciativebis warmatebis aucilebeli pirobaa. aseve, saerTaSoriso kvlevebi adasturebs, rom mikrograntebis kompo-nentis paralelurad mniSvnelovania:• kompleqsuri RonisZiebebi samizne regionSi infrastruqturis gas-

aumjobeseblad (gzebi, komunikaciebi, irigacia da sxv.); • arasafinanso servisis uzrunvelyofa, romelic moicavs e.w. „so-

cialur intermediacias“ socialuri kapitalis Seqmnisa da TemSi sabazo unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebisaTvis, iseve rogorc e.w. biznesis ganviTarebis servisi (Business Development Services/BDS). socialuri intermediacia exmareba Rarib da marginalur jgufebs ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebaSi sabazo safinanso unar-Cvevebis gan-viTarebisa da Sesabamisi safinanso servisebis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebis gziT.

BDS prog ramebi ki mimarTulia potenciur an arsebul mewarmeebze, miznad isaxavs biznesis warmowyebisa da ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli barierebis aRmofxvras da moicavs Semdegs:• trenings, mentorobas, sakonsultacio serviss;• bazris Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebas sabazro agentebis, monacem-

Ta bazebis, publikaciebis, vizitebisa da sxva meqanizmebis gamoy-enebiT;

• mewarmeebis dakavSirebas bazarTan da SemsyidvelebTan;• biznesqselebisa da kavSirebis damyarebas, firmebs Soris koopera-

ciis xelSewyobas;• efeqtiani teqnologiebis danergvas. BDS provaiderebi bolo dros ufro metad komerciul sawyisze muSao-

ben. fasiani servisi xels uwyobs am servisis xarisxis gaumjobesebasa da ukeT morgebas saWiroebebze, vinaidan mewarmeebi ar SeiZenen serviss, romelic ar sWirdebaT.

mikrograntebi, rogorc mewarmeobis xelSemwyobi instrumenti, gamoi-yeneba ara mxolod gardamavali, aramed ganviTarebuli ekonomikis mqone qveynebSic. magaliTad:


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startap grantebi intensiurad gaicema amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi; avstraliaSi axali sawarmoebis waxalisebis sqema gulisxmobs grantebs, mcire biznesis marTvis trenings, finansuri daxmarebis 12-Tvian pakets, bizneskonsaltingsa da mentorobas. axal zelandiaSi moqmedi saxelm-wifo sqemebi srulad an nawilobriv faravs sawarmos gaxsnis xarjebs.

finansebis wvdomis gaumjobeseba krizisTan brZolis erT-erTi um-niSvnelovanesi instrumentia evropaSic. mikrosafinanso operaciebTan erTad evropis bevr qveyanaSi moqmedebs sastarto subsidiebi da teqni-kuri daxmarebis sqemebi, magaliTad, subsidiebi konsaltingSi (luqsem-burSi) an umuSevar qalTaTvis mewarmeobis mxardaWeris programa (sa-berZneTSi).

maltaSi moqmedi sqema „daiwye Seni biznesi“ miznad isaxavs umuSevari da pasiuri mosaxleobis mxardaWeras sakuTari biznesis wamowyebis proces-Si. programis farglebSi beneficiarebma SeiZleba isargeblon konsul-tirebis servisiT, gaiaron treningi da miiRon finanasuri mxardaWera.

soflad biznesis wamosawyebad safrangeTSi 250 gansxvavebuli sagran-to sqema da subsidia moqmedebs. maT Sorisaa, rogorc evrokavSiris sub-sidiebi, ise grantebi centralur, regionalur da Temis doneze.

evropis masStabiT mikromewarmeobis dawyebisaTvis saWiro sawyisi kapitali, ZiriTadad, uzrunvelyofilia ufro farTo politikuri iniciativebis konteqstSi da mimarTulia inovaciebis xelSewyobisaken mewarmeobasa da, zogadad, biznesSi.

angariSis danarTSi detalurad aris aRwerili poloneTis magaliTi, sadac mewarmeobis mxardamWeri mikrograntebi dasaqmebisa da mewarmeo-bis xelSemwyobi saxelmwifo intervenciis mniSvnelovan komponents war-moadgens.

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9. mTavari daskvnebi

mikromewarmeobis xelSemwyobi startap grantebi saqarTveloSi dab-ali socialuri statusis mqone jgufebis dasaqmebisa da Semosavlebis maCveneblebis zrdis efeqturi instrumentia. programebis ganmaxorcie-lebeli organizaciebisa da beneficiarebis SefasebiT:• mcire biznesis ganviTarebis sagranto programebi sawyisi kapi-

talis xelmisawvdomobis gazrdis efeqturi instrumentia, gan-sakuTrebiT soflad mcxovrebi Raribi mosaxleobisaTvis, sadac, mikrosafinanso sferoSi mimdinare reformebis miuxedavad, fula-di saxsrebis xelmisawvdomoba kvlav mniSvnelovan problemas war-moadgens da biznesis wamowyebis sawyis etapze sesxi mikrograntis alternativad ar ganixileba maRali saprocento ganakveTis gamo.

• startap grantebi sesxebis xelmisawvdomobis gazrdis winapiroba-sac warmoadgens, radgan mikrosafinanso programebis warmatebas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs beneficiarebis gamocdileba da kompe-tenciebi, sawyisi ekonomikuri da socialuri kapitali. am Tvalsaz-risiT startap granti aris beneficiarebis momzadebis efeqturi saSualeba, romelic zrdis mikrosafinanso programebSi CarTvis motivaciasa da am programebSi warmatebis albaTobas.

• startap granti efeqturad muSaobs saqarTveloSi, rogorc zrdas-rulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis instrumenti. igi mewarmeobisT-vis aucilebeli Teoriuli codnisa da am codnis praqtikaSi ganmt-kicebas uwyobs xels. es komponenti gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im fonze, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi formaluri ganaTlebis sistemis saswavlo gegmebi ar iTvaliswinebda mewarmeobisTvis mniSvnelovani kompeteneciebis ganviTarebas, xolo mowyvladi jgufebis (gansa-kuTrebiT ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis) CarTuloba umaRles akade-miur da profesiul ganaTlebaSi dReisaTvis mcirea.

• donorebisa da beneficiarebis ukukavSiris Tanaxmad, startap grantebi, aseve, xels uwyobs soflad Temis gaZlierebas - samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, servisebis da saqonlis xelmisawvdomobas.

• startap grantebis ekonomikur efeqtTan erTad Zalian mniS-vnelovania am programebis socialuri efeqti:

• programebi xels uwyobs adamianTa mobilizebas (organizebas, stim-ulirebas) mewarmeobisaTvis da maT mier pirveli nabijis gadadgmas.

• mewarmeoba cvlis TviTSefasebas, zrdis sakuTari Tavis imeds da dadebiTad aisaxeba riskis aRqmaze. dadebiTi magaliTi mniS-vnelovania SromiTi motivaciis Semdgomi amaRlebisaTvis; progr-


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amebi exmareba beneficiarebs socialuri kavSirebis gamdidrebaSi;• startap grantebi xels uwyobs socialuri rolebis struqturis

Secvlas, genderul Tanasworobas, beneficiarebis socialuri sta-tusis amaRlebas, rogorc TemSi, ise ojaxSi.

• startap grantebi mniSvnelovania ara mxolod Tavad mewarmis, ar-amed misi ojaxis wevrebis dasaqmebis TvalsazrisiTac;

• programis monawileTa warmateba sxvebisaTvis magaliTia. Tumca, SesaZloa, es TemSi Surisa da konfliqtis mizezic gaxdes.

miuxedavad am tipis programebis pozitiuri efeqtisa, donorebi da ben-eficiarebi Sedegebis gaanalizebisas garkveul SezRudvebsac aRniSnaven: • dafinansebuli biznesproeqtebis saSualod naxevarze mets grZelva-

dian perspeqtivaSi problemebi eqmneba mdgradobis TvalsazrisiT; • xSir SemTxvevaSi dafinansebuli biznesproeqtebi wlebis Semdeg

imave saxisaa da naklebad viTardeba; • mikro biznesproeqtebis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi didad aris

damokidebuli calkeul subieqtebs Soris TanamSromlobiTi urTier-Tobebis Camoyalibebasa da kooperaciaze, Tumca calkeul proeqtebs Soris TanamSromlobis magaliTebi an cotaa, an saerTod ar aris.

mikromewarmeobis mxardamWeri startap grantebis efeqturobis Semaferxebel faqtorebad saxeldeba:• potenciur beneficiarTa dabali mzaoba, informirebuloba da pa-

suxismgebloba - mewarmeobaSi gamocdilebis arqonis pirobebSi po-tenciuri beneficiarebi arasworad afaseben riskebs, mosalodnel sargebels da sakuTar SesaZleblobebs.

• arasakmarisi kapitalizacia - ris Sedegadac izrdeba biznesis Ca-vardnis riskebi, xolo dabali ekonomikuri statusis mqone benefi-ciarebSi mcirdeba biznesSi reinvestirebis albaToba.

• bazarze dargobrivi kompetenciebis ganmaviTarebeli programebis provaiderebis nakleboba da, kerZod, naklebi kavSiri formaluri ganaTlebis sistemasTan, rac aferxebs saganmanaTleblo progr-amebis efeqturobasa da efeqtianobas.

• mikromewarmeobis mxardaWeris iniciativebis naklebi kavSiri samizne regionis an Temis ganviTarebis grZelvadian strategias-Tan, iseve rogorc adgilebze arsebul saWiroebebTan.

• socialuri daxmarebis paketebis sixiste - mikromewarmeobis mx-ardaWeris programebSi mowyvladi jgufebis monawileobas xSirad aferxebs is faqti, rom maT angariSze fulis daricxvisTanave ben-eficiarebs uuqmdebaT socialurad daucvelis statusi.

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10. rekomendaciebi rekomendaciebi sistemuri xasiaTisaa da gankuTvnilia qveynis social-

ur-ekonomikuri politikis ganmsazRvreli institutebisa da mTavro-bisaTvis.

warmodgenili rekomendaciebi efuZneba im mosazrebas, rom saxelmwi-fom ufro aqtiuri roli Seasrulos mikromewarmeobis ganviTarebaSi da xeli Seuwyos moqalaqeTa samewarmeo aqtivobas. es gulisxmobs ara mxolod samarTlebrivi da sagadasaxado regulaciebis Seqmnas, aramed mikromewarmeobis wamaxalisebeli konkretuli RonisZiebebis Catareba-sac. warmodgenili rekomendaciebi gamomdinareobs zemoT aRwerili kv-levis daskvnebidan da Sedegebidan:

1. mikromewarmeobis xelSewyobis saxelmwifo CarComeqanizmis Seqmna

• umTavresi SeTavazebaa, Seiqmnas mikromewarmeobis waxalisebis sax-elmwifo CarCo-meqanizmi, romelic safuZvels Cauyris mikromewarmeo-bis xelSewyobis calkeuli saxelmwifo programebis efeqtur ganxor-cielebas;

• meqanizmi unda moicavdes mikromewarmeobis xelSewyobis ZiriTad socialur da ekonomikur miznebs, prioritetul miznobriv jgufebs, programebis mTavar midgomebs da ganxorcielebis gzebs, aseve mikrome-warmeobis programebis mqone samTavrobo uwyebebs Soris koordinaciis, monacemTa Segrovebisa da analizis principebs;

• mniSvnelovania, rom erT-erTma saxelmwifo uwyebam SeiTavsos mik-romewarmeobis xelSewyobis yvela programis monacemebis mogrovebis, efeqtianobis kvlevis da politikis Sefasebis funqcia. es xels Seuwyobs programebis mudmiv srulyofas da mewarmeobis waxalisebis politikis ganviTarebas;

• mikromewarmeobis mxardamWeri programebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom principuli mniSvneloba aqvs biznesis marTvis sabaziso unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis mizniT mikromewarmeebis uzrunvelyofas sawyisi kapital-iT (grantis an subsidirebuli kreditis saxiT) da Sesabamisi saswavlo Tu sakonsultacio daxmarebiT. Sesabamisad, rekomendebulia, rom Car-Co-meqanizmi am komponentebs iTvaliswinebdes;

• Zalze efeqtiani iqneba mikromewarmeobis xelSewyobis programebis ganxorcieleba municipalur doneze. amitom rekomendebulia, rom munic-ipalitetebs mieceT SesaZlebloba, adgilze ganaxorcielon saxelmwifo uwyebebis programebi.


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2. mikromewarmeobis xelSewyobis programis ganxorcieleba

• mikromewarmeobis xelSewyoba unda xorcieldebodes CarCo-meqa-nizmze dayrdnobiT sxvadasxva saxelmwifo uwyebebis mier inicirebuli programebis saxiT;

• yoveli programa konkretulad unda gansazRvravdes miznobrivi jguf(eb)is moqmedebis gegmas da mosalodnel Sedegebs. aseve, unda iT-valiswinebdes monitoringisa da Sefasebis gamarTul sistemasac, ro-melic uzrunvelyofs programebis mdgradi ekonomikuri (dasaqmeba, Sinameurneobis Semosavlis zrda, wili mTlian Sida produqtSi) da so-cialuri (samewarmeo aqtivoba, TviTSefaseba, kmayofileba cxovrebiT) Sedegebis gazomvas;

• programebi, SesaZloa, xorcieldebodes Sesabamisi uwyebis mier gare-dan Sesyiduli momsaxurebis gziT, kerZod, saproeqto winadadebebis konkursiT, romelSic monawileobis ufleba eqnebaT, rogorc munici-palitetebs, aseve kerZo samarTlis sxva subieqtebs;

3. gamocdilebis gaziareba da TanamSromloba sazogadoebriv seqtorTan

• rekomendebulia, rom mikromewarmeobis politikisa da programebis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis dros saxelmwifo struqturebma iTa-namSromlon qarTul sazogadoebriv da saqarTveloSi momuSave saer-TaSoriso organizaciebTan, romlebsac aqvT amgvari programebis ganx-orcielebis gamocdileba. TanamSromloba, SesaZloa, gulisxmobdes, rogorc gamocdilebis gacvlas, aseve am organizaciebis monawileobas programebis ganxorcielebaSi;

4. samewarmeo unarebis swavleba

• grZelvadiani SedegebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania meti yuradReba daeTmos zogadi ganaTlebis programebSi mewarmeobis unar-Cvevebis swavlebas da Sesabamisi saganmanaTleblo resursebis ganviTarebas. am mizniT, pirvel rigSi, rekomendebulia, rom ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrom SeimuSaos specialuri samoqmedo gegma da moiZios Sesabam-isi resursebi;

• aseve mniSvnelovania, rom ufro xelmisawvdomi gaxdes biznesis war-moebis sabaziso unarebis swavleba zrdasruli mosaxleobisaTvis. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba zrdasrulTa araformal-uri ganaTlebis programebs. radgan qveyanaSi ar arsebobs zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis erTiani politika, pirveli rigis priorite-tad gvesaxeba saxelmwifo xedvisa da strategiis SemuSaveba am mimar-TulebiT.

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ო-

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ს პრ

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ა პრ

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ა მი

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(მუნი

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ეტები;

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რები)

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ს პრ

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ო-


ს პრ

ოგრ

ამები

39

1. rodis daiwyo poloneTSi analogiuri proeqtebis ganxorcieleba?

mewarmeobisa da TviTdasaqmebis gafarToeba miiCneva umuSevrobasTan brZolis erT-erT warmatebul meTodad - igi zrdis profesiul saqmi-anobas sazogadoebaSi da stimulirebas uwevs regionebis socialur da ekonomikur ganviTarebas. 2004-2006 wlebis periodSi, anu evrokavSirSi poloneTis gawevrianebis Semdeg, regionuli ganviTarebis integrire-buli saoperacio programis farglebSi SemoiRes RonisZieba 2.5 - me-warmeobis xelSewyoba. zemoxsenebuli RonisZiebis uSualo amocana iyo dasaqmebis aqtiuri xelSewyoba axali mikrobiznesebis daarsebis stimu-lirebisa da axlad Seqmnili biznesebisTvis daxmarebis xelmisawvdomi instrumentebis gamoyenebaSi xelSewyobis gziT.

2007-2013 wlebis periodSi SemoiRes saoperacio programa `adamianuri kapitali~, rac SesaZlebels xdis ganacxadis wardgenas Tanadafinanse-baze axali biznesaqtivobis wamosawyebad. aRniSnuli programis far-glebSi Camoyalibda RonisZieba 6.2 - mewarmeobisa da TviTdasaqmebis xelSewyoba da stimulireba. am RonisZiebis mizania iseTi iniciativebisa da procesebis xelSewyoba da stimulireba, romlebic miznad isaxaven axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas da produqtiuli midgomebis damkvi-drebas. aRniSnuli axali samuSao adgilebi da produqtiuli midgomebi safuZvlad daedeba mewarmeobisa da TviTdasaqmebis ideis ganviTarebas.

2. romeli jgufebi iReben startaps mTavrobisgan?

RonisZieba 6.2-is - mewarmeobisa da TviTdasaqmebis xelSewyoba da stim-ulireba - farglebSi daxmareba SeiZleba gaewios pirs, romelic apirebs axali biznesis wamowyebas (garda im pirebisa, vinc registrirebuli iyo biznessaqmianobis reestrSi, kompaniaTa iuridiul reestrSi (LRoC), an eweoda biznessaqmianobas sxva kanonis safuZvelze, maT Soris iuristis, davalianebaTa amoRebaze uflebamosili piris saqmianobas an pedagogis saqmianobas, proeqtSi CarTvis TariRamde 12-Tvian periodSi).

RonisZieba 6.2-is farglebSi daxmareba mimarTulia miznobriv jgufe-bze, romlebic yvelaze did sirTuleebs ganicdian Sromis bazarze Sesv-

angariSi mikromewarmobasTan dakavSirebuli sagranto programebis mxriv poloneTSi

arsebuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb

momzadebuli JeSuvis `regionuli ganviTarebis saagentos~ mier

40

laSi da iq damkvidrebaSi. kerZod, am jgufebSi Sedian:• pirebi, vinc proeqtSi CarTvis TariRamde bolo 24 Tvis ganmavlobaSi,

sul mcire, 12 Tves (zedized) iyo umuSevari;• qalebi (kerZod, is qalebi, vinc brundeba da Sedis Sromis bazarze

bavSvis dabadebasTan an aRzrdasTan dakavSirebuli wyvetis Semdeg, mag-aliTad, sadekreto Svebulebis Semdeg);

• 25 wlamde asakis pirebi, maT Soris studentebi, romlebic sruli dat-virTviT swavloben;

• SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebi, maT Soris SezRuduli Ses-aZleblobebis mqone pirebi, romlebic samsaxurs eZeben;

• 45 welze ufrosi asakis pirebi;• soflad da/an sasoflo/urbanul teritoriebze mcxovrebi pirebi da

25 000-mde mosaxleobis mqone qalaqebSi mcxovrebi pirebi, vinc apirebs samuSaos povnas iseT adgilebSi, sadac ar xdeba marcvleulis moyvana da/an saqonlis moSeneba.

proeqtis ganmaxorcielebel TiToeul dawesebulebas aqvs ufleba/SesaZlebloba, daaviwroos proeqtisTvis ayvanili miznobrivi jgufi zemoT miTiTebul kategoriebamde. TiToeul monawiles, romelic eZebs finansur daxmarebas mewarmeobis ganviTarebis mizniT RonisZieba 6.2-is farglebSi, moeTxoveba, warmoadginos gancxadeba, rom igi paralelu-rad ar sargeblobs sxva saxelmwifo fondebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki Sromis fondis saxsrebiT an saoperacio programa `adamianuri kapitalis~ fi-nansuri wyaroebiT, romlebic gamiznulia biznessaqmianobis wamowyebas-Tan da marTvasTan an kooperativis Tu socialuri kooperativis wamow-yebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis dasafarad.

3. romeli saxelmwifo struqturebi uzrunvelyofen Tanadafinanse-bas axali biznesebis wamosawyebad?

axali biznessaqmianobis wamosawyebad da RonisZieba 6.2-is fargleb-Si proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad Tanxebi grantebis saxiT SeiZleba gamoyon arasamTavrobo organizaciebma, biznesinkubatorebma, biznes-garemos dawesebulebebma, treningis dawesebulebebma, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebma, universitetebma da umaRlesma saswavle-blebma. yvela zemoxsenebuli dawesebuleba da organizacia SeirCeva ga-nacxadebis konkursiT da saoperacio programa `adamianuri kapitalis~ RonisZieba 6.2-is farglebSi ganmaxorcielebeli dawesebulebebisTvis moTxovnili dokumentaciis wardgenis safuZvelze poloneTis 16 pro-vinciaSi (savoevodoSi). ganmaxorcielebeli dawesebulebebi - umetes


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SemTxvevaSi Sromis samsaxurebi - Seafaseben wardgenil ganacxadebs da Sefasebis Sedegad SeirCeva is dawesebulebebi, romlebic Seasruleben `sagranto~ proeqtebs.

saoperacio programa `adamianuri kapitalis~ RonisZieba 6.2-is farg-lebSi proeqtebis ganmaxorcielebeli dawesebulebebi pasuxismgebelni arian SerCevis proceduris Catarebaze, anu daqiravebis procesze, biz-nessaqmianobis warmarTvis principebTan dakavSirebiT treningebis or-ganizebaze, im pirebis SerCevis proceduris warmarTvaze, romelTac mieniWebaT finansuri daxmareba axali biznessaqmianobis dasaregistri-reblad da dasawyebad, finansuri daxmarebis miniWebis proceduraze da miniWebuli finansuri daxmarebis farglebSi gaweuli xarjebis Sesabam-isobis makontrolebel saqmianobaze.

axali biznessaqmianobis wamosawyebad finansuri daxmarebis miRebiT dainteresebulma pirma piradad unda mimarTos dawesebulebas, ro-melic axorcielebs proeqtebs saoperacio programa `adamianuri kapi-talis~ RonisZieba 6.2-is farglebSi, raTa monawileoba miiRos konkre-tuli proeqtisTvis dakompleqtebis procesSi.

ganmaxorcielebeli dawesebulebebi arc treningisTvis dakomple-qtebis process awarmoeben da arc grantebs gamoyofen axali biz-nessaqmianobis wamosawyebad. maTi amocanaa ganacxadebis konkursis gamocxadeba/gamoqveyneba. am gancxadebaze gamoxmaureba SeuZlia nebis-mier dainteresebul dawesebulebas, romelic akmayofilebs moTxovnebs - man unda waradginos ganacxadis forma, maT Soris detaluri biujeti da mTeli proeqtis ganxorcielebis ganrigi. ganacxadebis procesis Sem-deg ganmaxorcielebeli dawesebulebebi pasuxs ageben saukeTeso pro-eqtebis SerCevasa da maTTvis finansuri resursebis gadacemaze ganxor-cielebis, angariSsworebis da kontrolis mizniT.

4. ra pirobebiT gaicema biznesis startapis fondebi?

piri, romelsac surs finansuri daxmarebis mopoveba, unda akmayo-filebdes proeqtis ganmaxorcielebeli organizaciis mier dawesebul yvela moTxovnas da unda SeirCes proeqtSi monawileobis misaRebad. monawileobis misaRebad ayvanis pirobebsa da moTxovnebs adgenen pro-eqtis ganmaxorcielebeli organizaciebi da isini SeiZleba moicavdes, magaliTad, pirad gasaubrebas, biznesgegmis winaswari monaxazis ward-genas, fsiqologiur testebs biznesis damoukideblad warmoebisTvis kandidatebis Sesaferisobis dasadgenad. proeqtisTvis SerCevis da konsultaciebisa da treningis etapis warmatebiT dasrulebis Semdeg

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proeqtis TiToeul monawiles SeuZlia Seitanos ganacxadi Tanxebze sa-kuTari biznesis dasawyebad. proeqtis Semdegi nabijia finansuri dax-marebis misaRebad ganacxadis formebis da yvela aucilebeli danarTis wardgenis saboloo vadis dadgena. ganacxadis formebs afasebs komisia, romelic iniSneba proeqtis ganmaxorcielebeli organizaciis mier. xde-ba axali biznesis registrireba proeqtis ganmavlobaSi. es unda ganxor-cieldes am konkretuli proeqtis ganmaxorcielebeli organizaciisgan finansuri daxmarebis Taobaze dadebiTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sem-deg. ar SeiZleba finansuri daxmarebis (grantis) gamoyofa TevzWerisa da akvakulturis seqtorebSi biznessaqmianobisTvis (rogorc es gansaz-Rvrulia evropis Tanamegobrobis sabWos #104/2000 gankargulebaSi). aris agreTve SezRudvebi soflis meurneobis seqtorSi biznesebisa da sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis gadamuSavebisa da realizaciisTvis. nebismieri piri, romelsac aqvs eWvi konkretuli tipis saqmianobisTvis finansuri daxmarebis mopovebis SesaZleblobasTan dakavSirebiT, unda gaecnos regionuli ganviTarebis ministris 2008 wlis 6 maisis brZanebis 30-e muxlis me-2 punqts saoperacio programa `adamianuri kapitalis~ farglebSi finansuri daxmarebis gamoyofis Sesaxeb. aRniSnul muxlSi mocemulia nebismieri gamonaklisebi zemoxsenebuli finansuri dax-marebis misaRebad ganacxadis Setanis SesaZleblobidan.

5. romel sxva Sesabamis momsaxurebas exeba es fondebi: magaliTad, swavlebas?

RonisZieba 6.2-is - mewarmeobis da TviTdasaqmebis xelSewyoba da stim-ulireba - farglebSi gaTvaliswinebulia Semdegi usasyidlo daxmareba, romelic unda gaewios pirebs, romelTac surT axali biznessaqmianobis dawyeba (maT Soris kooperativebisa da socialuri kooperativebis Cam-oyalibeba):

• fondebis gamoyofa mewarmeobis ganviTarebisTvis (maT Soris koop-erativebisa da socialuri kooperativebis formebisTvis, im pirobiT, rom kooperativis yvela wevrs dawyebuli aqvs biznessaqmianoba erTi proeqtis farglebSi) 40,000 polonuri zlotis maqsimalur Tanxamde erT pirze (da 20,000 pirze kooperativebisa da socialuri koopera-tivebis SemTxvevaSi). grantma SeiZleba dafaros axali biznesis wamow-yebis RirebulebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis 100%. arsebobs saku-Tari finansuri resursebis gamoyenebis an naturiT Senatanis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba. granti gaicema or calke tranSad. pirvel tranSs ixdian mTliani miRebuli grantis 80%-is odenobiT. darCenil nawils gascemen


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axali biznessaqmianobis registrirebasa da dawyebaze gaRebuli xar-jebis asanazRaureblad. es niSnavs, rom proeqtis beneficiarebma unda Seitanon sakuTari resursebi, romlebic anazRaurdeba yvela gaweul xarjTan dakavSirebuli saboloo angariSsworebis Semdeg. granti Sei-Zleba gamoyenebul iqnes kapitaluri danaxarjebis (maT Soris ZiriTadi saSualebebis, saremonto da samSeneblo samuSaoebis Rirebulebis) da likvidur aqtivebTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis (romlebic damtkicda, rogorc aucilebeli am konkretuli biznessaqmianobis dasaarseblad da saTanadod iqna dasabuTebuli ganmcxadeblis mier) dasafarad. finans-uri daxmarebis meSveobiT SeZenili likviduri aqtivebis (sabuRaltro aRricxvis Sesaxeb 1994 wlis 29 seqtembris kanonSi mocemuli mniSvnelo-biT) saerTo Tanxa ar unda aRematebodes gamoyofili daxmarebis 40%-s.

• damxmare xelSewyoba (e.w. `brijingi~), romelic gaicema 6/12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi kontraqtis xelmoweris dRidan, moicavs: a) `brijingis~ finansur xelSewyobas, romelic unda gadaixadon yovelTviurad im minimaluri yovelTviuri xelfasis odenobiT, romelic arsebobda `bri-jingis~ kontraqtis xelmowerisas; b) trenings da konsultaciebs gran-tis efeqtianad gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT (mxolod im monawileebi-sTvis, vinc axali biznessaqmianoba am konkretuli proeqtis farglebSi daiwyo). `brijingis~ ZiriTadi daxmareba gaicema proeqtis im beneficia-ris TxovniT, vinc waradgina ganacxadis forma. `brijingi~ beneficia-risTvis xdeba 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi xelSekrulebis dadebidan da aRniS-nul daxmarebasTan dakavSirebiT kontraqtis xelmoweridan. zogierT mizanSewonil SemTxvevaSi da aseve beneficiaris TxovniT `brijingi~ SeiZleba 12 Tvemde gagrZeldes. proeqtis ganmaxorcielebel orga-nizaciebs aseve SeuZliaT zogierT mizanSewonil SemTxvevaSi daTanx-mdnen proeqtis beneficiaris mier gaweuli xarjebis anazRaurebas bi-znessaqmianobis registrirebidan `brijingis~ xelSewyobis Taobaze kontraqtis xelmoweris TariRamde drois periodSi. Cveulebriv, `bri-jingi~ SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes registrirebisa da biznessaqmiano-bis dawyebis Semdgomi periodisTvis. `brijingis~ xelSewyoba SeiZleba mieniWos warmodgenili ganacxadis formis safuZvelze da mas SeiZleba hqondes Semdegi formebi: specifikuri konsultacia - treningiT mom-saxureba an finansuri daxmareba, romelic gaeweva yovelTviurad im minimaluri yovelTviuri xelfasis odenobiT, romelic arsebobda `bri-jingis~ kontraqtis xelmowerisas, konkretul axlad daarsebul biznes-saqmianobasTan uSualod dakavSirebuli Tviuri xarjebis dasafaravad. `brijingis~ finansuri xelSewyoba SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnes

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xarjebis Semdegi tipebis dasafaravad:

• finansuri Senatanebi, garda pirgasamtexloebis da jarimebisa;• satelekomunikacio gadasaxadebi (telefoni, interneti da a.S.);• komunaluri gadasaxadebis xarjebi (wyali, gazi, eleqtroenergia

da a.S.);• ijaris, qiris xarjebi;• manqana-danadgarebisa da aparaturis qiraobis da ijaris xarjebi;• individualuri da sicocxlis dazRvevis xarjebi;• biznessaqmianobasTan uSualod dakavSirebuli saqmianobebis qve-

kontraqtebiT gacemis xarjebi (magaliTad, sabuRaltro momsax-ureba, vebgverdis Seqmnis da warmoebis xarjebi da a.S.).

• konsultaciebi (individualuri an jgufuri) da treningi axali bi-znessaqmianobis dawyebamde, iseTi axali unar-Cvevebisa da codnis SesaZenad, romlebic aucilebelia axali biznesis wamosawyebad da samarTavad. treningi moicavs sul mcire trenings da/an konsul-taciebs biznesTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze. Tumca daxmarebas SeiZleba ufro farTo saxe hqondes. daxmarebis detaluri mocu-loba SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos konkretuli proeqtebis gan-maxorcielebeli organizaciebis mixedviT. mosalodnelia, rom proeqtis TiToeuli monawile monawileobas miiRebs savaldebulo sakonsultacio-treningis modulSi, Tumca am TvalsazrisiT sab-oloo gadawyvetilebas organizacia Rebulobs. magram treningSi monawileobidan gamonaklisis daSveba mxolod gansakuTrebul Sem-TxvevebSia SesaZlebeli.

6. xdeba Tu ara Sedegebis Sefaseba da analizi? ramdenad efeqtiania aseTi midgoma siRaribesTan brZolis da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT?

im proeqtebis mTavari mizani, romlebic gankuTvnilia sakuTari biz-nessaqmianobis wamowyebis msurveli adamianebisaTvis, aris iseTi piro-bebis damkvidrebaSi daxmarebis gaweva, romlebic xels uwyobs mewarmeo-bis da TviTdasaqmebis ganviTarebas da qmnis axal samuSao adgilebs.

saoperacio programa `adamianuri kapitalis~ RonisZieba 6.2 foku-sirebulia umTavresad im yvelaze metad daucvel jgufebze, romlebsac yvelaze did barierebi xvdebaT Sromis bazarze SesvlaSi da iq damkvi-drebaSi. proeqtebi gamiznulia 25 wlamde asakis pirebis, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebis, 45 welze ufrosi asakis pirebisa da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi umuSevrebisTvis. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos,


45

rom proeqtebi Cveulebriv xorcieldeba im axalgazrda unarSezRudu-li adamianebisTvis, romlebsac aqvT maRali safexuris an umaRlesi gana-Tleba da romlebic uvlian bavSvebs da maT kmayofaze myof sxva pirebs. rogorc proeqtebis ganxorcielebis procesSi, ise maTi dasrulebisas xdeba sxvadasxva monacemTa monitoringi da grovdeba Semdegi saxis in-formacia: ramdenma adamianma miiRo sargebeli am proeqtidan (maT Soris, xdeba klasificireba asakis, sqesis, sacxovrebeli adgilis, ganaTlebis donis mixedviT), ramden adamians gamoeyo finansuri daxmareba da sxva saxis daxmareba, ramdeni damatebiTi samuSao adgili Seiqmna, ramden xans warimarTeboda axali biznessaqmianoba, rogori Sedegebi aqvs mas da a.S. garda amisa, xdeba iseTi aspeqtebis Seswavlac, rogoricaa beneficia-rebis kmayofileba proeqtiT, miRebuli daxmarebis Sefaseba, trenin-gamde da konsultaciebamde arsebuli codnis donis Sedareba miRebuli codnis donesTan da a.S.

JeSuvis regionuli ganviTarebis saagentos mier RonisZieba 6.2-is pro-eqtebis beneficiarebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevis mixedviT, axali biznessaqmianobis wamowyebaSi yvelaze didi daxmarebis gamwevad da sa-sargeblod miiCneva usasyidlo grantebi. rac Seexeba proeqtis monawi-leTa asaks, yvelaze mravalricxovani jgufi moicavs 25-34 wlis, aseve 45 welze ufrosi asakis pirebs. xolo rac Seexeba proeqtis monawileTa ganaTlebis dones, maT umetesobas aqvs maRali safexuris an umaRlesi ganaTleba. proeqtebis teritoriuli gavrcelebis mxriv, monawileTa umetesoba urbanuli teritoriebidanaa.

dRemde yvelaze gavrcelebuli mizezi imisa, Tu ratom SeaqvT ganmcxadeblebs ganacxadi daxmarebis zemoxsenebuli formebis mis-aRebad, aris maTi survili, moipovon Tanxebi, romlebic miscems maT Ses-aZleblobas, wamoiwyon axali biznessaqmianoba. mewarmeoba gadamwyveti faqtoria socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis da arsebiTi pi-roba/winapiroba qveynis ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis misaRwevad. biznessaqmianobis pirobebis gaumjobesebisken mimarTul RonisZiebebs Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis gaZlierebaSi, samuSao adgilebis SeqmnaSi da umuSevrobis donis SemcirebaSi.

podkarpaties savoevodoSi 2007 wlidan 2013 wlis martamde periodSi 10 766 pirma miiRo granti axali biznessaqmianobis wamosawyebad. Sedar-ebisaTvis: imave periodSi mTel qveyanaSi 148 603 pirs mieniWa Tanadafi-nanseba.

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7. ra kriteriumebiT izomeba amgvari startapisTvis sagranto progra mebis mdgradoba da efeqtianoba?

RonisZieba 6.2-is proeqtebis beneficiarebs moeTxovebaT, monitor-ingi gauwion miRebuli grantis farglebSi gaweuli xarjebis Sesabam-isobas 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi kontraqtis/xelSekrulebis xelmoweris dRidan. is monawileebi, visac finansuri daxmareba mewarmeobis (maT So-ris kooperativebis da socialuri kooperativebis) ganviTarebis mizniT gamoeyo, valdebulni arian, daabrunon miRebuli Tanxebi dagrovil pro-centebTan erTad, Tuki isini ukve oficialurad iyvnen CarTuli raime biznessaqmianobaSi an iyvnen kooperativis wevrebi 12 Tveze naklebi xnis ganmavlobaSi an, Tu maT daarRvies xelSekrulebis romelime piroba, kerZod, iseTi piroba, romelic exeba aRniSnuli Tanxebis gamoyenebas.

8. ra saxiT cxaddeba da vrceldeba informacia sagranto progr-amebis Sesaxeb?

evrokavSiris TanxebiT Tanadafinansebuli proeqtebis ganxor-cielebisas TiToeuli proeqtis ganuyofeli nawilis saxiT, tardeba rigi sainformacio RonisZiebebisa. es exeba RonisZieba 6.2-s - mewarmeo-bis da TviTdasaqmebis xelSewyoba da stimulireba - farglebSi ganxor-cielebul proeqtebsac.

es Sedegia saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis da sakanonmdeblo normebisa, romlebic evrokavSiris mier dafinansebuli proeqtebis ganmaxorcie-lebeli yvela organizaciisTvis awesebs sainformacio-sareklamo kam-paniebis Catarebis moTxovnas. saoperacio programa `adamianuri kapi-talis~ farglebSi sainformacio-sareklamo kampaniebis warmarTvis koordinirebaze pasuxismgebloba akisria mmarTvel uwyebas - regio-nuli ganviTarebis saministros. komunikaciis procesSi aseve CarTuli arian sxva dawesebulebebic, romelTac akisriaT mTlianad programis ganxorcielebis pasuxismgebloba. eseni arian Suamavali organoebi, gan-maxorcielebeli uwyeba, mmarTveli uwyeba da, aseve, evrokomisia.

programa `adamianuri kapitalis~ sakomunikacio gegma 2007-2013 wlebi-saTvis momzadebulia. es aris strategiuli dokumenti, romelic adgens 2007-2015 wlebSi gansaxorcielebeli sainformacio da sareklamo saqmi-anobebis saorientacio mimarTulebebs. am dokumentSi gansazRvrulia programis farglebSi komunikaciis wesebi, maT Soris Tanmimdevruli vizualizacia, imiji da gzavnilebi. masSi aseve mocemulia komunikaci-is wesebi yvela im dawesebulebisa da uwyebisaTvis, romelTa funqciebi


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da/an mimdinare proeqtebi akisrebs maT am TvalsazrisiT sainformacio da sareklamo saqmianobebis ganxorcielebas. programis "adamianuri kapitali" da evropis socialuri fondis sainformacio da sareklamo saqmianobebSi monawile yvela dawesebulebisTvis zemoxsenebul doku-mentSi Camoyalibebuli da damtkicebuli principebis, pirobebisa da moTxovnebis Sesruleba savaldebuloa. dokumentis saxelmZRvanelo principebSi moxseniebul informaciaSi Tanadafinansebis Sesaxeb igu-lisxmeba, rom miTiTebuli unda iqnes informacia evropis socialuri fondis mxridan Tanadafinansebis Sesaxeb da gamoyenebuli iqnes pro-grama `adamianuri kapitalis~, evrokavSirisa da evropis socialuri fondis logoebi. yvela logo gamoyenebuli unda iyos zemoxsenebul dokumentSi aRwerili principebisa da pirobebis Sesabamisad.

saxelmZRvanelo principebSi ganmartebulia, Tu rogor unda moxdes proeqtebis ganxorcielebisas aRniSnuli informaciis miTiTeba. evro-pis struqturul fond ESF-is SemTxvevaSi saWiroa informaciis datana proeqtis ofisze, raTa yvelasTvis TvalsaCino iyos, rom es aris konkre-tuli proeqtisTvis gankuTvnili ofisi (ofisSi misulma TiToeulma adamianma unda dainaxos proeqtis logo da gancxadeba Tanadafinansebis Sesaxeb). evropis struqturuli fondis saxsrebiT SeZenil aparaturaze, avejsa da nivTebze mikruli unda iyos stikeri programis logoTi da gancxadebiT Tanadafinansebis Sesaxeb. igive exeba programis broSureb-sa da posterebs, dasarigebel masalebs, dokumentebs, samuSao adgilebs, programis farglebSi Tanadafinansebul publikaciebs. Tanadafinan-sebis Sesaxeb informacia unda gaJRerdes konferenciebze, seminarebze, sainformacio Sexvedrebze, bazrobebze da sxva sareklamo-sainforma-cio RonisZiebebze. zemoxsenebul saxelmZRvanelo principebSi 2007-2015 wlebisaTvis aseve mocemulia detaluri aRwera imisa, Tu rogor unda gamoiyurebodes esa Tu is logo (Sesaferisi zoma, ferebi da a.S.).

poloneTSi sainformacio da sareklamo kampaniebis miznebisaTvis in-formaciis gavrcelebisa da reklamirebis sxvadasxva formas iyeneben. am mxriv Zalze mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs interneti da media. bev-ri proeqtis farglebSi saqmianoba da zogadad proeqtebi radiosad-gurebTan, presasTan da televiziasTan mWidro TanamSromlobiT xor-cieldeba. tardeba sareklamo kampaniebi, romelTa msvlelobisas xdeba specialuri sareklamo adgilebis gamoyeneba. proeqtebis vebgverdebis mizani mxolod sainformacio funqciis Sesruleba ki ar aris, aramed isi-ni warmoadgenen gamocdilebis gaziarebis instrumentsac da proeqtis dasrulebis Semdeg vebgverdebi SesaniSnavi adgilia proeqtis Sedegebis

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Sesaxeb informaciis gansaTavseblad. proeqtebis ganmaxorcielebeli organizaciebi iyeneben maRalkvalificiuri sareklamo studiebis, pro-eqtis logos Sesaqmnelad qvekontraqtis safuZvelze daqiravebuli kompaniebis, aseve stambebis (romlebic nabeWd produqcias - flaierebs, bukletebs, broSurebs, posterebsa da a.S. - awvdian maT) momsaxurebas. proeqtebis farglebSi sxva RonisZiebebis organizebac xdeba sazoga-doebasTan urTierTobis (PR) gamocdili kompaniebis mier, romlebic Cveulebriv pasuxs ageben konkretuli proeqtis gaSuqebaze mediaSi. proeqtis reklamireba aseve moicavs bilbordebs da/an TefSebs, dafebs, romlebic ekvreba am konkretuli proeqtis saxsrebiT Tanadafinanse-bul Senobebze, axlad Seqmnil kompaniebSi da a.S.

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startap sagranto programebSimonawileTa magaliTebi

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hamlet kapanaZe we-ro vanis devnilTa Casa-xlebaSi meoTxe welia meuRlesTan, or qaliS-vilTan da SviliSvilTan erTad cxovrobs. axal-gazrdobis wlebi cxin-valSi gaatara, samaCab-los omis Semdeg sofel avnevSi dasaxlda da 2008 wlis agvistos movlene-bamde iq cxovrobda. ba-

toni hamleti qarTul-osuri ojaxidanaa. dediT osia da osi erovnebis naTesavebis garemocvaSi gaizarda. meuRle - qalabatoni nunu yandareli avnevis skolaSi rusuli enis pedagogad muSaobda.

hamlet kapanaZes sofelSi didi avto-saxelosno darCa, sadac xuTi Tanasofleli hyavda dasaqmebuli. omis Semdeg samsaxuris Zebna Tbili-sis avto-saxelosnoebSi scada, Tumca, samuSao iaraRebis uqonlobis gamo mcdeloba uSedegod dasrulda.

2011 wels USAID-is sagranto ganviTarebis programis farglebSi kon-sultaciisa da treningis centris mier gamocxadebul konkursSi miiRo monawileoba. konkursis yvela etapi warmatebiT gadalaxa da dafinan-sebac miiRo. `Cemma ramdenime mezobelma am proeqtis daxmarebiT mcire biznesi wamoiwyo, swored maT mirCies konkursSi monawileobis miReba. konkurencia Zalian didi iyo da gamarjvebas ar velodi. grantis TanxiT kotejis gverdiT saxelosno kapitalurad movaSene da samuSao iaraRebi SeviZine. iaraRebi sakmaod Zviria da rom ara granti, sakuTari ZalebiT maT SeZenas ver movaxerxebdi~, - ambobs batoni hamleti. dafinansebis Semdeg klientebis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda da xSirad rigSic uwevT yofna. gasul wels ramdenime avtodilerTan molaparakeba Sedga da axla ukve yovelTviurad 10-15 gasayidi manqanis SekeTebas uzrunve-lyofs. ojaxis materialuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesda, danazogiT sax-lisTvis personaluri kompiuteri, saojaxo teqnika da aveji SeiZines.

dafinansebidan erTi wlis Tavze batoni hamleti sakuTar wamowyebas warmatebulad afasebs. Tvlis, rom Tu adamians Tavisi saqme uyvars da Sroma ar ezareba, yvelafers miaRwevs. ocnebobs, patara SviliSvils Ta-visi xeloba Seaswavlos da momavalSi erTad izrunon biznesis ganviTa-rebaze.


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levan wereTeli, zaqa-ria mosiaSvili, Teimu-raz qebaZe

goris raionis sofel meRvrekisSi mefrinvele-obis ferma ukve ramdenime welia arsebobs. amJamad fermaSi mudmivi samsaxuri rva adamians aqvs da kidev eqvsi periodulad iRebs droebiT samsaxurs.

fermis mflobeli 3 ad-gilobrivi mewarmea: levan wereTeli, zaqaria mosiaSvili da Teimuraz qebaZe. partniorebma 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omamde ori wliT adre aaSenes ferma da biznesic warmatebiT daiwyes, magram omis period-Si meurneoba moiSala, frinveli daixoca da teqnika gaiZarcva. ̀ rodesac sofelSi davbrundiT fermaSi mxolod carieli kedlebi dagvxvda, ar vi-codiT, ra unda gvekeTebina~ - ixsenebs levan wereTeli.

proeqtSi `2008 wlis omis Sedegad iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebisa da dazaralebuli soflebis mosaxleobis TviTdasaqmebis xelSewyoba~, romelic 2010 wels USAID-is dafinansebiT daiwyo, mewarmeebma konkurs-Si monawileoba jgufurad gadawyvites da SerCevis ramdenime etapi warmatebiT gaiares. sawyis etapze proeqti 8000 lariT dafinansda, gran-tis TanxiT Senoba kapitalurad garemontda da pirveli sawarmoo cik-lis dasawyebad 800 saxorce jiSis wiwila SeiZines.

proeqtis oficrebis daxmarebiT moxerxda produqciis realizaciis axali arxebis Seqmna. mewarmeebma saqmiani urTierToba daamyares ramden-ime SuamavalTan, romlebic produqciis distribucias gorSi, rusTavsa da TbilisSi ewevian.

biznesi swrafad viTardeba da dRes ukve ferma 5000 frTa qaTams iT-vlis. sakvebis did nawils adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebisgan yiduloben, rac dadebiTad aisaxeba adgilobrivi biznesis ganviTarebaze.

mewarmeebi mudmivad axdenen mogebis reinvestirebas biznesSi warmoe-bis danaxarjebis Semcirebisa da efeqturobis gazrdis mizniT. isini axlo momavalSi kidev erTi fermis aSenebasac apireben, risTvisac arse-buli Senobis mimdebared 3000 m2 farTobis miwis nakveTi ukve SeiZnies.

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nona awkarunaSvi-lis ojaxi cxinvali-danaa. samaCabloSi pirveli omis Semdeg sofel TamaraSenSi dasaxlda da 2008 wlis agvistos omamde iq cxovrobda. amJa-mad qalbatoni nonas eqvssuliani ojaxi sofeli berbukis devnilTa dasaxle-baSi cxovrobs, maTi Semosavlis ZiriTad

wyaro dasaxlebaSi mdebare patara maRaziaa. qalbatonma nonam maRaziis gaxsna meuRlesTan erTad berbukSi

dasaxlebisTanave gadawyvita. ojaxs am sferoSi muSaobis sakmaod didi gamocdileba hqonda. Tavdapirvelad mewarmeebma mcire zomis savaW-ro jixuri sesxad aRebuli TanxiT SeiZines da pirveladi moxmarebis produqtis realizacia daiwyes. moTxovna izrdeboda da mewarmeebma biznesis gafarToebis gzebis Zieba daiwyes. maT gadawyvites USAID-is sa-granto ganviTarebis programis farglebSi sitisis mier gamocxadebul konkursSi mieRoT monawileoba.

mewarmeebi amboben, rom msgavs konkursSi monawileoba aqamde aras-dros miuRiaT da Sesabamisad, proeqtis weris gamocdilebac ar hqondaT. maT gaiares treningi `biznesis administrireba mikrosawarmosaTvis~. treningze miRebuli codna Zalian daexmaraT biznes-gegmis SemuSaveba-Si. nonam dafinanseba miiRo rogorc sitisisgan, aseve CHF-sagan.

maRazia, romelic sacxovrebeli kotejis mimdebared, gzis piras mde-bareobs, dRes ukve produqciis mdidar asortiments sTavazobs momx-marebels da didi popularobiT sargeblobs dasaxlebaSi, radgan aq adgilobriv mosaxleobas SeuZlia swrafad da iafad SeiZinos sxvadsxva produqti.

mewarmeebi miRebuli SemosavlebiT kmayofilebi arian; yovelTvis droulad ixdian kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul gadasaxadebs da Tavisi wv-lili SeaqvT qveynis biujetSi.


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Tamar mirianaSvili cxovrobs siRnaRis municipalitetis sofel nukrianSi. 2007 wlamde muSaobda sofel nukrianis sakrebuloSi.

`gamaTavisufles samsaxuridan da daviwye fiqri, ra saarsebo saSu-aleba meSova. gadavwyvite maRaziis aSeneba, radgan vaWrobaSi muSaobis gamocdileba mqonda da specialo-biTac vaWrobis ekonomisti var~.

sakuTar ezoSi aaSena maRazia 20 kvm. farTobiT, Tumca saqonlis Sesa-Zenad Tanxas veRar Soulobda.

`swored am dros Sevitye pro-eqtis `biznesi startisTvis~ Ses-axeb, romelsac saqarTveloSi ax-orcielebda saTemo ganviTarebis centri poloneTis sagareo saqme-Ta saministros mxardaWeriT. ga-davwyvite, monawileoba mimeRo programaSi.~

proeqtis farglebSi gaiara saswavlo treningebi, dawera biznesgegma da miiRo granti 3000 laris odenobiT.

`SeviZine macivari maRaziisTvis da saqoneli. gavxseni Sereuli tipis saubno maRazia. vcdilob, konkurencias gavuZlo da davZlio winaaRm-degobebi~.

2013 wlis 1 ianvridan dRemde maRaziis jamuri brunva Seadgens 7000 lars. maRaziaSi aqvs 3000 laramde Rirebulebis saqoneli.

`marTalia, gegmis mixedviT mogeba meti unda mqonoda, magram Zalian bevri nisiebi aqvT, rac Tanxis brunvas aferxebs~.

qalbatoni Tamari maRaziaSi Tavad muSaobs. jerjerobiT misi yovelT-viuri mogeba 100 laria, Tumca imedovnebs, rom mogeba aucileblad gaiz-rdeba.

qalbatoni Tamari aRniSnavs, rom sakuTari saqmis wamowyebiT SeZ-lo daeZlia mravalwliani gaucxoeba sazogadoebisgan da sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi darwmunebuliyo. maRaziis gaxsnis Semdeg mcire ses-xis misaRebad miakiTxa erT-erT safinanso instituts da axla maT warmomadgenladac (soflis konsulad) muSaobs sofel nukrianSi.

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Tamar yalabegaSvili meuRles-Tan da or mcirewlovan SvilTan er-Tad cxovrobs sofel nukrianSi.

`profesiiT filologi var. vcdi-lobdi meSova samsaxuri, magram yoveli Cemi mcdeloba uSedegod mTavrdeboda. eTnografiuli ezos mowyobis idea 2007 wlidan gamiCnda, mas Semdeg, rac siRnaRis reabili-tacia moxda da siRnaRi turistul zonad gamocxadda. yovelTvis dar-wmunebuli viyavi, rom, Tu ideas xorcs Sevasxamdi, Zalian karg biz-

ness avawyobdi, radgan Cemi saxlis ezodan alaznis velis gamorCeuli xedi iSleba, rac turistebs gansakuTrebiT izidavs. ideis ganxorciele-baSi xels miSlida ufuloba. verc sesxi gamomqonda bankidan, radgan arc me da arc Cemi meuRle arsad ar vmuSaobdiT. Zalian gamimarTla, rode-sac movxvdi proeqtSi `biznesi startisTvis~, romelic 2012 wels ganax-orcieles sofelSi saTemo ganviTarebis centrma da polonurma orga-nizacia B4-ma poloneTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros mxardaWeriT.~

miiRo granti 3000 laris odenobiT. aRniSnuli TanxiT SeiZina samSene-blo masala Rvinis marnis asaSeneblad da ezos keTilmosawyobad.

`davregistrirdi indmewarmed, ramac momca SesaZlebloba, bankidan bi-znessesxi mimeRo 4000 laris odenobiT, romliTac SevZeli mSeneblobis dasruleba. meuRle gverdSi damidga da uamravi ram Tavisi xeliT gaake-Ta. minda xazgasmiT aRvniSno, rom am grantiT miRebuli sawyisi kapitali rom ara, banki biznessesxs ar damimtkicebda da, vin icis, kidev ramden xans damrCeboda idea ganuxorcielebeli.~

2013 wlis zafxulidan eTnografiuli ezo `qiziyi~ ukve maspinZlobs ucxoel turistebs.

`imedi maqvs, samomavlod stumarTa ricxvi kidev ufro gaizrdeba. st-umrebi Zalian kmayofilebi midian da momavali zafxulisTvis winaswar gviTanxmdebian. samomavlod ukve vapireb didi kreditis gamotanas banki-dan da saojaxo sastumros gakeTebas, radgan stumrebi iTxoven, rom Ra-mis gaTevis SesaZleblobac hqondeT. aseve, vapireb, SeviZino fqvili da stumrebs sakuTar ToneSi gamomcxvari dolis puri SevTavazo. es Cemi bi-znesis konkurentul upiratesobasac gazrdis da stumarTa kmayofile-basac~.


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gamoyenebuli literatura:

Hossain, N. and Zahra, N . 2010. Poverty Reduction and MDG Localization: a case study of the IGVGD Programme in Bangladesh

Morduch, J. 2001. Analysis of the Effects of Microfinance on Poverty Reduction

European Commission. 2010. Financial exclusion – Ensure an adequate access to basic financial ser-vices

Parker, J. and Pearce, D. 2001. Microfinance, Grants, and Non-Financial Responses to Poverty Reduc-tion: Where Does Microcredit Fit? Consultative Group Focus Note No. 20.Washington, DC. World Bank

Macours. K., Premand, P., Vakis, R. 2013 Demand versus Returns? Pro-poor targeting of business grants and vocational skills training . The World Bank. Latin America and the Caribbean Region. Pov-erty, Gender and Equity Unit

Fiszbein, A.m Kanbur, R., Yemtsov, R. 2013. Social Protection, Poverty and the Post-2015 Agenda. The World Bank Human Development Network Social Protection and Labor Department. Policy Re-search Working Paper

Nenova, T. 2009. Bringing finance to Pakistan’s poor : access to finance for small Enterprises and the underserved. The World Bank.

The World Bank 2013. From Evidence to Policy: If you give the poor cash, does it help? Policy Breif.

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SeniSvnebi

proeqti `mikromewarmeoba, rogorc siRaribesTan brZolis saSualeba~ xor-cieldeba aRmosavleT-dasavleTis marTvis institutis (EWMI) programis - „saqarTveloSi sajaro politikis, advokatirebisa da samoqalaqo sazoga-doebis ganviTareba“ (G-PAC) farglebSi. proeqtis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikis xalxis gulisxmieri mxardaWeris Sedegad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) dafinasebiT.

The project “Micro Enterprises as a Tool for Fighting Poverty” is implemented in the framework of The East-West Management Institute’s (EWMI) Policy, Advocacy, and Civil Society Development in Georgia (G-PAC) Program, funded by United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The bro-chure/study is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the USAID.

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