Байкальский нейтринный Байкальский нейтринный экспериментэксперимент

Г.В.ДомогацкийГ.В.Домогацкий

123 декабря 23 декабря 2009г2009г. Москва. Москва

1. Институт Ядерных Исследований РАН, Москва, Россия

2. Иркутский Государственный Университет, Иркутск, Россия

3. Научно Исследовательский Институт Ядерной Физики

МГУ, Москва, Россия

4. DESY-Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany.

5. Объединенный Институт Ядерных Исследований, Дубна, Россия

6. Нижегородский Государственный Технический Университет,

Нижний Новгород, Россия

7. С. Петербургский Государственный Морской Технический

Университет, С. Петербург, Россия

8. Курчатовский Институт, Москва, Россия

Коллаборация БАЙКАЛ

A

NT200+/Baikal-GVD (~2017)

N N

KM3NeT(~2017)

Amanda/IceCube/IceCube(~2011)(~2011)

ANTARES

59 Strings in operation

2009 August 20 Lepton Photon 2009 Per Olof Hulth

High Energy neutrino telescopes(optical)

2009 August 20 4Lepton Photon 2009 Per Olof Hulth

NT200: 8 strings (192 optical modules )Height x = 70m x 40m, Vinst=105m3

Effective area: 1 TeV~2000m² Eff. shower volume: 10 TeV~ 0.2 Mton

Quasar photodetect

or (=37cm)

NT200+ = NT200 + 3 outer strings (36 optical modules)Height x = 210m x 200m, Vinst = 5106m3

Eff. shower volume: 104 TeV ~ 10 Mton

Status of NT200+

LAKE BAIK

AL

~ 3.6 km to shore, 1070 m depth

NT200+ is operating now in Baikal lake(~10 months/yr. persistent data taking)

2009 August 20 Lepton Photon 2009 Per Olof Hulth

ANTARESInstallation:Junct.Box - Dec 2002Line 1 - March 2006Line 5-10 - Dec 2007Line 11-12- May 2008

900 Optical modules12 lines25 storeys / line3 PMTs / storey

<- 40 km2500 m depth

2009 August 20

6Lepton Photon 2009 Per Olof Hulth

2009 August 20 Lepton Photon 2009 Per Olof Hulth2009 August 20

IceCube timelineIn the ice:

2005: 1 string

2006: 9 strings

2007: 22 strings (publishing)

2008: 40 strings (analyzing)

2009: 59 strings (running)

(includes 1 DeepCore string)

Planned:

2010: 77 strings

(includes 6 DeepCore strings)

2011: 86 strings

(includes 6 DeepCore strings) 15-year design lifetime

Deployed strings

7Lepton Photon 2009 Per Olof Hulth

ПЛАН - 2009ПЛАН - 2009

Регламентные работы на детекторе НТ200+Регламентные работы на детекторе НТ200+ Разработка и испытания прототипа гирлянды Разработка и испытания прототипа гирлянды

глубоководных регистрирующих модулей и глубоководных регистрирующих модулей и элементов системы управления кластера элементов системы управления кластера детектора НТ1000детектора НТ1000

Набор и анализ данных детектора НТ200+Набор и анализ данных детектора НТ200+ Работа над проектом гигатонного детектораРабота над проектом гигатонного детектора

НТ1000 (НТ1000 (BAIKAL-GVD)BAIKAL-GVD)

Scientific Program

WIMPs in the SunWIMPs in

the Earth Center

+

Local neutrino sources,Diffuse neutrino flux

Neutrinos from WIMPs annihilation in the Sun and Earth

Sun Earth

Limits on muon fluxLimits on muon flux

- 48 events selected

- 56.6 expected from atm. muons with oscillations and

- 73 - without osc.

90% c.l. limit onexcess muon flux(m > 100 GeV):

< 3x103 km-2 yr1

90% c.l. limit onexcess muon flux(m > 100 GeV):

< 1.2x103 km-2 yr-1

Events within diff.cones around nadir

No excess ofevents above atm. BG

Sun-mismatch angle distribution1008 live-days data sample

1038 live-days data sample

GRB Neutrino Search

11

Search for direction + time correlations with 303 GRBs observed by BATSE in 1998-2000, using the upward-going muon data sample.

Time window: (tGRB + T90 + 5s) - (tGRB-5s)Half angle of observation cone: Ψ = 5o

Observed number of events – 1 eventExpected number of bg. events – 2.7 events

SK

Baikal NT200

Amanda-II

“Green’s function” Upper Limits on GRB neutrino fluence (model independent)

Claster Str. section

315

- 460

m

GVD - Preliminary design

Layout:~2300 Optical Modules, 96 Strings, 12 Clusters String comprises 24 OMs, which are combined in 2 independent SectionsCluster contains 8 stringsInstrumented volume: 0.4 – 0.6 km3

Detection Performance

Cascades (E>100 TeV): Veff ~0.3–0.8 km3

δ(lgE) ~0.1, δθmed~ 4o

Muons (E>10 TeV): Seff ~ 0.2 – 0.5 km2

δθmed~ 0.5o-1o

Optimisation of GVD configuration (preliminary)

Parameters for optimization:Z – vertical distance between OMR – distance between string and cluster centreH – distance between cluster centres

Muon effective area

R=80 m

R=100 m

R=60 m

The compromise between cascade detection volume and muon effective area:

H=300 mR = 60 mZ = 15 m

Trigger: coincidences of any neighbouring OM on string (thresholds 0.5&3p.e.)

PMT: R7081HQE,10”, QE~0.35

GVD – R&D (2006-2009)

GVD - Key Elements and Systems:

- Optical Module- FADC-readout system- Section Trigger Logics - Calibration- Data Transport- Cluster Trigger System, DAQ - Data Transport to Shore

OM

12 OMs 2 Sections 8 Strings Shore

Section String Cluster

GVD prototype string (2008 – 2009)

BEG

BEG

PC

SM

NT

200+

wit

h

exp

eri

men

tal

stri

ng

String communication center

Optical module

In-situ tests of basic elements of GVD measuring system with prototypes strings

Basic parameters of prototype Basic parameters of prototype string string

String length: 110 mNumber of Optical Modules: 12Number of Sections: 2Number of FADC channels: 12PMT: Photonis XP1807

(12”) : 6 Hamamatsu

R8055(13”) : 6FADC Time Window: 5 sFADC frequency: 200 MHz

Data analysis in progress now1. Monitoring of the optical module

operation.2. Test the string operation with LED and

LASER.

Experimental material: April – Jun 2009

Cluster DAQ center

Cluster of strings 8 Strings

String – 2 sections (2×12 OM) Cluster DAQ Centre: - PC-module with optical Ethernet communication to shore (data transmission and cluster synchronization) - Trigger module with 8 FADC channel for the measure of string trigger time; - Data communication module – 8 DSL-modems, modem data flaw up to 7 Mbit/s for 1 km. - Power control system Calibration system Two Lasers

Synchronization – common signal “Acknowledgement” for all strings.

GVD – R&D (2006-2009)

Kdin~107

The new generation Baikal Optical Module

PM: XP1807(12”), R8055(13”), R7081HQE(10”)

QE ~0.24 QE ~0.2 QE~0.35

HV unit: SHV12-2.0K,TracoPowerOM controller: monitoring, calibration, and PMT

control; Amplifier: Kamp = 10

BEG

PMT1

Amplifier

FADC 1 90 m coax. cable

OM

PMT12

Amplifier

FADC 12

90 m coax. cable

…

BEG (FADC Unit): - 3 FADC-board: 4-channel, 12 bit, 200 MHz;- OM power controller ;- VME controller: trigger logic, data readout from FADC, and connection via local Ethernet

From the analogue signal to digital data (wave-form)

GVD – R&D (2006-2009)OM, Front-end Electronics

Measuring channels

String Section – basic cell of the ClusterSection consist of:

- 12 Optical Modules - BEG with 12 FADC channels- Service Module (SM) with LEDs for OM calibration, string power supply, and acoustic positioning system.Trigger: coincidences of neighbouring OM (thresh. ~0.5&3 p.e.) expected count rate ~ 100 HzCommunication: DSL-modem: expected dataflow ~0.5Mbit/s (only time intervals containing PMT pulses are transmitted)

GVD – R&D (2006-2009)

Time resolution of measuring channels (in-situ tests)

LED flasher produces pairs of delayed pulses. Light pulses are transmitted to each optical module (channel) via individual optical fibres. Delay values are calculated from the FADC data.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

492

496

500

504

508 Expected dT = 497.5

dTLE

D ,

ns

# Channel

Measured delay dT between two LED pulses

0 2 4 6 8 10 120

50

100

150

200 A (LED1) p.e. A (LED2) p.e.

A, p.e.

#Channel

LED1 and LED 2 pulse amplitude

Example of a two-pulse LED flasher event (channel #5)

LED1

LED2

dT (Expected)=497.5 ns<dT (Experiment) > = 498.3 ns<(dT) >= 1.6 ns

Time accuracy of measuring channels In-situ test with Laser

Time accuracy T (time resolution) & (accuracy of time calibration with LED flasher)

LASER

11

0 m

OM#7

OM#8

OM#9

OM#10

OM#11

OM#12

OM#1OM#2

OM#3

OM#4

OM#5

OM#6

97 m

r1

r2

10 20 30 40 50-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

dTLA

SE

R

- dT

GE

OM

, n

s

dR, m

Differences between dT measured with Laser and expected dT in dependence on

distances between channels dr

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 60

1

2

3

4N

dTLASER - dTGEOM , ns

T distribution on channel combination

T < 3 ns

Test with LASER

T = <dTLASER – dTEXPECTED>

dTEXPECTED = (r2-r1)cwater

dTLASER - time difference

between two channels measured for Laser pulses (averaged on all channel

combinations with fixed (r2-

r1))

Schedule and Cost:

>2006 Activity towards the Gigaton Volume Detector

2008-09 Prototype String ( test of GVD key elements and systems)

2010 Technical Design Report

2010-12 Preparatory Phase, Prototype of Cluster (in-situ test) 2011-16 Fabrication (OMs, cables, connectors,

electronics)

2012-17 Construction (0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0) GVDOverall cost (without personnel, contingency, overhead) ~ 25 M€

Detector ~ 20 M€. Logistics, including infrastructure ~ 5 M€

Physics with cascades

• Neutrino Flux Composition (flavor content)

• Energy spectrum:

• Global anisotropy (extragalactic sources)• Local anisotropy (Galactic plane)• Point sources (complimentary to muons)• Transient sources (GRB, …): time + space correlation with -rays – relax the cuts

Flux composition from astrophysical sources at Earth: ~ 1:1:1

e: E ~ Ecas

: E ~ E+Ecas (contained events)

: E ~ Ecas

Monitoring of Optical Module operation

OM temperature

PMT voltage

OM monitoring parameters:- PMT high voltage;- PMT count rate;- Temperature;- OM low voltages: 12 V, 5 V, -5 V …

OM3

OM5

Example of PMT voltage monitoring

:

Example of PMT count rate monitoring