ေရႊဥေဒါင္း တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း

1396
1

description

ေရႊဥေဒါင္း တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း

Transcript of ေရႊဥေဒါင္း တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း

  • 1

  • 2

    q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;

    woufwmrSwfwrf;ESifh tawG;tac:rsm;

    yxrESdyfjcif;trSm

    1953 ckESpfwGif uREkfyf\ &wemykH0wKudk ausmif;okH;pmtkyf

    tjzpfESifh jyXmef;pOftcgu ausmif;okH; pmtkyf jyXmef;a&; aumfrwD\

    rSwfcsufwGif ]] pma&;q&mtaMumif;udk vnf; avhvm&rnf }} [laom

    tcsufwck azmfjyyg&Sd\/ &wemykH0wK a&;q&m jzpfaom uREkfyf

    taMumif;udk ausmif;om;rsm;avhvm&rnfqdkvQif tcsKdUpma&;q&mrsm;uJUodkU

    ]yDrdk;eif;\ yDrdk;eif;}? ]r[maqG\ r[maqG} tp&Sdonfh udk,fwdkif

    a&;om;aom twKywd pmtkyfrsKd; a&;xkwfzl;jcif; r&Sdao;onfh

    twGufaMumifh ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm; tcuftcJ BuKH&zG,f&Sdonf[k

    oabm&onfESifh uREkfyfonf ]OD;azodef;\ a&TOa'gif;}[laom trnfjzifh

    uREkfyf\twKywdudk tMurf;zsif;taejzifha&;om; &dkufESdyfcJUbl;ygonf/

    xkdtrnfudkrSnfh&m uREkfyf\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm q&m yDrdk;eif;ESifh r[maqGwkdU

    rSnfhxm;Muonfh pmtkyftrnfrsm;ESifh tqifuJGap&ef jzpfygonf/

    okdU&mwGif a&TOa'gif;onf OD;azodef;yif jzpfonf[k rodMuoltcsKdU

    ]a&TOa'gif; }twKywdudk OD;azodef;qkdaom vlwa,mufu a&;xkwfjcif;

    jzpfonf[k rSwfxifcJUMuavonf/

  • 3

    ] OD;azodef;\ a&TOa'gif; } pmtkyfwGif &wemykH0wK? oif&onfh

    ausmif;ol ausmif;om; rsm;twGuf oufouf&nf&G,fonfhtwdkif; uREkfyf\

    rsKd;&dk;ZmwdESifh arG;zGm;onfhckESpfou&mZftjyif tvkyftudkif trsKd;rsKd;rQ

    avmufudkom xnfhoGif;azmfjycJUonf jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyftaMumif;udk

    odvkdolrsm;tzkdU rpkHvif&kH omru ,if;odkUaom twKywdrsKd;udk zwf&Ijcif;

    tm;jzifh tusKd;aus;Zl; rsm;vSrnfvnf; r[kwfyg/ taMumif;udk uREkfyf

    em;vnfaomfvnf; uREkfyf\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm ausmif;okH;pmtkyf aumfrwD\

    rSwfcsuft&ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;tzkdUvdkvm;csufjynfhpkH&kHuav; twGuf

    qdkxdkrQESifhyif auseyfcJUygonf/

    txufygpmtkyf xGufvmNyD;onfhaemuf vlxkarmifESHwkdUu (txl;

    ojzifh rtrmu) ]]OD;av;odef;twKywdudk jynfhjynfhpkHpkH wtkyf a&;xkwf

    prf;ygtkH;}} [k wkdufwGef;Mu\/ xkdtcg uREkfyfu rdrd\ twKywdudk

    a&;om;jcif;[lonfrSm wdkif;jynfwGifwenf;enf;ESifh BuD;us,f NyD; ]vlwvkH;

    olwvkH;} jzpfvmMuolrsm;oma&;avh&SdaMumif;? rdrdrSm bm wvkH;rQjzpfrvm

    ao;ojzifh rdrdtaMumif;udk tjcm;vlrsm;u a&;xdkufonf xifMuvQif

    a&;Muap? rdrdudkf,fwkdifa&;ygu udk,fh[mudk,f txifBuD;ol wa,muf

    [l tjcm;vlrsm; uJU&JUpGyfpGJp&mjzpfvdrhfrnfh taMumif; jyefajym ygonf/

    xdktcg rtrmu udk,fhtaMumif;udkudk,f a&;jcif;[lonfrSm ]vlwvkH;

    olwvkH;} jzpfvmrSa&;xdkufonf r[kwfaMumif;? tu,f {&mr vlBuD;

    wa,mufjzpfvmapumrlvnf; ]igvdkvl &Sdao;vm;} qkdonfh oabmrsKd;ESifh

    [dwfxkwf a&;om;jcif;rsKd;jzpfcJU&if pmzwfoltzkdU tusKd; rsm;oifhoavmuf

    rrsm;yJjzpfEdkifaMumif;? BuD;us,fvSaom yk*dKvfwOD;yif r[kwfapumrl

    pma&;wwfaompma&;q&m wa,mufjzpfyguzwfcsifhpzG,f jzpfEdkifonfhjyif

  • 4

    pmzwfolrsm;tzkdU oifcef;pm ,lEdkifavmufonfh pmtkyf rsKd;jzpfvmEdkif

    aMumif;rsm;ESifh taMumif;jy ajymqdkavonf/

    uREkfyfonf rtrm\taMumif;jycsufESifh ywfouf tcsdefMum&SnfpGm

    pOf;pm;cJUygonf/

    ol\ taMumif;jycsufrsm;onf cdkifvkHonf[k uREkfyfqkH;jzwfvdkufonfh

    tjyif uREkfyfudk,fwdkif xyfrHawGU&Sd &aomtaMumif; rsm;udkvnf; wifjy

    vdkygao;onf/ uREkfyfrSm taemufwkdif; 0wK rsm;teufrS ( Classics )

    pHerlem wifavmufonf[k ynm&Sdrsm; owfrSwfxm;onfh 0wK

    tajrmuftjrm;udk zwf&IcJUzl;&mwGif 4if;wkdUudk tb,fhaMumifh xdkuJUodkU

    a&G;cs,f owfrSwfMuygoenf;[k uREkfyfpl;prf; &SmazGMunfh ygonf/

    uREkfyfawGU&Sd&aom taMumif;w&yfrSm xdkpmtkyfrsm;onf vlUobm0udk

    rSefuefpGmESifh opm&SdpGmay:vGifxif&Sm;ap&ef tjzpftysufrsm;udk pdwful;jzifh

    pDpOfzefwD;NyD; ZmwfuGuf Zmwfvrf;jzifh 0wKjzpfatmif a&;om; wifjyjcif;

    onftaMumif;BuD; w&yfjzpfonf[k awGU&Sd&ygonf/ uREkfyf\twKywdudk

    &dk;om;pGmwifjyonfqdkvQif tjzpftysuf tppftrSefudk wifjyjcif;jzpfonfh

    twGufaMumifh ( 0wKrsm;uJUokdU ) obm0 usrusudk pOf;pm;p&mrvdk?

    a&;om;ol udk,fEIdufu &dk;om;zdkU omvdkonf[k pOf;pm;rdygonf/

    wGif t[kwf wu,f &dk;om; Edkifygrnfavm? rdrd\ *kPfoa&udk

    xdcdkufrnfpdk;onfESifh wpdwfudk wtdwfvkyfjcif;? trnf;udktjzLvkyfjcif;?

    taumif;udkcsJUxGifNyD; tqdk;udk jrKyfxm;jcif;tp&Sdonfh r&dk;om;aom

    uavmiform;\ tjyKtrlrsKd;rS a&SmifMuOfEdkif ygrnfavm[k rdrdudk,fudk

    ppfaq;Munfh &mwGif uREkfyfonf pmtkyfaumif;wtkyf ay:xGufa&;

  • 5

    twGuf yk*dKvftaejzifh rdrdtzdkU txifBuD;cHvdkjcif; wnf;[laom rme

    (Vanity) udk pGefUvTwf ygawmhrnf[k qkH;jzwfcsufcsvdkufygonf/

    vlUobm0udk xif&Sm;atmif wifjyjcif;qdk&m vlom;tm;vkH;ESifh

    oufqdkifaomobm0tjyif yk*dKvftoD;oD;ESifh oufqdkifaom obm0

    ( Individual Nature ) [l &Sdygao;onf/ rdrd\ twKywdudk

    a&;om;azmfjyrnfjzpfaom uREfkyftzdkUrSm vlom;tm;vkH;ESifh oufqdkifaom

    obm0ESifh pnf;vGwf 'kH;vGwf} rjzpfapyJ uREkfyf txl;wvnf woD;

    wjcm;wnf&Sdonfh obm0udkvnf; azmfjy&efwm0ef&Sdonfjzpf&m (4if;wm0ef

    onf ao;i,fvG,fulaom wm0efwckr[kwfaomfvnf; ) uREkfyf\ r&Suf

    raMumuf oabmxm;Edkifjcif;? &dk;om;jcif;? ajzmifhpif;jcif;? opmw&m;udk

    jrwfEdk;jcif;rsm;tm;vkH;jzifh tqdkygwm0efudkausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifEdkif

    aumif;yg\[k arQmfvifhrdygonf/ uREkfyf\t&nftcsif;ESifh ywfoufrl

    (rSefrnf rSm;rnfrajymwwf ) vltoD;oD;\ tZswoEmef uwfuwf

    owfowfwnf&Sdwwfonfh tvGefodrfarGUvSaom obm0uav; tcsKdUudk

    azmfxkwfwifjywwfonfh yg&rDcHyg&Sdonf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ onfrSm

    uREkfyf\ tm;udk;BuD;wck jzpfygonf/

    uREkfyfonf y#doaE"mwfcHtm;jzifh vl,kwfrmwa,mufvnf; r[kwf?

    olawmfaumif; wa,mufvnf; r[kwf? tv,ftvwf twef;tpm;

    wa,mufjzpfonf[k ,kHMunfay&m ywf0ef;usiftajctae\ jyKjyifrI

    twGufaMumifh aumif;aomtcsif;t&mrsm;ESifh raumif;aomtcsif;t&m

    rsm;onf b,fykHb,fenf; 0ifvmMuykH? rdbrsm;xHrS qufcH&ykH? b0

    tpOftqufrS ygvmykH&onfh tcsif;t&mrsm;vnf; &SdykH? 4if;wkdUtm;vkH;udk

    aygif;pyfNyD;cgrS ,ck vuf&Sd a&TOa'gif;qdkonfh tbdk;BuD; wa,muf

  • 6

    jzpfvm&ykHtaMumif;udk ca&aphwGif;usazmfjyvdkfonfh &nf&G,fcsufvnf;

    &Sdygonf/ uREkfyf\woufwmrSwfwrf;udkaphaphpyfpyf zwf&Iolrsm;teuf

    vuf&Sd a&TOa'gif;udk odMuoljzpfygu ]]aMomf..Mo.. 'DvlBuD;[m 'gaMumifh

    *GpmBuD;jzpfaewmyJudk;}} [l qkH;jzwfcsuf csMuygvQif vnf; uREkfyftzdkU

    epfemonf[kxifvdrfhrnf r[kwfonfhjyif pma&;q&m wa,muftaejzifh

    vufpGrf;xufvSNyD;[lyif *kPf,lvdrfhrnfxifygonf/

    uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;rSm tjypftemtqmESifh cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;udk 0efcH

    azmfjyonfh (Confessions) ajzmifhcsufrsm; oufoufvnf;r[kwf?

    rdrdukd,fudk txifBuD;apvdk taumif;awGcsnf;a&G;NyD; csJUxGifwifjy

    jcif;rsKd;vnf;r[kwf? uREkfyfwoufwm pdwfudkxdcdkufjcif;aMumifh trSwfxif

    vsuf&Sdonfh tjzpftysuftaMumif;t&mrsm;udk uREkfyfowd&oavmuf

    a&;om;azmfjyjcif; jzpfygonf/ uREkfyf\pdwf xdckdufjcif;[lonf rSm

    auseyfaomaMumifh xdcdkufjcif;rsm;vnf;&Sd rauseyfaomaMumifhxdckdufjcif;

    rsm;vnf;&SdMuayonf/ &Hzef&Hcg rdrdudk,fudk aumif;aom tuGufxm;

    aumif;aom t&nftcsif;uav;rsm;udk azmfjyrdonfhtcg (enf;awmhenf;

    ygonf) udk,f&nfaoG;csifwwfonf[k xifrSwfrdMuygu uREkfyf\raumif;

    jcif;? nHUzsif;jcif; pdwf"mwfaysmhjcif; taMumif;rsm;udkvnf; ruG,fr0Suf

    rzkH;rzdazmfjyjcif;rsm;udkvnf; owdjyKMujcif;tm;jzifh cGifhvTwfEdkifMuvdrhfrnf

    [k arQmfvifhygonf/

    uREkfyf\ aysmhnHUrIrsm;ESifh cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;rSm rSwfwrf;wavQmufvkH;

    wGif tzefwvJvJ awGU&Sd&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh pmzwfoltcsKdUu uREkfyf\

    &dk;om;jcif;udk obmuszG,f&m&Sdaomfvnf; &mcdkifEIef;trsm;url ]]vufpowf

    awmY 'DvlBuD;[m vla&SmfBuD;wa,mufygwum;}}[k qkH;jzwfMu rnfudkvnf;

  • 7

    uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdygonf/ wGifuREkfyfonf urmausmf twKywda&;q&mBud;

    abmhpf0Jvf taMumif;udk owd&rdygonf/ abmhpf0Jvfonf urmausmf

    pma&;q&mBuD;wOD;jzpfaom a'gufwm*Refqif\ twKywdudka&;om;cJU&m

    ol\twKywdpmtkyf(Biography)onf urmay: wGif taumif;qkH;aom

    twKywdpmtkyfjzpf&kHomru 'kwd,vkdufaom twKywdpmtkyfonf

    abmhpf0Jvf\ pmtkyfaemufrS rdkifaygif;rsm;pGm jywfusef&pfonf[k

    pma&;q&mBuD; avmh'fraumav;u csD;usL;a&;om; zl;avonf/

    abmhpf0Jvf\ pmtkyfwGif a'gufwm*RefqifESifhawGUwdkif; tjyeftvSef

    pum;Edkifvk ajymMuonfrsm;wGif a'gufwm*Refqifucsnf; EdkifNyD;

    abmhpf0Jvfu jywfjywfowfowf ]acG;us0ufus} &IH;cJU&ykHrsm;udk t&SufriJUyJ

    &J&Jwif;wif; uGufuGufuGif;uGif; jynfhjynfhpkHpkHtao;pdwf a&;om;azmfjy

    xm;avonf/4if;pmtkyfwGif a'gufwm*Refqif awmfoavmuf abmhpf0Jvf

    nHU&ma&mufae\/ a'gufwm*Refqif\awmfjcif;onf abmhpf0Jvf \nHUjcif;

    aMumifh (vuG,faeUnwGifjrif&aom aomMumMu,fuJUodkU) tpGrf;ukef

    awmufajymifNyD; taumif;qkH; pmtkyfBuD; jzpfvm&avonf/

    wurmvkH;onf abmhpf0Jvf\ pmtkyfBuD;udk csD;usL; rqkH;&SdaepOf

    abmhpf0Jvf uG,fvGefaomtcg ol\om;u rnfokdUajymonf xifMu

    oenf;/ zcif\ pmtkyfausmfapmrIaMumifh om;jzpfolu *kPf,lonf

    xifMuoavm/ olUom;urdrdwwfEdkifcJUvQif zcifa&;cJUonfh twKywd

    pmtkyfrsm;udk urmay:wGif&Sd&SdorQ tm;vkH;0,fNyD; rD;&IdUypfcsifonf[k

    ajymzl;onfqkd\/ taMumif;rlum; xkdpmtkyfBuD;wGif olUzcifonf

    (pma&;aumif;aomfvnf;) yk*dKvftaejzifh vlnHUwa,mufjzpf&aomaMumifh

    [kqdkavonf/ uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;rSmvnf; uREkfyf\tquftEG,f

    aemifvmaemifom;rsm;u abmhpf0Jvf\ om;enf;wl rD;&IdUypfcsifMuacsrnf

  • 8

    avm[k pOf;pm;rdzl;ygonf/ aemufqkH;rl rD;&IdUawmhrS &IdUap? vlUobm0udk

    &dk;om;pGm wifjyjcif;tm;jzifh pGefUpm;vkdufygOD;rnf[k qkH;jzwfcsuf csvdkuf

    ygawmhonf/

    uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;rSmtwKywdoufoufr[kwf? tawG;tac:rsm;vnf;

    xnfhoGif;azmfjyyg&Sd\/ uREkfyf\ tawG;tac:rsm;rSmvnf; edAmefqdkonfrSm

    b,fodkUenf;? r*fpdwyg'f[lonfrSm b,fvdkrsm;aeavoenf; ponfjzifh

    tajcmufwdkuf Avmoufouf a&mf&rf;rSef;qonfh tawG;tac: trsKd;tpm;

    r[kwf? udk,fwdkifBuKHawGUonfh tjzpftysuf tcsif;t&mrsm; tay:wGif

    tajcwnfum vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:wifjyxm;jcif;rsKd; jzpfygaom aMumifh

    uREkfyf,lqonfhtwkdif; ]wcsufvGwf} vufcHEdkif vufrcHEdkif tyxm;

    [kwfavmufoifh r[kwfavmufoifhudk pOf;pm; qifjcifp&m tcsif;t&m

    rsKd;ajrmufjrm;pGm yg&Sdonf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ vGefcJUNyD;aom acwfrsm;url

    rd&dk;zvm t,ltqESifh uGJvJGcJUvQif y&dowfodkU wifjy&efyif cJ,Of;cJU

    onfjzpf&m? acwfwGifrlum; udk,fydkifOmPfjzifh EIdif;csdefqkH;jzwf &Jonfh

    pmzwfy&dowf wkd;wufrsm;jym;vmonf[k ,kHMunfonfhtavsmuf pGefUpm;

    wifjyvdkufaom tawG;tac:rsm;vnf; yg&Sdygonf/

    woufwmrSwfwrf;udk a&;om;&m uREkfyf\ ta&;tBuD;qkH;jzpfaom

    &nf&G,fcsufrSm i,f&G,fEke,fpOftcg aysmfaysmfaecsifwwf ]vlpkH}wa,muf

    jzpfcsifonfh ]vla&Smf} wa,mufonfyif tcsdefwefaomtcg owdw&m;&

    a*gwrAk' a[mjyawmrlcJUonfh usifhpOfrsm;t& rdrd\pdwfudk apmifhMunfhum

    xdef;odrf;ay;onfh tavhtusifh(MindCulture)jyKvkyfygu usrf;wwfq&m

    rsm; OD;acgif;ukwf Mu&onfh avmukw&ma&;qdkif&m usrf;wapmifwzGJU

    jyKpkEdkifcJUjcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmjynfAk'bmomavmu trSwfxif&pfatmif

  • 9

    pGrf;aqmifEdkifayonf wum;[k tm;us&pfapzkdU arQmfvifh,kHMunfcsufyif

    jzpfyg ownf;/

    a&TOa'gif;

    21.10.61

  • 10

    'kwd,ESdyfjcif;trSm

    woufwmrSwfwrf; yxrESdyfjcif;udk zwf&IMuaom pmzwfy&dowf

    tcsKdUu uREkfyfonf 4if;pmtkyf 4wGJwGif azmfjycJUonf tcsif;t&mrsm;teuf

    4if;wdkUoabmrusEdkifonfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk pmjzifh a&;om;ay;ydkU

    Muonf/ xdkolwkdUonf twKywdqdkygu pmzwfolwkdU twkcdk; enf;,lxdkuf

    onfh tjzpftysuf taMumif;t&mrsm;udkom xnfhoGif; azmfjyxdkufonf[k

    ,lqMu[ef vuPm&Sdonf/

    woufwmrSwfwrf; pmtkyf 4wGJudk a&;om;azmfjycJU&m uREkfyf\

    &nf&G,fcsufrSm ]a&TOa'gif;}wnf;[laom yk*dKvfwpfOD;onf csD;usL;zG,f

    aumif;aom vlwa,mufjzpfonf[l pmzwfolrsm;,lqMu&ef &nf&G,fcsuf

    r&Sd/ vlcsD;rGrf;cHvdk rSwfwrf;udk a&;xkwfjcif;vnf;r[kwf/ ]a&TOa'gif;}onf

    rnfodkUaom vlwa,mufjzpfonfudk opm&SdpGm o&kyfazmfjyjcif;tm;jzifh

    [kwfwdkif;rSef&m rdrdtjzpftysufrsm;ESifhwuG rdrdtawG;tac:rsm;udk pmzwf

    y&dowfodkUwifjy&ef &nf&G,fcsufrQom&Sdygonf/ tcsKdUae&mrsm; uREkfyf

    onf &SufzG,f&maumif; aom rdrd\nHUzsif;rIrsm;udkyif pmzwfolwkdUtm;

    ruG,fr0Suf? rzkH;rzdyJ &dk;om;pGm wifjycJUygonf/ uJU&JUcsifvQifvnf;

    uJU&JUMuap? ajymifavSmifcsifvQifvnf; ajymifavSmifMuap[k oabmxm;um

    [kwfrSeforQ twdkif;omwifjycJUygonf/

    tcsKdUaom twKywdpmtkyfrsm; pma&;q&onf aumif;ayhqdkaom

    t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifhawmufajymifaom tjyKtrlrsm;udkom azmfjyavh&Sd&m

    rdrd\ tjzpftysufudk rdrdudk,fwdkif a&;om;azmfjyonfh woufwm rSwfwrf;

    pmtkyfwGif xdkuJUodkUjyKrlygu twKywda&;om;enf; tpOftvmudk

    em;vnfaomy&dowf\uJU&JUoN*FKd[ftjypfqkdjcif;udk cH&zG,f&m&SdayvdrfYrnf/

  • 11

    uREkfyfonf vufcH&&Sdxm;onfh txufygjypfwifpm rsKd;udk onf;cH&rnf

    jzpfaomfvnf; nHUzsif;rIrsm;udk jrKyfxm;&ef vlcsD;rGrf;p&m toufwm

    rsKd;udkomvQif a&;om;azmfjyrdygu yg;&nfeyf&nf&Sdaom y&dowf\

    jypfwifuJU&JUjcif;udk aMumufvSygonf/

    twKywd pmtkyfrsm;teufwGif ausmfapmxif&Sm;qkH;jzpfaom

    ]abmhpf0Jvf}\ ]a'gufwm*Refqif}pmtkyfwGif pma&;q&m abmhpf0Jvfonf

    rdrd\ nHUzsif;aom tcsufrsm;udkazmfjy a'gufwm*Refqif\ awmufajymif

    aom ajymykHqdkykH pum;vkH;rsm;udkum; wavQmufvkH;azmfjycJUonfhtwGuf

    pma&;ol abmhpf0JvfrSm vlnHUwa,muf[l xifrSwfzG,f&mjzpfoGm;\/

    odkU&mwGif ol\ twKywdpmtkyfrSm urmay:wGif a&;cJUMuorQaom

    twKywdrsm;teuf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;onfh 4if;pmtkyfonf

    tjcm;tjcm;aom twKywdpmtkyfrsm;xuf tjywftouf omvGef

    aumif;rGefygayonf[k urmausmf pma&;q&mBuD; raumav;u

    azmfxkwfcsD;usL;cJUavonf/ uREkfyfrSmvnf; ]nHUvQifnHYyap?pmtkyfaumif;

    vQif awmfNyD}[k oabmxm;rdygaMumif;/

    a&TOa'gif;

    19-6-68

  • 12

    q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;

    woufwmrSwfwrf;ESifh tawG;tac:rsm;

    yxrydkif;

    uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;

    vlwa,mufonf pkHaxmufrif;BuD;xH tvkyfavQmufxm;onfhtcg

    rif;BuD;onf xdkvl\ Oy"d&kyfudk oabmusonfESifh 4if;\t&nftcsif;udk

    prf;oyf oifhawmfvQif &mxl;cefUxm;vdkaomtBuHjzpf\/ okdUjzpf

    rif;BuD;onf rdrdoddvdkaom yk*dKvfwOD;\trnf? ae&yfESifh tvkyftudkifwkdU

    udkajymjyNyD;vQif xdkyk*dKvftm; rsufpdatmufrS taysmufrcHyJ aeUa&mnyg

    t&dyfozG,f wG,fuyfvkdufygvsuf 4if;ajymorQ vkyforQ tvkH;pkHudk

    rdrdxHodkU tpD&ifcHpm wifydkU&rnfhtaMumif; ajymjyav\/ tvkyfavQmuf

    xm;aomvlonf rif;BuD;odvdkaom yk*dKvfESifh rdwfaqGvnf;r[kwf? &efol

    vnf;r[kwfav&um; xdkyk*dKvfajymorQ vkyforQwkdUudk rdrdjrif&onfh

    twdkif;? Mum;&onfhtwdkif; wdusrSefuefpGma&;om; tpD&ifcH&ayvdrfhrnf/

    raumif;aom tcsif;t&mrsm;udk zkH;zdjcif;vnf;r&Sd? aumif;aomtcsif;t&m

    rsm;udk csHUxGifjcif;vnf;rjyK? csD;ajrSmufjcif;vnf;rjyK? acsmufwGef;jcif;vnf;

    r&Sd? rdrd\ tjriftMum;twdkif; &dk;om;pGm tpD&ifcHayvdrfhrnf/

    xdkenf;wlpGm uREkffyfrSmvnf; rdrdtaMumif;udk a&;om;&mwGif

    txufyg pkHaxmufavmif;uJUodkU oabmxm; tom;vnf;r,l? &Sufvnf;

    r&Suf? [kwfrSeforQudk ]t&if;wdkif;} a&;om;azmfjy&efBuH&G,fyg onf/

  • 13

    pkHaxmufavmif;onf xdkyk*dKvf\ pdwftBuHrsm;udk odEdkifcGifh &Sdrnfr[kwf

    ay&m?uREkfyfrSmrl rdrdtBuHtpnfESifhpdwful;rsm;udkygod&onfjzpf pkHaxmuf

    \ tpD&ifcHpmxuf jynfhpkHEdkifcGifh &Sdygonf/ rnfolrqdk EIdufEIdufcRwfcRwf

    ppfaq;vkdufonfhtcg taumif;csnf;vnf; rjzpfEdkif/ tqdk;csnf;vnf;

    rjzpfEkdif/ taumif;ESifhtqdk; (tenf;ESifhtrsm;) a&m>yrf;vsuf &Sdjcif;udkom

    awGU&ayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfudk,fvnf; enf;twl taumif;ESifhtqdk;

    a&maESmvsuf &Sd&rnfomjzpf&m aumif;aomtcsuftvufrsm;udk azmfjyonfh

    tvSnfhwGif ]*kPf,lonf} odkUr[kwf ]

  • 14

    ypKyefb0\ jyKjyifrI jzpfonfqkdjcif;udk (OmPfrSDoavmuf) ydkif;jcm;a0zef

    wifjyvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/ vdk&if;tcsKyf uREkfyftaMumif;udk uREkfyfa&;om;

    azmfjyjcif;jzpfapumrl (trsKd;orD;pma&;q&mwOD;u a0zefzl;onfhtwkdif;)

    igwnf;[laom pdwfxm;rygyJ tjyifvlwa,muftaejzifh a&;om;zkdUBudK;pm;

    rnfjzpfygonf/ uREkfyf\pmigoabm(yvTm;vdkaomoabm) rnfrQavmuf

    uif; ruif;udkrl pmzwfolwkdU qkH;jzwfMu&ef jzpfygonf/

    uREkfyf\tjzpftysufrsm;rSm twKywd &dk;&dk;taejzifh a&;om;azmfjy

    rnfqdkygu cyf&Tef;&Tef;a&;wwfol r[kwfcJUvQif (a&;wwfolvnf;

    &Sm;onf) ajcmufuyfNiD;aiGUzG,faumif;aom taMumif; t&mrsm;yg&Sdwwf

    onfjzpfaomaMumifh tjzpftysufoufoufrQru tawG;tac:rsm;vnf;

    oufqkdif&mae&mrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ygonf/ uREkfyf\tawG;tac:

    rsm;rSmvnf; (rSefuefjcif;? rrSefuefjcif;udk tyxm;) tpOftvm

    ynm&Sdrsm;\ t,ltqrsm;ESifh uJGvJGrIrsm; &Sdvdrfhrnfjzpf&m rnfonfu

    obm0us rusudk pmzwfolwkdU pOf;pm;p&m &Sdjcif;tm;jzifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,f

    jzpfvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/

    a&S;OD;pGm rSwfrdaomt&m

    tjcm;wae&m uREkfyfonf vljzpfvmonfrSp a&S;OD;pGm rSwfrdaom

    tcsif;t&mrSm ar;aphuGJ woufywfvkH; xif&Sm;aom trSwftom;wck

    jzpf&avmufatmif trm&Gwf xifjcif;taMumif;udk a&;om;cJUbl;&m

    xdkUaemufwGif xyfrH aphaphawG;jyefaomtcg 4if;xuf tvsifusaom

    tjzpftysufwckudk owd&rdygonf/ uREkfyfrSm om;OD;jzpf 'kwd,

    arG;zGm;onfh uREkfyf\ESronf uREkfyfxufokH;ESpfcefUi,f&m taemufwdkif;

  • 15

    jynfrsm; 7v? 10vrQom rdcifEdkUudk wkdufauR;Muonfqdk aomfvnf;

    uREkfyfrSm ESpfESpfausmfrQ EdkUpdkUcGifh&ygvsufESifhyif rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm;

    ]EdkUrsufom;}uav;[kqdkum txl;*&kpdkuf taumif;qkH;qdkaom

    pm;p&mrsm;udk auR;arG;Muonf/ (xdkpOfu EdkUAl;wdkufaom tavhtx

    &SdMuao;[ef rwlay/) ykpGefwkyfaMumf? 0ufom;uif? MuufaygifaMumf paom

    pm;p&mrsm;onf uREkfyftwGufjzpf rdbrsm;rlum; Muuf&dk;ESifh 0ufqD

    0ufacgufavmufom pm;Muonf/ zcif\ESrrsm;? rdcif\nDrrsm;

    onfuREkfyfwkdUaetdrfodkU wa,mufwvSnfhvma&muf uREkfyftm;xdef;&ef

    twGuf twlwuG aexdkifMu&m tdrfwGif uREkfyf\ t&D;wa,mufa,muf

    jzpfap? ta':wa,mufa,mufjzpfap b,ftcgrQ jywfawmhonfr&Sdacs/

    wcgw&H ESpfa,mufjyL; okH;a,mufjyL;yif &SdwwfMu\/ 4if;wkdUonf

    uREfkyftm; txufyg pm;p&mtaumif;rsm;udk 0g;cGHMu&\/ ESruav;arG;

    NyD; uREfkyfokH;ESpfom;t&G,fausmfausmf&SdonfwGif uREkfyfonf pm;p&mrsm;

    0g;cGHaomt&D;rsm; ta':rsm;udk oabmrusawmhyJ rdcifcGHU&rnf[k wpmpm

    ylqmjcif;udk rSwfrdonf/

    uREkfyfBuD;jyif;vmaomtcg waeUo rdcifu pum;pyfrdonfESifh

    ]]armifazodef;wkdUrsm; tpm;awmh oGm;rprf;aveJU? 0g;cGHUwJUt&G,fuwnf;u

    olUt&D;awG ta':awG cGHUwmudkrBudKufbl; igudkf,fwdkif 0g;cGHU&w,f?

    [kwfvJ [kwfrSmaygh? aumif;rav;awGuawmh 0g;NyD; tcsKd&nftcsKdUudk

    rsKdcsMurSmudk;? tpm;taomufrsm;awmh i,fuwnf;u 'Davmuf

    em;vnfwJU taumifyJ}}[k ajymbl;&Smonf/ uREkfyfonf tcsKd&nf rsKdcsjcif;

    twGufaMumifh t&omnHUoGm;jcif;[l i,fpOfu rodaomfvnf; rdcif

    0g;cGHUjcif;ESifh t&D;rsm; 0g;cGHUjcif;wkdU\ jcm;em;jcif;udk i,fi,fuwnf;u

    odaMumif; rSwfrdao;onf/ uREfkyfpOf;pm;rdonfum; ]vQm}onf t&mom

  • 16

    odjcif;ESifh pum;ajymjcif;wnf;[laom tvkyfESpfrsKd; vkyfwwf&mwGif

    uREkfyf\ ]vQm}um; yxrtvkyf uRrf;usifvGef; 'kwd,tvkyfbuf

    avQmhae[efwlonf/ tcsKdtcsOf tief tpyftqdrfh tcg;rSp

    aumif;raumif; t&om trsKd;rsKd;wkdUudk uREkfyfonf olwyg;wkdUxuf

    tao;pdwfodwwf\/ taemufwdkif;jynfrsm; 0dkfift&uf ukrPDBuD;rsm;

    onf]vQm} tpGrf;xufaom vlrsm;udk t&ufNrD;orm; (Wine Taster)

    tjzpfESifh vcaxmifaomif;ay; iSm;xm;Muonfqdk&m uREkfyf\ ]vQm}

    tpGrf;rSm wbufwvrf;wGif tokH;rcsEdkifyJ pum;rajymwwfjcif;omvQif

    tzwfwifvsuf&SdaomaMumifh wenf;tm;jzifh ]vljzpf&IH;onf}qkd&rnfavm

    rajymwwfay/

    ywf0ef;usif\ jyKjyifrIrcH&ao;rD (toufav;ig;ESpft&G,f)

    uREkfyf\ ]yifudk} pdwfaeoabmxm;udk rdbrsm; ajymbl;orQESifh

    uREkfyfjyefvnfokH;oyfjcif;jzifh rSwfrdorQrSm uREfkyfonf rdbrsm;udk cspfvnf;

    cspf aMumufvnf;aMumufwwf\/ zcifudkrl tcspfxuf taMumufu ydk

    rdciftm;rlum; tcspfESifhtaMumuf tnDtrQavmuf&Sdvdrhfrnf/ wa,muf

    wnf;&Sdao;aom ESruav;udkvnf; tjcm;aom armifESrrsm; cspfMujcif;

    xuf ydk tvGefMuifemonf/ (MuifemykHudk wae&m azmfjyygOD;rnf/)

    tvGef ]aqmh}csifwwf upm;azmfoli,fcsif;udk tvGefw&m cifrifwwf

    onf/ t&G,fESifh rvkdufatmif vnfcsifywfcsifwwf cspfaomoli,fcsif;

    rsm;aemufodkU waumufaumuf vdkufaewwfonf/ xkdpOfu pdwfrwdkwwf

    ao;? oabmaumif;onf[k rdcifu ajymbl;onf/ udk,fvkH;udkf,faygufrSm

    (rdcifpum;twkdif;) cyfzdkifhzdkifhESifh tdtdpufpuf&Sdonf/ BuD;jyif;vmaom

    tcgrl ydefydef&Snf&Snf jzpfvmjcif;udk awGU& aq;jyif;vdyfudk ckHay:wifNyD;

  • 17

    aq;vdyfonfu vSdrfhvdkufouJUodkU udk,fvkH;avsmhNyD; t&yf&SnfxGufvm&

    jcif;ayavm[k pOf;pm;rdonf/

    tEdkifusifhcH&jcif;

    uREkfyf\ uHqdkk;jcif;wckrSm uav;b0rSp ausmif;xGufonfhwdkif

    atmif udk,fhxufBuD;aom oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhcsnf; aygif;oif;&

    tEdkifusifhjcif; tcH&qkH; wa,mufjzpfonf/ tjcif;t&monf uREkffyf\

    pdwfaeoabmxm;udk woufvkH;twGuf ajymif;vJoGm;ap&onf[k ,lq\/

    yxrOD;qkH;uREkfyftm; tEdkifusifhaom tdrfeD;csif; upm;azmfrSm ausmif;raerD

    av;ig;ESpfom;t&G,f jzpf\/ xdkoli,fonf uREkfyffxuf okH;ESpfcefU

    toufBuD; uREkfyfu olUtm; cspfvdkufykHrSm rdbrsm;ESifhcGJ olESifhtwl

    tdyfcGifh&vQif tdyfEdkif\/ (um; uREkfyf\tjypf[k qdk&rnfxifonf/)

    eHeufvif;vQif xdkoli,ftdrfodkU ul;oGm; pm;&kH tdyf&kHrQavmufom tdrfodkU

    jyefawmhonf/ waeUywfvkH; olUaemufrS waumufaumuf vdkufaeawmh\/

    okdUqdkvQif xkdoli,fuvnf; uREkfyftm; uREfkyfcspfovdk cspfcifwG,fwm

    jcif;&Sdygoavm? r[kwfacs/ uREkfyf pm;p&mwck&SdvQif wa,mufwnf;

    rpm;EdkifyJ olUqDodkU ,lajy;MunfjzLpGm a0pm;Muonf/ tdrf&Sdao;vQif

    vnf; olu ],lacstkH;}[k ckdif;ojzifh ckd;auR;&ao;onf/ olUpm;p&m

    &Sdaomtcgrlum; uREfkyftm; wzJUw&GJUrQray;yJ &,fumarmumESifh

    aMumifawmifMunhf pm;wwfonf/ rQavmufomqdk ygrlum; uREkfyf\

    pdwf xdcdkufjcif;r&Sdyg/ trSwfvnf;rxm;yg/ uREkfyfpm;p&m &wdkif;

    0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om ,lajy; cJGa0pm;aomufonfom jzpfygonf/ okdU&mwGif

    0rf;enf;zG,ftaumif;qkH;aom tjyKtrlrSm xdkoli,fonf uREkfyfESifh &,fum

  • 18

    armum aysmf&TifpGm upm;ae&jcif;xuf uREkfyfidk,dkae onfudkjrif&vQif

    omoabmus[ef&Sd\/ olu jrif;pD;csifonfqdkvQif uREkfyfrSm rEdkifhwEdkif

    ESifh ausmydk;&\/ ESpfa,mufpvkH; aysmfMu w[D;[D;&,f \/

    twefMumaomf xdkoli,fonf pdwfazmufjyefvm ]][JUjrif;-aES;w,fuG?

    jrefjrefajy;}}[k qdkum uREkfyf\ ajcovkH;rsm;udk ol\ajcaxmuf

    jzifhcwfav&m uREkfyfvnf; ',D;',dkifESifh wwfEdkiforQ jrefjrefajy;&\/

    txJrSyif olu tm;r&ao;yJ 0g;jcrf;wacsmif;udk qif;,l

    ausmay:odkUjyefwufNyD;vQif uREkfyf\aygifrsm;udk w&GD;&GD; &dkufav&m

    uREkfyfrSmajy;,if; [yfxdk;vJ idk&ygawmhonf/ wGifrS olu tm;&yg;&

    [uf[ufyufyuf &,farmavawmhonf/

    xdkoli,fonf uREkfyftm; txufygenf;ESifhwuG rsm;pGmaom tjcm;

    enf;rsKd;pkHwkdUjzifh tEdkifusifhavh&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf ol\ nOf;yef;

    ESdyfpufenf;ESifh wuG rdbrsm;tm; rwdkifwef;yJ Budwf cHcJU\/ tu,f

    wdkifwef;cJUaom olESifh rupm;&awmhyJ wm;jrpfvdrhfrnf[k uREkfyfodaom

    aMumifhjzpf\/ wcgw&H uREkfyf\rdcifu idkoHMum;ac:vdkuf&m olu

    ]]a[haumif rsuf&nfawG okwfoGm;uG}}[k ajymonfESifh rsuf&nfrsm;udk

    vkHcsnfjzifh okwfum rdcifa&SUodkU [efvkyf 0ifoGm;&avonf/

    waeUo xdkoli,fESifh uREkfyfonfavSum;ay:&SdpOfolonf rawmf

    wqjzpfav[efESifh uREkfyftm; avSum;ay:rS wGef;csvdkufojzifh ajrBuD;ESifh

    OD;acgif; aqmifhrdum tawmfemoGm;\/ ]]a[haumifridkeJUuG}}[k olu

    ajymaomfvnf; emusifvSaom a0'emaMumifh wtm;[pf idkvkdufrd&m

    uREkfyf\ rdcifajy;vm tjzpftysufudk ar;ojzifh ]]avSum;ay:rS

    acsmus&ygonf}}[k ajymvkdufonf/ uREkfyf\rdcifrSm zcifESifhrwl/

    pdwfwif;ol wa,mufjzpf uREkfyf\OD;acgif; 'Pf&m &Sdr&SdMunhfNyD;aemuf

  • 19

    aoG;xGufoH,dk rawGU&onfESifh ]]udk,fhzmom aqmhvdkU cdkufrdwmrsm;

    'gavmufBuD; idk&ovm;}}[kajym\/ wGif uREkfyftm; tjypfwifaom

    t"dym,foufa&mufonfESifh rcHcsifaomaMumifh ]]udk,fhbmomr[kwfbl;

    tar&JU? [dkaumifu wGef;cswm}}[k vTwfueJ ajymrdavonf/ xdktcg

    rdcifonf a'gowBuD;ESifh [dkaumif\OD;pGef;zkwfudk qGJESDrfum ausmudk

    okH;av;csuf xkavonf/ 4if;aemufuREkfyfudkqJGac: tdrfodkUjyefvmMu

    onf/ [dkaumif\rdcifESifh tpfrrsm;rSm ig;pdrf;onfrsm;jzpf tdrfr&Sdckduf

    jzpfav&m aps;rSjyefvmMuaomtcgwGif [dkaumif\wdkifwef;csufaMumifh

    tdrfeD;csif; &efjzpfMuavawmh\/ uREkfyf\rdcifrSm eef;wGif;ol jzpfaomfvnf;

    a'goBuD;aomtrsKd;jzpf jzpfrdvQif ravQmhcsifwwfaom 0goemtwdkif;

    ig;pdrf;onf om;trdokH;a,muf (rdcifESifh orD;ESpfa,muf) wkdUtm;

    csHUvifhvkyfao;&m t&yfujzefajz NyD;oGm;&onf/ uREkfyftzdkU&mum;

    xdkaeUrSp [dkaumifESifh aygif;oif;cGifh ra&awmhacs/ odkUaomf

    rdbrsm;\trdefUudk rawmfvSef0HUom ae&onf/ uREkfyftm; avSum;ay:rS

    wGef;csaomtaumifudk pdwfremyJ ac:csifaomaMumifh pdwfxJ w&G&G

    jzpfvsuf &Sdonf/ uREkfyfrSwfrdoavmufrSm uREkfyfonf [dkaumif\

    ESdyfpufjcif;udk wESpfcefUavmuf cHcJU&onf/

    oDv&Sifausmif;

    xdktcsdefrSp rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm; [dkaumifESifh raygif;rdap&ef

    pmoifausmif;okdUydkUavawmhonf/ ausmif;rSm oDv&SifBuD;wyg;wnfaxmif

    xm;onfhpmoifausmif;jzpfav&muREkfyfxuf&SpfESpfcefUBuD;aom (rdcif\nDr)

  • 20

    ta':wa,mufESifhtwl ausmif;wuf uREfkyftm;umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;

    avonf/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;teufwGif uREfkyfyif ti,fqkH;jzpf

    ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u xdyfxdk;? acgif;ykwf vkyfcsifMuaomfvnf; ta':

    ausmif;ol\umuG,frIaMumifhxkdausmif;tawmfoufomcGifh&cJUonf/okdUESifh

    yif uREkfyf\ta': ausmif;rwufaom waeU ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf

    uREkfyftm; 0dkifusDp,fMuonf/ rdbrsm;onf xdkacwfu cspfwwfaom

    rdbrsm;\xkH;pHtwdkif; uREkfyftm; uwDyga&TaZmowfonfh (Zmwfrif;om;

    rsm;0wfaom) abmif;bDuav;jzifh qifjyifxm;&m ausmif;om;rsm;onf

    uREkfyf\ ajymifvufaom uwDygabmif;bDudk rsufrkef;usKd;Muonfh

    vuPmESifh abmif;bDtem;uGyf a&TcsnfrQifrsm;udk qGEIwfMu\/ tcgwkdif;

    rlum; ta':\umuG,frIaMumifh a&TcsnfwrQifwavrQom tEkwfcH&\/

    ta':rygaom xdkaeUrl ausmif;om;tm;vkH; 0dkif Ekwf,lvdkufMuaom

    aMumifh tem;owfaom a&TcsnfwrQifrQ rusefawmhyJ uwDygabmif;bDcsnf;

    ikH;wdwdESifh tdrfodkUjyefvm&avonf/ rdzrsm;onf tvGefrcHcsi oDv&Sif

    BuD;tm; wkdifwef;av&m oDv&SifBuD;onf uREkfyfu vufnId;xkd;jyaom

    ausmif;ol ausmif;om; tm;vkH;udk&dkufavawmhonf/ xkdaeUrS t&dkufcH&

    aomausmif;om;rsm;onf uREkfyftm; &efnId;zGHUMuonfhvuPmESifh

    ta':tvpfwGif xdk;MuacgufMuav&m uav;uwnf;u tawmftwefESifh

    ridkwwfoljzp BudwfcHcJU&onf/

    [dkaumif\ ESdyfpyfjcif;rS vGwfcUJ&NyDqkdaomfvnf; wa,muf\vufrS

    trsm;\vufodkU a&muf&jcif;jzpf uREkfyfrSm ausmif;om;t&G,f uav;tm;

    vkH;udkrkef;csifovdkvdk jzpfvmcJUavNyD/ uav;tcsif;csif; awGU&onfhtcg

    vnfyif;udkajy;zufcsifaom pdwfrsKd;&SdcJU&mrS rouFmaom pdwfrsKd;ESifh

    cyfa0;a0;rS vSrf;Munfhaom tjzpfrsKd;odkU ajymif;vJvmcJUavNyD/

  • 21

    uREfkyfonf i,fpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;udk jyefajymif;qifjcifonfhtcg

    (azmfjyvwHUaom tjcif;t&mrsm;aMumifh) rdrdukd,fudk ]jzLaumif}ESifh EIdif;

    ,SOfrdonf/ jzLaumifonf rnfolUtm;rQ &efrljcif;r&Sdaomfvnf;

    ]tem;ruyfcJUeJU? wG,fvkdufr,f}qkdaom taejzifh udk,f&Sdaom ql;rsm;udk

    axmifxm;wwfonfqdk&m uREfkyfrSmvnf; [dkaumifESifh qufqH&bl;jcif;w

    csuf? oDv&Sifausmif;om;rsm;ESifh qufqH&bl;jcif;wcsufaMumifh uREkfyf\

    obm0wGif ql;uav;ESpfacsmif; aygufvmcJUavNyD/ onfrSm yxrqkH;

    aomql;ESpfacsmif;jzpfav&m a&SUtzkdUwGifvnf; rQru cRefxufaom

    ql;rsm;jzpfay:vmykHudk tqifhqifhazmfjyygOD;rnf/

    av;ig;ESpfom; t&G,fyif uREkffyfonf uav;tcsif;csif;tay:

    cspfcifpdwf ayghavsmhvmcJUaomfvnf; uREkfyf\rdbrsm;ESifhywfoufrlum;

    uREkfyfuvnf; tvGefcspf 4if;wkdU\ cspfjcif;udkvnf; ,kHrSm;oHo,

    r&Sdacs/ uREfkyf\ESruav;tay: uREkfyfMuifemjcif;udk txufwGif

    t>rufrQ azmfjycJU&m 4if;ESifhywfouf uREkfyf\pdwf xdckdufcJUbl;ykHludk

    azmfjy&ayOD; rnf/ tcsKdUuav;rsm;onf i,fpOfu tvGefaumif;

    BuD;jyif;vmrS qkd;wwfykH? tcsKdUrSmvnf; i,fpOfu tvGefqdk;wwfMu

    BuD;umrSaumif; wwfykHwkdUudk vlBuD;rsm; ajymavh&SdMu\/ ESruav;rSm

    BuD;jyif;vmaomtcg tvGefaumif;aomfvnf; i,fpOfurl tvGefqkd;vS\/

    (uG,fvGef&SmonfrSm ESpfaygif; 30ausmfNyD/) ESruav;onf nwdkif;wGif

    apmapmtdyfwwf oef;acgifausmfaom tcsdefwGif tdyfa&;0onfh

    vuPmESifhwusnfusnfyl qmwwf\/ [dk[mpm;csifonf? onf[m

    pm;csifonf ponfjzifh em;ylem; qmvkyfwwf rdcifu acsmhcsnfwcg

    acsmufcsnfwvSnfhjzifh odyf&\/ wcgw&H jrefjreftdyf wcgw&Hvnf;

    wtDtDESifh tMumBuD; idkaewwf\/ wno uREkfyfonf

  • 22

    ESruav;idkoHaMumifh Edk;vm Munfhvkdufaomtcg uav;rSm

    tdrfjyifodkUa&mufae rdcifESifhzcifwkdUu tdfrftwGif; wHcg;teD;rS &yfum

    ]]rwdwfbl;vm;? wdwfrSzGifhay;r,f}[kajym&m uav;url ]csrf;vSygNyD?

    zGifhay;yg? zGifhay;yg}[k idkvsufomajym\/ tidkrwdwfacs/ &moDum;

    aqmif;Owk&moDjzpf uREfkyfudk,fwdkif apmifNcKHxJ auG;vsuf&Sd

    jcif;udkrSwfrd\/ uav;uvnf;idk? rdbrsm;uvnf; wHcg;zGifhray;yJ

    ]]wdwfav? rwdwfbl;vm;? rcsrf;bl;vm;}[k ar;vsuf&Sd&m uREfkyfrSm

    tdrfjyif ESruav;\ csrf;at;&SmvSrnfh tjzpfudk oem;vSojzifh

    apmifNcKHxJ wdwfwqdwf Budwfum rsuf&nfrsm; &TJatmifidkrdonf/ rdbrsm;

    tm; awmif;yefay;zkdU rqdkxm;bd uREfkyfEdk;aeonfhtjzpfudkyif rodap0HUay/

    wGif om;orD;rsm;udk tvGefcspfcif wwfonf[k ,lqonfh

    (,ckwkdifvnf; ,kHrSm;jcif;r&Sdyg/) trdtzrsm;tm; ESruav;tm; nSOf;qJESdyf

    pufMuonf[laom txifuyfa&mufvmojzifh uREfkyfrSm pdwfxJwGif

    tvGefraumif;vmyJ wwd,ql;wacsmif;aygufvm&jyefygonf/

    ,ckrS zGifhajymjcif;

    odkU a&;om;jcif;twGufaMumifh rdbrsm;tay: uREkfyfpdwfxm;ykHudk

    pmzwfolwdkUtxifvGJrnfpdk;ojzifh &Sif;vif; azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ uREkfyfonf

    txufyg tjzpftysufudk rdcif zcifwkdUtm; vnf;aumif;? uG,fvGefoltm;

    vnf;aumif;? ,ck &Sdaeaom nDwa,muftm;vnf;aumif;? tjcm;olwpkH

    wa,muftm;vnf;aumif; woufywfvkH; wBudrfwcg wcGef;wyg'rQ

    zGifhajymjybl;jcif;r&Sdonfum;rSefygonf/ woufvkH;rajymyJjrKHxm;cJYygvsuf

    ,ckrS xnfha&;&jcif;rSm uREkfyf\ pdwfajymif;vJykH tjcif;t&mrsm;udk jynfhpkH

  • 23

    atmifazmfjyrnf[k azmfxkwfaMunmxm;cJUonfhtwkdif; vlUobm0udkwifjy

    vkdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ 1930 jynfhESpf yJcl;NrdKUivsifBuD;wGif uREkfyfwkdU\

    tdrfom;tm;vkH;onf (rdcifvnf;ygonf) tdrfay:rS qif;ajy;Mu vrf;r

    BuD;ay: av;bufaxmufolaxmuf ?0rf;vsm;arSmufolarSmuf &SdaeMu pOf

    uREkfyfonf vIdif;rsm;ozG,f tvdyfvdyfxvsuf&Sdaom ajrBuD;udkjrif&

    tm;ri,fpbl; i,frdonf/ tm;i,fjcif;um; tcdkiftrmqkH; [l pdwfcs

    ,kHMunfx;onfh [myx0DajrBuD;udk,fuuJUodkU vIyfcgaevsifigonf

    tb,frSm aep&m&sdawmhtHUenf;[laom pdfwful;0ifvmjcif;amumifh jzpf\/

    xkdnOfhuvnf; uREkfyfESifh ESruav;wkdUtm; cspfcifrIESifh ywfouf

    vkH;0'Gd[ oHo,r&SdcJUbl;ojzifh tvkH;pkH ,kHMunftm;udk;aom rdbESpfyg;wkdU

    udk,fwdkifu ESruav;tm; (uREkfyf\txift&) &ufpufpGmjyKrljcif;udk

    rsufpdESifh udk,fwkdifjrif&aomtcg &ifxJqdkU cdkudk;&mrJU jzpfoGm;cJU&

    ygonf/ uREkfyfajym&Jygonf/ rdbESpfyg;tay: uREkfyfpdwfemjcif;vnf;

    r[kwf? pdwfqkd; jcif;vnf;r[kwf? pdwfxJ tBuD;tus,ftHUtm;oifh

    ]b,fhES,fygvdrfh? b,fvkdygvdrfh} tp&Sdojzifh txyfxyfar;um

    pdwftm;i,frdjcif;rQom jzpfygonf/ twGufaMumifh uREkfyf\

    obm0ql;wacsmif;xyf aygufvmjcif;um; trSefjzpfygonf/

    pdwfwkdpjyKjcif;

    aemufwaeUeHeuf uREkfyftdyf&mrS xaomtcg EGm;EdkUonf ykPm;r

    a&mufaeavNyD/ rMumao;rDu uREkfyftenf;i,f rusef;rrmjzpfonfESifh

    OD;av;wa,mufu MuufjzLuav;waumif ]crJ}ay;xm;&m uREkfyfonf

    MuufjzLuav;udk tvGefcspf wayGUayGUwydkufydkufESifh upm;avh&Sd\/

  • 24

    rusef;rrmNyD;cgpjzpf rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm; aeUwdkif; EGm;EdkUt0ufom

    aomufapav&m ykPm;rxHrS eHeufwdkif; EGm;EdkU,l&efrSm uREkfyf\wm0efjzpf

    \/ uREkfyfonf ykPm;rudkjrif EGm;EdkUxnfh&ef ZvkH,lNyD;vQif ykPm;ra&SUcs

    xm; rsufESmopfpOf ykPm;ronf EGm;EdkUudk csifhxnfhNyD;aemuf xGufoGm;

    \/ uREkfyfonf rsufESmopfNyD;aemuf EGm;EdkUZvkH&Sd&modkUavQmufvm&m

    MuufjzLuav;onf ZvkHxJrSEGm;EdkUudk EIwfoD;jzifhESpfum aomufaeonfudk

    awGU&\/ wGifuREkfyfonf Muufuav;udkzrf; ajrBuD;ay:okdU

    aygufvkduf &mraoaomfvnf; qefUiifqefUiifESifh twefMumcH&&Smonf/

    rdbrsm;onf uREkfyf\&ufpufaomtjyKtrludk jrifMu tHUtm;oifhum

    wa,mufrsufESm udk wa,mufMunfhaeMu\/ vludkaomfvnf;aumif;?

    wd&pmefudkaomf vnf;aumif; &uf&ufpufpuf jyKvkyfjcif;rSm tBudrfonf

    yxrtBudrf jzpfonf[k rdcifuajym ]]Muufuav;aomufvdkU

    b,favmufukefoGm; rSmvJ om;&,f}}[k qdk\/ uREkfyfjyKvkdufjcif;rSm

    rdcifxifonfhtwdkif; EGm;EdkU udk ESajrmaomaMumifhayavm? ,refnOfhu

    ESruav;\ jzpftifudk jrif& ojzifh pdwfwkdvsuf&SdaomaMumifhayavm/

    odkUwnf;r[kwf xdktaMumif;ESpf &yfaygif;pyfjcif;aMumifhayavm rajymEdkif

    atmif&Sdygonf/

    rJtdk;wef;&yfuGuf

    uREkfyfwkdUonf xdktcsdef rEav;NrdKU oif;csKdif;awmf wHwm;ajrmuf

    buf a&Twacsmif;eHab;&Sd rJtkd;wef;&yfuGuf aexdkifvsuf&Sd&m

    zcif\tvkyfrSm ydef;wef; zdeyfaxmifq&mjzpf tvkyform;av;ig;a,muf

    &Sdavonf/ xdk&yfuGufom;rsm;rlum; csnfMurf;udk rJe,fqdk;aomtvkyfjzifh

  • 25

    toufarG;Mu 4if;&yfuGufrSmvnf; rJUtdk;wef;[k ac:wGifjcif;jzpfavonf/

    a&Twacsmif; urf;yg;wGif tvkyform;toD;oD;onf 0rf;bJOtkd;BuD;ESpfvkH;\

    tv,frS xdkifvsuf vufrsm;jzifharTum rJe,fqdk;jcif;tvkyfudk woDwwef;

    BuD; vkyfMuonfrSm (uREkfyfwkdU uav;oli,frsm;tzkdU) aysmfp&mBuD;[k

    xifcJUrdonf/ (rMumao;rDu 4if;&yfuGufodkU tvGrf;ajy oGm;Munfh&m

    a&S;u rJtdk;wef;ESifhrwlawmhyJ rJe,fqkd;aomtvkyfudkvnf; wOD;wa,muf

    rQ vkyfudkifonfudk rawGUcJU&ay/)

    &yfuGufuav;\ xl;jcm;csufwckudk azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ rEav;

    NrdKUBuD; awm&Gmrsm;rS ajymif;a&TUvmMuonfh tdrfaxmifonfrsm; onf

    olU&GmESifh olUtpk OruGJ odkufrysuf aygif;pkaexdkifavh&SdMuav&m

    tcsKdUaomt&yfrsm;ESifh ]0if;}rsm;rSm 4if;wkdUaexdkifcJUonfh rlv&Gmtrnfrsm;

    jzifhyif rSnfhac:Muavonf/ Oyrm-&GmomrS ajymif;vma&TUvmaom

    vlrsm;aMumifh ]&Gmomwef;}[l vnf;aumif;? acgawm&GmrS ajymif;a&TUvm

    Muaom olrsm;aMumifh ]acgawm0if;}[lvnf;aumif; rSnfhac:Muavonf/

    rJtdk;wef;&yfuGufrSmrl tvkyftudkifudk tpJGjyK rSnfhac:Mujcif;

    jzpfaomfvnf; 4if;t&yfol t&yfom;rsm;rlum; tm;vkH;vkdyif rkH&Gme,f

    urf;jzL&GmrSjzpfMu avonf/ uREkfyfwkdUrSmrl zcif\ESrwa,mufu

    4if;t&yfom;ESifh tdrfaxmif usonfESifh tdrf&m0,fNyD; "m;wef;rS

    ajymif;a&TUvmMujcif;jzpfavonf/ &yfuGufol &yfuGufom;rsm;\

    xl;jcm;csufwckrSm rEav;NrdKUBuD;wGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aexdkifcJUMuNyD;

    jzpfaomfvnf; 0wfykHpm;ykH? ajymykHqdkykH? aeykH xdkifykH tvkH;pkHrSm

    rEav;NrdKUolNrdKUom;ESifh vkH;0rwl? rwlwjcm; &Sdaejcif;yif jzpfonf/

    waeUo uREkfyfonf uREkfyfwkdU\aetdrfESifh ESpftdrfjcm;&Sdaom

  • 26

    ]t&D;}\aetdrfodkU oGm;vnf jyefvmaomtcg rdcifu ]]ighom;bmrsm;

    auR;vkdufovJ[JU}}[k ar;&m? uREkfyfu ]]bdk;bdk;bwfowf[if; pm;cJU&

    w,ftar}}[k jyefajymojzifh rdcifrSm [uf[ufyufyuf&,farmavonf/

    (4if;t&yf trJ0rf;wGif;o;udk ]]bkd;odk;bwfowf}}[k ac:onf/) wGif

    rdcifuzciftm; ]]'Dt&yfrSm MumMumaevdkU rjzpfygbl; udk&if? uav;awG

    urf;jzLpum; ajymukefMuawmhrSmyJ}}[k ajymavonf/

    atmufjynfqif;Mujcif;

    waeUo uREkfyf\zcifonf yJcl;NrdKUe,f wm0blwm usKdufy'dkif&Gm&Sd

    ol\baxG;wa,mufxHrS pmwapmif&&Sd\/ (4if;baxG;rSm rdcif\Zmwdjzpf

    onfha&Tbdke,f refusnf;wkH&GmrS ajymif;a&TUoGm;oljzpf\/ refusnf;wkH&GmrSm

    vnf; vuf0JokE&aMumifh acwfwGif vlodrsm;aom &Gmuav;jzpfonf/)

    4if;pm atmufjynfatmuf&GmwGif a&Txnf vuf0wfvufpm;rsm; a&mif;cs

    aumif;vSaomaMumifh tjrwftpGef; &EdkifaMumif;? rdrduyif ulnD

    a&mif;csay;rnfhtaMumif; yg&Sdavonf/ xdktcsdefydef;wef; zdeyftvkyfrSm

    cyfyg;yg;&Sdaom &moDjzpfav&m rdbrsm;onf &SdpkrJUpkuav;rsm;udk xkcGJ

    a&Txnfvuf0wfvufpm;rsm; 0,f,lum om;trd om;tz av;a,muf

    atmufjynfodkUqif;oGm;Mu\/usKdufy'dkif&GmokdU a&mufMuaomtcg aygifwGif

    ]uRJtom;rmem} ayguf rxEdkifyJ&Sd&m 4if;\baxG;u vuf0wfvufpm;

    rsm;udk a&mif;csay;&efwm0ef,lrnfqdk tyfvdkuf&\/ ]uRJtom;rmem}

    qkdonfrSm tvGefqkd; aowwfonf[k ajymMu\/ baxG;\ om;ESpf

    a,mufwkdUonf uREkfyfwkdUarmifESrudk tvGef ]usDpm;}oefMu ESruav;

    tm;wa,mufu ypfay;vdkuf? wa,mufuzrf;vdkuf jyKvkyfMu&mwGif

  • 27

    rdcifrSm tonf;zdkvSonfESifh uefUuGufaomfvnf; olwkdUnDtpfudkESpfa,muf

    u ]]udpr&Sdygbl; trBuD;&,f? roum ao&kHayghAsm}}[k ajymMuavonf/

    uREkfyftm;vnf; xkdenf;wljyKMuao;&m uREkfyfu vufudkudkufvdkufojzifh

    ]]acG;uav;ygvm;[}}[k qkdum em;o,fudktykwfcH&ao;onf/ tawm

    wGif;zcifrSmvnf; aornf&Sifrnfrodaom tajctae &Sdae&m uREkfyfrSm

    rdcif\'kursm;udkjrif& uREkfyf\obm0wGif ql;wacsmif;aygufvmcJU

    jyefavNyD/ rdcifrSm uREkfyfodorQ woufvkH;wGif b,ftcgrS avQmhbl;onf

    r&Sd? wBudrfrl tcsKdUrdef;rrsm;uJUodkUrsuf&nfusjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; rsufESm

    wck vkH; wrsKd;jzpf BudwfcH&&Smonf/

    uREkfyfwkdU a&mif;cs&ef ygvmaoma&Txnfrsm;rSm a&mufuwnf;u

    baxG;(uREkfyf\bkd;av;) vuf0,fodkU tyfvkdufav&m bdk;av;onfol\vl

    rsm;udk [dk&Gm onf&Gmrsm;okdU vSnfhvnfa&mif;csap\/ waeUo ypnf;rsm;

    ESifhvTwfvdkufaom bkd;av;\a,mufzwa,mufonf vufarmif;wGif"m;

    ESifhxkd;aom'Pf&mESifh jyefvm ypnf;tm;vkH;udk vk,ljcif;cH&aMumif;

    ajymavonf/ rdbrsm;rSm&SdpkrJUpkuav;udk tm;vkH;xkcJG &if;ESD;vmcJUjcif;jzpf

    aomaMumifh zcifrSm temaysmufcgeD;wGifrS pdwfxdcdkuf tzsm;BuD; zsm;vm

    &&Smjyefonf/ rdcifrlum; pdwfwif;oljzpf orD;uav;udk ajrSmufupm;pOf

    uavmufrQ rsufESmysufonf[k uREkfyfrxifay/ (ypnf;rsm; vk,ljcif;cH&

    onfqdkjcif;rSm vnfq,fjcif;rQom jzpfonf[k aemufydkif;wGif Mum;od&\/

    rdcif zcifrsm;rSm tvGef ]&dk;}olrsm;jzpf 4if;wkdU\ woufwmwGif

    okH;Budrfwkdifwdkif eifhvSatmif vlvdrfcH&jcif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/) ypnf;rsm;

    ajymifonfhaemuf bkd;av;vifr,m;onf uREkfyfwkdUom;tz av;a,muf

    tm; auR;xm;&jcif;twGuf 0efav;aomaMumifhayavm? udk,fhwludk

    udk,fvdrf&jcif;twGuf rsufESmylaomaMumifhayavm rqkdEdkif/ uREkfyfwkdUtay:

  • 28

    wGif rsufESmxm;wrsKd;jyifvmjcif;udk uREkfyfyifod\/ rdbrsm;rSmrlum;

    qdkzG,f&mr&Sdacs/ rEav;odkUjyef&eftwGuf p&dwftenf;i,f&Sdaomfvnf;

    zcif\ rusef;rmjcif;twGufaMumifh tcufBuD;BuKHaeMu&onf/

    tawmtwGif; bkd;av;\om;ESpfa,mufu uREkfyfwkdUarmifESrtm;

    usD;pm;vkdufMuonfrsm;rSm ,cifuxufyif rdcifu "m;ESifhckwfrnf BuHpnf

    rdaMumif;ESifh aemifwGif uREkfyftm;ajymjybl;onf/ aemufqkH; rdcifzcifwdkU

    pDpOfMuonfrSm temaumif;pGmrusufrcsif; zcifae&pfuREkfyfwkdUom;trd

    okH;a,muf rEav;odkU jyefESifhMu&efjzpfavonf/ cGJcgeD; rdcifonf vlpk

    vufrSvGwfayNyD[k atmufarhaomaMumifhayavmrqdkEdkif? rsufESmnId;i,f

    jcif;r&SdvSaomfvnf; zcifrlum;idk&Smavonf/ usKdufy'dkif&GmrS wm0blwm&kH

    odkU om;trdokH;a,muf vSnf;ESifh xGufvmMu&mwGif (rnfolrQ vdkufrydkU

    Mu? zcifvnf; rydkUEdkif&Smacs) vrf;c&D; vSnf;ay:rl rdcifonf

    rsuf&nfwcg ESpfcg0dkif;vmjcif;udk uREkfyfjrif&onf/ okdUaomf okwfodrf;

    avmufatmifum; r[kwf? jyef&Iyf,lvkduf[efwlonf/ uREkfyfonf

    rdcif\pdwfudkod[efESifh rjrifcsifjyK rdcif\&ifcGifxuf ayGUxm;onfh

    ESruav;udk uREkfyf\&ifcGif ay:odkU a&GU,lvkdufonf/ rdcifonf uREkfyf\

    tjyKtrludk oabmusonfESifh woufvkH;ajym rqkH;atmif&Sdav&m

    uREkfyfvnf; tm;&MunfEl;vSonf/

    jyefvmMujcif;

    wm0blwm&kHokdUa&mufMu vufrSwf0,f&mwGif rdcifonf vlBuD;

    twGuf vufrSwfwapmifom0,f uREkfyftwGuf uav;vufrSwf r0,f

    awmhacs/ tvmc&D; uREkfyftwGuf 0,fygvsuf tjyefc&D; r0,fjcif; rSm

  • 29

    ydkufqHenf;yg;aomaMumifh[k uREkfyfod&\/ okdU&mwGif blwm&kHrS rD;&xm;

    tvkyform;wa,mufESifh em;vnfrI,lxm;onf[k aemifwGif rdcifu

    ajymod&\/ rD;&xm;qdkufcgeD;wGif blwm&kH0 apmifhvsuf&Sdaom vufrSwf

    ppfESifhvJGap&ef rdcifonf uREkfyftm; rD;&xm;tvkyform;\

    vufodkUtyfvdkuf\/tpDtpOftaMumif;udk bmrQ em;rvnfaomuREkfyfrSm

    xdkvlESifh twlvdkufoGm; blwm&kH\tjyifodkU a&mufcJUNyD;aomfvnf;

    w&yfwaus; wGif vlpdrf;wa,mufESifh Mum&SnfpGmae&jcif;udk&GHUonfESifh

    tjyifodkUa&mufNyD; umrS rdcif&Sd&modkU jyefvm\/ rdcifurl uREkfyf\

    OD;acgif;udk acgufjyefoGm; ckdif;ojzifh xGufvmjyef\/ aemufwBudrf

    jyefoGm;&m cyfemem acgufvTwf vdkufjyef\/ wwd,tBudrfrlum; rdcif

    emBuD;pGm acgufvTwfvkdufav&m uREkfyfrSm OD;acgif;udkyGwfowf&if;

    udk,fhrdcifxHodkU udk,foGm;rdjcif;twGuf tacgufcH&onfrSm em;rvnfEdkif

    atmif jzpf ]b,fhES,f[mygvdrfh? b,fvkdygvdrfh} ponfjzifh tBuD;tus,f

    pdwf&Ijcif;aMumifh uREkfyf\obm0 ql;wacsmif;aygufvmcJUjyefavNyD/

    taMumif;udk BuD;jyif;vmaomtcg rdciftm; uREkfyfuajymjy&mwGif

    rdcifrSm rsuf&nfrsm; 0dkif;vmonfhtxJrS &,farmvsuf ]]ighom;ES,f

    rSwfrdvdkufwmygvm;uG,f? tarvJpdwf&IyfvGef; vdkUa[h}}[kajymojzifh

    uREkfyfuvnf; ]]uRefawmfutarhudkpdwfremygbl;? avmuBuD;[mw,fNyD;

    *Gusyguvm;vdkU pdwf&IyfrdwmygyJtar&JU}}[k ajym&bl;avonf/

  • 30

    zcifa&mufvmjcif;

    rEav;odkU uREkfyfwkdU om;trdokH;a,mufjyefa&muf (rdcif\pum;

    t&) wvwdwd jynfhaomaeU zcifjyefa&mufvmojzifh tvGef0rf;omMu

    av&m? 0rf;tomqkH; vlrSm zcifjzpf 0rf;omrItenf;qkH;rSm uREkfyfyifjzpf

    avonf/ zcif\0rf;omjcif;udk em;vnfEdkifMurnf jzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyf\

    0rf;omrIenf;yg;ykHudk &Sif;jyzdkU vkdayvdrfhrnf/

    tcsKdUaom rdcifrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;tajctaet& usqif;aom

    tcgrsm;wGif om;orD;rsm;tay:MuifemrI avsmhyg;ouJUodkU aigufvm;?

    irf;vm;? &dkufvm;? ESufvm; jyKwwfMuav&m zcifjyefra&mufrD uREkfyfwkdU

    om;trdokH;a,mufonf tnHHUqHk;aom [if;rsm;udkom pm;Mu&aomfvnf;

    rdcifonf uREkfyfwkdUarmifESrtay:a&S;uxuf ydkMuifemonf/ rkefUyJom;

    a&pmponfrsm;udkvnf;awmif;wdkif; 0,fauR;onf/ xdkUxuf ta&;BuD;onf

    rSmum; uREkfyftm;vnf; ([dkaumifESifh aygif;jcif;rSwyg;) vGwfvyfjcif;

    ay;xm; t&yfxJwGif vnfcsifwkdif;vnfywfcGifh&onf/ oDv&Sifausmif;

    rSvnf; EkwfvdkufNyDjzpf uREkfyfrSwfrdorQ uav;b0wGif taysmfqkH;aom

    uvm tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfavonf/ zcifjyefa&mufvm aom tcgrlum;

    txufyg tcGifhta&;rsm; qkH;&IH;&acsawmhrnf[k uREkfyfodaomaMumifh

    uRwfuRwfvGwfvGwf 0rf;omjcif;r&SdaMumif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/

  • 31

    tvkyf&kHa&GUjcif;

    rsm;rMumrDzcifonf tvkyform;rsm;udkjyefpk ydef;wef;zdeyftvkyfudk

    jyefaumuf\/ odkU&mwGif rJtdk;wef;t&yfrSm aps;csKdjzifh tawmfvSrf;

    tjcm;aomzdeyfaxmifq&mrsm;vnf; t&yfxJwGif wOD;rQr&Sdav&um;

    aps;csKdxJ zdeyfqdkifxGufaom qdkif&Sifrsm;onf t&yfodkU rvmvdkMuyJ

    jzpfaeMuojzifh ta&mif;yg;vS\/ okdUjzpf zcifonf aps;csKdtaemufbuf

    &Sdaom yJykyfwef;&yfuGufwGif tdrfcef;uav;iSm; tvkyform;rsm;ESifh

    tvkyf&kHuav;zGifhav\/ tdrfcef;uav;rSm cyfusOf;usOf;jzpf rJtdk;wef;ae

    tdrf tdyf±&NyD; yJykyfwef;tdrfcef;rSm tvkyf&kHtwGuf oufoufjzpfav

    onf/ zcifESifhtvkyform;rsm;onf xrif;udkeHeufapmapm pm;oGm;Mu

    ae0ifvkeD;umrS rJtdk;wef;aetdrfodkU jyefvmMu\/ tvkyform; okH;av;

    a,mufwkdUrSm rJtdk;wef;&yfuGufwGif aeMuolrsm;jzpfavonf/

    vlausmif;odkUa&mufjcif;

    waeUo rdcifESifhtwl eef;wGif;oljzpfcJUbl; tvGefcifrifcJUMuonf

    qkdaom rdef;rBuD;wa,mufonf (touf 30 cefUrQom &Sdao;ojzifh

    ,cktjriftm;jzifh rdef;rwa,muf[k ac:&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; xdkpOfu

    tjriftm;jzifh ]rdef;rBuD;}[k a&;vkduf&onf/ xdkrdef;ronf uREkfyf\rsufpd

    waeUwjcm;BuD;BuD; oGm;ykHudkvnf; azmfjyygrnf/) uREkfyfwkdUaetdrfodkU

    tvnftywf vmav&m ausmif;olt&G,frdef;uav;wa,mufvnf; ygvm

    avonf/ rdcifwkdUpum;ajymvsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfESifhrdef;uav;onf

  • 32

    upm;azmfjzpfvmMu tawmfcifrifvsuf &SdMuavNyD/ rdef;uav;rSm

    uREkfyfxuf okH;ESpfavmufBuD;vdrfhrnfxifonf/ {nfhonfrdef;rBuD;onf

    rdcifESifh pum;ajym&mrSm uREkfyf\taMumif;udkar;onfwGif rdcifu i,fvGef;

    aomaMumifh oDv&Sifausmif; tprf;xm;NyD;rS Ekwfxm;&aMumif;ajym\/

    (rdef;rBuD;rSm tysKd;BuD;jzpf ausmif;axmifpm;onf[kod&onf/) xdktcg

    rdef;rBuD;u ol\ausmif;rSmtdrfawmf&mbk&m; ta&SUbuf&SdaMumif;? uREkfyf

    tm;olUausmif;xm;vQif zcifESifhtwl vdkufvmnaewGifvnf; zcifESifh

    twljyefEdkifaomaMumifh tvGeftqifajyaMumif; ajym\/ (yJykyfwef;ESifhol\

    pmoifausmif;rSm wjyausmfausmfrQoma0;onf/) xdkUaemufrdcifu i,fvGef;

    vQifausmif;om;BuD;awGu ESdyfpufwwfaMumif;ajym&m q&mrBuD;u

    ]]pdwfomcsyg cifav;&,f? uRefrudk,fwdkif apmifhNyD;Munfhay;yghr,f? rylygeJU

    b,folrS rESdyfpufygbl;}}[kajymNyD;vQif uREkfyftm; olUteD;odkU ac:,lum

    ausmoyf&ifoyfjzifh csKdompGmacsmharmh,if; pum;ajymav\/ uREkfyfonf

    q&mr\ MuifemykH&aomtjyKtrludk oabmusonfwaMumif;? if;ESifhtwl

    ygvmaom rdef;uav;tm;vnf; csufcsif;yifcifrifvsuf&Sdonfu waMumif;

    aMumifh rdcifuar;aomtcg ]]ausmif;aeygr,f}}[k tajzay;vdkufav\/

    ESpfoufvSaomypnf;

    if;aeUnae zcifjyefvm rdcifuajymjyaomtcg ynmudktvGefvdk

    vm;aom uREkfyf\zcifrSm0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpf uREkfyftzdkUt0wftpm;opf

    rsm; csKyfMuNyD;vQif oyf&yfatmifjyifqif ausmif;okdUtyfMuavonf/ rJtdk;

    wef;ESifh tdrfawmf&mbk&m;rSm ig;ESpfom;ausmfausmfrQom&Sdao;aom uREkfyf

    tzdkU&m aeUpOftoGm;tjyef c&D;jzpfaomaMumifh awmfawmanmif;ay &m

  • 33

    tjyefc&D;wGif wcgw&HzcifuwvSnfh? tvkyform;rsm;uwvSnfh yckH;ay:

    wGifxrf;wwfMuavonf/ eHeufwGif xrif;apmapmBuD;pm; zcifwkdU

    ESifhtwlvdkuf&ojzifh aeUcif;wGif tvGefqmavmifvSonfjzpf&m? rdbrsm;

    onf ,Gef;xnftkyfuav;wGif xrif;[if;rsm;xnfh qdkif;uav;jzifh qGJ,l

    oGm;zdkUpDrHay;Mujcif;aMumifh uREkfyfpdwfxJ 0rf;omvdkufykH? aus;Zl;wif

    vdkufykHrsm;udk ,aeUwdkif rSwfrdygao;onf/ xdkacwf oHqifhrsm;

    rokH;Muao;yJ ,Gef;xnftkyfBuD;rsm;jzifh bk&m;oGm; ausmif;wufacgif;&Guf

    oGm;Muav&m uREkfyftzdkU tkyfti,ftpm;uav; 0,fay;jcif;twGuf0rf;om

    vS tdyf&mxJrSyif wcgwcgx Munfhrdygao;onf/ rdbrsm;vnf; uREkfyf

    ESpfoufjcif;udkjrifMu oabmus&Smonf/ (uREkfyftzdkU 0,fay;aom ypnf;

    rsm;teuf xdk,Gef;xnftkyfuav;xuf uREkfyftm; aysmfjrL;apaom tjcm;

    ypnf;udk rrSwfrdyg/)

    yxr rdcif\rdwfaqGq&mrBuD;onf (vufaxmufq&mruav;

    ESpfa,mufvnf; &Sdonf/) rdciftm; uwdxm;cJUonfhtwkdif;yif uREkfyftm;

    txl;wvnf*&kpkdufygayonf/ uREkfyf\,Gef;xnftkyfuav;udkzGifhMunfh

    [if;rsm;nHUvQif [if;aumif;uav; wwkH;wav xnfhay;ojzifh

    (tpm;aumif; cifrifwwfaom uREkfyftzdkU) 0rf;omvkH;qdkUrwwf aysmfvS

    aus;Zl;vnf;wifrdonf/ tdrfodkUtvnfvmpOfu ygvmaom ausmif;ol

    uav;ESifhvnf; jyefqufrdojzifh MunfEl;vSonf/ odkU&mwGifuREkfyfrSm

    wausmif;vkH;wGif ti,fqkH;vnf;jzpf ta0;qkH;aom t&yfrS vm&aom

    ausmif;om;uav;vnf;jzpfonf/ &G,fwlwa,muf ESpfa,muf&Sdaomfvnf;

    ausmif;ywf0ef;usif aeMuolrsm;jzpfaomaMumifh aeUcif;acwausmif;qif;

    csdefwGif olwkdU\tdrfodkUjyef pm;aomufMu&m uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;om

  • 34

    tkyfuav;zGifh pm;&ol&SdaomaMumifh wenf;tm;jzifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,faom

    ausmif;om;uav;wa,muf[l oabmxm;avmufMuonf xifygonf/

    odkU&mwGif xdkodkUum;r[kwfacs/

    if;pmoifausmif;Esifhywfouf uREkfyfrauseyfaom taMumif;t&m

    rsm;udk razmfjyrD auseyfaom tcsufrsm;udk azmfjyygOD;rnf/ oDv&Sifausmif;

    aecJU&pOfu uREkfyftm; [dkaumif\ESdyfpufjcif;rS vGwfap&ef[laom

    &nf&G,fcsufjzifh rdbrsm;u tyfxm;jcif;jzpf&m pmoif&ef i,fvGef;onfh

    twGufaMumifh ausmif;wGif ]acG;0ifpm;}tjzpfESifh uREkfyf\ta':teD;wGif

    xdkifae&jcif;rQom rsm;\/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm; pma&;MuaomtcsdefwGif

    uREkfyfrSm opfom;wGif tdk;rnf;okwfxm;onfhoifykef;ay: uHUulqHjzifh

    ]0vkH;}rsm; a&;&jcif;udkom rSwfrdonf/ 0vkH;rS wqifhwuf&aomtcg

    ]ei,f}rsm;a&;&\/ ]ei,f}rsm;a&;aomtcgwGif acgif;BuD;BuD;rjzpfap&[k

    oDv&SifBuD;u ajymjcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/ pmtHaomtcg

    ]]earmAk'g}}rS rwufcJU&ao;ay/ (uBuD;) (cauG;) paom tu&mrsm;udk

    roif&ao;rD }}earmAk'g}}udk a&S;OD;pGm oifay;jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufudk uREkfyf

    ,ckwdkif em;rvnfao;ay/

    pdwf0ifpm;aomtcsuf

    oDv&Sifausmif;rS vlausmif;odkU a&mufaomtcgrl (uBuD;) (cauG;)

    tu&mrsm;udk oif& (uBuD;a&;u)odkU a&mufaomtcg uREkfyf\pdwf

    jzpfay:vmaom tjcif;t&mwckudk rSwfrdao;onf/ uREkfyfuJUodkU (uBuD;a&;

    u) (cauG;a&c) ponfjzifh ]tH}Mu&aom uav;rsm;u wwef;? rsufESm

  • 35

    csif;qdkiftwef; (uBuD;a&uowfuuf) (cauG;a&uowfcuf) ponfjzifh

    ]tH}Mu&olrsm;&SdMu\/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;tm;vkH;onf xdkacwfpmoif

    ausmif;rsm;\ xkH;pHtwdkif; atmftHMu&m tcsKdUuvnf; toHukef[pf

    tHMu\/ (onfrS tusifhyg ouFef;0wfNyD; pmtHaomtcg ]][meHeH?

    [meHeH}}[l tHMujcif;jzpf[ef&Sdonf/) vlausmif; uREkfyfonf q&mrBuD;

    xHodkU wkdifawmjcif;\ tusKd;r&Sdjcif;udkodvmonfjzpf uREkfyftay: ]npf}

    aomausmif;om;qdkvQif uREkfyfxuf 2 ESpf 3 ESpfavmufom toufBuD;ol

    jzpfyguzufwG,f owfavawmhonf/ npfcsifoluvnf; rsm; owfykwf

    &onfrSm aeUwdkif;vdkyif jzpfaeawmh\/ wGif q&mrBuD;onf uREkfyftm;

    cPcP&efjzpfaom aumifuav;qdkum zd&dkufawmhonf/ rdcif\

    rdwfaqGjzpf vdrmap&efqkdaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh olwyg;xuf zd&dkufjcif;

    vnf;jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyftzdkUrlum; vm;vm;rS rw&m;aom

    q&mrBuD;[l rausrcsrf;jzpfcJU&onf/ aemufydkif; uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonf

    um;q&mrBuD;onf tysKdBuD;jzpf om;orD;rarG;bl;onfhtwGufaMumifh

    uav;oli,frsm;\ jyemrsm;udk rodom;qdk&Gm;vSonf[k qkH;jzwfcsufcs

    rdygawmhonf/

    uREkfyf\zcif

    uREkfyftaMumif;udka&;vQif uREkfyf\rdbrsm;taMumif;udkvnf;

    azmfjyyg rS uREkfyftzdkUrSm &kyfvkH;ay:ayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyf\zcifrSm

    a&Tbdkawmifvuf (jrif;e,f[kac:onf/) refusnf;wkH&Gmom; OD;at&mjzpf\/

    zcif\trnfrSm jrefrmjynfwGif tvGef&Sm; rMumao;rDurS emrnfwlaom

    qdkif;bkwfwckudk awGU&bl;onf/ zcifESifhemrnfwlaomaMumifh vludk,fwdkif

  • 36

    udkvnf;awGUjrifvdk apumrl ,aeUwdkifrawGU&bl;ao;ay/ a&Tbkdawmif

    vufudk ]jrif;e,f}[k ac:wGifjcif;rSm jrefrmbk&if tqufqufvufxufwGif

    jrif;trIxrf; (jrif;wyfppfom;) rsm; xGufaome,fjzpfaomaMumifh jzpf\/

    uREkfyfudk,fwkdif (jrif;yJGorm;wa,muf r[kwfaomfvnf;) jrif;0goem

    ygoljzpf jrif;ESifhywf oufaom A[kokwavhvm&mwGif if;e,fom;

    rsm;uJUodkU jrif; ]tom;us} pD;enf;taMumif;udk em;vnfol&Sm;yg;

    aMumif;awGU&\/ refusnf;wkH&Gmuav;rSm tdrfajcw&mausmf cefUrQom

    &Sdaomfvnf; rif;vuf0JoE&\ Zmwdcsuf a

  • 37

    jyif aqGrsKd;rsm;rSmvnf; pm;EdkifaomufEdkif tajctae&SdMuolrsm;jzpf

    tcsKdUrSmv,fajr{u

  • 38

    vufatmufwGif trIxrf;EdkifcGifh&Sdaomfvnf; (trIxrf;olrsm;vnf;

    aemufydkif;wGif ppfuJ&mxl;txdwdk;wufMuonf/) zcif\trsKd;rsm;u

    oDaygbk&ifjyefvmvdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfarQmfvifhMuaomaMumifh zciftm;

    t*FvdyfvufatmufwGif trIrxrf;zdkU zsufMuonf/ 1250 jynfhESpfwGif

    rdcifESifhtaMumif;yg 1251 ckESpfwGif uREkfyfvlUjynfodkUa&mufvmonf/

    q&mawmf\aus;Zl;

    uREkfyf\t&yfrSm zcifxuf 2 vufrcefUjrifh 5ay? 10vufr &Sdaom

    aMumifh trsKd;taqGxJwGif t&yftjrifhqkH; wa,muftaejzifh vljzpfvm&

    onf/ zcifonf ]vl&dk;vlaumif;BuD;}wa,mufjzpf a'goenf;onf?

    ESdrfhcsonf/ odrfarGUEl;nHUaom pdwfoabm&Sdonf? aMumufwwfonf?

    A[kokwvdkvm;onf[k uREkfyfem;vnf\/ rdcif\tazurl ]vlnHU}

    wa,muf[k xifaomaMumifh ol\orD;ESifhaumif;aumif;BuD; oabmrwl[k

    uREkfyfMum;&bl;\/ odkUaomf &dk;om;ykH&jcif; wckwnf;aMumifh ay;pm;

    vdkufjcif;jzpfonfqdk\/ odkUqkdaomfvnf; zcifonf pOf;pm;OmPf

    acvSolwa,mufr[kwfay&m awmifolrd&dk;zvm tpOftvmwdkUaMumifh

    cyfEkHEkH&SdykH&aomfvnf; rEav;NrdKU yk*dKvfxl;wyg;jzpfoaom Nrdwfq&mawmf

    bk&m;ESifY awGUqkH&onfwGifrS OmPfyGifhvif; (olUacwfESihfol) vlwvkH;

    olwvkH;jzpfvmcJUavonf/ (pD;yGm;a&;udkrqdkvdk? rd&dk;zvm t,ltqrsm;udk

    pGefUy,f0HUonfowd&Sdjcif;udkqdkvdkygonf/)

  • 39

    uREkfyf\rdcif

    rdcifrSmrl rif;wkef;bk&if\ ]pm;awmfcJ} (xrif;[if;csuf&ol)rS

    aygufzGm;cJUoljzpf\/ xdkacwfrl &Sifbk&if\ ]zdeyfudkif}? ]xD;rdk;}?

    ]uGrf;tpfudkif} paom trIxrf;rsm;yif rsufESmBuD;aom acwfjzpf

    xrif;[if;csuf&aom tvkyfrSm *kPfi,fonf[k r,lqMuay/ uREkfyftbdk;

    \ &xl;udktaMumif;jyK uREkfyf\rdcifrSmvnf; t&G,fa&mufaomtcgwGif

    ]rif;ESpfyg;}wkdU\ ]pmawmfzwf}jzpfvm&onf/ t&G,fi,fao;aomaMumifh

    (18ESpforD;) pmawmfzwfBuD;rsm;jzpfMuonfh ]ocifBuD;}rsm;vufatmufwGif

    pmawmfzwfuav;rQom jzpfcJU&ao;aomfvnf; rdcifrSm tvGeftoHaumif;

    vSonf/ uREkfyfi,fpOfu ykcufxJ tdyfrnfjyKpOf rdcifu aw;csif;qdk

    ykcufvTJjcif;udk zcif\zdeyftvkyform;rsm;u em;axmifMu&aomaMumifh

    uREkfyftdyfrnfhtcsdefudk apmifharQmfaeMuonf[k tvkyform;rsm;ajymMuonf/

    rdcifoDqkdwwfjcif;rSm ywfysKd;? ,dk;',m;? oDcsif;BuD; oDcsif;cefUr[kwfyJ

    &wk? &uef? ysKdU? tJU? tdkif ponfwkdUomjzpf cefUnm;vGef;vSaomfvnf;

    toHaumif;onfhtwGufaMumifh em;axmifaumif;jcif;udk uREkfyfvnf;

    Mum;&bl;onf/ touf 50 ausmfcefUwdkifatmif toHrysufao;ojzifh

    &Hzef&Hcg uREkfyfwkdUom;orD;rsm;\ awmif;yefjcif;aMumifh qdkjy&Smjcif;

    udkvnf; uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/ uREkfyfrSm rdcif\toHudk rrSDaomfvnf;

    tcsKdUaom ysKdUBuD; rsm;udk rdcif\oifjyrIaMumifh awmfuausatmif

    qkdwwfonfjzpf 0goemygaom rdwfaqGrsm;tay: tom;,lcJU&

    bl;ygonf/

  • 40

    a'goBuD;aomtrsKd;

    zcif\pdwfEl;nHUodrfarGUoavmuf rdcifrSm pdwfqwfjcif;?

    pdwfxufjcif;? pdwfwif;jcif;? r[kwfrcHwwfjcif;? raMumufwwfjcif;paom

    tjcif;t&mwkdU&Sd\/ wae&m rdciftm; ]a'goBuD;aomtrsKd;}[l

    a&;om;bl;&m rdcif\taz (uREkfyf\tbdk;) taMumif;udkowd& a&;cJUjcif;

    jzpf\/ uREkfyfi,fpOfurdcif\armifwa,muf (uREkfyf\OD;av;)tm;

    olUxufBuD;aom vlwa,mufu tEdkifusifhum apmfum;vdkuf&mwGif

    tbdk;onf tom;rsm; qwfqwfwkefatmif a'goxGufonfESifh xdkoludk

    oGm;owfygawmhrnf[k "m;udkifvsuf xGufoGm;ojzifh aqGrsKd;tm;vkH;u

    0dkif;awmif;yefMuaomfvnf; r&yJ&Sd&mwGif xdkvl\zcifonf tbdk;

    taMumif;udkod om;ESifhtwlajy;vmNyD;vQif tbdk;tm;0efcsawmif;yef

    Muavonf/ okdUESifhvnf; tbdk;urausEdkifao;onfESifh apmfum;oludk,f

    wkdif ESpfcsuf? okH;csufrQ ]taxmif;cHNyD;onfhaemufrS auseyfavawmhonf/

    ae&m xdkom;tzajy;vmjcif;rSm tbdfk;\a'goudkaMumufom r[kwf?

    ]pm;awmfcJ} wa,muf[laom &mxl;udkvnf; &GHUMuykH&onf[k uREkfyf

    xifrd\/ jrefrmbk&ifrsm;\ rif;rIxrf;rsm;tm; t*FvdyfvufxufuREkfyf

    i,fpOfutxd av;pm;rI&SdMujcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/

    tbdk;\Mo0g'

    uREkfyf\tbdk;rSm uREkfyf 10 ESpfom;cefUt&G,fwGif uG,fvGefav&m

    tbkd;\ pum;wcGef;onf uREkfyf\em;xJpGJxifvsuf&SdcJU uREkfyftzdkU&m

    0goemwckuJUodkUjzpfvm&ykHudk azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ waeUo tbdfk;onf

  • 41

    uREkfyf\zcifr&SdckdufwGif olUom;rsm; taMumif;udk rdciftm; ajymjyvsuf

    &SdpOf ]]a,musmf;qdkwmrsKd;[m rdef;rr[kwfbl;orD;&JU? ]pkH}ap&r,f? ighom;

    rsm;qdkvQif ]pkH}rS iguBudKufw,f? ighorD;&JU a,musmf;u pdwfaumif;

    ESvkH;aumif;awmh &Sd&Smyg&JU? EdkUayr,fh rpkHbl;uG,fh}}[kajymbl;avonf/

    uREfkyf BuD;jyif;vmaom tcsdef tcGifhBuKHwdkif; tbdk;\pum;onf

    pdwfxJwGifay:vmonfcsif;jzpf olwyg;tm; xdyg;epfematmif usL;ausmf

    apmfum;aom tjyKtrlrsKd; r[kwforQ umvywfvkH; tbkd;\ Mo0g'twkdif;

    vdkufemjcif;aMumifh uREkfyfudk,fwdkif ]vlpkH}wa,mufjzpf vmcJU&onf/

    twGufaMumifh txdkuftavsmufemrnfysufapjcif;udk 0efcH&rnfjzpf

    aomfvnf; uREkfyf\pdwf w&HwqpfrQ aemifw&bl;onf r&Sdjcif;udkvnf;

    ajym&Jygonf/

    b0wmudkajymif;vJapaom tcsuf

    rdcifzcifwkdUonf aps;csKdtaemufbuf a&Twmacsmif; ajrmif;aygifteD;

    &Sd &dkifwef;t&yf tdrfuav;wvkH; 0,f,l&&SdaomtcgwGif rJtdk;wef;&Sd

    aetdrfudka&mif;cs yJykyfwef;ytdrfcef;udkvnf; pGefUvTwfNyD;vQif ajymif;a&GU

    aexdkifMuav\/ if;&yfuGuf aexdkifaeMupOf uREkfyf\toufwmudk

    jyKjyifajymif;vGJapcJUonfh tjcif;t&mwckjzpfay:cJU\/ if;&yfuGufteD;&Sd

    ]av;q,fawmfrif;}ac:jrefrmrif;vufxufu t&m&SdBuD;wa,muf&Sd&m?

    if;tbdk;BuD;onf uREkfyfwkdUaetdrfokdU nwdkif;vmw&m;a[majymavh&Sd\/

    xdkyk*dKvfBuD; a[majymonfhw&m;rSm Ak'bmom rd&dk;zvm a[majymMuonfh

    w&m;rsKd;r[kwfyJ ]r*foHzdkvfoH} rsKd;yg&Sdav&m (xdkpOfurl tvGefqef;onf[k

    ,lqMuonf/) rdbrsm;onf ]em;yg;aom} yk*dKvfrsKd;jzpf rnfonfh

  • 42

    q&mawmf\ Mo0g'jzpfygoenf;[k pkHprf;ar;jref;Mu&m 'udP0efwdkuf&Sd

    Nrdwfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ Mo0g'jzpfaMumif;od&SdMu&\/ if;q&mawmf

    bk&m;BuD;\ ausmif;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;tm; oif&dk;oifpOf enf;jzifh

    r[kwfyJ bmoma&;qkdif&m pmayrsm;udkvnf; wenf;wzkHoifjy onf/

    *Pef;ocsmFponfrsm; oifjyonfh vufaxmufq&mrsm;vnf;&Sd

    tpdk;&pmppfvnf;cHonf[kMum;od&onfwGif uREkfyftm; vlausmif;rS Ekwf

    'udP0efwdkuf bkef;BuD;ausmif;okdU ajymif;a&TUtyfESHav\/ tu,f

    uREkfyfonf if;ausmif;odkU ra&mufcJUvQif BuD;jyif;aomtcgwGif zdeyfaxmif

    q&mwa,mufa,mufaomfvnf;aumif;? aps;csKdxJ qdkifxdkifa&mif;aom

    zdeyfonfwa,mufa,mufaomfvn;faumif; jzpfvmzdkUom &Sdayonf/

    bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;

    'udP0efwkduf Nrdwfq&mawmf\ ausmif;odkUtyfESHaomtcg uREkfyfrSm

    ckESpfESpfom; t&G,f&Sd vlausmif;rS oifykef;BuD;ukefNyD; r*Fvokwf? twGif;

    atmifjcif;? tjyifatmifjcif;paom oif&dk;pmrsm; ukefcJUNyD;avNyD/

    if;bkef;BuD;ausmif;wGif q&mawmfonf tjcm;aom bkef;BuD;ausmif;rSmuJU

    odkUoif&dk;oifpOf pmrsm;udkroifyJ q&mawmfudk,fwdkif a&;pD&ifaom

    pmrsm;udk oiftHMu&\/ uREkfyfrSm rSwfOmPftawmfaumif; q&mawmfu

    ydkUcsaom pmrsm;udk tjcm;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;xuf &vG,fonfjzpfaom

    aMumifh q&mawmfu avSmfwdkif;ajy;onfh }avSajy;uav;} [ktrnfrSnfhum

    csD;usL;jcif;cH&onfESifhtwl tjcm;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ remvdkjcif;vnf;

    cH&avonf/ ausmif;wGifvnf; uREkfyfonfyif ti,fqkH;jzpf tjcm;

    ausmif;om;rsm;rSm tenf;qkH; q,fESpfom;t&G,f &SdaeMuavNyD/

  • 43

    q&mawmfonf

  • 44

    ]]apwoduf b,favmuf&SdovJ}}

    ]]apwoduf 'Gdynmo (52) &Sdygonf}}

    ]]pdwf wck,kwf 90? tus,f 121yg; &Sdygonf}}

    ]]pdwf b,favmuf&SdovJ}}

    ]]b,fpdwf b,fpdwfrsm;wkef;}}

    ]]avmbrlpdwf 8ck? a'gorl pdwf2ck? arm[rlpdwf 2ck

    aygif;tukodkfvf12ck}} ponfjzifh 89 rsKd;aom pdwfwkdUudk a&wGuf&Gwfqdkjy&

    avonf/ onfrSm ]usufpm}yifjzpfaomfvnf; 7 ESpfom;t&G,f

    oli,fuav;wa,mufu y&dowfxJ oGufoGufvufvuf &Gwfqdkjyjcif;

    udkjrifMuMum;Mu&aom t&yfolt&yfom;rsm;u ]]'Doli,fuav;

    oN*wwfaeNyD}}[k uREkfyftm; csD;rGrf;umayGUMu? zufMu? rkefUa

  • 45

    om ]yGJusjcif;}udk vkdvm;onfESifh olUtpm; uREkfyftm;ac:avawmhonf/

    odkUaom tjcif;t&mudk if;ausmif;om;onf rvdkvm;Edkifonfh

    vuPmESifh uREkfyftay:wGif taumufOmPfBuH[efwlayonf/

    tEdkifusifhcHcJU&ykH

    txufwGifazmfjycJUbl;onfhtwdkif; uREkfyfrSm (xdkacwfu ausmif;om;

    oli,fwkdU\ upm;enf;jzpfonf) ]ayoD;ypfjcif;} vufajzmifhjcif;twGuf

    aMumifhtrsm;tm;jzifh Edkifwwfoljzpfonf/ ydkufqHwjym;vQif ayoD; (a*:vD)

    10vkH;& upm;Mu&mwGif waeUwGif ydkufqH2jym;? 3jym; ponfjzifh

    aeUwdkfif;vdkyif Edkifavh&Sd\/ uREkfyftm; rdbrsm;u waeUvQif rkefUzdk;ydkufqH 2

    jym;ay;avh&Sd&m ayoD;ypfjcif;rS Edkif&jcif;aMumifh wyJ? ig;jym; okH;ae&\/

    ayoD;ypfMu&mwGifvnf; cyfBuD;BuD; ausmif;om;0dkif;ESifh uav;0dkif;[l

    ESpf0dkif;&Sd&m uav;0dkif;wGifrl txufygausmif;om;wa,mufrSwyg;

    uREkfyfonf vuftajzmifhqkH;jzpf\/ xdkausmif;om;onf uREkfyftm; olESifh

    ESpfa,mufwnf;upm;&efaoG;aqmifav&m uREkfyfrSmvnf; vltuav;

    wa,muf r[kwfaomaMumifh jiif;y,fcJU\/ okdU&mwGif xdkoli,fonf

    uREkfyfxuftoufokH;ESpfcefU BuD;onfjzpf uREkfyftm; acsmhcsnfwcg?

    jrLcsnfwvSnfh? acsmufcsnfwrsKd;jzifh? aeU&SdorQ uyfEl;ESyfav&um;

    uREkfyfrSm olESifhupm;&ef oabmwlrdavawmhonf/ wcgw&H olu

    npfonfESifh uREkfyfu rcHyJ owfykwfMu&mwGif 7 ESpfom;ESifh 10 ESpfom;

    jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyfyifem &IH;&avonf/ uJUodkU jzpf&zefrsm;vwf

    aomf uREkfyfrSm olESifhrupm;yJvnf;rae&? upm;wdkif;vnf; &IH;&onfom

  • 46

    jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyf&cJUaom rkefUzdk;ydkufqHESpfjym;rSm wjym;zdk;rQ

    rkefUrpm;&yJ olUvufxJodkU a&mufoGm;ygavawmhonf/

    odkUqdkvQif vGwfajrmuf&ef enf;vrf;r&Sdoavm? q&mawmftm;

    tb,fhaMumifh ravQmufxm;oenf;[k ar;&ef&Sd\/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;

    [lonfrSm bkef;BuD;tm; b,frQavmuf aMumuf&onfudk bkef;BuD;ausmif;

    om;rsm;om odMuayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfonf q&mawmf\ vufoyfarG;wynfh

    uav;wa,mufyifjzpfaomfvnf; avQmufxm;wdkufawmjcif; rjyK0HUacs/

    wcgu onf;rcHEdkifvSojzifh q&mawmftm; avQmufxm;wdkifwef;&mwGif

    q&mawmfonf xdkoli,ftm;&dkufzl;\/ odkU&mwGif xdkoli,fonf twGuf

    aMumifhuREkfyftay: wkd;qkd;vmavm&m q&mawmftm; avQmufxm;&ef

    yifr0HUyJ&Sdawmhonf/ tb,fhaMumifh okdUjzpf&oenf;[k ar;ygrl

    bkkef;BuD;ausmif;om; wa,muftaejzifh q&mawmftm; em;yl&rnfudk

    aMumufonfhtwGuf[k ajzqdk&ayrnf/

    ausmif;vufa0SUyGJrsm;

    xkdausmif;om;onf uREkfyftay: qdk;onfxuf qdk;vmao;\/

    olESifhay;oD;ypfMuojzifh uREkfyf\rkefUzdk;ydkufqHESpfjym;ukef ausmif;wufcsdef

    ra&mufao;onfhtcgolu ayoD;rsm;xkwfacs;NyD; qufvufupm;zdkU

    rsufESmcsKdaoG;av&m uREkfyfrSm olUudk&GHUonfESifh rjiif;0HUyJ qufvuf

    upm;&\/ ydkufqHwjym;zdk;ta

  • 47

    Ncdrf;ajcmufao;\/ uREkfyfrSm if;t&G,fwGif rdcif\owdrsKd;r&Sd/ zcif\

    aysmhnHUaompdwfrsKd;&Sd[efwlonf/ odkUESifhyif &G,fwlcsif;jzpfygu

    &IH;onfjzpfap? Edkifonfjzpfap tavQmhray;yJ wG,fowfcJUbl;onfh

    tBudrfaygif;vnf; rsm;cJUvSygNyD/ xdkacwfrSm acwfESifh rwlatmif

    ausmif;om;csif; owfykwfxkd;BudwfMujcif;rSm aeUwdkif;udpjzpfonf/

    q&mawmftm; ravQmufpwrf;qdk oabmwlowfykwfMuaom vufa0SUyJG

    uav;rsm;rSm waeUvQif wyJGESpfyJG&SdNrJjzpf\/ xdkacwf EdkifiHausmf

    vufa0SUorm;BuD;rsm;jzpfMuonfh rdk;BudK;? ay:odkif;? usm;ysH? usm;euf

    ponfwkdUuvnf; tdrfawmf&mbk&m;ajrmufbuf&Sd ]bk&m;ikwfwdk}teD;wGif

    &kHoGif;vsuf&Sd&m ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf ausmif;om;uav;ESifh

    ausmif;om;vwfrsm;udkajrSmufay; ]rif;urkd;BudK;uG? rif;u ay:odkif;uG?

    rif;u aygifjzLibuG? rif;u tkwfESJzkwf zkd;wkwfuG} ponfjzifh

    emrnfBuD;rsm;rSnfhNyD;vQif &G,fwlcsif;wJGay;um xkd;owfap\/

    owfykwfMupOftwGif; if;wkdUu vufa0SUqdkif;toGm;rsKd;udk yg;pyfjzifh

    wD;ay;Mu&m uav;rsm;vnf; rdkufpdwf0if oJoJrJrJ xdk;owfMuavawmh

    onf/ odkUjzifh uREkfyfuJUokdUaom ausmif;om;i,fuav;rsm;rSm

    EIwfcrf;pkwfjywfjcif;? ezl;a&mifjcif;? rsufuGif;ndKjcif; ponfh 'Pf&m'Pf

    csufrsm;Esifh tdrfodkUjyefMuonfu rsm;avonf/ enf;tm;jzifh uREkfyfwkdU

    ausmif;om;i,fuav;rsm;rSm ]wdkufMuuf}uav;ozG,f ]cGyf}zdkU OD;rav;yJ

    jzpfukefMuavNyD/

    trsKd;rsKd;nSOf;qJykH

  • 48

    uREkfyfonf owfykwfjcif;tvkyf ]&G,fwlvQif vlra&G;} qdkaom

    tjzpfodkUa&mufcJUaomfvnf; uREkfyf\uHqdk;jcif;wckrSm uREkfyfxufBuD;aom

    txufyg ausmif;om;u (uREkfyftm; remvdkonfhvuPmESifh) uyf

    nOf;qJrIcH&jcif;yifjzpf\/ uREkfyfonf ol\ta

  • 49

    i,fvGef;aomtjzpfaMumifh MunfjzLpGmay;qyf&Smaomfvnf; aemuftBudrf

    rsm;rl uREkfyftm; &dkufESufavawmhonf/ zcif\&dkufESufjcif; rsm;onf

    roufomvSjcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/

    ]cspfwD;}jzpfbl;avoavm

    uREkfyfrSm wausmif;vkH;wGif pmtawmfqkH;aom ausmif;om;uav;

    wa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; uREkffyfuJUokdU pdwfqif;&Jaom ausmif;om;onf

    ausmif;wGifvnf;aumif;? tjcm;ausmif;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif; wa,mufrQ

    &Sdvdrfhrnfrxifay/ ausmif;vnf;aumif;? tdrfvnf;aumif; pdwfcsvufcs

    at;at;aq;aq; ae&onf[l wem&DrQ r&SdcJUacs/ ausmif;&SdpOf a

  • 50

    awGUjrif& aomtcgrsm;wGif tmCmwxm;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; ]ig\obm0

    wGif ql;BuD;wacsmif;aygufvmatmif zefwD;olum; olyifjzpfonf}[k

    owdr&yJ aeEdkifatmif &Sdygawmhonf/

    Nrdwfq&mawmf

    Nrdwfq&mawmf\ausmif;rSm 'udP0efwdkufwGif omru rEav;NrdKU

    ay:&Sd bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm; teufwGif ausmif;om;tpnfum;qkH; aom

    ausmif;jzpf ausmif;om;rdbrsm;onfvnf; rEav;om;rsm;tm;

    a&wGufjcif;tvkdUiSm wa,mufpD 1?2?3 ponfjzifh &Gwfqdkap&m aemufqkH;

    ausmif;om;u 64[k qdkvkdufjcif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrdygao;onf/ rSwfrdykHrSm

    xdkausmif;om;onf a&mifxkH;uav;ESifh a&SUokdUudkif;um olUtvSnhfa&muf

    atmif apmifhMunfhae&mrS olUtxufu vlu63[k qdkvdkfufonfESifh

    wNydKifeuf olu ]]ajcmuf? ajcmuf? ajcmufq,hfav;}}[k qdkvdkuf&m

    wausmif;vkH;0dkif;&,fvkdufMu\/ uREkfyfvnf; tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh

    twl &,fvdkufrdonf/ xdkoli,frSm ]pum;xpf}olwa,mufjzpfav&m

    uREkfyfrSmvnf; xdkaeUrSp pum;xpfvmawmhonf[k rSwfrdonf/ tjcm;

    ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ]rul;}yJ uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;udkom ul;&jcif;rSm um;

    ([kwfr[kwftyxm;) uREkfyf\xifjrifcsufudk oufqkdif&mae&mwGif

    azmfjyygrnf/

  • 51

    xl;jcm;aomq&mawmf

    Nrdwfausmif;(]bdwfausmif;}ac:Muonf/)\ pnfum;jcif;taMumif;&if;

    rSm q&mawmfOd;eEonf Nrdwfe,fom;jzpf t*FvdyfvufatmufodkU

    tvsifqkH;usa&mufcJUonfhe,f jzpfonfhtavsmufrEav;NrdKUwGif acwftrSD

    qkH;aom &[ef;wyg;jzpf\/ acwfrSDykHum; bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;wkdif; onf

    &[ef;jyKMurnfr[kwfyJ vlUtjzpfESifh 0rf;pm&SmrSD;Mu&rnfjzpfaom aMumifh

    tenf;qkH; twGuftcsuf (*Pef;ocsmF)wwfMurS jzpfrnfqkdum

    ]]abma'ykw}}rQavmufESifh rNyD;apyJ vufaxmufq&mrsm;xm;um

    avmuDynm oifjyap\/ tpdk;&uvnf; acwfrSDaom bkef;awmfBuD;[k

    em;vnfum vufaxmufq&mrsm;twGuf vcay;\/ 'kwd,taMumif;

    w&yfrSmvnf; Nrdwfq&mawmfonf xGwfacgifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\

    ausmif;wGif oDwif;okH;cJUpOfu owdyXmefenf;twkdif; tm;xkwfcJU

    (t&d,mjzpfonf[k rdbrsm;vnf; ,kHMunfonf/ uREkfyfvnf; aemufydkif;

    wGif,kHMunfonf/) r*fw&m; zdkvfw&m;[lonfrSm &apaumif;aomacwf

    &Sdao;onf[k a[majym&kHru tm;xkwfvdkolrsm;tm;vnf; enf;vrf;nTefjy

    awmfrlonf/ xdkacwfwGif (v,fwDq&mawmfvnf; rausmfMum;ao;ojzifh)

    edAmefr*fzdkvf[lonfrSm &Edkifaomacwfr&SdawmhNyD[k jrefrmjynf &[ef;

    avmu wckvkH;u ,lqvsuf&Sd&m ]vl}qdkonfrSmum; &[ef;rsm;NyD; vQif

    NyD;Mu&aomacwfjzpf\/ wGif 'udP0efwkduf&Sd *dkPf;csKyfq&mawmf

    rsm;onf*Pef;ocsmFoifay;ausmif;om;pnfum;jcif;udkvnf; Munfhvdk[ef

    rwl? r*fzdkvfudk &paumif;ao;onfh qdkjcif;twGufvnf; ]em;uavm}

    [efwl&avum; Nrdwfq&mawmfudk ]MuOf}Muav\/

  • 52

    ]pmjzL} oif&awmhrnf

    bkef;BuD;ausmif; uREkfyftouf udk;ESpfom;t&G,fwdkif

    a&mufvwfaomf armfvNrdKifNrdKU aumhu&dwf&GmrS bJGUawmf OD;wdavmuac:

    &[ef;wyg;onf rEav;NrdKUodkU

  • 53

    rD;avmifav&m uREkfyfwkdU aetdrfESifhaps;csKdawmfBuD;rSm a&Twacsmif;rQom

    jcm;onfjzpf uREkfyf\woufwmwGif rD;tBuD;tus,favmifjcif;udk

    yxrtBudrf ]*&if;pwif;}rS Munfh&jcif;jzpfonf/ wnOfhywfvkH;

    avmifjcif;udk wnOfhywfvkH;vdkyif w&yfvkH; xkdifMunfhMu\/ a&pufrsm;

    [kwdywdr&Sdao;onfh acwfjzpf wydkif;wprQ Nidrf;owfxm;onfh ae&m

    rsm;wGif wcPwmrQomNidrf; watmifhrQMumvQif wzefx awmufavmif

    jyefavonf/ ypnf;rsKd;pkHavmifjcif;jzpf anSmfeHUtrsKd;pkHeH Mu&onfhjyif

    aygufuJGoH trsKd;rsKd;vnf;Mum;Mu&\/ rD;awmufrsm;onf wae&m

    wcgw&H Nidrf;awmhrnfuJUodkUjzpfNyD;rS qD?a&eHqDpaom avmifpmrsm;odkU

    ul;puf&mwGif rdk;xdk;onfh rD;awmufBuD;rsm; [kef;ueJx

    awmufvmjyef\/ odkUjzpf&mwGif idkufrsOf;pjyKvmaom rD;Munfhy&dowf

    BuD;rSm rsufvkH;rsm;NyJ vmMujyefonf/

    aiG&Tifaom&ufydkif;

    rD;avmifNyD;onfhaemuf &ufowywf ausmfausmfrQtwGif;

    rD;avmifuGif;BuD;onf uREkfyfwkdUausmif;om;t&G,f oli,frsm; tzdkU&m

    tifydkUvdkifpifXmeBuD;wck jzpfaeawmh\/ 1950jynfhESpfavmufqDu

    &efukefodkU uREkfyfqif;oGm;&mwGif aeUcsif;ncsif; oaX;jzpfoGm;onfh

    ]bdfkifukefonf}rsm;taMumif;udk pD;yGm;a&;orm; tcsif;csif; ajymMujcif;rsm;

    Mum;&onfhtcg uREkfyfrSmi,fpOfuaps;csKdawmf rD;avmifuGif;BuD;udk bGm;ueJ

    owd&rdonf/ eHeufvif;onfESifhwNydKifeuf ykyk&G&G[lorQ onfrD;avmif

    uGif;BuD;okdU avQmufvmMu oHaumufwacsmif;pDESifh [mudkvSef

    [dk[mudkzGifhponfjzifh tESHUtjym; xdk;qGarGaESmuf &SmazGMuav&m

  • 54

    ae0ifonfh tqkH; wusyf ESpfusyf ig;usyfwefrsm;udk vlwdkif;vdk& 50dwef

    100dwef wdkifatmif &Muolrsm;vnf; &SdMuavonf/ tcsKdUrSm

    a&TqdkifaiGqdkifwef;rS a&TcJaiGcJrsm;udkyif &&SdMuonfqdk\/ jymykHxJrSm

    &Sm&Muaom ypnf;rsm;udk apmifh0,f,lMuonfh vmbfjrifolrsm;vnf;

    &efukefMuufwef;yrm ay:vmMuonf/ uREkfyfonfvnf; rdbrsm; rodapyJ

    ausmif;tm;vyfcsdefwGif tjcm;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;ESifhtwl vkduf jymykHudk

    arTjcif;jzifhwaeUvQif okH;yJav;yJrQ &&Sdav&m rkefUzdk;ESpfjym;om&aom

    oli,fwa,muf tzdkU vmbfoyfyum&TifvS vGefpGmauseyfcJUav\/

    ]aps;orm;} jzpfvmMujcif;

    uREkfyftxl;ojzifh wifjyvdkaom tjcif;t&mrSm ydkufqH&Tifbl;jcif;

    aMumifh uREkfyfysufpD;vm&ykHyifjzpfavonf/ aps;csKdawmfBuD; jymykHjzpfpOfu

    okH;yJ wrwfokH;Edkifaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf jymykHay:wGif qdkifwef;rsm;

    jzpfvmaomtcg ydkufqH0ifayguf r&SdMuawmhojzifh BuHrdBuH&m BuH&awmh

    onf/ (xdkacwfurl acgufqJGwvkH;wyJ? rkefUwDESpfjym;? zmvl'g cGufuav;

    wyJ? cGufBuD;wrl;? pD;u&ufwjym; av;vdyf? ]zifqDpGyf}okH;vdyf&aom

    acwfjzpfaomaMumifh okH;yJwrwfqdkvQif oaX;om;rsKd;ozG,f okH;EdkifMu

    onf/ uREkfyfwkdUausmif; oaX;OD;bZH\ om;wa,muf&Sd&m olyif

    rkefUzkd;ajcmufjym;om&onf/) ausmif;om;rsm;onf aps;csKdjymykH (pm;usuf)

    uG,faysmuf wJwef;qdkifrsm; ay:aygufvm&mwGif (vdkufpifydwfvdkufaom

    ukefonfBuD;rsm;uJUodkU) pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;awG awGUBuKH&av\/

    wGif tcsKdUausmif;om;rsm;onf aps;qdkifrsm;rS tvpfEIdkufaom pepfudk

    wDxGifMu\/ txl;ojzifh ukefpkHa&mif;aom usLvD,mqdkifrsm;rSm

  • 55

    if;wkdUusufpm;&maom Xmejzpf\/ ausmif;om;cyfBuD;BuD; av;ig;a,muf

    wkdUonf ausmif;tm;csdefwGif aps;csKdodkUoGm; jyefvmaomtcg a*:vDrsm;?

    riftkd;rsm;? vufudkifyk0grsm;? cJwHrsm; tp&Sdonfh ypnf;uav;rsm; toD;oD;

    ygvmMu&m wa,mufvQif ig;rl;wef? ajcmufrl;wef ponfjzifh &cJUMu\/

    if;wkdU\ ]yG}jcif;udkjrifMu& aps;csKdoGm;aom ausmif;om;ta& twGuf

    yGm;rsm;vm&m aemufqkH;wGif ydkufqH&Tifaom oaX;om;ESifh vufzGmaom

    rdbwdkU\om; tenf;i,frSwyg; aps;orm;jzpfukefMuavawmh onf/

    twkjriftwwfoif

    waeUo uREkfyfonfvnf; ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ ydkufqH&Tifjcif;udk

    oGm;&nfusvsuf&SdpOf uREkfyfudkcifrifaom ausmif;om;BuD;wa,mufu

    ]]a[haumif azodef;? igeJUvdkufcJUygvm;uG? bmrSrcufbl;? igvkyfovdkom

    Munfhvkyf}}[kqdkum vpfykHvpfenf;udk oGefoifav&m uREkfyfvnf;vkdufyg

    oGm;av\/ uREkfyfwkdUtzJGUrSm okH;av;a,muf&Sd uREkfyfonfolwkdU\vpfykH

    vpfenf;udk vufawGUoifcef;pm,l&kHom,lcJUNyD; yxrwacgufjyefvmcJU\/

    'kwd,wacgufrl uREkfyf\tzGJUom;rsm;u ypnf;rsm; 0,fcsifjyK

    aps;qpfvsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfonf zvfa*:vD'dk;BuD;wvkH;udk EIduf,l

    cg;ydkufxJodkU xnfhvdkuf\/ EIduf,laomtcgwGif vufwkefaomfvnf;

    cg;ydkufxJodkU xnfhNyD;onfhwdkifatmif qdkif&Sifu rjrifaomaMumifh

    ]w,f[kwfwJUtvkyfygwum;} [kESpfodrfhrd\/ xdkcP tjcm;qdkifrS

    usLvD,mukvm;wa,mufajy;vm uREkfyf\cg;ydkufudk EIdufprf;onfwGif

    zvfa*:vDBuD;udk awGUoGm;\/ wGifqdkif&Sifqif;vm uREkfyf\eo,fudk

    wcsufESpfcsufykwfNyD; *gwfwJodkUydkU&efqJGac:av&m uREkfyf\tzGJUom;rsm;

  • 56

    0dkif;vmMu ]]a[h bmvJuG ukvm;? uav;udkrif;bmvkyfwmvJ? rifh

    wqdkifxJ zvfa*:vD a&mif;ovm;? [dkbufwef;qdkifu ol0,fcJUwm?

    igwkdUodw,f? ay;a*:vD}}[kqdkum uvm;vufxJrS a*:vDudkvk,uf

    qJqJqdkqkdESifhxGufvmcJUMuav\/ if;zvfa*:vDudk uREkfyf&aomfvnf;

    xifoavmuf rvG,fulvS[k qkH;jzwfum xdkvlpkESifhvnf; rvdkuf0HU?

    olwyg;\ypnf;udkvnf; rEIduf0HUawmhyJ oifcef;pm&cJUygonf/ waeUo

    uREkfyfonfvnf; ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ ydkufqH&Tifjcif;udk oGm;&nfus

    vsuf&SdpOf uREkfyfudkcifrifaom ausmif;om;BuD;wa,mufu ]]a[haumif

    azodef;? igeJUvdkufcJUygvm;uG? bmrSrcufbl;? igvkyfovdkom

    Munfhvkyf}}[kqdkum vpfykHvpfenf;udk oGefoifav&m uREkfyfvnf;vkdufyg

    oGm;av\/ uREkfyfwkdUtzJGUrSm okH;av;a,muf&Sd uREkfyfonfolwkdU\vpfykH

    vpfenf;udk vufawGUoifcef;pm,l&kHom,lcJUNyD; yxrwacgufjyefvmcJU\/

    'kwd,wacgufrl uREkfyf\tzGJUom;rsm;u ypnf;rsm; 0,fcsifjyK

    aps;qpfvsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfonf zvfa*:vD'dk;BuD;wvkH;udk EIduf,l

    cg;ydkufxJodkU xnfhvdkuf\/ EIduf,laomtcgwGif vufwkefaomfvnf;

    cg;ydkufxJodkU xnfhNyD;onfhwdkifatmif qdkif&Sifu rjrifaomaMumifh

    ]w,f[kwfwJUtvkyfygwum;} [kESpfodrfhrd\/ xdkcP tjcm;qdkifrS

    usLvD,mukvm;wa,mufajy;vm uREkfyf\cg;ydkufudk EIdufprf;onf

    xdktacgufwGif atmifjrifygu b,frQavmufMumatmif EIdufaeOD;rnf

    rqdkEDkifay/

  • 57

    Mum;&cJaomt*FvdyfpmoH

    Nrdwfq&mawmf\ ausmif; OD;wdavmua&mufvm t*Fvdyfpmoifp

    jyKonfwGif rdbrsm;onfausmif;eD;aom &dkifwef;&yfrS &ifESifwHcg;odkU

    a&TUajymif;Mu&jyef\/ &efESifwHcg;ESifh 'udP0efwdkufrSm 17 ]jy}a0;aomf

    vnf; rdbrsm;onf Nrdwfq&mawmfudk MunfndKonfuwaMumif;?

    uREkfyftm;vnf; t*FvdyfpmoifapvdkonfwaMumif;aMumifh t&yfa&TUaomf

    vnf; ausmif;ra&TUyJ a0;vSaomc&d;udkaeUwdkif; toGm;tjyefvrf;avQmuf

    ap\/ &efESifwHcg;&yfuGufrSm rdcif\aqGrsKd;rsm;aexdkifMuaom&yfuGufjzpf

    av&m (uREkfyf\tbdk;vnf;&Sdao;onf/) uREkfyfonf oli,fwef;

    ]y&dkifrm}zwf pmtkyfwGif pD-at-uufwf (Cat) tm&f-at-wD &ufwf (Rat)

    tufpf-at-wD qufwf (Sat) ponfjzifhzwfjyaomtcg tbkd;ESifhwuG

    rdcif\ aqGrsKd;rsm;onf 0dkif;tkHem;axmifMu,if; ]vQmvdyfoH}ygyDoonf?

    em;axmifaumif;onf ponfrsm;jzihf csD;rGrf;MuaomaMumifh uREkfyf&if

    aumh*kPf,lrdjcif;udkrSwfrdygao;onf/ xdkpOfu t*Fvdyfpm[lonfrSm

    t&yfol t&yfom;rsm;tzdkU Mum;&cJvS aomaMumifh tdfrfeD;em;csif;rsm;yif

    vmem;axmifMuonf/ uREkfyf\tbdk;url tjcm;aoma&S;vlBuD;rsm; uJUodkU

    ]pmjzL}[l r&Iwfcsonfhjyif ]]ighajr;wa,muf ]vlpkH}uav; jzpfawmhr,f}}

    [k 0rf;omtm;& ajym&Smao;\/ uREkfyfuvnf; aemufydkif;wGif twdk;ESifh

    ]pkH}jyvdkufjcif;udk tbdk;wa,mufjrifroGm;&&Sm[k ,ckowd&rdao;onf/

  • 58

    tm*kHaqmifaomacwf

    aetdfrfrSmausmif;okdUoGm;aomtcg uREkfyfonf pdefyDwmausmif;teD;rS

    jzwfoGm;& tvGefw&mt*Fvdyfpum;ajymonfh pdwfyDwmausmif;olrsm;

    ajymoHudk Mum;&onfwGif tvGefajymcsif igvnf;waeUawmh ajymvdkuf&

    OD;rnf[k tm;cJxm;\/ xdkpOfu uREkfyfrSm EIwfvQmoGufvufaom

    oli,fwa,mufjzpf pum;tenf;i,fxpfaomfvnf; &GHU&Sufjcif;r&SdyJ

    pdefyDwmausmif;rS todausmif;om;uav;wa,mufESifh if;wkdUausmif;teD;

    qkHrdMuonfwGif uREkfyfu wwd,wef;zwfpm (Royal Teader) xJrSvnf;

    aumif;? eJUpfzD;vf'f (Nesfield) \o'gpmtkyfxJrSvnf;aumif; &Gwfqdkjy

    vdkuf&m if;ausmif;om;rSm tawmfrsufvkH;jyL;oGm;\/ (uREkfyfwdkU\q&m

    OD;wdavmuonf zwfpmtkyfudkvnf;aumif;? o'gpmtkyfudkvnf;aumif;?

    yxrwef;rS wwd,wef;wdkifatmif tm*kHaqmifap&m uREkfyftxufwef;

    rsm;odkUa&mufaomtcg t*Fvdyfpm yxr& BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgvnf;

    t*Fvdyfpm a&;wwfonf[k emrnf&jcif;rSm i,fpOfu tm*kHaqmifcJU&jcif;

    onftaMumif;w&yfjzpfacsoavm[k pOf;pm;rdonf/)

    tenf;enf;aqmhjcif;

    tcsdefwGif uREkfyftusifhqkdk;uav;rsm; 0ifvmcJUonf/ rdcif\

    armifBuD;rS arG;onfhom;BuD; (uREkfyf\tpfudk) armifyktm; t*Fvdyfpm

    wwfapvdk uREkfyfwkdU\ Nrdwfausmif;okdUtyfESHav&m yxr uREkfyftzdkU

    oGm;azmfjyefazmf &onfqdkum tvGefae&mus\/ ESpfa,mufom; twloGm;

    twljyefMu&mwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf a&Twacsmif; ajrmif;aygifwavQmufwGif

  • 59

    a*:vDwvkH;pDESifh axGcif;vsufavQmufvmMu\/ axGcif;jcif;[lonfrSm

    wa,muf\a*:vDudk wa,mufu xddrSefatmif wvSnfhpDypf,if;

    vrf;avQmufvmMujcif;jzpfonf/ enf;rSm upm;,if; vrf;avQmufvm

    Mujcif;jzpfaomaMumifh ajcanmif;rSef;rod[k qdkEdkifaomfvnf; wnfhwnfh

    ajzmifhajzmifh vrf;avQmufjcif;r[kwfyJ auGUauGUaumufaumufESifh a*:vDudk

    aumuf,l&jcif;? rSef;csdef&jcif;? wvSnfhpD ypf&jcif;wkdUaMumifh tvGeftcsdef

    ukefvSojzifh nae4em&DwGif ausmif;rSvTwfvkdufaomfvnf; ae0ifpkyfpkyf

    uef;rS tdrfodkUa&mufvmMuonf/ wcgw&HwGifvnf; axGcif;&jcif;udk

    NiD;aiGUvmMuonfESifh wenf;wzkH ajymif; aqmhMuao;\/

    wrsKd;wzkHaqmhjcif;

    a&Twacsmif;ajrmif;abmifwavQmuf&Sd a&pyfwGif uecdkyifrsm;?

    qifESmarmif;yifrsm;? ukvm;rsufpdyifrsm; aygufa&mufvsuf&Sd&m

    if;tyifrsm;\xdyfzsm; teDa&mif? t0ga&mif? tndKa&mif&Sdaom

    ykpOf;aumifrsm; em;vsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfwdkU nDtpfudkESpfa,mufonf

    jrif;NrD;wyifpD&Sm wbuftzsm;udk0g;jcrf;wck\ xdyfcsnfum tjcm;buf

    tzsm;wGif ESrf;aphyrmP&Sdonfh ysm;za,mif;vkH;uav;udk uyfxm;\/

    xdkUaemuf uREkfyfwkdUonf enf;jyifqifxm;aom ]jrm;wH} wckpDudkifvsuf

    tyifuav;rsm;xdyfwGif em;vsuf&Sdaom ykpOf;aumif uav;rsm;\a&SUwGif

    za,mif;vkH;uav;udk (if;wdkU\tpm) ydk;aumifuav; xifrSwfonfESifh

    0DueJjrnfum xysHvmNyD;vQif za,mif;vkH;uav;udk vIyf

    vIyfzrf;vdkuf\/ if;\oGm;rsm;onf za,mif;vkH;wGif pl;0if jyefEkwf&ef

    rjzpfEdkifyJ&Sd&um; uREkfyfwdkUonf ykpOf;aumifudktvG,fwulzrf;,lEdkifonf/

  • 60

    (Oa&mywkdufom;rsm; ig;rQm;jcif;tkvyfjzifh tysif;ajzMuonf[k uREkfyfzwf&

    aomtcg igwkdUykpOf;zrf;jcif;rQavmuf aysmfygavp}[k atmufarhrdonf/

    olkwdkUonf a&atmuf&Sdaom ig;aumifudkrjrif&yJ ig;pmjzifh jrLMu&jcif;jzpf

    &m uREkfyfwkdUum; ykpOf;aumifudktxift&Sm;jrifEdkif\/ tcsKdUykpOf;onf

    &kwfw&ufudkufzrf;jcif;rjyKao;yJ ol\OD;acgif;wGifwnf&Sdaom rsufvkH;rsm;

    udk ]uv,fuv,f} vkyfum rouFmaom trlt&mjzifh plprf;qifjcifaeonf

    wGif jrif;NrD;zsm;&Sdaom za,mif;vkH;uav;udk ydk;aumifESifhwlatmif

    vkyfay;&onfrsm;rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSonf/ wcgw&HwGif

    ykpOf;aumifonf za,mif;vkH;uav;udk udkufzrf;awmhrnfvkyfNyD;rS

    &pfywfysHoef;um Munfh ]eifwdUkavmufrsm; yg;vdkU[,f}[k qdkonfh

    oabmESifh 0DueJjrnfum ysHajy;oGm;avawmh\/) uREkfyfwkdUonf rdxm;aom

    ykpOf;rsm;udk bmrQ rvkyfwwf/ tuFsDtdwfaxmifxJwGif vufudkify0gjzifh

    zdxm; tdrfteD;odkUa&mufaomtcgrS vTwfypfcJUMuavonf/

    a&Twacsmif;\jzm;a,mif;rI

    uREkfyfwkdUnDtpfudkESpfa,mufonf &efESifwHcg;rS ausmif;odkUxGufvm

    Mu&mwGif a&S;OD;pGm a&Twacsmif;udkjzwfausmfonfh tajrmufwef;wHwm;odkU

    a&mufMu\/ xdkae&mrSp 'udP0efwkdufbufodkU csKd;0if&onfh

    qdkif;wef;wHwm;odkU ra&mufrD a&qdyfaygif; w'gZifcefUrQ&Sd&m

    0dZ,rif;om;\ aemufygwynfhrsm;tm; bDvl;rrsm;u tm&kHtrsKd;rsKd;wkdUjzifh

    jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifavawmhonf/ xdkacwfua&Twacsmif;rSm ,ckuJUodkU

    a&qkd;ajrmif;r[kwf? rw&mtxufrS pD;qif;vmcJU? vGefawmif;? 0g;&if;

    wkwf? awmifNyKH;? o&uef? uefydkif paom&Gmrsm;udkjzwfausmfNyD;vQif tdk;zdkudk

  • 61

    ausmf rEav;NrdKUxJodkU0ifvmonfh a&&Sifacsmif;jzpfaomaMumifh

    tawmfMunfvif woGifoGifpD;qif;vsuf&Sd\/ a&udkjrif&vQif (aoawmhrS

    aoa&m) ajy;qif; ckefayguf,uful;csifwwfaom ausmif;om;t&G,f

    uREkfyfwdkUnDtpfudkESpfa,mufrSm a&qdyfwdkif; tjcm;oli,fuav;rsm;

    aysmf&TifpGm a&csKd;Mujcif;udk jrif&jcif;? wbGrf;bGrf; ul;,ufMuaoma&oH ESifh

    jrL;wl;atmf[pfMuaom oli,foHrsm;udk Mum;&jcif;? arSmfyif uav;rsm;

    arsmvuf&Sdaom a&rS&eHUwrsKd;udk &I&Iduf&jcif;? a&\at;jraomtawGUudk

    pdwful;jzifhvGrf;&jcif;wnf;[laom tm&kHtrsKd;rsKd;wkdU\ aoG;aqmifrIaMumifh

    a&qdyfwckESpfckwGif BudwfcHEdkifMuaomfvnf; wwd,? pwkw

    ponfha&qdyfrsm;odkU a&muf&mwGifrlum; wa,muf\ rsufESmudkwa,muf

    MunfhaeMuavNyD/ tawmtwGif; twlwuG a&csKd;aeusjzpfonfh

    vluav;rsm;u ]]a[haumifawG vmMuvuGm? tapmBuD;&Sdygao;w,f}}[k

    [pfac:vkdufMuaomtcgwGifrlum; uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufonf pmtkyfuav;

    rsm;udkypfcs? t0wfudkcRwfykHNyD;vQif a&xJodkU 'dkifAifxdk;qif; vkdufMu

    avawmhonf/

    pdwfaA'g\vufoHvdk

    uREkfyfwkdUrlvBuH&G,fcsufrSm cPwjzKwfa&csKd;NyD;aemuf ausmif;csdefrSD

    atmif wufMu&efjzpf\/ wcgw&Hvnf; ausmif;wufrSD wcgw&Hvnf;

    ausmif;wufaemufusojzifh t&dkufcHMu&\/ xdkUaemufwGifrl taysmfMuL;

    ausmif;csdefvGefoGma;omtcgrsm;wGif t&dkufcH&rnfudk aMumufonfESifh

    ausmif;rwufyJ ausmif;ajy;zdkUoabmwl qkH;jzwfvkdufMuav\/ wcgw&H

    wGifvnf; tdrfvkyf&efay;vkdufonfhtvkyf(HomeWork)udkrvkyfcJUrdMuo

  • 62

    jzifh t&dkufcH&rnf[k odonfESifha&qdyfrSwrifrwufyJ ausmif;ajy;

    vkdufMu\/ aemufwaeUwGif aeraumif;aomaMumifh[k vdrfajymjcif;

    tm;jzifh t&dkufvGwfatmif BudK;pm;Mu\/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyf\ ynma&;

    twGuf rnfonfhrdbESifhrQrwlatmif *&kpdkufwwfaom uREkfyf\ zcifonf

    ausmif;odkU&Hzef&Hcg0ifvm ,refaeUu uREkfyfwdkUausmif;rwuf jcif;ESifh

    qkH;pnf;onfhtcg uREkfyfwkdU\ tvdfrfay: ]ESpfxyfuGrf;}t&dkufcHMu &\/

    q&mawmfonfausmif;ajy;aom ausmif;om;tm; Murf;jyifay:wGif

    tvsm;arSmufap ajcvufrsm;udkausmif;om;av;a,mufwkdUu wbufpD

    udkifxm;pOfBudrfvkH;jzifh 10wdwd&dkufavh&Sd\/ uREkfyfwkdUt&dkufcH&jcif;udk

    zcifjrif&aomfvnf; rauseyfao;ojzifh tdrfodkUa&mufaomtcg xyf&dkuf

    ao;\/ zcif\vufrSmtoufBuD;NyD;jzpfaom q&mawmf\vufxufjyif;

    aomaMumifh ESpfqokH;q ydkem\/ wcgu uREkfyftm; zcif&dkuf

    armifyktm; olUtaz(rdcif\armif) u&dkufav&m orD;a,mufz

    ESpfa,mufonfudk,fhom;udkudk,f&dkufMu&mwGif wa,mufESifhwa,muf

    olUxufigematmif vufpGrf;jyMuonfhvuPmESifh zcifu uREkfyf\vuf

    armif;udk aq;jyif;vdyfrD;ESifhxdk;qJwGif OD;BuD;u armifyk\i,fxdyfudk

    ydef;wef;zdeyfjzifhckwfvkdufonfESifh aoG;rsm;jzmqif; vmawmhonf/

    armifykrSmvnf; uREkfyf\ar;aphtrm&GwfuJUodkU xdyfwnfhwnfhwGif

    okH;vufrcefU&Sdaomtrm&GwfBuD;wck ao&mygoGm;&Smonf/ uREkfyf\

    zcifrSm tjcm;aomzcifrsm;xuf t&dkufoefonfrSefaomfvnf; ynmvdkvm;

    jcif;ESifh uREkfyf\rkdufrJjcif;udk uREkfyfem;vnfonfjzpfaomaMumifh txufyg

    &dkufjcif; rsKd;twGufpdwfxJ rnfodkUrQr&SdcJUyg/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyf\pdwfxJ

    xdcdkufap aom &dkfufjcif;rsm;vnf;&Sd oufqdkif&mae&mwGifrS azmfjyygrnf/

  • 63

    zcifESifh ]eifvm;igvm;}

    uREkfyftm; t*Fvdyfpmoifjyofh OD;wdavmurSmvnf; uREkfyf\zcifESifh

    ]eifvm;igvm;}qkd&avmufatmif t&dkufoefvSaom q&mwyg;jzpf\/

    &Hzef&Hcg ausmif;ajy;wwfonfhtxJrSyif twef;xJ ausmif;om;q,f

    a,muf&Sdonfhteuf 'kwd,aomfvnf;aumif;? wwd,aomfvnf;aumif;?

    vkdufEdkifcJUoljzpf\/ usuf&efay;vdkufaom pmudkaeUwkdif;ppf wvkH;r&vQif

    BudrfvkH;jzifhwcsuf&dkufavh&Sd&m uREkfyfyif waeUvQif tenf;qkH; okH;av;csuf

    t&dkufvGwfaom ausmif;om;[lum; wa,mufrQr&SdcJUacs/ aeUpOfwwf

    aom pmudkomru pma[mif;rsm;udkvnf; &ufowywfwBudrf (tzdwf

    aeUwdkif;) jyefvnfppfaq;avh&Sd&m xdkaeUtwGufrSmrlum; Budrf2vkH;

    3vkH;jzef;jzef;uJG&onfcsnf;jzpfavonf/ odkUESifhvnf; uREkfyfwkdUausmif;om;

    rsm;onf OD;yOif;taMumif;udk wcGef;rQraumif;ajymjcif; rMum;&? q&mu

    wynfhtm; &dkufjcif;onf xkH;pHjzpfonf[k vufcHMu q&mtay:wGif

    cspfaMumuf&dkaopdwf &SdMuonfcsnf;BuKHcJU&avonf/ wcgu OD;yOif;

    rusef;rrm&Sd&mwGif (pmoifrI&yfem;cGifh&&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;xkH;pHtwkdif;

    0rf;omMuonfhtxJrSyif) OD;yOif;\usef;rma&;twGuf rdbozG,f

    pdk;&drfylyefMujcif;udkvnf; BuKH&bl;onf/

    uREkfyf\tpfudk w0rf;uJGarmifykESifhuREkfyfrSm ]ausmif;ajy;a&m*g}

    pJGuyfvsuf&SdMu rnfrQyif&dkufESufqkH;raomfvnf; &ufaygif; ESpfq,f

    okH;q,f rQavmufom ausmif;rSefrSefwufMu waeUwGifa&qdyf rsm;\

    jzm;a,mif;rIaMumifh ausmif;ajy;NrJwdkif; ajy;Mujyefav\/ uREkfyfwdkU

    vkyfMuykHum; aysmfp&mBuD;awmh r[kwfvSyg/ ausmif;rwuf&vQif

    NyD;a&mqkdaom ]ysif;pdwf}rsKd;0ifvmjcif;omjzpfwef&monf/ a&qdyf

  • 64

    a&csKd;rGef;wnfh tcsdefcefUwdkif a&mufaomtcg tvGefa&0ojzifh

    EIwfcrf;rsm;jym ckdufcdkufwkefcsrf;at;vm&mwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf ukef;ay:odkU

    wuf yufvufvSefum aevSef;Mu\/ &ifbwfylaomtcg

    0rf;vsm;arSmuf ausmudkaeylvSef;Mu\/ odkUjzifhwudk,fvkH;

    &Sef;&Sef;awmuf ylavmifvmonfhtcg a&xJodkUckefqif;Mujyefavonf/

    waeUywfvkH; xdkuJUodkUylcsnfat;csnfcHcJUjcif;twGufaMumifh tusifh&NyD;

    uREkfyfBuD;jyif;vmaomtcgwGif tat;rdjcif; enf;yg;avoavm[k

    xifrdonf/ okdU&mwGif ,cktbkd;BuD;jzpfvmaomtcgrl olwyg;enf;wl

    tat;rdwwfvmaomaMumifh if;txifudk jyifqifvdkuf&jyefonf/

    qmavmifaomtcgrsm;wGif a&Twacsmif; ajrmif;aygif tcsKdUtyfrsm;&SdNcH

    rsm;xJrS rmvumoD;? oajyoD;paom opfoD;rsm;udk cl;pm;Mu vQmESifh

    EIwfcrf;rsm;jymvsuf&SdMu&m tdrfjyefcgeD;wGifrS ovJESifhyGwfwkdufum

    a&aq;cJUMuavonf/

    ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;

    rdbrsm;onf uREkfyfwkdU\ ausmif;ajy;a&m*gudk tjrpfjywfatmif

    rukoEdkifyJ&Sd&mwGif ESpfa,mufwGJvsuf &SdaomaMumifhom ausmif;ajy;Mu

    onf[k,lq uREkfyf\OD;BuD;onf armifykudkausmif;Ekwfvdkufav\/

    xifvnf; xifp&may/ uREkfyfrSmwa,mufwnf; ausmif;wuf&onfrSp

    ausmif;wufjyefonf/ tdrfokdUvnf; (axGrcif;&aomaMumifh) apmapm

    jyefa&mufonf/ wcgw&Hjrif;&xm;tqifoifhaomtcgrsm;wGif aemufNrD;

    ckdpD; cJUojzifh omapmapmyifa&mufao;\/

  • 65

    odkU&mwGif rdbrsm;onf uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; c&D;a0;BuD; oGm;&jcif;

    twGuf oem;MuonfESifh pdwful;wrsKd;&Mujyef\/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;

    udk&ifvlxGuf ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;av;ig;a,muf&Sd&m uREkfyftm;vnf;

    ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;tjzpfESifh tprf;xm;Mu\/ uREkfyfuvnf;ajcanmif;

    oufomonfuwaMumif;? tdrfrSmxuf ausmif;wGif uav;bm0

    ajy;vTm;upm;zdkU tcsdefvnf;&? tcGifhvnf;omonfwaMumif;aMumifh

    oabmwlvdkuf\/ (uREkfyf\zcifrSm uREfkyftm;ynmvnf;wwf

    tvGefvnf; ]vdrfrm}apcsifaomaMumifh tdrfwGif t&yfxJu oli,frsm;

    ESifhupm;cGifhrjyKyJ&NyD;aompmrsm;udk &Gwfaeap\/ Buufaumif; BudK;ESifhruGm

    ap&}[laom pum;rSmzcif\aqmifyk'fjzpf uREkfyftay:wGif 4if;twdkif;

    usifhokH;&\/ upm;jcif;onf bmrQtusKd;r&Sd? pmtHjcif;omvQif

    ynmwwfaponf[k cPcPajymavh&Sd\/) okdUjzpf uREkfyfonf/

    ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;aezdkUpDrHaomtcg 0rf;omrdav\/

    ausmif;[if;av;


S o d dagontint ဒဂုန္တင့္(ေရႊဥေဒါင္း)

S o d dagontint ဒဂုန္တင့္(ေရႊဥေဒါင္း)

S o d rupanandi ရူပႏၵီ၊ရူပကလ်ာဏီ(ေရႊဥေဒါင္း)

S o d rupanandi ရူပႏၵီ၊ရူပကလ်ာဏီ(ေရႊဥေဒါင္း)

S o d saiha nungahnu ဆင္စြယ္မင္းသမီး(ေရႊဥေဒါင္း)

S o d saiha nungahnu ဆင္စြယ္မင္းသမီး(ေရႊဥေဒါင္း)

ေရႊဥေဒါင္း ဝကၤႏၱ

ေရႊဥေဒါင္း ဝကၤႏၱ