.., ..

2005

32.85 18 621.375

.., ..

18 . : , 2005. 192 .

ISBN 5-85108-142-2

, -

.

.

(), , -

.

-

. , , , ,

, . -

.

ISBN 5-85108-142-2

3

-

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,

(), - .

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() . , ,

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-

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.

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2005 .

1.

5

1

,

, -

, .

1.1.

-

, -

-

.

:

1) ( A );

2) ( Z

); 3) ( 0

Z ); 4) ( 0=

U ) (U U1 2= );

5) ( - ).

-

, -

. , -

-

10, ( ), 1000, .

1.

6

. 1.1.

- -

. -

(. . U U2 1 . 1.1.) - ,

( ). ,

.

, -

.

, .1.2, .

-

. -

-

. 1.2. - ()

-

-

+

-

-

Z .

Z

U

Z

A (U U ) 2 1 U 2

U 1

+

Z 1

Z 2

1.

7

, -

- ,

, .

-

, . -

, -

. ,

, -

. -

.

-

-

R

R

4 57

8

63

21

+U

U

.1.3.

. 1.3. -. , -

. -

1 2 -

.

, -

,

. -

,

1.

8

, -

. -

-

. -

r, -

-

Acc . , -

, , 1 2 -. ( p-n - -) . - U

, , , - - . - () , - - , - . 1 2 U

, .

10 (A1=10) , 100 (A2=100) 20 (A3=20) ,

: A A A A= = =1 2 3 10 100 20 20000 ,

. . .

1.2.

1.

9

. 1.4. -:

0V

+U

NCNC

FCFC

- U

.1.4.

+ U

- U

(4)

(5)

+U(1)

-U(1)(2)

(3)

(1) +U, -U. . (2) (FC) . ( -

, ) -

1.

10

-

, .

(3) . , -.

(4) . - ,

180 - .

(5) . -, ,

.

(NC) . -

:

1. (). -

.

.

2. (U

). - , ,

-

.

-

. U

.

3. (I

). , -

; , .

4. (I

). , -

. -

() . I1 - ,

, I2 - , -

1.

11

,

I

= I1- I2 (.1.6). -

, , -

. I

.

5. (R

). .

R

. -

, . . -

,

, . . -

. -

, ,

R

.

6. (R

). - ,

. R

,

.

7. -. ( ) , .

8. - . - (+U -U ) 1 . .

9. (C

). - .

10. . ( ), - .

11. . ( ), .

1.

12

12. - (V). , .

13. . - -

. -

-

.

14. . - , , -

,

( - ), -

. ( .) -

.

U.max R, -

, U

I

, . -

-

.

, , U

, A,

, .

1.

13

1.3.

1.3.1.

, , -

.

-

,

,

. -

. ,

15 10000 (U

.1.5.)

AUU = , . . 15/10000, 1,5 .

,

( - ). , -

.

U

=U

=15

.1.5. -

U

=1 ,5

=10000

+U-U

1.

14

1.3.2.

. 1.6. U

-

. , U

U

= U

.

, U

, -

, , -

-

, U

=U

/A, - ,

. -

, U

, U

U

.

, (.1.6.) 1, , +1 . - , ,

U

=U

U

0.

+U-U

U

U

.1.6.

U

1B

t

t

1B

U

U

1.

15

A=10000, , , U

=1/10000=0,1 . 1 U

= 0,1 . 1, - U

, U

-U

, -

(-) 1. U

+U

=U

U

=U

/A :

U

UU =+ .

A , U

/A , - U

=U

. -

, -

, .

, , -

-

.

1.3.3.

. 1.7.

, -

-

R1 Roc.

1.

16

R1 Roc , , ,

, (I

0). R1 Roc, , -

, : U RR R

oc

1

1 +

, , U

=1,

U

U

,

, -

(. . U U

= 0). R1=10 Roc=100 , U 11 , U

,

-

.

11 , . -

, , I IR Roc1 = R . :

IURR

R

1

1

1= I

URR

R

ococ

oc

= .

U

R

R 1

U

.1.7.

U

+U-U

1.

17

U

+U

, IU U

RR

11

=

+,

oc

R RUUU

Ioc

)( += .

, U U

RU U U

R

oc

+=

+

1

( ).

U

=U

, , ,

U

0 : UR

U UR

oc1=

.

U

/ U

, -

Koc . U R R U R U oc = 1 1 , :

U R R R U oc ( )+ =1 1 ,

( )R RR

UU

Koc

oc

+= =

1

1.

, Roc R1 .

-

:

KR R

RRRoc

oc oc=

+= +

( )11 1

1

, A Koc>> . -

( K RRoc

oc= +

11) -

.

, R1=10 Roc=100 ,

1.

18

Koc = =100

1011

+10

.

R1 Roc , - ,

, -

. . ,

R1+Roc , -

.

. R1=10 Koc=20 Roc = ( )20 1 10 = 190 . Roc Koc Koc R1.

KRRoc

oc= +

11, K

RRoc

oc =1

1; R

RK

oc

oc

1 1=

.

Koc=20 Roc= 200 , R1200

10 5= =

19 , .

R1+Roc - .

R1+Roc , I IR oc = 20

UU

= +2

, U .

( )maxR RUIf

12

20+ =+

. (R1+Rf) U

, -

. , 1407 I(max) = 500 . + = =U U 15 :

( ) ,maxR Rf17 5

10750+ = =

.

1.

19

-

R1+Roc . R1+Roc .

1407 2 . , -

. -

R1+Roc 50 1 .

1.3.4.

-

. ,

-

180. , , -

U

. ( U (max)

.) U

, U

-

( ).

U

R

R 1 U

.1.8.

U

+U-U

1.

20

-

,

( . 1.8.) : U

UA

= 0. , R1 Roc

U

U

, UU

-

RR

oc

1. -

, ,

U

, , .

-

, , I IR Roc1 = , R

. IU U

RR

11

=

oc

dR R

UUIoc

)(

=

,

RUU

RUU )(

1

=

.

,

. U

= 0 ( A ), -:

UR

UR

oc1=

.

:

KUU

RRoc

oc= =

1

. . 1.8.: ) Koc, R1=20 Roc=400:

KRRoc

oc= = =

1

40020

20. ,

, -

.

1.

21

) Roc, R1=10 Koc=15: K RRococ

=

1, -

R K R oc= = 1 15 10 = 150 .

) R1, Roc=1 Koc=-50. R

RK

oc

oc

11

20= = =

-50 .

R1, . 1.8. . - R1 , U

, , , Roc - , -

.

1.3.5.

(.1.9.), , - (

1 ), UA

.

, -

U

R '

R

R 2

R 1 U1

.1.9.

U

=0U2

U

+U-U

1.

22

,

Uoc. , U2 . 1.9. ,

U1, . , -

; , - R2 Roc U (. 1.10.).

U

R '

R

R 2

R 1U 1

.1.10. U2 =0

U

=0U2 =0

U

+U-U

, U1 -, . 1.11., - , -

Uoc (R2 Roc).

U

R '

R

R 2

R 1U 1

.1.11. U1=0

U

=0U 2

U

+U-U

=0

1.

23

U1 U2 , -

,

R1 Roc Uoc

Uoc UR

R Roc

oc

22

+ , , -

.

.

, :

I IR Roc1 = ; I IR Roc2 = , IU U

RI

U URR

oc

Roc

ococ1

1

1=

= =

-

U

:

U UR

U UR

oc oc

oc

1

1

=

, R U R U R U R Uoc oc oc oc 1 1 1 = ,

R U R U R U R U oc oc oc oc1 1 1= + , R U U R R R U oc oc oc1 1 1= + ( ) ,

U UR R

RRR

U oc

oc oc=

+

1

1 11

U

,

,

U

, -

Uoc - U

. Uoc - R2 Roc, - , R2 U2, :

U UR

R Rococ

oc

=

+ 2 2

U

:

1.

24

U UR

R RR R

RRR

U

oc

oc

oc oc=

+

+2

2

1

1 11 ,

U

. -

R1=R2 R Roc oc= , (, ), :

U UR

R RR R

RRR

U

oc

oc

oc oc=

+

+2

1

1

1 11 ,

U URR

RR

U

oc oc= 2

1 11 , U

RR

U U

oc=

12 1( )

(R1=R2 R Roc oc= ) U1 U2. ,

, -

-

.

. .1.9. U1=0,1, U2 0 2= , , R Roc oc= = 100 , R1=R2=20. U.

:

URR

U U

oc= = = =

12 1

10020 0 2 0 1 5 0 3 1 5( ) ( , , ) ( , ) ,

.

1.

25

1.4.

1.4.1.

-

(.1.12.).

.

,

, - . - ,

. - ,

U

.

-

U

=U

.

,

U

U

U

.

, (

.1.12.

U

RU

+-

A

SU

1.

26

). U

=U

U

=(U

U

). , :

AUAUUAAUU =+= ) 1( ,

UU

K

oc= +=

1 ,

Koc - .

. A, - , Koc :

K

oc = +=

+1

1

11

,

, A>>1, Koc = 1 .

, -

.

,

.

1.

27

1.4.2.

-

. , Ioc ,

R1 Roc :

U URR

U

oc

= =

1

S R

,

I

,

, -

, :

U URR

R I U R I

oc

= =

1.

-

R1 Roc -, U

, . -

U

, -

, .

, ,

, -

.

,

(. 1.13). , , ,

I

. , U

1.

28

.1.13. R

R1 R

I

U

R

RI

AUU

-

+

U S

U

= U

( U

1.

29

.1.14. , R

U

RU

oc

+-

AU

U

I

I

. =10000, =0,01 R

=3 , - :

RR

.

=

+=

1

310 302

1+10 4 .

1.4.3.

-

-

. ,

.1.15, , . , -

, -

R h r r D + +2 121( )( )

rD - -

. IUR

=1

.

1.

30

.1.15. ,

U1

+U

-U

.

R

U

R1

S

S , Roc R1. , -

U

R1 Roc U1. , ,

(+) (-) , -

.

.1.16.

U

RU

+-

A

SU

1.

31

,

, . 1.16. S

, , R

UI

,

U

=U

. S , (U

) U

=U

Uoc. oc UU = , U U = +( )1

UI

UI

R

= + = +( ) ( )1 1 . R.oc -

UI

, UI

; -

R R .

( )= +1 .

. -

,

. -

-

, -

.

Roc , U

,

Roc , U

. , -

-

RR

Aoc oc

( ) = +1, -

-

A

RR oc+

+11

)(R , R RR

AR

oc

( ) ( )= + +

1 1

.

1.

32

, R R ( ) 1 .

-

, .. 21

2121 RR

RRRR+

= .

1.5.

1.5.1.

, ,

.

, , -

.

U.

U.

U.

R

R 1

.1.17.

+U-U

.1.17., , U

=U

,

U

=U

- Uoc, (.. Uoc - ).

: U A U U AU AU

= = ( ) ,

1.

33

U UR

R Roc oc=

+

1

1

, U AUAR UR R

oc

=

+1

1.

:

AU UAR

R R oc= +

+

1 1

1,

UU

ARR R

oc

=

++

1 11

KAAoc

=

+1 , , :

=+

RR Roc

1

1

, 1 -

:

KR R

Rococ

=

+=

1

1

1

( - ) .

.

1200, 101; R1 Roc 10 1. - :

1.

34

Koc =+

= =

1200

1 12001

101

120012 9 93( ) ,

,

.. 7,9 %. ,

.

, Koc , -

. , Koc=11 R1=10, Roc=100. =1200, :

Koc =+

=

1200

1 1200111

10 9( )

, ,

. . 0,91 %.

1.5.2.

-

,

, -

-

. ,

I

=0 (.1.18.).

I.

=0U

R

R 1U.

.1.18.

U

+U-U

1.

35

, I IR Roc1 = , -

, U U

RU U

R

oc

=

1.

U

= - U

, UU

A

= .

U

, : UR

UAR

UR

UAR

oc

oc1 10+ + + = , -

UR

UAR R AR

oc oc1 1

1 1 1= + +( ) .

, R1 Roc, -:

U AR U R AR R oc oc= + +( )1 1 .

, KUU

ARR AR Roc

oc

oc

= =

+ +1 1.

,

KAAoc

=

+1 , =1

Koc ( ),

Koc R1+Roc

RR

oc

oc

:

KAR R R

ARR R

RR

ARR R

ARR R

RR

oc

oc oc

oc

oc

oc

oc

oc

oc

oc

oc

=

+

++

=

+

++

( )11

1

1

1

11 1

1.

36

AR

R Roc

oc

=

+1.

:

KAAoc

=

+1 ,

, = =+

RR

R

R Roc

oc

oc

1

1

.

, R

R Roc

oc1 + -

U

,

Roc R1. .1.18., U

=0, U

U RR R oc

oc1 +. , U

0,

U

-

R

R Roc

oc1 +.

, -

:

R

R Roc

oc

=

+1,

- .

. , . 1.18. Roc=1, R1=20, =50000. - .

:

1.

37

;02,0 120

1===

ocRR

;49019 1+ 20

1500001

==

+=

oc

oc RR

R

K

oc

=

+=

149 95 , .

, RR

oc

150= ,

>>Koc. -

-

, -

-

, .

.

|

| = 100 1%, R1 = 10 R = 1 . - , -

.

:

, -

= (.), .

RR R

R

R R

=

+ =

+

+ +

11

1

1

, :

- 99 = - 0,99/(1 + 0,99 0,01).

1.

38

= 9900.

, ,

6 - , 9900. - -

. -

, ,

.

1.6.

,

, -

. ,

U

-

.

U

0

R

R 1

.1.19. ,

I.

+U-U

1.

39

I

-

. I

, -

, , .1.20. , U

, I

,

R1 R - U.

(I.

), I

( R1||R). I2 (.

1.20.) , I1, , -

R

R1||R , R

, -

I1 ( R1||R).

U

, U

,

U.

, -

. -

.

( R

,) - . 1.21.

I2.

I1. U

R

R

=R1||R

R1

.1.20. ,

U

+U-U

1.

40

U

R

-U

R

R

R 4

R 2+U

R 1

+U-U

. 1.21.

, R

+ R2 = R - , . -

R4 , R R4 R, , R , R4 . R4 RA , URA/R4. - R

R4, , , -

20 - 40 I

. R4 I , RA R4 . . , .1.21. R1 = 20 R..

= 200 . R

= 18,2 . U = 15 , I

= 0,8 U.

= 20 , R4 U/20I = 15 /16 = 800 . R4 , ( ), RA, R4 = 400 . RA :

1.

41

UU

RRA .

4

= , RU

U RA

=

.

4

R

= 400 - (20 /15 ) = 540 .

:

R2 = R - R= 18,2 - 540 = 17,66 . U

,

; , , R4 - R

(. 1.22.). , R1 = R + R -

R

R4 , .

-

,

R'

. 1.23.

UR2

R1 R..

.1.23.

R

R

R4

-U

R

+U

U1

R'

=R

+R

U2

+U- U

1.

42

R'

= R

+ R

. , R4 R2+ R R ,

. R

-

, (R'

|| R2) (R || R1) - , , -

, .

1.7.

,

. 1.24 . , - S1 S2 .

S2

U

R2

R1

2

1

S1

I

+U- U

.1.24. I

I

,

S1 S2 U

.

1.

43

(-) . U

, -

. -

S1 S2 , U

U

. -

, S1 -, S2- , - R1 , I (R1 R2 , I ; , .). , U

= I

R1 , U

U

.

U

U

-

S1,

11 R

UUI

= .

. U

=10 U

= - 15, R1= 10 , I1 = ( - 15 - 10 )/10 = - 25 /10 = - 2,5

. R1 = 10 , U = 5 U = - 10 , I1= = [ - 10 - ( - 5 )]/10 = - 5 /10 = - 0,5 . , S1 S2, :

11

+=R

RK

S1 S2 , R1= R2, :

U I R I R R I I

= = 1 2 1 2( )

1.

44

I1 - I2 I , ,

U

1.

45

(. 1.25.). , , - , . . U1 = U2 , . U.

/ U.

, U1 = U2.= U

;

= 0,01 - .

U

.1.25.

U1

U2 +U- U

(), :

CC

==

-

.

1000 10000 , -

. : () = 20lg(A/A

) , () = 20lg(). , .

. 1.26., , : U U A U

= + 2 , U1 U2. , :

1.

46

U U U UR

R RU

= =

+1 2

1

12 .

U

, :

U UR

R R U U

=

++ +

.

1

12 2

U.

R..

R1

.1.26.

U2

U1

Ug

+U- U

U

, :

U U

R

R R

=

+

+ +

21

11

.

:

UU K

A A

AR

R R

2 1

11

= =

+

+ +

.

, :

1.

47

RR R

1

1 += ,

:

=

+

+ =

+ +

+ 1 1 1

, = /

,

= / .

, :

=

+ =

+ 1 1 ,

, -

.

. , -

= 11, R1 = 10 , R = 100 , = 1000 = 10000. - ?

=

+ =

+ 1 1

=+

= =

RR R

1

1

111 0 091,

:

= 1103 / (1+9,110-2103 ) + (103 / 104 ) / ( 1+ 9,110-2103 ) = = 103 / 92 + 10-1 / 92 =10,89 + 1,08910-3 = 10,891

1.

48

, ,

-

, , ,

.

.

.1.27. - , -

. U

-

U2 - U1= 1 U = 5 . = 10 000 = 20 000, = 86 . U

, -

, :

U U URR

.

( ) ,= = =2 11

1 100 0 1

U

, :

U UA

.

,

, ,=

+ =

+ = =

15

1000020000

11 10000 0 01 5 0 00495 0 0247

UR=10

U

1 '..

1

10

10

R+ DR

RR

R

.1.27.

U1

U2

R+ DR

+U- U

1.

49

24,7 %. .

, , , -

, , ,

.

, , ,

. ,

, -

,

. -

10 , .

, -

.

, -

(- ). -,

,

U2, U2 , - , . -

.

, . 1.28. -

U

U

U

R'

R

R2

R1

.1.28.

+U

- U

1.

50

, -

.

,

-

. -

, ,

. 1.28, :

KUU

= =

+ 1 , = +R

R R

1

1

, :

UU

R

R R

=

+ +

1 11

>> 1 , :

UU

R

R R

RR R

oc

+

=

+1

1

1

1

1

, :

UU

R RR

+1

1

1.

51

. , .1.28 , ( ) U.

= 10 U

=1,02, () :

UU

R RR

+1

1=

=10 / 1,02) [( 100 +100 ) / 100 ] =9814. () = 20 lg = 20 lg 9814 = 79,8 .

1.9.

,

. -

, -

.

,

, .

:

( ), ( ) - ( 1/f').

1.9.1. ( )

,

. , -

.

, , -

, , ,

. (, ), , - . -

( ) :

1.

52

fkTRE

= 42

2

E - ; k- (1,38 10-23 /), - - ( + 273); f - (-, ). , ,

. ,

-

. ,

100 1 , 100 . , ,

.

, , -

-

.

. -

,

100 , -, 10 .

. -

:

058.4101002981038.1(44 23..

=== fkTRE

-

, .

.

1.

53

1.9.2.

, , -

, . -

( ) -. -

, -

. , ,

, -

, .

, , -

.

-

fqIi

=..

2.

2

2.

i - ; q - (1,6 10-19 ); f - ;

..

I - (). , ,

, .

.

.

200 . , ,

, -

. f = 10 .

: :

1.

54

fqIi

=...

2 :

25,3 A102,53 10 2000)10 (1,6 2 -11-19 == (.)

06 -, ,

:

2.

2.

2..

2

RiEE +=

..

E - ; 2

E - -

; 2.

i - - ;

.

R - , . . -

.

, :

. 5,4 00125,3 2 1064 1. 2-11..

=+=

E ()

, -

-

. -

,

.

, .

f , 3 - (

....

ff ).

1.

55

6 /, ...

f ...

f -

.....

57.1

ff = ; 57.1.....

ff = . , -

.

1.9.3. -, ( f1 )-

, -

( ), - . -

- (- ). -

. - f1 , .

- -

, -

. -

.

-

, -

, -

.

1.9.4. /

/ - . - , S - ,

..

S - / ,

..

S / .

1.9.5. -

- :

( ) ( )[ ].

......

lg10)(

SS = .

1.

56

( ) ( ).....

SS , ( 1). ,

.

.

-

.

.

.

R =5 . - 20,

.

R - 9,09 . 1. - 24 ().

..

= 11,3 (.),

.

U = 200 (.). - .

:

/ :

( )( ) 26.31353.11

52002

2

..

..

2..

2.

.

.

===

RERU

S

/ . -:

U

42.0..

==

-

:

1.

57

( )[ ].21... RRR += .

.

R = 100 1R =5 , ..

=20 (105 /100 )=21. ,

..... .

= ,

( ) ( )

5.263.1124 22..2..2...

=+=+=

( )

1.5575.2621..

==

/ : ( )( ) 6.511.34

76.1..

..

2..

2.

.

.

===

RRERRU

S

- :

( ) ( )[ ] SS

08.66.5126.331lg10lg10)(

.....

===

1.10.

,

. -

, -

.

, (- ):

1) - ( ) ,

2) ;

3) , , . ,

, -

. , -

.

- .

1.

58

1.11.

, , -

. -

,

.

: ,

, ,

. -

,

. , -

, -

. -

, -

.

.

1.12.

1. . - - . , -

.

-

.

-

.

.

2. : ( ), - . -

, -

, -

, .

1.

59

3. . .

4. , . ,

,

, , -

.

2.

60

2

-

.

,

.

2.1.

. -

,

.

R

-

( ), :

I I Ioc1 2+ =

, U

=0 ( ,

RU2

U1

U

RI

I2

I1R

.2.1.

U

= 0+U- U

2.

61

,

), I UR1

1= , I

UR2

2= , I

URoc

= .

I I Ioc1 2+ = UR

UR

UR1 2+ = . R,

U U U1 2+ = , U U U = +( )1 2 .

n :

U U U U n= + + +( ... )1 2 .

.

) U

, U1=3 U2=-4 ) U

, U1=3 U2=2 : ) U U U

= + = =( ) ( )1 2 3 1 4 ) U U U

= + = + = ( ) ( )1 2 3 5 2

, -

. ,

U U ta= sin ; , ,

, , -

.

2.2.

-

, -

. , -

, U U U1 2 33 4+ + . , , :

2.

62

I I I Ioc1 2 3+ + = . , -

, U

=0, IUR1

1

1= , I

UR2

2

2= ,

IUR3

3

3= I

URoc

oc

= , UR

UR

UR

UR

oc

1

1

2

2

3

3+ + = .

U

:

UU R

RU R

RU R

Roc oc oc

= + +

1

1

2

2

3

3

. U

, . 2.2 R1=20, R2=50, R3=25 Roc=100 , U1=1, U2=2 U3= -3.

UU R

RU R

RU R

Roc oc oc

= + +

= +

= + =1

1

2

2

3

31 3 1 5 2 2 3 4 3

10020 2

10050

10025 ( )

. R1, R2 R3, , .2.2. ( )U U U U

= + +6 3 41 2 3 , Roc=200.

RU3 U

R

I

I3

.2.2.

U2I2R

U

= 0

U1I1R

+U- U

.

. -

2.

63

: 6 U1, 3 U2 4 -

U3. R1 6 1 11

U URR

oc= , -

:

RRoc

1 6200

33 3= = =

6 , .

R2200

66 6= =

3,

R3200

50= =

4 . n

, :

UU R

RU R

RU R

RU R

Roc oc oc n oc

n

= + + + +

1

1

2

2

3

3... .

. . 2.2

R R R Rn1 2 3= = = =... RRnoc

=1

n - , -

:

UU U U U

nn

=

+ + + +1 2 3 ...

. . 2.2 , .

: R R R1 2 3 200= = = RRnoc

=1

, . .

20066 6

3= , . ,

R R R Roc n= 1 2 ... , -. , ,

:

2.

64

++++=

UUUUU n...2 3210

-

.

. -

,

, -

.

-

.

2.

65

2.3. -

- . 2.3.

+

=

22

11

24

13 R

RURRU

RRU

RRUU ococococ

,

RR

RR

RR

RR

oc oc oc oc

1 2 1 2+ =

+

-

- ,

, -

.

, , , -

-

.

, -

. -

6: RR

RR

RR

RR

RR

RR

RR

oc oc oc

m

oc oc oc oc

n1 2 1 1 2+ + + =

+

+

+ +

... ...

R 2U4

U3

R1

R2

R 1U

R

R

.2.3. -

U 2

U 1

+U- U

2.

66

m - , n - -

; :

U URR

URR

URR

URR

URR

URR

oc oc

m

oc

m

m

oc

m

oc

m n

oc

n

= + + +

+

+

+ +

+ + +11

22

11

22

... ...

. .2.3. U1=U2=1, U3=U4=2, Roc=200, Roc =100, R1=100, R2=25, R3=25 R4=16,67.

() ? () U

? :

() : RR

RR

RR

RR

oc oc oc oc

1 2 1 2+ =

+

;

200 200 100 100100

25

25

16,67+ = + ;

2+8=10; 4+6=10 , .

() U U

RR

URR

URR

URR

oc oc oc oc=

+

31

42

11

22

U

= + = + =2100

2100

1200

1200

2 4 2 6 1 2 1 8 10

25

16,67

100

25 B

U

=10.

. .2.3. R R R R R Roc oc1 2 1 2= = = = = . U

.

:

U URR

URR

URR

URR

oc oc oc oc=

+

31

42

11

22

2.

67

,

R U U U U U

= + +( ) ( )3 4 1 2 . - .

, -

. ,

6 , ? , ,

, .

,

.

.

. - , -

:

U U U U U

= + +4 2 101 2 3 4 . : R Roc oc= , -

R Roc oc= = 100 . R1, R2, R1 R2 , . 2.3, .

U1 RR

oc

14= ,

RRoc

1 4100

425= = =

.

,

RR

oc

22= ; R2

1002

50= =

; =

=RRoc

1 1010 ;

=

=RRoc

2 1100 .

, RR

RR

oc oc

1 24 2 6+ = + =

+

= + =RR

RR

oc oc

1 210 1 11, . . -

2.

68

-

.

, -

U U U U U U x= + + + +( ) ( )4 2 5 101 2 3 4

U

=0, . -

, . 2.4, R

,

RR

oc

x

, 5, -

. R

=

Roc5 20 .

:

R2 =100

R

=100

R

=100

U3

U4

R

=20

R1 =10 U

.2.4. -

U

=0

R2 =50 U2

R1 =25 U1

+U-U

2.

69

RR

RR

RR

RR

RR

oc oc oc

x

oc oc

1 2 1 2+ + =

+

,

4+2+5=11=10+1=11,

. -

-

, -

Rx ; - , , -

.

2.4.

(U

=U1+U2++Un), -. , U

=U1+U2.

R 2 =100

R

=100

R

=100

U1

U2

R 1 =100

R1 =50

U

.2.5.

+U- U

= = R R Roc 1 2 RRn

oc

1 = , n - ( ). . 2.5. -

, , U

=2U1+U2.

RR

RR

RR

RR

oc oc oc oc

n1 1 2=

+

+ +

... n .

2.

70

2.5.

:

) 2 3 40X Y+ = ; ) 2 5X Y+ = . : ,

-

, . , -

,

15, Y 150, 0,1=1. =15 1,5 . 0,1=1. , , -

.

,

,

.

-

, , -

.

, -

Y. () , X =

40 3Y2

Y

= 20 1 5, . () Y, , Y= - 2 + 5. -, ,

X Y=RR

RR

oc oc201 1

.

, - . - -

,

2.

71

, .

,

= R Roc 1 .

R Roc oc= . 1 51

, Y Y=RR

oc, R

Roc1 1 5= , .

= =R Roc oc 100 ; :

R R Roc oc= = =1 100 R1100

1 5 66 7= =

,

, .

. 2.6.

,

Rx ,

=

RR

oc

x

0 5, ; -

( -) 1,5. Y. Y= - 2 + 5, :

Y X + 5=RR

RR

oc oc

1 1,

RR

oc

12=

=

RR

oc

11 .

R

=200

R

=100

R

=100

20

YR 1 =66,7

R 1 =100 U

=

+U- U

.2.6. =20-1,5 Y

2.

72

R Roc oc= = 100 ,

R1100

250= =

= =R1

1001

100

.

2, 1. - -

, ,

=

RR

oc

x

1.

, =Rx 100 . Y, . 2.7.

, , -

, Y, - Y- , . - .

. 2.8.

R

=100

R

=100

R

=100

0

5

R 1 =50

R 1 =100 U

=Y

.2.7. Y = -2X+5

+U

- U

2.

73

,

-

.

, -

.

, -

-, -

. . 2.9, .

, ,

. -

R

=200

R

=100

R

=100

20

YR1 =66,7

R 1 =100

R

=100

R

=100

R

=100

0

5

R1 =50

R 1 =100 Y

.2.8. 2 + 3Y=40 2X+Y=5

+U

- U

+U

- U

2.

74

. , -

-

-, 5 - 5.

R

=100

- 2

YR 1 =66,7

R 2 =100

R

=100

-0,5

R 1 =50

R 2 =100 Y

.2.9. 2 + 3Y=40 2X+Y=5

+U

- U

+U

- U

2.

75

2.6.

-

-

.

:

1. , - . -

,

,

.

2.

,

R

+U

- U

R1

R2

.2.10.

R1 R

2

1

R

R

++

+

+U

- U

+U

- U

2.

76

. (-) .

3. , -, -

.

,

.

4. . - .

5. , . .

- , -

.

-

,

.

-

. -

, -

.

1 2

, ,

, -

. -

.

: 1. ,

-

.

2. - , ,

.

2.

77

( RR

oc

1

RR

oc

2),

.

3. , ,

.

4. , , -

(. . ) . -

.

5. R2 -

,

.

, .. ,

,

.

, -

-

; .

,

, .

, -

,

.

-

,

. , ,

2.

78

.

,

,

. ,

(. . -) , - ; . -

,

, -

,

, . -

,

.

. -

, .

-

-

.

, -

-

.

2.7.

2.

79

(). -

.

,

, , - -

, -

,

.2.11. - .

. .2.11 ,

RU2

R 3

R 1R

U

.2.11.

RU1

R 2

R 1R

RU3

R 4

R 1R

R

R

+U- U

+U- U

+U

- U

+U- U

2.

80

1 50 - 10 - .

, 10, -,

10. =Roc 500 ,

R R RRoc

2 3 4 10500

1050= = =

= =

.

1 , R1+R=Roc. Roc=500, R1+R=500,

RR

Koc

1500

50 10= = =max

,

R

==Roc-R1=500 - 10 = 490. 600, 490 , - ,

RR R

oc

+= =

1

500510 0 98, ( 1). R -

- . :

1,163505001111

1432

432

===

+++

= RRRR

RRRR

R oc

oc

2.

81

2.8.

1. - .

2. - , -

.

3. - . -

.

4. - - , ..

, -

-

. , , -

, -

-

.

5. --, -

.

6. -

.

3.

82

3

-

.

,

. , -

, -

.

3.1.

.

, -

.

. 3.2.

f x dxa

b

( )

Y

X

ba

f(b)

f(a)

f(x)

U t dtt

t

( )2

1

t

U

t2t1

U(t2)U(t)

U(t1)

3.1.

3.

83

U1U

R

.3.2.

I

=0

+U- U

CQU

= , Q , U . , Q=U, , .. ,

IdQdt C

dUdtC = =

I

0 , U

0, IR=IC.

IdQdt C

dUdtC = = :

IdQdt C

dUdt IC

CR= = =

, U

0 U

= -U

, :

I CdU

dtUR

IC

R= = =1

dU

:

dURC

U dt

=

11 ,

, :

URC

U dt

= 1

1 .

3.

84

-

t1 t2, .. .

-

.

.

) , , -

.3.3.

) R1=1, = 0,1 U=1, U

3 t0?

: ) -

, U1=U t t 0 , U1=0 t t< 0 . - , :

URC

UdtRC

Ut

= = 1 1

.

t t t1

))

-U

3.3. .a) , )

t0 t0

+U

t1

3.

85

, -

, -

.

) U

t0=0 t1=3:

URC

Utt

t

t

t=

=

=

=

=

=

=

1 30

11 10 0 1 10

13

06 6,

( )= = 10 1 3 10 10 1 0 303

. R=10 =0,1; U

1 5 ( 10). ?

: ,

.

-

-U

+5

- 5-1,25

1,25

U

3.4. .

- ; - .

t 4 t 1 t 2 t t 3

t 4

t 1

t 2

t t 3

3.

86

(. 3.4,). U

=5 t t t1 2< , U= - 5 t t t2 3< . -

.

-

.

U

URC

U dt

= 1

1 , :

URC

UdtURC

t

= = 1

,

.. .

, ..

t1 t2, :

UURC

tt

t=

=

=

=

=

0 50

5 0 510 0 1

2 5, ,

,

,

.

t2 t3 :

( )U RC tt

t RCt t

=

=

=

=

=

5 10 5

5 0 53 2

,

,

=

=

5 0 510

2 5, , 0,1

.

. 3.4,). 2,5.

,

(, U

- 5, - - 1,25). 3.2 , -

3.

87

, 5 2,5, 1,25 0,625 .

. -, . 3.4, . - ?

: U

t1 t2, :

U kt

= t t t1 2 , k . :

URC

U dt

= 1

1 ,

:

URC

kt dtkRC

tt

tt

t

= =1

21

1

2 2

2

,

(), . 3.5.

3.5. .

U

t 3 t 2 t 1

3.

88

3.2.

. -

.

, - ( ) , - U

, U

.

,

.

-

.

, -

. , U

-

. U

URC

U dt

= 1

1

:

URC

U dtRC

U dtC

I dt U

= + + + 1 1 1

1

-

, -

.

.

:

1) U

; 2) (. . -

);

3.

89

3) R

,

.3.6.

.

-

R

, -

,

RR

Up

U

. ,

-

, .

URC

U dtRC

U dtC

I dt U

= + + + 1 1 1

1 ,

, -

U1

U

R

R

R

.3.6. .

S

I

+U

- U

3.

90

R

, R RP R. R

, , R R . . . .

, -

( ). , -

, , U

,

I

I

.

,

, -

(.. - ). .

( 1 ) -

.

3.

91

3.3.

-

. 3.7.

3.7. .

1/(6,28 RC)1/(6.28RpC)

1/(6,28 RAC)

Rp/R,6 /

f1

f

,

(. 3.2) , ,

. -

1

2ARC,

.

5% , , -

1% , 10 . -

1

2RC.

3.

92

R

-

, . 3.7, () . - -

fR

RR

C R Cx

p p= =

1

2

12

.

, , -

, 1

2R Cp

12RC

.

. 20 . 2%,

U U dt

= 5000 . R, R.

: ,

, R. =0,1.

URC

U dt

= 1

, = 50001

RC, ,

R C= = =1

50001

5000 0 1 2, .

2%,

() 10 , - . -

2 - R

.

3.

93

R f Cp =1

2 1

R

, , -

,

, 2. RR

p= 2000 (

R

=4) , f1. f

R Cp1

12

0 39 2= = :

SRR

RR

RR

RR

oc oc oc oc

41 2 3 4

= + + +

.

, -

,

, -

. -

, -

.

, . 4.8, -, , ,

, -

-

-

.

.

4.

140

1

R2

U

2

R33

R4

R1+U1

ROC

0 U

S1

S2

S

S4

3

-U

U U UCT1 CT1 CT3 1

.4.8.

+U- U

U1

4.

141

.

4.9, . -

. -

. ,

, -

. .

, -

,

, -

,

. ,

,

-

.

R8

U

R6

R1RO C

R2

R4R3 R5

+U

R7 R9

-U

U

-U

+U

+U

-U

S1S2

S3

S1S4

s6

UAUB

UC UD

)

+U- U

. 4.9. - , - .

)

4.

142

, , -

.4.8 4.9, R1. Roc, U

,

, -

, U

.

. 4.10. , - U

, -

, ,

, -

.

+U

- U

R

U

R

R1U

U

U

.

UCT

UCT

.

4.10. , ( ).- , - .

-

.

, lg, ln, , . -

.

4.8. ()

4.

143

-

,

. -

, , -

, , -

. -

(), - , ,

. 4.11.. . 4.12. ,

: ,

. -

, ,

, -

. Roc -,

.

1 2

R1, , . 4.12, . -

-

-

.

4.

144

U

T

U

T

U

T

4.11. () - , - ,

-

)

)

)

R

U

RU

U

U

)

R

R

2

+U

- U

+U

- U

1

1

) 4.12. ( ) - ;

4.

145

4.9.

1. - -. , - . - .

2. - -. - - . - , - .

3. - , , .

4. , - , . , - . , -.

5. - , , -, , , .

6. () - , , ; - . - .

5.

146

5

5.1.

, , (. . - ), . -

, -

.

,

( ) f

, , f

; . 5.1,. f

-

, , f

( ). f

f

, ,

, -

. f

,

0,707 - (. . 3 ); f

, 3 , .

,

f

, f

-

. 5.1, . , . 5.1,,

f1 f2. f1 f2 . f1 f1 f2 f2 -

5.

147

. f1 f2 - (f0), . .: f f f0 1 2=

UnU

U

U

=0,707Un

0

f

f

f

Un

U

f

f

f1

f1

f2

f2

210 fff =

f1

f2

f

f0

5.1.

) )

) )

() f1 f2 . - . 5.1,. -

-.

-

, 50 .

5.

148

5.1.1.

,

.

,

, , -

.

:

1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; 6) ; 7) . :

1) ; 2)

.

5.2.

-

. , -

.

, -

, -

.

, -

, () R-, - . 4 , R-

5.

149

6 /. - . (R ) 6 /. ,

f

f

12 /, f

f

-

30 /. . ,

, -

12 /. ,

36 /. () -

, . ,

.

, -

.

5.3.

5.3.1.

, -

. -

6 / . -

; , , , -

. ,

, .

5.

150

, -

-

.

5.3.2.

;

, .

0,5, 1, 2 3 ,

.

-

6 / . ,

-

, .. -

; - , . -

( ) () :

( )cp

nn

lg2016lg20 ++= ,

, , - 1 0 - : 0,5 =0,3493, 3 =0,9976.

, ,

( )20 6 1lg + n . -

5.

151

, ,

,

- -

.

-

, . -

( ) , -

,

.

5.3.3.

-

. ,

. -

. -

-

.

-

6 /. ,

,

:

( )Q f Q ncp = =max2 22 , . Q , n .

3 .

5.

152

5.3.4.

-

, . -

,

, -

, ; ,

, ,

; , .

, -

.

5.3.5.

. , -

-

, . . . ,

, 1,414, 3 =0,766.

,

, -

.

. 5.5 .

5.

153

Q - 3 ; . 5.6 . :

( )Qf

f ff f

f f= = 0

2 1

1 2

2 1

f f f0 1 2= , f1 3 , f2 3 .

Q = 1

.

K

:

KUUn

=

S - -

-

,

. , :

5,001

=S R 0=2f0, R1 , , 0 0,5%, R1 - 1%.

-

, fcp, 0, , Q. -

, , -

. S .

5.

154

5.3.6.

-

,

.

.

5 % 2%. - 1% 2%. - -

,

-

.

-

,

, -

-

(). , 10010-6 1/ 5010-6 1/, = 1010-6 1/.

-

, ,

( 1010-6 1/), - . -

, -

.

-

-

, , -

5.

155

-

.

-

,

.

-

,

.

, -

-

.

0,01 , - 10 . , -

, -

. -

-

,

, ,

.

-

,

.

5.4.

-

, - .

5.4.1. ()

- -

. -

5.

156

.

-

. 5.2.

2

R 1 R 2

R B

R A

UU

R 1

R 2

C 1 C 2

R B

R A

U

U

1

+U

+U

- U

- U

5.2. -

5.

157

, .

R- 6 / .

R- (R11 R22), .

R11 R22 , - - . -

RA RB . - -

, 1 -

-

R1 . R1=R2 1=2, .

-

RA RB,

.

5.4.2.

-

,

( 10) ; - . 5.3. R3 1 ( ). , ,

R1 1, , R3 2.

f0. R2 , .

5.

158

R2 R -

.

( R2 ) - .

.

R2

C 1

C 2R 4

U

U

R 1

R 3

+U- U

5.3.

5.4.3. ()

. 5.4 ) - , -

.

, ( - ). -

. , , -

,

. -

( ) , -

5.

159

,

3 .

R5

R`

.

R 4U

R

..

R 3R 1

1

4

2

R2

R 5

R

R4U

R

.

.

R 3

R1

R 1

1

4

2

R 2

R 2

R B

R B

+U

- U

+U

- U

+U

- U

+U

- U

+U

- U

+U

- U

+U

- U

5.4.

)

)

, -

.

-

Q , . -

, 100. -

.

5.

160

, -

-

. - .5.4 ).

.

R4U

-

-

+

5.5. -

-

. .5.5. -

,

6.17 . 6.

-

. -

, -

, -

. -, , -

.

-

-

. -

-

-

5.

161

, -

. -

.

-

-

.

fcp , fcp -, -

.

-

.

,

fcp, fcp. fcp ,

,

, . 5.6. - =1/Q , Q=1/ , - .

. 5.6.

5.

162

.5.4, fcp fcp -, R5 Roc ( Q) - . , R1=R2 1=2. ,

(.5.4,), - RA RB . - -

U

.

R4 Roc.

-, -

-

. -

, -

. -

, -

, . . -

,

. .5.7 ,

-.

+U

-U

OV VC

VC

FC

FC

QU

R

R

R

R/3

5.7.

-

5.

163

5.4.4.

-

, ( ) Q, 100.

.

(-) , . -

.5.8. , -

, -

. R1=R2, RK/R1. R2. R - .

R

R

5

6

R1U

R

R2R

R43

2

RR 32 U

+U- U

+U- U

+U- U

5.8.

1

. -

-

( 180); , , , -

. , -

-

5.

164

,

. -

, -

.

5.5.

-

. 5.4 . -

.

5.5.1.

R1=R2 1=2. fcp. :

1. . 5.1 f f cp3

. :

f f f cp : (= 3 ) .

2. R :

fRCcp

=

12

,

R=R1=R2 C=1=2. , - , R.

3. . 5.1 , .

4. RA. RA = R. RB :

RB=(2-)RA.

5.

165

5.1. f f cp3

f f cp3

1,414 1,00 1,732 0,785

0,5 1,578 1,390

1 1,059 1,218 2 0,886 1,074 3 0,766 1,000

f fcp = 3 () . f fcp = 3 () , f 3 - 3 ; fcp , ; f f cp3 .

5. : 1/ += BA RRK .

. - f3 = 2.

: . 5.1 f f cp3 = 1, f f cp3 = . -

= 0,1 = 1= 2. R1=R2=R. f

= 1/2RC :

( ) ( )R f Ccp= = =1

21

2 0 1796

2

,

.

,

14047, = 0,047 R:

( ) ( )R f Ccp= = =1

21

2 0 0471 69

2

,

,

1,69 2%. RA 10 RB.

5.

166

( ) ( )R RB A= = =2 10 2 1 414 5 86 , , . 5,9 2%.

:

KRR

B

A= + = + =1

5 91 1 59, ,

10

, -

. 5.9 . .

2

R 1 R 2

R B

R A

U

U

R 1

R 2

C 1 C 2

R B

R A

U

U

1

+U- U

+U- U

. 5.9. -

)

)

5.

167

. - -

fcp - R1, R2 RB.

5.5.2.

. 5.9 : 1. f3 .

. 5.1 f f cp3 .

, fcp : f fcp = 3 () .

2. C=1=2 R=R1=R2, -

R fRCcp

=

12

.

3. . 5.1 , - . RA RB RB=(2-)RA.

4. KRR

A

B= +1

.

. ( ) :

1. fcp 1 2 R1 R2.

2. RB.

. .

. -

1 f3 = 3.

5.

168

:

. 5.1 f f cp3 = 1,218, = 1,059,

fcp=f3(1,218)= 3(1,218)=3,654.

C=1=2 R=R1=R2. 0,022,

( ) ( )R f Ccp= = =1

21

2 0 0221 979

3,654 , , .

1,96 2%. RA = 10 , RB = (2 - )RA = (2- 1,059)10 = 9,41 . 9,53 2%.

KRR

B

A= + = + =1

9 531 1 953, ,

10

5.5.3.

. 5.10 - R2. -

R2 . R2 - -

.

R2: 1. f1 f2 ,

>2Q2. 2. f1 f2 f0 Q

f f f0 1 2= Qf

f f= 0

2 1. , Q>15,

. Q

5.

169

R f QC1 01

4=

, R f C3 0

12

=

4. K

K

=2Q2.

R 1 R2 U U

R 3

1

R 2+U- U

5.10.

R2 : 1. f1 f2.

>2Q2., Q - f1 f2 .

2. f0 Q : f f f0 1 2= Q

ff f=

0

2 1.

3. Q

5.

170

RQf C3 0

22

=

.

5. K

KRR

=3

12.

-

:

1) f0 - 1 2 R1 R2;

2) Q - R3/R1, R3R1 - ;

3) - R2.

. -

R2, . - R2 . f1= 4,5 f2= 5,5 . :

( ) ( )f f f0 1 2 4 5 4 975= = =, , 5,5 , Q ff f= =

0

2 14 975, . =1=2=0,001.

R f QC1 01

41

4 4 975 4 975 0 001 3 215= = = , , , , .

3,32 2%.

RQf C3 0

22

2 4 9752 4 975 0 001 318= =

=

,

, , .

316 2%. ( )K Q

= = =2 2 4 975 49 52 2, , .

5.

171

5 - >>50, .

. -

, f1 = 760 , f2 = 890 K

=10. K

,

R2. :

( ) ( )f f f0 1 2 760= = = 890 822,4 , Q ff f= =

0

2 1

822 46 326

,

,

890 - 760 = .

=1=2= 0,0047. R1, R2 R3:

RQ

f CK

102

6 3262 822 4 0 0047 26= = =

,

, , 10

26,1 2%.

( ) ( )RQ

f C Q K

20

22 26 326

2 822 4 0 00473 84=

=

=

,

, ,

,

2 6,326 -102

3,83 2%.

RQf C3 0

22

6 3262 822 4 0 0047 521= = =

,

, ,

511 2%. K

:

KRR

= =

=3

12511

9 79

2 26,1 , .

K

=9,79 K

=10, . R3 R1.

5.

172

5.5.4.

-

,

. 5.11.

R 5

R`.

R 4U

R..

R 3R 1

1

4

2

R 2

+U

- U

+U

- U

+U

- U

5.11.

-

. :

1. f3 .

2. . 5.1 f f cp3 . f f cp3 1,

f

.

3. R1=R2=R3=R4=Roc= Roc =R.

=1=2 R f Ccp=

12

.

4. . 5.1 , - R5 :

= 135 ocRR

: 1) fcp R1

R2 1 2. 2) Roc .

5.

173

1. f1 f2. K

=Q. 2. f0 Q. Q 100. 3. =1=2 R=R1=R2=R3=R4=Roc= Roc

R f Ccp=

12

.

4. R5 ( )R R Qoc5 3 1= . : 1) f0 R1

R2 1 2. 2) Q Roc .

.

,

. , f3 =12,

2. .

:

. 5.1 f f cp3 =1,074; = 0,886,

f fcp = = =31 07412

11174,

,

1,074 .

1=2==0,001 R=R1=R2=R3=R4=Roc= Roc .

R f Ccp= =

=

12

12 11174

14 2 ,

,

0,001 .

14 2%. R5 = Roc (3/ 1) = 14(3/0,8861) = 33,4.

33,2 2%.

5.

174

, -

R

, ,

- (. 5) . 5.3. . Q = 1/ =1,13.

1,13, . . . , -

, () -, , -

.

.

,

. f1=940 f2=1. :

f f f0 1 2 940 969 5= = = 1 , , Q ff f= = =

0

2 1

969 516 15

,

,

1 940 .

:

1=2==0,033 R=R1=R2= =R3=R4=Roc= Roc .

R f C= = =1

21

2 969 5 4 970 ,,

0,033 .

5,11 2%. R5= (Q1) Roc = (316,151)5,11 =243.

237 2%. - , -

K

=Q=16,15. -

.

, -

(.5.12)

5.

175

, -

.

R 5

R

R 4U

R..

R 3

R 1

R 1

1

4

2

R 2

R 2

R

R B

+U- U

-U

+U

+U- U

+U- U

5.12.

-

.

:

1. . 5.1 f f cp3 , -

. f f cp3 1, f.

2. =1=2 R=R1=R2=R3=R4=R5=Roc=R, R

fRCcp

=

12

.

3. K

R4.

KRR

oc=

4, R

RK

oc

4 = .

4. R

R

=R

:

1) R

R

.

2) K

R4. 3) f

R1 R2 1 2.

5.

176

-

.

:

1. f1, f2 K. f0 Q f f f0 1 2= , Q ff f=

0

2 1150

2. G K

Q. K

=GQ, G KQ

= .

3. =1=2. R=R1=R2=R3=R4=R5=Roc=R R

R f C=1

2 0.

4. R4 RRG

oc

4 = .

5. R

RRQB

A= .

. RU

IB

> R2 ( 200R2) R1 < 0,1R . L. - L = R1R2 :

CL

R R=

1 2.

:

Q R R= 12 1 2

. ,

RLC-, f0= 300 . - . 5.18. :

2 = 0,1 . f LC01

2=

-

L:

5.

186

( )L f C= = =1

41

4 300 0 12 82

02

22 2

,

, .

Q 10 R2, R2 = 1 .

Q R R= 12 1 2

R1:

R Q R1 2 22 2 100 1= = = 200 .

L = R1R2 :

L

R R= =

=

1 2

2 81 200 0 014

,

,

.

, -

, 0,012 0,002 . Q=3, R=XC /( ) = 2f0L/3 = 5,28 /3 = 1,76 . 1,78 2%. R R2, - Q .

R2=1R1=1,78

C1=0,1

U

U

R3=200

C2=0,014 +U- U

. 5.17.

5.

187

5.7.2.

1. , ,

.

( , .)

2. -, (, - ) . - -

; , ,

.

3. - ,

, -

-

. ( , -

), . ,

. ,

.

188

1. .. : -. . . .: , 1982. - 80 . (- ; . 628)

2. ., . - . 1.

3. ., . . .: , 1979. 360 .

4. . - . 2- ., . . . .. .: -XXI, 2001. - 560 .

5. .., . - . .: , 1994. - 352 .

6. . : . .: , 1989. - 192 .

7. . - . . . .: , 1985. 572 .

8. ., . : 3- . . . 4- . . . .: , 1993.

9. .., .. - : . .: i, 1983. 213 c.

-

http://www.gaw.ru/ http://www.gaw.ru/html.cgi/txt/ic/start.htm http://rsputnik.com.ru/operusil.html http://ash2002.narod.ru/agta/ou/www.gaw.ru/HTML.CGI/components/OP/index.html

189

.3 1. - 5 1.1. 5 1.2. 9 1.3. - ..13

1.3.1. ....13 1.3.2. 14 1.3.3. .15 1.3.4. .19 1.3.5. ..21

1.4. 25

1.4.1. - ..25 1.4.2. 27 1.4.3. ..29

1.5. ..32

1.5.1. .32 1.5.2. .....34

1.6. 38 1.7. ..42 1.8. () ..44 1.9. ...51

1.9.1. ( ).51 1.9.2. .53 1.9.3. -, ( f1 )-.55 1.9.4. /55

190

1.9.5. -.55 1.10. 57 1.11. .58 1.12. ..58

2. .60 2.1. ..60 2.2. -.61 2.3. -..65 2.4. 69 2.5. ...70 2.6. ...75 2.7. 79 2.8. .81

3. 82 3.1. 82 3.2. .88 3.3. ..91 3.4. 94 3.5. .97 3.6. -...98 3.7. 98 3.8. .99 3.9. 102 3.10. .103 3.11. .105 3.12. ..107 3.13. .109 3.14. 112 3.15. -113

191

3.16. 114 3.17. ..115 3.18. .122

4. ...124 4.1. -...124 4.2. 129 4.3. ..131 4.4. ..133 4.5. ..135 4.6. ...138 4.7. .138 4.8. () 143 4.9. ...145

5. ..146 5.1. 146

5.1.1. 148 5.2. 148 5.3. 149

5.3.1. .149 5.3.2. .150 5.3.3. .....151 5.3.4. .152 5.3.5. -.152 5.3.6. 154

5.4. .155 5.4.1. ()...155 5.4.2. ..157 5.4.3. () ....158 5.4.4. ......163

192

5.5. ....164

5.5.1. .....164 5.5.2. .....167 5.5.3. ..168 5.5.4. .172 5.5.5. ..178

5.6. .180 5.6.1. - 180

5.7. 183 5.7.1. .185 5.7.2. ......187

.188

385000, , . , 208

20.05.2005. 60x90 imes New Roman 300 . 056 ./ (8772) 57-02-58