გენერალი გიორგი მაზნიაშვილი

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saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis departamenti ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti caca CxartiSvili generali giorgi mazniaSvili meomris biblioTeka #20 Tbilisi 2008 fb.com/groups/ellib

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მოიძიე წიგნებიhttps://www.facebook.com/groups/ELLIB/pdf doc ebup mobi

Transcript of გენერალი გიორგი მაზნიაშვილი

  • saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro

    saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi

    J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebisdepartamenti

    ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

    caca CxartiSvili

    generali giorgi mazniaSvili

    meomris biblioTeka #20

    Tbilisi

    2008

    fb.com/groups/ellib

  • Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ meoce wigni; seria

    iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli

    saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi. seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli aRzrda

    da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia popularuli,

    magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es patara, magram

    tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa udides mefe daviTs,

    Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi warmoebul mTavar da

    gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel oficrebs, saqarTvelosa

    da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da a.S.

    seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

    instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.

    didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos

    yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.

    seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom

    brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.

    vaJa kiknaZe

    seriis saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa

    doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe

    istoriis mecnierebaTa

    doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe

    recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa

    doqtori, profesori dodo WumburiZe

    kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lleila xurcia

    ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe

    redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe

    teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili

    damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

    gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier

    saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis

    topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.

    q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20

    tel.: +995 32 91-19-83

    faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83

    2

  • giorgi mazniaSvilis cxovreba da moRvaweoba samSoblosadmi uangaro

    samsaxuris saukeTeso magaliTia. man samarTlianad daimkvidra adgili

    samSoblos saxelovan gmirTa galereaSi.

    qeduxreli generlis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis amsaxveli saarqivo

    masalebi, samwuxarod STanTqa omisa da ganukiTxaobis xanZarma, ris

    gamoc, saqarTvelos arqivsacavSi metad mwiri cnobebia daculi general

    giorgi mazniaSvilis Sesaxeb, Tumca yuradsaRebia guram Sengelias da

    Teimuraz zurmuxtaSvilis wigni `me saqarTvelos generali var~.

    naSromSi gaSuqebulia giorgi mazniaSvilis erovnul-patriotuli

    moRvaweoba, naCvenebia misi damsaxureba qarTuli jaris mSeneblobaSi,

    samSoblos teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvisa da saxelmwifoebrivi

    damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi. generlis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas

    zogadad Seexnen qarTveli mwerlebi da Jurnalistebi. migvaCnia, rom

    umTavres wyaros giorgi mazniaSvilis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb

    mainc misi `mogonebani~ warmoadgens.

    giorgi mazniaSvilis `mogonebani~ gvaxsenebs 1917-1925 wlebis

    krizisul movlenebs. mkacr erovnul gansacdels, am periodSi Cvenma

    mravaltanjulma xalxma rom gamoiara. wigni pirvelad gamoqveynda 1926

    wels.

    giorgi mazniaSvili daibada 1870 wels, sofel sasireTSi (kaspis

    raioni) glexis ojaxSi. arsebobs versia misi araqarTuli warmoSobis

    Sesaxeb.

    TeZamis xevze samxedro cxenosanTa polki mdgara. erTi axalgazrda,

    gvarad maznievi, demobilizaciis Semdeg samSobloSi aRar dabrunebula;

    sasireTSi glurjiZeebis ojaxSi CasiZebula. am versiis mixedviT, misi

    qarTuli modgmac aqedan modis.

    generlis vaJiSvilic dainteresebula TavianTi gvaris warmoSobiT.

    igi mivlinebiT ukrainis erT sofelSi moxvda, sadac mosaxleobis

    umetesoba maznievebi aRmoCndnen da borismac isini Tavis winaprebad

    miiCnia.

    giorgi mazniaSvilis mama _ vano (ivane) tipiuri qarTveli glexi

    iyo, rom ityvian, erTi Reri rusuli ar icoda. arc ivanes mamas scodnia

    rusuli. isic sasireTSi yofila dabadebuli da gazrdili.

    giorgi aRnagobiT saSualoze cota ufro dabali yofila.

    Savgvremani, SavTvlwarbiT, Cafskvnili. mamamisi ivane, ocnebobda Svili

    samxedro oficeri gamosuliyo. mezoblebSi, naTesavebSi kapik-kapik

    sesxulobda fuls da ase Segrovili TanxiT mouxerxebia Svili kadetTa

    korpusSi* Seeyvana saswavleblad.

    giorgi SemdgomSi saxelganTqmuli generali gaxda. igi sicocxles

    ar zogavda demokratiuli saqarTvelos ganmtkicebisaTvis.

    3

  • saqarTveloSi me-11 armiis Semosvlis Semdeg, generals arsad

    umuSavia, sofelSi cxovrobda da Tavis mamulSi trialebda, zamTrobiT

    ramodenime TviT Tu Cavidoda TbilisSi.

    Zalian uyvarda sofeli, iqauri xalxi, dReniadag maTTan iyo, mamuls

    efereboda, uyvardaT sasirelebsac. generali sul imis cdaSi iyo,

    sofels gamodgomoda, soflisaTvis sikeTe moetana, raime ergo,

    daxmareboda.

    mdinare mtkvari Suaze yofs sasireTis mindvrebs. xalxs foniT

    uxdeboda gaRma gasvla, rac did safrTxesTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

    ramdenjerme adidebul mtkvars uremi gadaubrunebia da meurme dauxrCvia.

    es ambavi Zlier awuxebda sofels, sanam generalma gamosavali ar ipova:

    TbilisSi wavida, qveyana SesZra, bornis jaWvi iSovna, sasireTSi

    Camoitana da mtkvarze borani aago, xalxma amoisunTqa, Sveba igrZno.

    sofels sasmeli wyali ar gaaCnda. wyaro Zalian moSorebiT iyo, amitom

    soflis mosaxleoba TeZamis wyals svamda. magram roca wvima iyo, TeZami

    ise imRvreoda, arc dasalevad da arc gasarecxad aRar vargoda. es

    Wiric moaSora generalma sofels. axalqalaqSi Tixis milebi

    Camoasxmevina da sofelSi Camoitana. xalxis sixaruls sazRvari ar

    hqonda, magram xanmokle gamodga es sixaruli. xexilis fesvebma milebi

    daxeTqa da wyali aRar gaatara. generalma kvlav Tbiliss miaSura.

    rkinis milebi Camoitana da erTxel da samudamod mouRo bolo soflis

    gasaWirs.

    sofels skolac ar hqonda. mTel sofelSi erTma-orma kacma Tu

    icoda wera-kiTxva. mazniaSvilma ixmo glexoba da gamoucxada: skola

    unda avaSenoT Tqveni SvilebisaTvis. TeZamze riyis qva bevria, urmebi

    yvelas gaqvT, momizideT da aSenebis xarji Cemi iqnebao. male oTxwliani

    skola gaixsna sasireTSi. barnabianT karidan cnobili pedagogi lavrenti

    barnabiSvili moiwvia da skolas saTaveSi Cauyena. am skolam bevr

    axalgazrdas gauxsna xel-fexi da aziara ganaTlebas.

    general giorgi mazniaSvils sofelSi eklesiac auSenebia da

    Tbilisidan mowveuli mxatvrisTvis mouxatinebia.

    generali bunebiT keTili kaci yofila: didTan _ didi, patarasTan _

    patara, uyvarda axalgazrdoba. yvelasadmi pativiscemis grZnobiT yofila

    gamsWvaluli. generali mazniaSvili guluxvi pirovnebac iyo. Zalian

    xSirad asaCuqrebda Tanasoflelebs. xSirad glexebTan qeifobda, magram

    mTvrali aravis unaxavs.

    giorgoba dRes sofels patiJebda eklesiis ezoSi da saRamos

    agizgizebul cecxlTan ikribebodnen. is yovelTvis Tavis

    Tanasoflelebis gverdiT iyo. generlis kacTmoyvareobaze isic

    metyvelebs, rom man ruseT-iaponiis omis dros CineTidan ltolvili

    biWi Seifara, Camoiyvana Tavis sofelSi, daarqva qarTuli saxeli _

    4

  • tuxa. gvaric Cinurs miamsgavsa, `jujanqaia~ uwoda. SerTo qarTveli

    qali da amiT safuZveli daudo Cinur-qarTul modgmas.

    mwerali elizbar maisuraZe, romelic generlis naTluli iyo,

    kargad icnobda generlis ojaxs, mis Svilebs. Tavis mogonebebSi igi

    wers: `misi SuaTana vaJi vanoc daxvrites. misi `danaSauli~ is gaxldaT,

    rom mazniaSvilis vaJi iyo. umcrosma borisma ki Tavs uSvela, baqoSi

    gadaixvewa. Semdeg igi TbilisSi dabrunda da poet ioseb noneSvilis

    daxmarebiT daibruna mamiseuli saxli. im quCaze, romelsac axla giorgi

    mazniaSvilis saxeli ewodeba, misi STamomavlebi binadroben da am saxlSi

    saTuTad inaxaven cnobili mxedarTmTavris memorialur nivTebs.

    generals kidev erTi qaliSvili darCa _ aneta, romelic daqorwinda

    da TbilisSi dasaxlda. anetas meuRle rusi hyavda, romelsac male

    gaSorda. darCa erTi vaJiSvili, romelic miliciaSi wauyvaniaT da iq

    cemisagan SemokvdomiaT. meoredac gaTxovda aneta, SeeZina ori vaJi,

    magram isinic Wabukobis periodSi gardaicvalnen.

    giorgi mazniaSvili damoukideblobis wlebSi Semomvleli razmis

    ufrosic iyo, diviziisac, garnizonisac, Savi zRvis sanapiroebis

    jarebisac, Tbilisisa da misi raionis sardalic da soRanluRis raionis

    jarebisac, Tbilisisa da misi midamoebis, afxazeTis, axalcixisa da

    axalqalaqis mazrebis general-gubernatoric. mTels saqarTveloSi

    uwevda triali da warmatebiT ebrZoda osmalebsac, somxebsac,

    bolSevikebsac, vinc saxelmwifoebriv sazRvrebs arRvevda... meTerTmete

    armiis winaaRmdegac mouxda brZola da imaTac sakmao warmatebiT

    gaumklavda.

    generali mazniaSvili, rogorc profesionali samxedro, ruseTis

    imperiaSi erT-erTi saukeTeso mxedarTmTavari iyo, mas Tavi usaxelebia

    ruseT-iaponiis omSi. lazareTSi myofi daWrili generali piradad

    imperatorma nikoloz meorem inaxula da gamoCenili mamacobisaTvis

    wmida giorgis jvriT daajildova. 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis

    Semdeg generali samSobloSi brundeba da TanamoazreebTan erTad iwyebs

    energiul muSaobas qarTuli jaris Sesaqmnelad.

    samSobloSi dabrunebuli qarTveli samxedro inteligencia

    realurad afasebda Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg imperiaSi Seqmnil

    rTul politikur viTarebas, grZnobda samSoblosaTvis sanukvari

    damoukideblobis aRdgenis momentis moaxloebas da yvelafers akeTebda

    erovnuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis, rac SeiZleba umokles vadebSi

    Sesaqmnelad. giorgi, `mogonebebSi~ gviambobs arsebul situaciaze: `me

    Camovedi tfilisSi 1917 wels 20 seqtembers dasavleTis frontidan.

    CemTan erTad Camovida 60-mde qarTveli oficeri da jariskaci. Cven Tavs

    mxned da imedianad vgrZnobdiT, erovnuli samxedro nawilebis Sedgenaze

    vamyarebdiT did imedebs. me darwmunebuli viyavi, rom am nawilebis

    Sedgenas ukve Seudgnen CvenSi da velodi, rom dRe-dReze mimiwvevdnen

    5

  • samsaxurSi. magram aRmoCnda, rom saqme ise ar iyo rogorc movelodi.

    tfilisSi am dros arsebobda jer kidev amierkavkasiis sagangebo

    komiteti, romelic Sesdgeboda komisrisagan. xolo armias saTaveSi udga

    kavkasiis frontis mTavari sardali Tavisi StabiT da kavkasiis samxedro

    olqi~.

    generali gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom araviTari erovnuli

    samxedro nawili ar arsebobda. iyo ori qarTuli legioni, erTi qveiTi

    da erTic cxenosani.

    oqtomberSi frontidan dabrunda orive qarTuli legioni, xolo

    quTaisSi Sedga saTadarigo qarTuli aTaseuli. ai, es nawilebi gaxda

    safuZveli qarTuli armiis Seqmnisa, aRniSnavs generali.

    igi gulistkiviliT igonebda: `qarTuli jarebis Sesadgenad pirobebi

    ver iyo kargi. rogorc kavkasiis armiaSi, ise kavkasiis olqis StabebSi.

    grZnobdnen, rom dRe-dReze unda daSliliyo maTi jarebi da amitom am

    saqmes nakleb yuradRebas aqcevdnen. jariskacebi samsaxuris magivrad

    dadiodnen mitingebze, qeifobdnen da pirad saqmeebs awyobdnen. yazarmebSi

    dadiodnen mxolod dasaZineblad. kavkasiis armiis uzarmazari sawyobebi,

    romlebic savse iyo mraval milioniani qonebiT, TiTqmis udarajod iyo

    datovebuli. cxenebi mravlad ixoceboda SimSiliT, radgan sakvebs,

    romelsac iZleoda samxedro sammarTvelo, jariskacebi hyiddnen bazarze.

    frontidan dabrunebul dezertirebs ufro meti areuloba SehqondaT

    jariskacebSi. isini aramc Tu TviTon ufrosebs, qalaqis miliciasac ki

    ar emorCilebodnen. axlad Semdgari erovnuli nawilebi erTmaneTs

    ejibrebodnen, vin ufro met wils igdebda xelSi saxelmwifos qonebidan.

    oficerTa Semadgenlobac ver idga sasurvel simaRleze. rom hxedavdnen,

    garSemo yvelaferi rogor ingreoda, TviTonac acdnen keTil gzas, xolo

    ufro Segnebuli da gamocdili oficrebi, xelisuflebis uZlurebis

    gamo, TviTonac uZlurni iyvnen da ar icodnen, ranairad eSvelaT

    saqarTvelosaTvis da moespoT ubedureba, romelic dRiTi-dRe

    izrdeboda~.

    sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom qarTvel oficerTa Semadgenloba

    imdenad didi iyo, rom is eyofoda erT ki ara, sam korpuss. oficers

    sazogadod arafrisa da aravisi ar eSinoda. jamagiri metad mcire iyo.

    isic ramodenime TveSi erTxel. iaraRi, aRkazmuloba da mTavari

    sursaTis maragi sawyobebSi imdeni iyo, rom SesaZlebeli iyo Tund 50

    aTasi kacis SeiaraReba, aRkazmva da gamokveba aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.

    saWiro iyo mxolod jariskacebi, romelTa gamowvrTna SesaZlebeli iyo

    ori-sami Tavi ganmavlobaSi, Tu mTavroba am saqmes guliT moekideboda

    da saWiro daxmarebas gauwevda, wers giorgi mazniaSvili. magram

    menSevikuri mTavroba, qarTuli armiis Sedgenas gulgrilad uyurebda da

    jarisken mxolod maSin miixedavda, rodesac gaWirveba daadgeboda,

    danarCen dros ki igi miSvebuli iyo Tavis nebaze. yovelive amas kargad

    6

  • xedavda samSobloSi dabrunebuli generali mazniaSvili da yvelafers

    akeTebda qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Camosayalibeblad. saTanadod

    gawvrTnili erovnuli armiis Seqmna general mazniaSvils qarTuli

    saxelmwifos arsebobis garantad miaCnda. patriot generals am

    mniSvnelovani problemis gadawyvetis dros mxarSi edgnen ruseTis

    yofili imperiis armiis generalitetis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi,

    qarTveli generlebi: odiSeliZe**, gabaSvili**, andronikaSvili**, imnaZe**,

    gedevaniSvili** da mravali sxva. generali giorgi mazniaSvili samxedro

    saqmis brwyinvale profesionali, gamoirCeoda simarTliTa da

    gambedaobiT. generali giorgi kvinitaZe** sagangebod aRniSnavda:

    `generali mazniaSvili mamaci kacia, ramdenjer minaxavs tyviebis zuzunSi

    da gadaWriT SemiZlia Tqma, rom arasasurvel viTarebaSic ki mamacia,

    swored esaa misi nakli _ moWarbebuli simamace; xSirad gadadebda

    xolme Tavs... SeiZleboda Tavi waego da xelidan gamogvcloda iseTi

    kaci, romlis dakargvac did zians mogvitanda~.

    general mazniaSvilis dauRalavi muSaobis Sedegad SesaZlebeli

    gaxda qarTveli axalgazrdobis mizidva qarTul jarSi. samSobloSi

    dabrunebul qarTvel oficerTa TanadgomiT man Tavi mouyara 16 wlidan

    20 wlamde axalgazrdebs da safuZveli Cauyara meore qarTul divizias.

    TviTmpyrobelobis damxobam niadagi moamzada qarTuli

    saxelmwifoebriobis aRsadgenad, Tumca qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifos

    aRdgena uceb ar momxdara. 1917 wlis 9 martidan 15 noembramde

    arsebobda droebiTi mTavrobis mier daniSnuli gansakuTrebuli komiteti

    (`ozakomi*~), romlis Tavmjdomare iyo rusi kadeti* xarlamovi.

    qarTvelebidan `ozakomis~ wevrebi iyvnen: social-federalisti kita

    abaSiZe, xolo Semdeg _ social-demokrati akaki Cxenkeli. 1917 wlis 15

    noembridan gansakuTrebuli komiteti amierkavkasiis komisariatiT

    Seicvala. misi Tavmjdomare gaxda social-demokrati evgeni gegeWkori.

    1918 wlis 10 Tebervlidan komisariatTan erTad, dafuZnda amierkavkasiis

    seimi*, romlis Tavmjdomared airCies social-demokrati nikoloz

    (karlo) CxeiZe.

    1918 wlis 26 maiss TbilisSi Sedga seimis ukanaskneli sxdoma.

    amierkavkasiis federacia daSlilad gamocxadda.

    saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxada.

    qarTvelma xalxma xangrZlivi da mZime brZolebis Sedegad gadaagdo

    ruseTis imperiis koloniuri uReli, daibruna dakarguli

    saxelmwifoebrioba da daafuZna damoukidebeli suverenuli saxelmwifo

    _ saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika. erovnuli sabWos wevrebma

    `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti~ erTxmad miiRes. damtkicda

    droebiTi mTavroba aseTi SemadgenlobiT: noe ramiSvili (social

    demokrati) _ mTavrobis Tavmjdomare da Sinagan saqmeTa ministri, akaki

    Cxenkeli (social-demokrati) _ sagareo saqmeTa ministri, grigol

    7

  • giorgaZe (social-demokrati) _ samxedro ministri, giorgi Juruli

    (erovnul-demokrati) _ finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobis ministri,

    giorgi lasxiSvili (social-federalisti) _ ganaTlebis ministri, noe

    xomeriki (social-demokrati) _ miwaTmoqmedebisa da Sromis ministri,

    Salva mesxiSvili (social-federalisti) _ iusticiis ministri da ivane

    lorTqifaniZe (social-revolucioneri) _ gzaTa ministri. aqve

    aRvniSnavT, rom 1919 wlis 21 marts damfuZnebelma krebam daamtkica

    saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis axali kabineti: mTavrobis

    Tavmjdomare _ noe Jordania, sagareo saqmeTa da iusticiis ministri _

    evgeni gegeWkori, Sinagan saqmeTa, saxalxo ganaTlebisa da samxedro

    ministri _ noe ramiSvili, miwaTmoqmedebisa da Sromis ministri _ noe

    xomeriki, finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobis ministri _ konstantine

    kandelaki. yvela ministri social-demokratiuli partiis

    warmomadgeneli iyo.

    axali xelisuflebis erT-erTi upirveles amocanas Seadgenda zrunva

    qarTuli jaris Sesaqmnelad. saqarTvelos parlamentis deputatTa

    umravlesobas da mTavrobis wevrebs kargad esmodaT damoukidebeli

    saxelmwifosaTvis armiis didi mniSvneloba. axali erovnuli jaris

    pirveli nawili Seadgina orma qarTulma polkma, romelic Camoyalibda

    ruseTis armiis SemadgenlobaSi pirveli msoflio omis dros, 1915-1916

    wlebSi. 1918 wlis 2 ivliss saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni

    reorganizaciis Taobaze.

    kanonis miRebis Semdeg, saxalxo gvardia gadaiqca saxelmwifoebriv

    SeiaraRebul Zalad, romlis dafinanseba biujetidan xdeboda. 20

    agvistos parlamentma daamtkica ZiriTadi debuleba `saqarTvelos

    respublikis regularuli armiis organizaciis Sesaxeb~. axalgazrda

    qarTul saxelmwifos ar gaaCnda sakmao saxsrebi mravalricxovani

    SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Sesaqmnelad.

    saqarTvelos mudmivi armiis Semadgenloba 30-40 aTas jariskacs ar

    aRemateboda. 1918 wlis 20 agvistos miRebuli kanoni _ `saqarTvelos

    respublikis regularuli armiis organizaciis Sesaxeb~, gansazRvravda

    mudmivi jaris struqturas, calkeul saxeobaTa Semadgenlobas.

    dasaxelebuli kanonis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos

    respublikis regularul jarSi Sedioda ori qveiTi divizia, sanapiro

    jari, erTi sakavalerio brigada, erTi saartilerio brigada, mesangreTa

    erTi batalioni, erTi saavtomobilo aseuli, javSnosani matareblis

    erTi aseuli, erTi saaviacio gundi. erovnuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

    Seqmna da gaZliereba moiazreboda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

    ganmtkicebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes pirobad, rac SesaniSnavad esmoda

    xelisuflebas, agreTve ruseTidan samSobloSi dabrunebul

    patriotulad ganwyobil qarTvel samxedro inteligenciis

    warmomadgenlebs, romlebic energiulad Seudgnen qarTuli jaris

    8

  • Camoyalibebas. samSobloSi dabrunebuli giorgi mazniaSvili Tavs ar

    zogavda samSoblos usafrTxoebis dasacavad. jer kidev 1917 wlis 19

    noembers, qarTvel oficerTa daxmarebiT, erovnulma sabWom,

    amierkavkasiis komisariatma da Tbilisis sabWom bolSevik jariskacTa

    garnizons arsenali CamoarTves, dekemberSi ki, isic SeZles, rom

    TurqeTis frontidan uwesrigod dabrunebul jariskacTa boboqari masa

    Tbilisis gauvlelad gagzavnes ruseTSi da ase ixsnes amierkavkasiis

    komisariati damxobisagan, xolo saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis

    dedaqalaqi _ ruseTis armiis okupaciisagan. am didi safrTxis Tavidan

    acilebis saqmeSi fasdaudebelia general giorgi mazniaSvilis

    damsaxureba, romlis uSualo monawileobiT ganxorcielda Tbilisis

    usafrTxoebis operacia.

    generali mazniaSvili gamoirCeoda gambedaobiTa da simamaciT.

    qarTvelTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SemarTeba da mxedruli suli mas

    genetikurad winaparTagan hqonda momadlebuli. aki sagangebod

    miuTiTebda vaxuSti bagrationi qarTvelTa Seudarebel mxedrul

    Tvisebebze. igi werda, rom qarTvelebi arian `mxneni, muSakni, WirTa

    momTmenni, cxensa zeda da mxedrobaTa Sina kadnierni, mswraflni.

    salaSqroTa Sina axovanni, amayni, laRni da saxelis maZiebelni...~

    generali mazniaSvili Seudrekeli mxedruli sulis patrioti iyo.

    misTvis SiSis grZnoba saerTod ucxo iyo. ibrZoda gmiruli SemarTebiT,

    vaJkacurad da mamacobiT aRafrTovanebda TanamebrZolebs. igi yovelTvis

    win miuZRoda qarTul mxedrobas, iRebda mtris pirvel dartymas da

    elviseburi SeteviT SiSis zars scemda mowinaaRmdeges.

    `mogonebebSi~ generali mazniaSvili sagangebod amaxvilebs

    yuradRebas qarTveli axalgazrdobis sanimuSo samsaxurze qarTul

    diviziaSi, aRniSnavs, rom axalgazrdoba mondomebiT da mxned eweoda

    mxedrul samsaxurs. maT samSoblos dacva, erovnul armiaSi samsaxuri

    patriotul da sapatio movaleobad miaCndaT.

    jer kidev pirveli msoflio omis periodSi, imperiis armiaSi myofi

    Cveni oficrebis umravlesoba mxars uWerda im qarTvel politikosebs da

    politikur partiebs, romlebic aqtiur muSaobas eweodnen qarTvel

    tyveTa gasaTavisufleblad, tyveebisagan erovnuli samxedro

    formirebebis Sesaqmnelad. am patriotul saqmeSi qarTveli oficroba

    garkveul warmatebebs aRwevda. zemoaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT,

    `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetma~ specialuri `mowodeba~

    Seadgina, romliTac mouwodebda qarTvel samxedro tyveebs qarTul

    razmebSi gaerTianebisaken, germaniis jarebTan erTad ruseTis winaaRmdeg

    brZolebSi monawileobis misaRebad. mowodebas, romlis saTauria

    `qarTvelebo~, mivakvlieT centralur saistorio arqivSi. mowodeba

    gauvrcelebiaT avstria-ungreTSi, ruseTis armiis tyveTa Soris.

    mowodebaSi aRniSnulia: `... qarTvelebo, imis magier, rom xelSi

    9

  • gveWiros rusuli maxvili da vemsaxuroT (maT) saxelmwifos _ Cveni da

    mTeli kacobriobis mters - isargebleT SemTxveviT da CaewereT qarTul

    razmebSi... SesaZloa Tqven gawuxebT fici, romelic mieciT rus

    imperators, magram TviT rusi imperatorebi arian ficis gamtexni.

    saqarTvelosTan 1783 wlis traqtatis damrRvevni, saqarTvelos

    politikuri saxelis wamSlelni... Cven, rogorc saxelmwifo, vebrZviT

    ruseTs da mogiwodebT Tqvenc samSoblos erTguli samsaxurisaken.

    Tqveni samSoblo saqarTveloa da ara ruseTi. gaumarjos Tavisufal,

    damoukidebel, demokratiul saqarTvelos! gaumarjos qarTul

    saxelmwifos, Zirs tiranebi, romlebmac gaapartaxes saqarTvelo

    aswliani batonobis dros! dae, TiToeuli qarTveli iqces gmirad am

    brZolaSi. sjobs samarcxvino sicocxles tyveobaSi, amjobinoT

    mSobliur velze sikvdili!~

    vfiqrobT, iseTi samagaliTo mamuliSvili, rogoric generali

    mazniaSvili gaxldaT, sxva maRali rangis qarTvel oficrebTan erTad am

    patriotul mowodebas gaiziarebda.

    gamoCenil mxedarTmTavars, romelsac uricxv mterTan qarTveli

    xalxis gmiruli brZolebi jerovnad hqonda Seswavlili da

    gaanalizebuli, kargad hqonda SeTvisebuli qarTuli jaris dadebiTi da

    uaryofiTi mxareebi, qarTveli meomris fsiqologia. generalma,

    saqarTvelos omebis istoriidan SesaniSnavad icoda, rom qarTvelTa

    warmateba brZolaSi damokidebuli iyo upiratesobis mopovebaze

    pirvelive Setakebis dros, brZolis dasawyisSive.

    qarTveli sardali did mniSvnelobas aniWebda da iTvaliswinebda

    qarTvelTa mxedrul Tvisebebs da fsiqologias.

    `mogonebebSi~ igi sagangebod aRniSnavda: `me kargad mqonda

    Seswavlili fsiqologia qarTveli meomrebisa, kargad vicodi, rom Tu

    gauZlebdi mtris pirvel ieriSs, Cemi jarebi ibrZolebdnen bolomde,

    magram Tu pirvel SetakebisTanave Sedrkebodnen, maSin gameordeboda

    Zveli istoria da iZulebul gavxdebodi damexia ukan da kvlav damewyo,

    gafantuli jaris Segroveba~.

    brest-litovskis xelSekrulebis ZaliT Turqebma daikaves qalaqi

    baTumi, baTumis olqi, anu mTeli aWara. okupantebma ozurgeTamde

    miaRwies. noe Jordanias davalebiT generalma mazniaSvilma didi muSaoba

    gaswia Turqebis gasadevnad da teritoriuli mTlianobis aRsadgenad.

    mxedarTmTavris ZalisxmeviT, male okupantebisagan gaTavisuflda guria

    da aWara. fasdaudebelia general mazniaSvilis damsaxureba bolSevikebis

    mosalodneli agresiisagan afxazeTis dacvis saqmeSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom

    saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos liderebi jer kidev damoukideblobis

    gamocxadebamde Sexvdnen afxazTa saxalxo sabWos warmomadgenlebs.

    mxareebi SeTanxmdnen, rom afxazeTi qarTuli saxelmwifos

    SemadgenlobaSi miiRebda politikur avtonomias da centralur

    10

  • xelisuflebasTan erTad Seecdeboda aRdgeniliyo suverenuli uflebebi

    gagris raionze, romelic ruseTma CamoaWra soxumis olqs da miuerTa

    novorosiis gubernias. afxazeTSi momuSave bolSevikebma Seqmnes

    SeiaraRebuli formireba, daixmares prosabWourad ganwyobili Crdilo

    kavkasielebi da soxumSi sabWoTa xelisufleba gamoacxades. amoqmeddnen

    afxazi separatistebic.

    imis gamo, rom samSvidobo molaparakeba TurqeTTan uSedegod

    dasrulda, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi Setevaze gadavidnen. 1918

    wlis 6 aprils, Camoyalibebis procesSi myofma qarTulma jarma,

    ColoqTan brZolaSi daamarcxa Turqebi, romlebic baTumis aRebis Semdeg

    mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos dakavebas cdilobdnen. qarTuli jaris

    sabrZolo operaciebs generali giorgi mazniaSvili xelmZRvanelobda.

    aprilis Sua ricxvebSi generlis StabSi, sofel natanebSi mivida

    afxazTa delegacia soxumidan da sTxova giorgi mazniaSvils, qalaqi

    soxumi da mTeli afxazeTi gaewminda bolSevikebisagan. generalma afxazTa

    delegacias, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda qalaqis Tavi da afxazeTis

    erovnuli sabWos sami wevri, ganucxada, rom maTi Txovnis dakmayofileba

    saqarTvelos mTavrobis kompetencias Seadgens. Semdeg, afxazi delegatebi

    TbilisSi gaemgzavrnen centralur mTavrobasTan mosalaparakeblad.

    mTavrobam general mazniaSvils daavala Tavisi jaridan gamoeyo calke

    razmi da gaegzavna afxazeTSi bolSevikebis gansadevnad.

    1918 wlis 16 ivniss generalTan kvlav mividnen afxazeTis erovnuli

    sabWos delegatebi daxmarebis TxovniT, radgan bolSevikebi meored

    SeiWrnen afxazeTSi. qarTveli generlis rCeviT, afxazTa delegacia isev

    TbilisSi gaemgzavra saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan konsultaciebis

    gasamarTavad. 18 ivniss generali mazniaSvili, mTavrobis

    gadawyvetilebiT, dainiSna afxazeTis general-gubernatorad da Savi

    zRvis sanapiro jarebis ufrosad. am daniSvniT qarTveli generali

    respublikis Savi zRvis sanapiroze dislocirebuli sasazRvro Zalebis

    sardlis Tanamdebobasac iTavsebda. dro ar iTmenda, saWiro iyo

    gadamWreli zomebis miReba `wiTlebis~ gansadevnad. general mazniaSvilis

    energiuli saqmianobis Sedegad, moxerxda ZalTa mobilizeba afxazeTis

    gasaTavisufleblad bolSeviki agresorebisagan. generalma mazniaSvilma

    brZoliT ganvlo soWis, tuafses raionebi. samurzayano ki general

    gedevaniSvilis razmebma daikaves. 1918 wlis seqtemberSi afxazeTSi

    aRdga saqarTvelos iurisdiqcia. am didma da mniSvnelovanma samxedro

    gamarjvebebma, romelic moipova qarTulma jarma general giorgi

    mazniaSvilis sardlobiT, saqarTvelos mTavroba gaaxara, Tumca noe

    Jordaniam ucxoeTis saxelmwifoTa sayuradRebod gaakeTa sagangebo

    gancxadeba, romelSic aRniSnuli iyo, rom teritoriebis SemoerTeba

    saqarTvelos mTavrobis gegmaSi ar Sedis, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli

    Zalebi tuafsemde qveynis dacvis, misi teritoriuli mTlianobis

    11

  • SenarCunebis, bolSevikebisagan momdinare safrTxis Tavidan acilebis

    saWiroebam miiyvana.

    mTavrobis diplomaturi sifrTxile iyo is mizezi, rom qarTuli

    jaris es warmatebuli laSqroba ar gaxmaurebula. mxolod 1918 wlis 4

    oqtombers gamoqveynda gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ mcire informacia saTauriT

    _ `Savi zRvis piris Cveni jaris brwyinvale gamarjvebis ambavi~. niko

    TavdgiriZis mier soxumidan gagzavnili am korespodenciiT Seityo

    qarTulma sazogadoebam general giorgi mazniaSvilis razmebis mier

    Catarebuli samxedro operaciebis Sesaxeb.

    `samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, _ wers avtori, _ rom am jarma

    general mazniaSvilis mTavarsardlobiT da Cveni mamaci oficrebis:

    Wkaduas, donduas, iaSvilis, gogitiZis, doliZis, anTaZis gabedulobis

    meoxebiT Cvens xalxs aRudgina samxedro saqmeSi Zveleburi

    sworupovrobis saxeli.~ korespodenti sinanuls gamoTqvamda imis gamo,

    rom saqarTvelom da misma mTavrobam saTanadod ver daafasa yubanis

    velze gaWrili qarTveli oficrebisa da jariskacebis gmiroba. aqve

    aRvniSnavT, rom gamocdili generali yovelTvis igzavneboda yvelaze

    `cxel wertilebSi~, iq, sadac samSoblos yvelaze metad uWirda.

    mezobeli somxeTis qarTuli teritoriebisadmi usafuZvlo pretenziebis

    gamo, or qveyanas Soris urTierToba ukiduresad daiZaba. somxeTis

    mxridan mosalodneli omis dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT, Tbilisis

    usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, generali mazniaSvili 1918 wlis

    oqtomberSi Tbilisis olqis general-gubernatorad iniSneba, 1918 wlis

    dekemberSi ki _ somxeTis winaaRmdeg moqmedi jaris sardlad. qarTuli

    jaris warmatebebi am omSi mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba general

    mazniaSvilis uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT ganxorcielebulma samxedro

    operaciebma.

    somxebisaTvis ingliselTa garkveuli mxardaWeris gamo, somxeTTan

    omSi miRweuli gamarjvebis SedegebiT, saqarTvelos faqtobrivad,

    araferi Sematebia. mowinaaRmdegeTa jarebis daSoriSorebis sababiT

    iqmneboda e. w. neitraluri zona, romelsac ingliselebi

    akontrolebdnen. amis miuxedavad, gamarjvebis mniSvneloba mainc didia.

    gamarjvebam dadebiTi muxti Semata qarTuli jaris sabrZolo

    potencialis Semdgom gaZlierebas. aamaRla Cveni SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

    sabrZolo suliskveTeba, daarwmuna agresori imaSi, rom qarTuli miwa-

    wylis ZaliT mitacebis mcdeloba Zvirad daujdeboda. am gamarjvebis

    suli da guli brZolebSi gamowrTobili sardali, gulmxurvale

    mamuliSvili, generali giorgi mazniaSvili gaxldaT. amasobaSi

    saxelmwifos seriozuli problemebi Seeqmna mesxeTSi.

    saqarTvelos siZulviliT aRvsilma begebma* saswrafod Seqmnes

    yarsSi e. w. `samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis~ mTavroba da am saqmes erT-

    erTi organizatori server-beg aTabagi, qoblianeli, jayeli** iyo. am

    12

  • axlad Seqmnil `saxelmwifoSi~ unda gaerTianebuliyo yarsis, artaanisa

    da baTumis olqebi, axalcixisa da axalqalaqis mazrebi. vin iyvnen

    begebi? begebi iyvnen gamahmadianebuli qarTveli warCinebulebi, Tavadebi

    da didmoxeleebi omar-faik namin zade, axmed-beg fefenovi, server-beg

    aTabagi, Temur ximSiaSvili**, baxri-beg erisTavi**, baxSi-beg maCabeli**,

    musakievi**, yajari, maT gadaibires adgilobrivi qarTveli mahmadianebi,

    SeaiaraRes da Seqmnes mozrdili bandebi. amis Semdeg, daerivnen TavianT

    qristian Zmebs.

    ruseTis siZulviliTa da panislamistur-panTurquli ideologiiT

    dabrmavebuli qarTveli mahmadianebi TurqeTma qristian qarTvelebze

    aamxedra. es iyo erTi didi tragedia saqarTvelosTvis.

    aanalizebs ra momxdar faqts, Salva maRlakeliZe werilSi,

    `nawyveti axlo warsulidan mesxeTis garSemo~ wers, rom qarTveli

    mahmadianebis CaTreva am saqmianobaSi imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom qarTvel

    mahmadianebs ruseTi ezizRebodaT, xolo qarTuli erovnuli propaganda

    mesxeTSi Zalian susti iyo. faqtiurad, arc ki arsebobdao ambobs igi

    da dasZens: `somxebi da mahmadianebi dapirispirebuli iyvnen da maT

    Semrigebel rols qarTveloba TamaSobda, magram roca saqme qarTvelobas

    exeboda, somxebi da mahmadianebi, SekavSirebulni, mis winaaRmdeg

    ilaSqrebdnen. es movlena metad mniSvnelovani, damafiqrebeli da saSiSic

    iyo, magram saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebam da sakuTari

    saxelmwifos Seqmnam, mahmadianTa guli Tbilisisaken moabruna da

    saqarTvelos mTarobas rom saTanado da wesieri politika ewarmoebina am

    mxareSi, Cven avcdebodiT mahmadianTa meore did ajanyebas (1919 w.),

    romelic server-beg aTabagis xelmZRvanelobiT moxda~.

    veTanxmebiT Salva maRlakeliZis daskvnas, igi savsebiT sworad

    afasebs qarTvel mahmadianebTan dakavSirebul problemas, aqve davumatebT,

    rom damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobis Secdomebi qarTveli

    mahmadianebis mimarT, bolSevikurma mTavrobamac ganagrZo. Sedegebi yvelam

    kargad viciT, mis savalalo nayofs dResac vimkiT.

    1918 wlis dekemberSi, msoflio omis zegavleniT, osmaleTis

    mdgomareobac Seicvala da is iZulebuli gaxda daecala mesxeTis

    dakavebuli teritoriebi, 1918 wlis 4 dekembers general balo

    mayaSvils** daevala qarTuli jari Seeyvana am mxareSi. magram sul male

    1919 wlis 20 ianvars daiwyo mahmadianTa meore ajanyeba server-beg

    aTabagis meTaurobiT. ajanyebulma begebma 21 ianvars general mayaSvils

    ultimatumi wauyenes; romlis Tanaxmad, mas sam dReSi unda daecala

    axalcixe; begebi generalma sakadrisi pasuxiT gaistumra. ajanyebis

    dawyebamde ki server-begi awyurSi general mayaSvils estumra da

    ganucxada, rom igi ar cnobs saqarTvelos mTavrobas da rom mas hyavs

    sakuTari mTavroba, `samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis teritoriis~ mTavrobis

    saxiT. generalma mayaSvilma upasuxa, rom igi mxolod Tavisi mTavrobis

    13

  • gankargulebebs asrulebs, ar scnobs araviTar axal xelisuflebas, ar

    scnobs server-begs da man icis: osmalebma dacales axalcixe-axalqalaqi

    saqarTvelosTvis gadasacemad.

    samwuxarod, am ajanyebaSi TiTqmis yvela mahmadiani CaerTo da man

    mTeli mxare moicva. daiwyo adgilobrivi qarTveli qristianebis xocva-

    Jleta. ajanyebam aseulobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. miuxedavad

    general mayaSvilis mravalmxrivi RonisZiebebisa, ajanyebis SeCereba

    SeuZlebeli gaxda, amis mizezi ki qarTveli jaris sisuste iyo.

    qarTveli jari mravalwliani brZolebis Sedegad dasustebuli da

    dauZlurebuli iyo da miuxedavad mayaSvilis mravali Txovnisa,

    axalcixeSi gamoegzavnaT axali maSveli Zala, mTavrobam ver SeZlo

    daekmayofilebina es samarTliani da sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis moTxovna.

    saqmes arTulebda isic, rom ajanyebul mahmadianebs zurgs umagrebda

    osmaleTi, romelic aSkarad da daufaravad exmareboda maT. miuxedavad

    yovelive amisa, genarali balo mayaSvili aqtiurad ganagrZobda

    axalcixis dacvas da osmalo oficer-instruqtorebis xelmZRvanelobiT

    Semdgarma adgilobrivma mahmadianebis razmebma erTxelac ver SeZles

    axalcixis dakaveba.

    `30 ianvars (1919), ganTiadisas Cvenma jarma Seutia ajanyebulebs.

    Seteva daiwyo sofel adigen-udisa da vale-wyalTbilas mimarTulebiT.

    mTeli dRe moismoda zarbaznebisa da tyiamfrqveveyis ganuwyvetlivi xma.

    SuadRisas ajanyebulTa 2-3 soflidan avarda kvamli. albaT Cvenma

    zarbaznebma gauCines cecxli. uSendnen zarbaznebs sofel udis mxridan:

    naTlad Cans, rom Cveni jari kargad win iyo SeWrili da amitom yvela

    imeds gamoTqvamda, rom gamarjveba Cvens mxarezea da Ramec mSvidobianad

    Caivlida~, werda imdroindeli presa. magram naCqarevi aRmoCnda es

    sixaruli, mdgomareoba sawinaaRmdegod Setrialda, ajanyeba moedo mTel

    mxares, begebma SeZles mTeli mahmadianuri mosaxleobis gadabireba, ris

    gamoc, maTi Zalebi mkveTrad aRemateboda damcvelTa Zalebs.

    renegatTa jgufi, romelSic avtoritetiTa da gavleniT gamoirCeoda

    jayelTa gvaris degradirebuli STamomavali server-beg aTabagi, samcxe-

    javaxeTis saqarTvelodan CamoSorebas lamobda. 1918 wels, saqarTvelos

    damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, server-begis TavmjdomareobiT

    Seiqmna e. w. `musulmanuri mTavroba samxreT amierkavkasiisa~. aTabagTa

    gadagvarebuli STamomavali, Tavdauzogavad `iRvwoda~ danarCeni

    saqarTvelosagan samcxe-javaxeTis CamosaSoreblad. am `mTavrobam~

    saqarTvelos xelisuflebas mimarTa notiT, romliTac iTxovda

    saqarTvelos respublikisa da am TviTgamocxadebul `saxelmwifos~

    Soris sazRvrebis dadgenas. am e. w. mTavrobam, romelic TurqeTis

    miTiTebiT moqmedebda, 1918-1919 wlebSi moawyo SeiaraRebuli

    gamosvlebi. sisxlismRvreli Setakebebi samTavrobo jarebsa da server-

    begis bandebs Soris farTo masStabs iRebda sazRvrispira regionSi.

    14

  • Seqmnili mZime mdgomareoba sagangebod iqna ganxiluli respublikis

    mTavrobis sxdomaze 1919 wlis 18 ianvars. `sxdomas eswrebodnen:

    mTavrobis Tavmjdomare n. Jordania, ministrebi: ramiSvili, gegeWkori,

    Juruli, lorTqifaniZe, giorgaZe. a) moismines: moxsenebani samxedro

    ministrisa; b) axalcixis mazraSi respublikis sanapiro razmTan

    Setakebis Sesaxeb. daadgines: dauyovnebliv iqnas miRebuli samxedro

    uwyebis mier energiuli zomebi respublikis sazRvrebis dacvisa da

    gamagrebisa~. bandituri gamosvlebi samcxe-javaxeTSi, romlebsac

    xelmZRvanelobdnen erTi mxriv, TurqeTis mTavroba, xolo meore mxriv,

    TeTrgvardielebi, realurad gaxldaT `renegati begebis SeTqmuleba

    sakuTari xalxis winaaRmdeg,~ marTebulad miuTiTebs qarTuli

    emigrantuli inteligenciis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli, cnobili

    mecnieri viqtor nozaZe.

    server-begis moZraobas, romelic mimarTuli iyo saqarTvelos

    winaaRmdeg, `SeeZlo didi safrTxe Seeqmna saqarTvelosaTvis, da amitom

    qarTveli wreebi Seecadnen misTvis safuZveli gamoecalaT TviT xalxis

    SemweobiT _ saqarTvelosaTvis propagandis gaweviT da 1 ianvars 1919

    wels axalcixis glexTa yrilobam misalmeba gaugzavna saqarTvelos

    mTavrobas da amasTanave mouwoda danarCen samuslimano saqarTvelos

    Semdegi sityvebiT: `axla, rodesac saqarTvelos gauerTianda

    musulmanuri saqarTvelos erTi nawili, axalcixisa da axalqalaqis

    mazrebis saxiT, dadga sakiTxi danarCeni musulmanuri saqarTvelos:

    aWaris, qobuleTis, ardaganis da SavSeTis ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb...~

    saWiro iyo gadamWreli zomebis miReba separatistulad ganwyobili

    bandituri dajgufebebis asalagmavad. regionSi Seqmnil rTul

    viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT, gaimarTa mTavrobis sagangebo sxdoma,

    romelic Sedga 1919 wlis 30 ianvars. moismines: moxsenebani samxedro

    ministrisa: a) axalcixisa da axalqalaqis mazrebSi samxedro wesebis

    gamocxadebis Sesaxeb. daadgines: aRniSnuli mazrebis general-

    gubernatorad dainiSnos generali mazniaSvili, romelsac daeqvemdebaros

    yvela samxedro da samoqalaqo pirni da dawesebulebani zemoxsenebuli

    raionebisa~. rogorc saarqivo dokumentidan Cans, general mazniaSvils am

    sazRvrispira regionSi dislocirebuli sasazRvro Zalebic daeqvemdebara.

    1919 wlis pirvel Tebervals frontis xazi axalcixes miuaxlovda

    5-6 kilometriT, ris gamoc, qalaqis mosaxleoba SiSs moucavs. amave

    dRes, qarTvelma mahmadianebmac xelSi aiRes iaraRi da ajanyebulTa

    mxareze gadavidnen, daikaves abasTumani, daxoces qarTvelebi da gaaRes

    gza zekarze. mahmadianur mosaxleobas saTaveSi adgilobrivi begebi

    Caudgnen, magram maT zurgs aSkarad TurqeTi umagrebda. noe Jordanias

    sityviT, server-begis gankargulebaSi iyo aTasi Turqi askeri*.

    15

  • axalcixidan wasvlisas, TurqeTis warmomadgenlebma adgilobriv

    mahmadianebs dauriges uamravi iaraRi, tyvia-wamali. aseve, wvrTnidnen

    mahmadianur mosaxleobas.

    ajanyebulebs exmareboda baTumSi myofi ingliseli generali

    uokkeri**, romelic ormag TamaSSi Caeba JordaniasTan da server-begTan.

    qarTuli jaris warumateblobis gamo, axalcixe-axalqalaqis

    general-gubernatori balo mayaSvili gadaayenes da mis nacvlad daniSnes

    generali giorgi mazniaSvili.

    2 Tebervals axalcixeSi Tavisi StabiT Camovida generali giorgi

    mazniaSvili. imave dRes, man gamoacxada samxedro wesebi, saRamos 7

    saaTis Semdeg qalaqSi siaruli aikrZala. ajanyebulebma ki sofel

    aralSi darCenili qarTvelebi daxoces da gaZarcves qarTvel

    kaTolikeTa eklesia.

    general giorgi mazniaSvilis general-gubernatorad daniSvnas,

    pirvel xanebSi, qarTuli jaris erTgvari warmateba mohyva. 9 Tebervals

    axalcixis Crdilo-dasavleTiT qarTulma jarma daikava sofeli

    CurCuto da zandos maRlobebi, romelic gadascqeris mTel qobliansa da

    abasTumnis xeobas. amdenad, am adgilebs samxedro strategiuli

    mniSvneloba hqonda. samwuxarod, ajanyebulTa Setevis gamo, qarTulma

    jarma ver SeinarCuna es poziciebi da kvlav iZulebuli gaxda ukan

    daexia. amave dros, qarTulma jarma ukan daixia vale-wyalTbilas

    xazidanac da rabaTis (axalcixis) misadgomebTan, zandos maRlobebidan

    wamosul jars SeuerTda.

    generalma giorgi mazniaSvilma sworad Seafasa qarTuli jaris

    warumateblobis mizezebi da mTavrobisagan daJinebiT moiTxova

    axalcixeSi arsebuli jaris nawilebis gayvana da maT nacvlad axali,

    amave dros, ricxobrivad meti da ufro brZolisunariani nawilebis

    gamoyvana.

    ajanyebis periodSi, roca qarTulma jarma ukan daxevis gamo datova

    teritoriebi, qarTvel qristianTa mdgomareoba autaneli gaxda.

    ajanyebulebma TiTqmis yvela qarTuli sofeli daarbies, gaZarcves,

    aawiokes. isini moednen qristianul soflebs, ar indobdnen arafers,

    asobiT adamiani daxoces, itacebdnen yvelafers, Semdeg ki wvavdnen maT

    saxl-kars, qarTveli mosaxleoba masobrivad tovebda soflebs da

    garboda qalaqSi. axalcixe gaivso ltolvilebiT, romlebsac ar gaaCndaT

    cxovrebis elementaruli pirobebi. iyo sibinZure, SimSili, gaCnda

    epidemia, romelmac mravali adamiani imsxverpla.

    qarTuli jaris nawilebma, samwuxarod, uwesrigod daiwyes

    poziciebidan axalcixisaken ukan daxeva. xelmZRvaneloba bevrs ecada,

    magram panikaSi Cavardnili jariskacebis SeCereba SeuZlebeli gaxda.

    16

  • aseTi rTuli da gamouali situaciidan gamomdinare, gadawyvites

    droebiT daetovebinaT axalcixe da ajanyebulTa mier dakavebuli

    teritoria.

    mosaxleobas Tavzari dasca qarTuli jaris mier axalcixis

    datovebam. qarTveloba moicva panikam da SiSma. isini iZulebulni gaxdnen

    mietovebinaT mSobliuri kera da jars gahyolodnen ukan.

    am ambebis momswre zaqaria didimamiSvili, Tavis dRiurSi SeSfoTebas

    gamoTqvams qarTuli jaris mier axalcixis datovebis gamo: `11

    Tebervali (1919 w.). amis gagonebaze (igulisxmeba qarTuli jaris ukan

    daxeva, c. C.), TiTiqmis mexi dagveca, atyda aliaqoTi; marTlac jari

    ixevs borjomisaken, qarTvelebis wivil-kivils sazRvari ara aqvs, vinc

    ra moaswro, mohkida xeli da jars gamoekida. binddeboda, mdgomareoba

    jojoxeTuria, Cveni jari ise swrafad gavida axalcixidan, rom

    rabaTelma qarTvelebma ar icodnen, saiT wasuliyvnen; saRamos 7 saaTia,

    rabaTSi erTi mandilosani da bavSvi aRar aris. isini gaikrifnen qalaqis

    gare nawilSi. bevri mamakaci gavida axal ubanSi da amnairad zogi

    mamakaci darCa rabaTSi Tavisis qonebis da saxl-karis dasacavad. zogmac

    RmerTis anabrad miatova kera da gahkurcxla~.

    qarTuli jari gavida Tu ara, sapatimrodan gaTavisuflebuli

    qurdebi daerivnen upatronod darCenil rabaTs, gaqurdes ramdenime

    saxli, dedaTa saswavlebeli, daamtviries safeiqro dazgebi, waiRes

    moswavleebis mier damzadebuli nivTebi; ris waRebac ver moaswres,

    cecxli waukides. maT gaqurdes agreTve saxelmwifo sawyobebi da sxva.

    Seqmnil viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT, 1919 wlis 11 Tebervals, RamiT

    borjomSi movida mTavrobis Tavmjdomare noe Jordania da samxedro

    ministri grigol giorgaZe, romlebmac moismines axalcixe-axalqalaqis

    general-gubernatoris giorgi mazniaSvilis moxseneba ajanyebis

    winaaRmdeg brZolis Sedegebis Sesaxeb. maT dasaxes RonisZiebani

    ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg brZolis gasaZliereblad.

    magram am periodisaTvis, ukve yvelaferi uSedego iyo. ajanyebulebi

    gamarjvebas zeimobdnen. qarTuli jari, romelmac droze ver miiRo

    axali Sevseba, iZulebuli iyo daetovebina axalcixe. maSindel rTul da

    daZabul situaciaSi, saqarTvelos mTavrobas ar SeeZlo damxmare

    samxedro Zalebi mieSvelebina axalcixisaTvis. Tumca, situaciis amgvar

    warmarTvaSi, mTavrobasac miuZRvis garkveuli wvlili.

    general-gubernatori da jaris sardali giorgi mazniaSvili

    gadaayenes da mis nacvlad generali giorgi kvinitaZe daniSnes.

    sayuradReboa is faqti, rom mTavrobam, mowyobili ajanyebis

    Semswavleli komisia server-begis xelmZRvanelobiT Seadgina da

    axalcixeSi gaagzavna, xolo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

    damfuZnebelma krebam 1919 wlis 4 aprils moismina am komisiis

    17

  • Tavmjdomaris, gizo anjafariZis moxseneba. man mkafiod da naTlad

    Camoayaliba ajanyebis gamomwvevi mizezebi:

    1. jer kidev ruseTis batonobis droidan osmalebi samusulmano

    saqarTveloSi farTod awarmoebdnen panislamur, panTurqul, antiqarTul

    agitacias, aq moqmedebdnen osmaleTis emisrebi, didZali fuli

    ixarjeboda imisTvis, rom osmaleTis sasargeblod niadagi

    momzadebuliyo. osmaleTis mTavrobis politikis wyalobiT, cdilobdnen,

    ar daeSvaT mahmadian qarTvelebSi qarTuli orientacia, panTurquli

    agitacia gansakuTrebiT gamococxlda pirveli msoflio omis

    dawyebisTanave. antiqarTul saqmianobaSi gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen

    baqos e. w. `muslimanTa saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis~ warmomadgenelni,

    romlebic farTo muSaobas awarmoebdnen baTumsa da yarsis olqebSi,

    axalcixis da axalqalaqis mazrebSi. es `moRvaweebi~ saqvelmoqmedo

    muSaobis sababiT, aSkarad panTurqul da antiqarTul agitacias eweodnen.

    am muSaobas meTaurobda kargad cnobili eqimi sulTanovi. axalcixisa da

    axalqalaqis mazris ufrosebi aSkarad dadiodnen xalxSi da pirdapir

    ajanyebisaken mouwodebdnen.

    Tumca adgilobrivi qarTuli mahmadianoba gulgrilad ekideboda

    aseT agitacias, magram maTze didi gavlena moaxdina zogierTma

    gadagvarebulma elementma, kerZod, mahmadianma begebma omar faikma

    (yifiani), seimis yofilma wevrma axmed fefenovma (fifinaSvili), server-

    beg aTabagma (jayeli), sxva adgilobrivma msxvilma memamuleebma.

    2. g. anjafariZis azriT, begebze cudad imoqmeda agraruli reformis

    gatarebam, romelic amierkavkasiis komisariatma wamoiwyo. am reformis

    Sedegad, miwaTmflobelebs (begebs) CamoerTvaT didi raodenobiT qoneba,

    maT Soris miwac, am faqtma begebi kidev ufro metad gaaborota da

    ganawyo antiqarTulad.

    3. 1917 wlis 17 noembers abasTumanSi Catarda kavkasiaSi mosaxle

    muslimanebis yriloba, romelmac miiRo dadgenileba:

    yovelgvari kavSiri gaewyvitaT saqarTvelosaTan, radganac

    revoluciuri saqarTvelo maTTvis safrTxes warmoadgenda. maT aseve

    daadgines, aefeTqebinaT xidebi da gzebi borjomis Semdeg da SeeqmnaT

    saxelmwifo yarsis, ardaganisa da baTumis olqebisagan. am

    teritoriisaTvis apirebdnen daematebinaT axalcixe da axalqalaqi.

    `yarsi Cveni cixe iqnebao, ardagani gamoggvkvebavs puriT da sxva

    sursaTiT. baTumi ki Tbilisis adgils daiWers, radgan is dagvakavSirebs

    dasavleT evropasTano~ _ werdnen muslimanebis warmomadgenlebi.

    aRniSnuli mizezebis garda, arsebobs sxva arsebiTi xasiaTis

    mizezebic: magaliTad, somxeTTan omis damTavrebis Semdeg (1918 w.)

    saqarTvelos mTavrobam moaxdina jarebis demobilizacia, romelic Seexo

    im mcirericxovan jarsac, romelic idga axalcixeSi da isedac

    dasustebuli, dauZlurebuli da brZolisunardakarguli jari kidev

    18

  • ufro dasustda. yovelive amiT ki isargebles meamboxeebma da ieriSi

    miitanes qarTul jarze.

    Salva maRlakeliZe sastikad akritikebs saqarTvelos mTavrobas ara

    marto mesxeTis gamo, aramed begebTan daukvirvebeli, mouqneli

    politikis gamo. `server-beg aTabagi am dros ukve Cveni mteria, imitom,

    rom pirveli rac gaakeTes Cvenebma, komisariatma kavkasiisam, saxlebi

    CamoarTva axalcixeSi mcxovreb begebs. server-begi ki osmaleTis agentad

    CaTvales. amieridan, igi ukve saqarTvelos mtrad moevlina, roca

    Tavisuflad SeiZleboda misi gadmobireba saqarTvelos sasargeblod. es

    iyo udidesi Secdoma~ _ werda Salva maRlakeliZe.

    26 dRe gavida im dRidan, rac qarTulma jarma axalcixis mxare

    datova. 26 dRes batonobdnen am mxareSi server-begi da misi damqaSebi.

    es 26 dRe iyo qarTvelebis damcirebis, Seuracxyofis, awiokebisa da

    Zarcva-glejis periodi.

    server-begis `mTavrobas~ xalxma mxari ar dauWira. man verc xarki

    akrifa, verc mobilizacia moaxdina jaris Sesakrebad. rodesac Cvenma

    jarma ieriSi miitana awyurze, server-begi Turme tyviamfrqveviT

    dadioda soflad da xalxs erekeboda, magram xalxi mas mainc ar ahyva.

    umTavresi Zala, romelsac eyrdnoboda server-begi, es iyo focxovi da

    osmaleTis jarebi. TviT im organizaciaSi, romelic Seqmna server-begma

    ganxeTqileba moxda. begebis nawili ar miemxro server-begs. am begebs ki

    gavlena hqondaT xalxSi. misi damarcxebis mizezi, umTavresad is iyo,

    rom ajanyebulTa razmebi faqtobrivad brbos warmoadgenda. server-begis

    xelmZRvanelobiT dawyebulma ajanyebam didi ziani moutana mTel mesxeTs.

    avantiuristulma politikam mravali adamianis sicocxle imsxverpla.

    TurqeTisadmi erTgulebam da misTvis sisxlisRvram araferi moutana

    server-begs. saqarTvelosgan mesxeTis CamoSorebisaTvis da Tavis

    saxelmwifosTan mierTebisaTvis erTdroulad ibrZoda TurqeTic da

    ruseTic.

    mesxeT-javaxeTis saqarTvelosgan CamoSorebisa da ruseTTan

    mierTebisaTvis ibrZoda denikinis sardlobac da misi xelqveiTi yubanis

    `respublikis~ mTavroba. am brZolaSi, maT inglisic uWerda mxars.

    inglisis kavkasiis sardloba yovelmxriv uSlida xels saqarTvelos

    xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas samcxe-saaTabagoSi. ingliselma generalma,

    korim kategoriulad moiTxova qarTuli jarebis gamoyvana ardaganidan.

    denikinis agentebi mesxeTSi eweodnen antiqarTul propagandas da

    amzadebdnen pirobebs am mxaris saqarTvelodan CamosaSoreblad.

    saxelovani qarTveli generlebis: Salva maRlakeliZis**, balo

    mayaSvilis, giorgi mazniaSvilisa da giorgi kvinitaZis sardlobiT 1917-

    19 wlebSi warmoebulma Seupovarma da Tavganwirulma brZolebma mesxeTi

    saqarTvelos SeunarCuna.

    19

  • 1919 wels sabolood gaanadgures meamboxeTa bandebi, romelTac

    meTaurobdnen panTurquli orientaciis qarTveli mahmadiani begebi.

    mesxeTis bedi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli sruliad saqarTvelos

    bedTan. rogorc cnobilia, sabWoTa ruseTi, miuxedavad mis mier

    saqarTvelos damoukideblobis cnobisa, saqarTvelos demokratiuli

    respublikis mimarT mainc atarebda agresiul politikas. amas daemata

    isic, rom 1920 wlis gazafxulze yofili osmaleTis teritoriaze,

    gaCnda agresiuli `axalgazrda TurqeTis~ saxelmwifo, romlis lideri

    gaxldaT qemal faSa, SemdgomSi aTaTurqad wodebuli. sabWoTa ruseTma 2

    ivniss aRiara qemal faSas mTavroba. 24 agvistos ki, masTan dado

    urTierTdaxmarebisa da megobrobis xelSekruleba, riTac demokratiul

    saqarTvelos didi safrTxe Seeqmna, am ori uaRresad agresiulad

    ganwyobili axalgazrda saxelmwifoebis mxridan.

    1920 wlis oqtomberSi generali mazniaSvili daeTanxma noe

    Jordanias Txovnas da dainiSna Tbilisis raionisa da qalaqis garnizonis

    ufrosis Tanamdebobaze. mZime dReebi daudga axalgazrda qarTul

    saxelmwifos 1921 wlisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1920 wlis 7 maiss

    sabWoTa ruseTsa da saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas Soris

    daido xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliTac, sabWoTa ruseTma scno

    saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. `wiTeli imperia~ gamalebiT emzadeboda

    saqarTvelos dasapyrobad mas Semdeg, rac bolSevikurma ruseTma

    moaxdina azerbaijanis gawiTleba~ 1920 wlis aprilSi, xolo amave wlis

    noemberSi daipyro somxeTi. sabWoTa ruseTis xelmZRvaneloba miznad

    isaxavda saqarTvelos gasabWoebas. avismomaswavebeli Savi RrublebiT

    moiqufra qarTuli zeca.

    saqarTvelos mTavroba jerovnad acnobierebda im safrTxes,

    romelsac Crdiloeli mezobeli, `keTilmosurne~ sabWoTa ruseTi,

    uqmnida axalgazrda qarTul saxelmwifos. noe Jordaniam damfuZnebeli

    krebis sxdomaze ganacxada, `moqalaqeno! politikuri Rrublebi Cvens

    irgvliv kvlav airivnen. sabWoTa ruseTis mosazRvreoba Cveni norCi

    respublikisaTvis TandaTan muqarad xdeba~, sabWoTa ruseTis jarma

    yoveli mxridan Semoutia saqarTvelos. monstrTan gamklaveba ioli saqme

    rodi iyo. evropas, samwuxarod, qmediTi zomebi ar miuRia saqarTvelos

    dasaxmareblad da suverenuli respublikis `wiTeli barbarosebisagan~

    gadasarCenad.

    bolSevikuri ruseTi, romelic urcxvad da uxeSad arRvevda

    saqarTvelosTan 1920 wlis 7 maiss dadebul xelSekrulebas,

    saguldagulod emzadeboda saqarTvelos dasapyrobad. bolSevikuri

    ruseTi saqarTvelos dapyrobas seriozulad ganixilavda, rac imiTac

    dasturdeba, rom saqarTveloSi elCad moavlines sabWoTa ruseTis

    xelisuflebis erT-erTi wamyvani figura, `revoluciis tribuni~ sergei

    kirovi. ruseTis saelCos TanamSromlebi (maT Soris samxedro ataSec*)

    20

  • safuZvlianad swavlobdnen qarTuli jaris Semadgenlobas, SeiaraRebas,

    dislokacias, qarTul-sazogadoebriv politikur azrs da a. S.

    saistorio arqivSi arsebobs sayuradRebo dokumeti _ ruseTis saelCos

    samxedro ataSes saidumlo moxsenebiT baraTi, romelic daTariRebulia

    1920 wlis 30 dekembriT. dokumentSi xazgasmiTaa miTiTebuli, rom

    qarTvelebi ar endobian ruseTis bolSevikur mTavrobas, radganac

    bolSevikebis 150 aTasiani armia uSualod saqarTvelos sazRvrebTanaa

    dislocirebuli. samxedro ataSe miuTiTebda, rom ruseTis jarebis

    koncentracia saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan `aRizianebs qarTvelebs, aiZulebs

    maT, Tavi mouyaron TavianT Zalebs aRmosavleTis sazRvrebTan~. rogorc

    ukve aRvniSneT, samwuxarod, evropis didi saxelmwifoebi realurad

    arafers akeTebdnen ruseTis mosalodneli agresiisagan saqarTvelos

    dasacavad. dasavleTSi upiratesobas somxeTs aniWebdnen.

    aRsaniSnavia, rom qveynisaTvis am mZime, sabediswero Jams, qarTveli

    inteligencia, romelic yovelTvis mtkiced idga erovnuli interesebis

    sadarajoze, bolSevikuri ruseTis agresiisagan samSoblos dasacavad

    Tanamemamuleebs gmiruli brZolisaTvis amzadebda da razmavda.

    samSoblos dasacavad gulanTebul qarTvel studentobas gamamxnevebeli

    sityviT mimarTa qarTuli universitetis damaarsebelma, eris

    moWirnaxulem didma ivane javaxiSvilma: `Svilebo, Cemi movaleobaa Tqven

    wignisa da kalmisaken mogiwodoT, magram eris cxovrebaSi aris iseTi

    momentebi, roca saWiroa yvelaferi ganze gadasdo da iaraRiT xelSi

    mters miegebo. da ai me Tqven dRes iaraRisaken mogiwodebT~ _ mimarTa

    man studentebs. Tbilisis universitetis profesor-maswavlebelTa

    Semadgenlobam gadawyvetileba miiRo samSoblos damoukideblobisaTvis

    omSi aqtiuri monawileoba mieRoT. 1921 wlis TebervalSi universitetis

    profesor-maswavleblebma sagangebo mimarTva Seadgines damfuZnebeli

    krebis prezidiumTan arsebuli Tavdacvis komitetis saxelze. es

    dokumenti daculia saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis arqivSi.

    `damfuZnebeli krebis prezidiumTan arsebul Tavdacvis komitets,

    pativi gvaqvs werilobiT gacnoboT tfilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

    profesorTa sabWos dadgenileba, miRebuli saswrafod. mowveuls

    sagangebod 16 Tebervals 1921 wels frontze Seqmnili mdgomareobis

    gamo, romelic sityvierad imave dRes movismenT; a) tfilisis

    saxelmwifo universitetis profesorebi, docentebi, leqtorebi,

    asistentebi da sazogadod samecniero-saswavlo nawilis piradi

    Semadgenlobis wevrebi, mzad arian yvelani, mTeli Tavisi codna,

    gamocdileba da sicocxle Seswiron safrTxeSi myofs Zvirfasi

    samSoblos Tavisuflebis dacvis saqmes da sTxoven komitets, raTa maTi

    gonivruli da fizikuri Zala gamoiyenos ise, rogorc mas umjobesad

    miaCnia samSoblos dacvis miznebisaTvis. b) universitetis samaTematiko-

    sabunebismetyvelo fakultetis laboratoriebsa da samkurnalo

    21

  • fakultetis klinikebis karebi Riaa omis saWiroebisaTvis. amasTanave,

    gaaxlebT aqve darTul sias samecniero saswavlo nawilis piradi

    Semadgenlobisas.

    reqtori prof. iv. javaxiSvili

    sabWos mdivani a. SaniZe~.

    saqarTvelos xelisuflebis Txovna, evropis didi

    saxelmwifoebisadmi, daxmarebis gawevis Taobaze, upasuxod darCa.

    qarTveli xalxi uangarod Caeba samamulo omSi samSoblos

    damoukideblobis dasacavad. sabWoTa ruseTis agresiis winaaRmdeg

    samamulo omSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen universitetelebic _ rogorc

    studentoba, aseve profesor-maswavleblebic. WeSmariti eris kaci,

    SemdgomSi universitetis gamoCenili reqtori, batoni niko kecxoveli

    1921 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omSi universitetis leqtor-

    maswavlebelTa da studentTa monawileobis SesaniSnavi magaliTia.

    gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT da pativiscemiT sargeblobda qarTvel

    axalgazrdebSi generali giorgi mazniaSvili. maT xiblavda qarTveli

    sardlis SesaSuri mxneoba, profesionalizmi da simamace, romelic

    dadebiT muxts matebda axalgazrdobas bolSevikuri agresiis winaaRmdeg

    gaCaRebul samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolaSi. `qarTvelsa guli rkinisa,

    abjari Tundac xisao~ _ am sityvebiT daulocavs gza ivane javaxiSvils

    saomrad mimavali studentobisaTvis. reqtoris dalocvis Semdeg

    axalgazrdoba kojris poziciebisaken gaemarTa. legendaruli maro

    mayaSvili, sibrZnismetyvelebis fakultetis studenti, romelic

    gmirulad daiRupa, kojris brZolebis monawile iyo. Svilis daRupviT

    tramvirebuli poeti kote mayaSvili leqsSi `maro mayaSvils~ werda:

    `...arc sicocxlis, arc sikvdilis aRara maqvs xalisi, Tebervalma

    damizamTra samudamod maisi!..~

    moaxloebuli realuri safrTxis pirobebSi, im sabediswero Jams noe

    Jordanias TxovniT generali mazniaSvili Seudga Tbilisis raionis da

    qalaqis garnizonis ufrosis movaleobis Sesrulebas. 1921 wlis

    TebervalSi igi soRanluRis dajgufebebis sardalia. mas soRanluRis

    mxridan dedaqalaqis dacva daevala.

    am davalebis Sesruleba SedarebiT mcirericxovani ZalebiT ioli

    saqme ar iyo. Tumca isic uTqvams, rom am ZalebiT ramdenjerme SeZlo

    mtris Warbi Zalebis mogerieba da ukugdeba. amasobaSi generals momxre

    Zalac mouvida. qarTvelebma gulianad Seuties mters. generali

    `mogonebebSi~ wers: `mterma brZola ar miiRo da nawili tyved

    Cagvivarda, xolo mometebulma daixia iaRlujis simaRlisaken. tyveebi

    1600 kaci gavgzavne armiis StabSi.~ general mazniaSvilis mier

    ganxorcielebuli Setevis Sedegad datyvevebuli `wiTeli~ mebrZolebi

    rusTavelis prospeqtze CautarebiaT. dedaqalaqSi Seqmnili viTareba

    SesaniSnavad aRwera Salva xidaSelma Tavis `usaTauro mogonebebSi~. igi

    22

  • wers: `Tbilisis karTan me-11 armiaa momdgari. masac qarTveli mouZRvis.

    zarbaznebis griali TbilisSi ismis. avardnili boli Tbilisidan Cans.

    SeZrwuneba da mwuxarebaa yvelgan mosaxleobis ricxvi yovel dRe

    izrdeba. sasaxlis win auarebeli xalxia Tavmoyrili _ es axalgazrda

    vaJebi da maTi gamcileblebi arian. axalgazrdaTa Soris _ iunkrebi*,

    romelTa gmiroba sazogadoebrivi aRtacebis sagnadaa qceuli. energiulad

    daabijebs Suaxnis kaci nayvavilari saxiT, tyavis qurqiT, es valiko

    juRelia, saxalxo gvardiis sardali. tyveebis demonstracia rusTavelis

    prospeqtze. saocrad Wreli masa _ zogi fexSiSveli, zogi SinelSi,

    zogi tyapuWebSi _ gaerTianebuli erTi niSniT _ yvela rusia. paraklisi

    samxedro taZris ezoSi, vrcel moedanze, Cveni skolis gverdiT.

    SemaRlebul ficarnagze kaTalikosi leonide swiravs, RmerTs evedreba

    gadaarCinos mravaltanjuli qarTveli xalxi, RvTismSoblis wilxvedri

    saqarTvelo ubedurebas... tabaxmelis frontze daRupulTa Camosveneba da

    sajarod dakrZalva imave ezoSi (maT Soris erTi damamaxsovrda _

    cnobili poetis kote mayaSvilis qali) dRes maT saflavs bolnisis

    qviT mopirkeTebuli Senoba adgas: `ministrTa sabWo da saministroebi~.

    axalgazrda qarTuli saxelmwifo umokavSireod, sakuTari Zalebis amara

    ,,wiTeli barbarosebis~ mtrul garemocvaSi aRmoCnda.

    XI wiTeli armia-azerbaijanidan, VIII, IX da XIII armiebi Crdilo

    kavkasiidan saqarTvelos dasapyrobad TiTqmis erTdroulad daiZra.

    VIII, IX da XIII armiebi saqarTvelos darialisa da mamisonis

    uReltexilidan, agreTve Savi zRvis sanapiros zolidan utevdnen.

    saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, mTeli qarTveli xalxi, gmirul

    winaaRmdegobas uwevda ,,wiTel barbarosebs~'' da arcTu iSviaTad

    gabeduli kontrSetevebiT aiZulebda mtris Warb Zalebs, ukan daexia.

    qarTveloba saarako gmirobas avlenda uricxv dampyroblebTan brZolaSi.

    magaliTisTvis, vfiqrobT, Wabuki iunkrebis gmirobis gaxsenebac kmara...

    qarTveli xalxis patriotuli suliskveTeba da gmiruli SemarTeba

    aisaxa oficialur mimarTvebSic evropis qveynebisadmi, romlebmac

    samwuxarod, axalgazrda qarTuli saxelmwifo bedis anabara miatoves.

    zemoaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa gavecnoT saqarTvelos

    mimarTvas erTa ligis* saxelze:

    ,,erTa ligis Tavmjdomares _ leonid berJuas, asli alber tomas.

    sabWoTa ruseTi omis gamoucxadeblad, veragulad daesxa Tavs

    saqarTvelos respublikas. RamiT amoxoca mZinare jariskacebi da

    oficrebi da yoveli mxridan Semogvitia. veragi mteri amas ar dasjerda.

    TviTmfrinavidan yumbarebs esvris tfiliss da xocavs bavSvebs da

    qalebs. mivaqcevT ra mTeli ganaTlebuli kacobriobis yuradRebas

    sabWoTa mTavrobis aseT velurobas, gamovTqvamT Cvens Rrma aRSfoTebas

    da vacxadebT protests. gTxovT moixmoT mTeli Tqveni avtoriteti,

    raTa evropis xalxebma xma amoiRon saqarTvelos dasacavad velurTa

    23

  • urdoebisagan. qarTveli xalxi Tavis mxriv, saqveynod acxadebs, rom mas

    Seuryevlad aqvs gadawyvetili samSoblos dacva wiTeli

    barbarosebisagan. is iaraRiT xelSi brZolis velzea gasuli, Tavs

    dasdebs iq, Tavisufal demokratiul samSoblos ar dasTmobs.

    saqarTvelos erTa ligis sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare aleqsandre

    lomTaTiZe~.

    aseT umZimes viTarebaSi, roca qveyana faqtobrivad bolSevikuri

    ruseTis armiebis rkalSi moeqca, saqarTvelo mxolod sakuTari ZalebiT

    umklavdeboda agresors. evropis didi saxelmwifoebi arc amjerad

    gamoexmaurnen saqarTvelos xelisuflebis oficialur gancxadebasa da

    Txovnas daxmarebis gawevis Taobaze. qarTuli jarisa da mosaxleobis

    gmiruli winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad, dampyrobelTa armiebTan brZola

    dadebiT Sedegs ver gamoiRebda. am rTul viTarebaSi, generali giorgi

    mazniaSvili mTavrobis gadawyvetilebas general odiSeliZis

    Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis Sesaxeb, did Secdomad miiCnevda. aqve

    aRvniSnavT, rom general odiSeliZis, rogorc profesionalis

    avtoriteti samxedro inteligenciaSi sakmaod maRali iyo. `mogonebebSi~

    giorgi mazniaSvili werda: `14 Tebervlis mTavrobis dadgenilebiT,

    romelic gamowveuli iyo damfuZnebeli krebis erovnul-demokratiuli

    (partiis) erTi jgufis zegavleniT, mTavarsardali odiSeliZe

    Tanamdebobidan gadayenebul iqna. mis adgilas dainiSna generali

    kvinitaZe. es iyo gamousworebeli Secdoma mTavrobisa. qarTvel yvela

    generalSi odiSeliZe TvalsaCinod irCeoda (gamoirCeoda, c. C.). umaRles

    sardlobaSi, mas hqonda didi mxedruli da administraciuli staJi.

    evropis udidesi omis dros (igulisxmeba pirveli msoflio omi)

    generalma odiSeliZem miipyro gansakuTrebuli yuradReba ruseTis

    jarebis mTavari Stabisa. omis dasawyisSi Cven vxedavT mas pirveli

    armiis Stabis ufrosis Tanamdebobaze. omis meore periodSi odiSeliZe

    iniSneba korpusis ufrosad da Semdeg mokle drois ganmavlobaSi

    kavkasiis ufrosad. ai aseT pirovnebas mTavroba cvlis gaCaRebuli omis

    dros da niSnavs iseT pirs, romelic samxedro staJiT metad

    CamorCeboda odiSeliZes. uaxlesi ambebis ganviTarebam daumtkica

    mTavrobas misi Secdoma.~

    generali odiSeliZe rogorc profesionali, marTlac didi

    avtoritetiT rom sargeblobda imperiis SeiaraRebul ZalebSi, sadavo ar

    aris, magram SesaZloa, generali mazniaSvili jerovnad ar icnobda

    general kvinitaZis SesaZleblobebsa da mis profesionalizms, amitomac

    mas saTanadod ver afasebda. Tumca dasaSvebia isic, rom general

    kvinitaZis mimarT mazniaSvils garkveuli ukmayofilebis grZnobac

    gaaCnda. `mogonebebSi~ generali aSkarad gamoTqvams pirad wyenas

    kolegisadmi, ixsenebs ra 1919 wels samcxe-javaxeTis gubernatoris

    postze muSaobis periods, mxareSi Seqmnil siZneleebs da droebiT

    24

  • warumateblobebs server-begis bandebTan brZolis dros. generali

    mazniaSvili wers: `...samxedro ministris amxanagis (moadgilis, c. C.)

    generali gedevaniSvilis depeSa miviRe, romliTac zrdilobiani kiloTa

    gvacnobebda Semdegs: `samxedro ministri saWirod Tvlis, tfilisSi

    mogiwvioT, Tqveni diviziis mswrafl mobilizacias ministri didi

    mniSvnelobas aZlevs da amitom, Tqveni Tanamdeboba general kvinitaZes

    CaabareT da dauyovnebliv tfilisSi CamodiTo... es kidev araferi.

    CemTvis sawyeni ufro is iyo, rodesac gavige, rom kvinitaZes rodesac is

    borjomSi movida CemTan, rogorc Stabis ufrosi, ukve jibeSi edo Tavis

    daniSvnis brZaneba da es garemoeba damimala.~

    orive mxedarTmTavars aerTianebda erTi mTavari saerTo mizani _

    samSoblosadmi uangaro samsaxuri. veeba monstrTan uTanasworo

    brZolaSi, gmiruli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, patara saqarTvelo

    damarcxda. am umZimesi viTarebis Jams saqarTvelo TurqeTis mxriv

    okupaciis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda.

    veragobiTa da ZaliT, sabWoTa ruseTma saqarTveloSi usastikesi

    bolSevikuri reJimi daamyara. qarTveli xalxi ar Serigebia mZime xvedrs

    da ganagrZobda brZolas dampyroblebTan. bolSevikebma Seqmnes samxedro

    xelisufleba _ `revoluciuri komiteti~. saqarTvelos respublikis

    legitimurma mTavrobam ganacxada, rom legalur xelisuflebad ver

    CaiTvleboda rusuli xiStebiT qveyanaSi ZaliT Semotanili da

    damkvidrebuli uzurpatoruli* komiteti e. w. `revkomi.~ saqarTvelos

    mTavrobam Riad ganacxada, rom nebismier pirobebSi da yvelgan daicavda

    qarTveli xalxis sasicocxlo interesebs _ Tavisuflebasa da

    damoukideblobas. aRiniSna, rom qarTvelma xalxma gmiruli winaaRmdegoba

    gauwia mters da Tavisi miwa-wyali dauTmo mxolod maSin, roca

    amoiwura winaaRmdegobis yvela SesaZlebloba. `saqarTvelos dRevandeli

    mdgomareoba aris ucxo jaris mier qveynis samxedro okupacia~ _

    aRniSnuli iyo mTavrobis gancxadebaSi. saqarTveloSi isev Crdiloeli

    `keTilmosurne~ gabatonda. rusuli xiStebiT Semosulma

    `ganmaTavisufleblebma~ ver SeZles qarTvelTa gatexa, maTSi

    patriotuli suliskveTebis Cakvla.

    `moyvrad~ mosul bolSevikebTan uTanasworo gmirul brZolaSi

    sisxlisgan daclili saqarTvelo Turqebis SesaZlo SemoWris safrTxis

    winaSe idga. baTumSi ukve daTareSobdnen Turqi askerebi. didi

    damsaxureba miuZRvis general giorgi mazniaSvils 1921 wels baTumisa

    da aWaris raionebis Turqebisagan gaTavisuflebis saqmeSi. umZimesi

    viTareba sufevda saqarTveloSi. legitimuri* mTavroba mTavarsardalTan

    erTad iZulebuli Seiqna, safrangeTisaTvis Seefarebina Tavi. generali

    mazniaSvili, romelic piradad Sexvda baTumis `revkomis~ wevrs, Tengiz

    Jrents, daeTanxma `revkomis~ winadadebas, mis gankargulebaSi myofi

    ZalebiT gaeTavisuflebina qalaqi Turqebisagan. qarTulma jarma

    25

  • saxelovani generlis sardlobiT, gaafTrebuli brZolebis Semdeg, baTumi

    daikava. generalma mazniaSvilma, romelmac uzadod Caatara baTumis

    Turqebisagan gaTavisuflebis operacia, kidev erTi brwyinvale furceli

    Cawera Tavis mxedrul biografiaSi. aqve sagangebod aRvniSnavT, rom

    `general mazniaSvilis nawilebma baTumis olqidan Turqebi gandevnes

    manam, vidre baTums kavaleria miaRwevda~. amrigad, qarTvelma generalma

    mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi SeiaraRebuli ZalebiT SeZlo baTumis

    gaTavisufleba. gamarjvebuli generali sergo orjonikiZes warudgines.

    orjonikiZes misTvis uTqvams: `Tqven iciT, rom kanongareSe iyaviT

    gamocxadebuli da TqvenTan Sexvedris dros, yvela komunists ufleba

    hqonda moekaliT iqve, alagobriv, magram mxedvelobaSi viRebT Tqvens

    moqmedebas baTumSi gadatrialebis kritikul momentSi da gepatiebaT

    yvela borotmoqmedebani, romelic CaidineT Tqven menSevikebis batonobis

    dros sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg.~ patrioti generali, romelsac

    samSoblosadmi erTguli samsaxuris mxedruli fici hqonda dadebuli,

    sergo orjonikiZis am braldebas usafuZvlod miiCnevda. `mogonebebSi~ am

    sayveduriT gulnatkeni mamuliSvili werda: `ver warmomidgenia, rodis

    da ra borotmoqmedebis Cadena SemeZlo visime winaaRmdeg. me xom rogorc

    jariskaci vemsaxurebodi patiosnad da gulmodgined Cems mTavrobas~.

    unda aRiniSnos isic, rom sabWoTa xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan

    Sexvedrisas, generalma mazniaSvilma kategoriulad moiTxova qarTvel

    samxedro mosamsaxureTa usafrTxoebis garantiebi, radganac, rogorc

    Tavad aRniSnavda, `qarTveli oficrebi warsulSi ar ekedlebodnen

    politikur partiebs da ar ereodnen maT Soris atexil uTanxmoebebSi.

    isini emsaxurebodnen mxolod samSoblos interesebs~. 1921 wlis 23

    marts samxedro da sazRvao saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis brZanebiT,

    generali giorgi mazniaSvili dainiSna qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

    sardlad baTumis olqSi. axal Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisTanave, generali

    energiulad Seudga qarTul SeiaraRebul ZalebSi arsebuli

    naklovanebebis aRmofxvras, razec naTlad metyvelebs misi pataki

    samxedro da sazRvao komisariatis saxelze: ai es patakic:

    `samxedro da sazRvao saqmeTa saxalxo komisars

    23 marti, 1921 weli, pataki #112.

    mogaxsenebT, rom baTumSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis gamo, Cemdami

    rwmunebuli jarebi ver Rebuloben sistematurad kuTvnil ulufas.

    xSiria SemTxveva, rom jariskacebi ramdenime dRe ar Rebulobdnen

    sruliad purs, xolo zogjer ki Rebulobdnen ara umetes erTi

    girvanqisa. rac Seexeba sxva sanovages da metadre cxenebis sakvebs, _ es

    sakiTxi sruliad ar aris mogvarebuli. amisTana mdgomareobas,

    rasakvirvelia, friad arasasurveli gavlena aqvs jariskacTa sulis

    ganwyobilebebze da iwvevs maT TiTqmis masiur wasvlas Tavis saxlebSi.

    mogaxsenebT ra amas, gTxovT miRebuli iqnas usastikesi zomebi Cveni

    26

  • jaris yvela kmayofiT uzrunvelsayofad, raTa momeces saSualeba

    davakavo jariskacebi yazarmebSi da daubrkoleblad Seudge saqarTvelos

    wiTeli jaris Seqmnas.

    sardali g. mazniaSvili. genStabis ufrosi gedevaniSvili~.

    samSoblos samsaxurSi damSvral generals erovnuli armiis Seqmna

    da qarTvel meomrebSi mTvlemare sulis gaRviZeba cxovrebis umTavres

    miznad miaCnda. axal xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobis ZiriTad

    moTxovnad sardali, savsebiT samarTlianad, qarTvel oficerTa Zveli

    korpusisaTvis usafrTxoebis garantebs asaxelebda. 1921 wlis 6 aprils

    generali mazniaSvili dainiSna qarTuli wiTeli armiis inspeqciis qveiTi

    jaris inspeqtorad. brZolebis qar-cecxlSi gamobrZmedili

    mxedarTmTavari, rogorc saqarTvelos generali, samSoblos SeiaraRebul

    ZalebSi samsaxurs gamarTlebulad miiCnevda. aki kidec ganucxada

    sabWoTa saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenels, Tengiz JRents: `Tu

    saqarTvelos axali xelisufleba borotebad ar CagviTvlis

    samSoblosadmi samsaxurs menSevikebis batonobis dros da mogvcems

    garantias, rom arc erTi jariskaci, generlidan moyolebuli ubralo

    meomramde, uwindeli samsaxurisaTvis ar iqneba dasjili, me mzad var

    ganvagrZo samxedro samsaxuri~.

    patriot generals, romelsac upirveles movaleobad miaCnda

    samSoblosadmi samsaxuri, SeeZlo emigraciaSi wasvla, magram

    SeuZleblad miaCnda gaecvala samSoblo `sxva qveynis samoTxezeda~.

    miuxedavad `Zveli codvebis~ mitevebisa, sabWoTa xelisuflebam urcxvad

    daiviwya generlisadmi micemuli piroba, arafrad Caagdo misi saqmianoba

    qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis aRmSeneblobis saqmeSi, misi piradi

    wvlili Turqebisagan aWaris gaTavisuflebaSi, mxedvelobaSi ar miiRo

    mxedarTmTavris avtoriteti, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli profesionalizmi,

    didi damsaxureba erisa da qveynis winaSe. ficgautexeli generlisadmi

    qarTveli xalxi Sesafer pativiscemas da siyvaruls avlenda.

    xelisuflebam aseT generals danaSaulad CauTvala saqarTvelos

    demokratiuli respublikis SeiaraRebul ZalebSi samsaxuri da gasca

    gankarguleba misi dapatimrebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos bolSevikuri

    xelisuflebis veragobiT aRSfoTebulma patimarma, generalma

    mazniaSvilma saprotesto werili gaugzavna sabWoTa saqarTvelos

    jarebis samxedro komisars, Tengiz JRents.

    vfiqrobT, qarTveli sazogadoebriobisaTvis interes moklebuli ar

    unda iyos gaecnos usamarTlod uflebaayrili patimari generlis

    werils, romelic daculia saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centralur

    saxelmwifo arqivSi. werilSi vkiTxulobT:

    `daviRale samarTlis ZebnaSi. 15 Tvea, rac cixeSi vzivar da kidev

    oTxi weliwadi unda vijde. ase nel-nela, magram Seuwyvetlad unda

    mihqres Cemis sicocxle, aRsavse tyveobis zneobrivi da fizikuri

    27

  • tanjviT da Tan amave tempiT unda vanadguro da vaqcio Cemis ojaxi

    nivTierad da moralurad, rom yvela es ubedureba, `damsaxurebuli

    dafaseba~, Sedegi iyos raime danaSaulisa da borotmoqmedebisa. Cemi

    xasiaTis simtkice meyofoda, rom yovelive es usityvod ametana

    ramenairad da araviTari nabiji ar gadamedga Cemi bedis Sesamsubuqeblad,

    magram rodesac araviTari danaSauli ar mimiZRvis arc mTavrobisa da

    arc sazogadoebis winaSe, rodesac yovelive CvenTaganis movaleoba

    pirnaTlad Semisrulebia, rodesac amis sapasuxod pativayrili da

    saxelgatexili cixeSi var Cagdebuli, iq vlev Cems dReebs, aba rogor

    ar veZio samarTali, rogor ar moviaro kardakar yoveli iseTi

    pirovneba, romelic Tavis mdgomareobiT iziarebs mTavrobis organoebis

    yovel sanqcias da moqmedebas?! am azrTa pyrobili Tqvenc gauwyebT Cems

    mdgomareobas, TqvenTanac movdivar samarTlis saZebnad, miT umetes, rom

    Tqven ufro movale xarT yuradReba momaqcioT am sityvis Semdeg,

    romelic baTumis revkomis saxeliT, 1921 wlis martis Tvramets me da

    mTel qarTvel oficrobas mogveciT, romlis ZaliT arc erTi CvenTagani

    warsuli moqmedebisaTvis gasamarTlebul ar unda yofiliyo da gana

    egreve ar iyo dekreti #1-iT Tqmuli sajarod?! ufro kerZod gana s.

    orjonikiZem imave wlis (1921 w.) 23 marts, rodesac ukve osmalT

    jarebi gavanadgure _ ar miTxra, rom aseT brwyinvale samxedro

    moqmedebisaTvis da axali mTavrobis winaSe damsaxurebisaTvis me

    mepatieboda yoveli manamde Cadenili moqmedebis pasuxis geba. hoda

    rodesac dRes cixeSi vsneuldebi me piradad, xolo ojaxi itanjeba

    materialurad da zneobrivad swored imitom, rom danaSaulad

    CamiTvales Cemi winandeli moqmedebebi, rodesac rogorc qarTveli jaris

    sardali vebrZodi jars da vicavdi Cemi samSoblos miwa-wyals, rogor

    ar unda mogagonoT an Tqven, an s. orjonikiZes mocemuli sityvebi, an

    mTavrobas misi dekreti #1 rad moxda, rom yvelam daiviwya Tavisi

    sityva da movaleoba, rom me gamxades udanaSaulo msxverplad, an iqneb

    sxva danaSauli Cavidine saqarTveloSi damyarebuli axali

    xelisuflebisadmi? magram am SemTxvevaSi rad auxvies gverdi damnaSavis

    dakiTxvas, raT warukveTes mas winaswari saSualeba mowmeebis

    dasaxelebis da yovel wamoyenebuli braldebis gabaTilebisa. vacxadeb

    kategoriulad, rom arcerTi braldeba, romelic rezoluciaSia

    wamoyenebuli da romelTa mixedviT sikvdili momesaja, _ Semdeg

    amnistiiT xuTi wliT sapyrobileze Secvlili, _ CemTvis ar

    wamouyenebiaT, arcerTis gamo ar daukiTxivarT. naxeT arqivi da

    darwmundiT. amgvarad Tu warmovidgenT, rom Cemi daskvna moxda im

    danaSaulobaTaTvis, romelic Camidenia saqarTvelos sabWoTa mTavrobis

    xelSi. amas xom damtkiceba undoda, amisTvis xom unda davekiTxeT da

    xom unda daekiTxaT is pirnic, romelTac me davasaxelebdi Cemi uflebis

    da simarTlis dasacavad da vinaidan arc erTs, arc meores adgili ar

    28

  • hqonia, amitom amgvari `danaSaulobisaTvis~ dasjili adamianis

    ganTavisuflebas da sruls reabilitacias moiTxovs TviT mTavrobisa da

    misi yoveli wevris prestiJi. magram me mgonia, am braldebiT mxolod

    ufaso damatebis xasiaTi aqvT, raki maT Sesaxeb ar daukiTxivarT. isini

    Cemi dasjis motivaciis rols ar TamaSoben da braldebaTa Soris

    gamoZieba, dakiTxva da mowmeebi ar esaWiroeboda mxolod erT muxls _

    Tu saerTod SesaZloa amgvari proceduriT adamianis dasja, gasamarTleba

    _ es muxlia `Cemi brZola sabWoTa ruseTis jarebis winaaRmdeg~. es

    faqti cnobilia, amas ar unda fici, magram rogorc zemoT mogaxseneT _

    es xom mravalgzis napatiebi mqonda, uwinares yovlisa dekretiT da mere

    Tqveni da s. orjonikiZis sityvebiT. amgvarad, ar aris danaSaulis

    elementi Cems dasasjelad. es mdgomareoba werilobiT Tu sityvieri

    gancxadebiT gavacani sxvadasxva pasuxismgebel pirs da sabuTi maqvs, rom

    isini davarwmune kidev Cems udanaSaulo dasjaSi. amitomac, Tqvenc

    mogaxsenebT exla yovelives da gTxovT monawileoba miiRoT Cemi

    reabilitaciis da gaTavisuflebis saqmeSi. gaqvT saSualeba saqmes da

    yvela masalas gaecnoT da miT darwmundeT mTxrobelis sisworeSi da

    miTve Cems udanaSaulobaSi da roca es azri SegidgebaT, keTili inebeT,

    damideqiT TavdebaT, da gamaTavisufleT, raTa saSualeba momeces Cemi

    saxelis reabilitaciisa imave dawesebulebaSi da imave gziT, ra

    dawesebulebebma da gzamac mas moscxo Cirqi.

    giorgi mazniaSvili~.

    es werili, romelsac, samwuxarod, TariRi aRniSnuli ar aqvs, 1922

    wlis 14 dekembers waredgina samxedro komisars, Tengiz JRents. werils

    axlavs mamia oraxelaSvilisa da filipe maxaraZis rezolucia:

    `patimroba Seecvalos SemdegSi gadasaxlebiT~. am rezoluciis garda,

    patimari generlis werils adevs agreTve meore rezoluciac.

    `gaTavisuflebul iqnas,~ s. orjonikiZe.

    rogorc usamarTlod dapatimrebuli generlis werilidan Cans,

    axalma xelisuflebam daiviwya rogorc misi damsaxureba, aseve sabWoTa

    xelisuflebis damyarebis pirvelive dRes gamocxadebuli amnistia,

    romelic mas usafrTxoebis garantias aZlevda.

    saqarTvelos `revkomma~ dekreti amnistiis Sesaxeb daadastura

    damxobili xelisuflebisa da `revkomis~ warmomadgenelTa quTaisis

    Sexvedraze, romelic Sedga 1921 wlis 17 da 18 marts. damxobili

    mTavrobisagan qarTul mxares Sexvedraze warmoadgenda saqarTvelos

    demokratiuli mTavrobis rwmunebuli grigol lorTqifaniZe, xolo

    saqarTvelos `revkoms~, _ mamia oraxelaSvili. sxdomas Tavmjdomareobda

    rsfsr-is warmomadgeneli abel enuqiZe. Sexvedraze sabWoTa ruseTis

    mxares warmoadgenda agreTve aleqsandre svaniZe. quTaisis Sexvedraze

    demokratiul mTavrobasa da saqarTvelos `revkoms~ Soris miRweul iqna

    SeTanxmeba samxedro moqmedebebis likvidaciis Sesaxeb. SeTanxmebis me-14

    29

  • muxlSi aRniSnulia: `saqarTvelos `revkomi~ Tavis 25 Tebervlis

    amnistiis dekretis damatebiT adasturebs, rom ar agebinebs pasuxs da

    ar dasjis arc sasamarTloTi da arc administraciuli wesiT

    respublikis arc erT politikur moRvawes, samxedro pirebs,

    jariskacidan dawyebuli vidre mTavarsardlamde, gvardielebs, gvardiis

    ojaxebs da Stabis wevrebs, administraciis yvela moxeleT da saerTod

    yvela im pirT, romelTa moqmedeba maTi saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi

    samsaxuridan da moRvaweobidan gamomdinareobda. es muxli exeba im pirTa,

    im moqmedebas, romelTac adgili hqonda SeTanxmebis ZalaSi Sesvlamde~.

    mxedarTmTavari, romelic gmirulad ebrZoda saqarTvelos

    dasapyrobad Semosul sabWoTa ruseTis jarebs, samSoblosaTvis dacvas

    agresorebisagan mamuliSvilur movaleobad miiCnevda da amis gamo, Tavs

    damnaSaved ar Tvlida. misi sardlobiT, 1921 wlis TebervalSi qarTulma

    jarma soRanluRis poziciebidan gabeduli kontrSetevis Semdeg SeZlo

    Tbiliss momdgari mtris SeCereba. generali sagangebod aRniSnavda, rom,

    rodesac misi brZanebiT, sadarajo legioni gadavida ieriSze `goris

    gvardielebma naxes ra legionis ieriSze gadasvla, amocvivdnen

    Txrilebidan da eZgernen mters. mterma brZola ar miiRo da nawili

    tyved Cagvivarda~.

    axalma xelisuflebam, romelmac xazi gadausva amagdari

    mamuliSvilis damsaxurebas, yoymanis Semdeg miiRo `humanuri~

    gadawyvetileba da samxilis uqonlobis gamo, patimrobidan gaaTavisufla

    generali. sabolood mas sikvdiliT dasja Seucvales `saqarTvelos

    sazRvrebidan xuTi wliT gaZevebiT~. aseTi verdiqti* gamoutana mas

    saqarTvelos ssr sagangebo komisiam 1923 wlis maisSi. igi

    gaTavisuflebis Semdeg erTxans parizSi cxovrobda, sadac gaWirvebaSi

    myof generals bedi morig gansacdels umzadebda, mas daabrales 1924

    wlis ajanyebis gacema. titanuri Zalisxmevisa da nervebis daZabvis fasad

    daujda samSoblos samsaxurisaTvis Tavganwirul generals am

    ciliswamebis gabaTileba, sakuTari pativisa da Rirsebis dacva.

    safrangeTSi, emigraciaSi myofi legitimuri xelisuflebis

    warmomadgenlebisagan generalma kategoriulad moiTxova oficialuri

    ganmarteba am ciliswamebasTan dakavSirebiT. mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris, noe

    Jordanias saxelze daweril gancxadebaSi giorgi mazniaSvili aRniSnavda,

    rom man araferi icoda ajanyebis mzadebis Sesaxeb da saerTod mxars ar

    uWerda raime SeiaraRebul gamosvlas. mTavrobis Tavmjdomares igi

    Seaxsenebda, rom gamosvlasTan dakavSirebiT kargad iyo cnobili

    emigrantuli mTavrobis wevrebisaTvisac. patriotma generalma SeZlo

    SeubRalavi mundiris Rirsebis dacva da cilismwamebelTa damarcxeba.

    ltolvilobaSi myofi xelisufleba giorgi mazniaSvils acnobebda,

    rom mTavrobis sxdomaze, romelsac daeswrnen saqarTvelos politikuri

    partiebis warmomadgenlebic, daadgines: `gamogecxadoT Tqven sruli

    30

  • ndoba da amasTan erTad ecnobos saqarTvelos yvela Cven organizaciebs,

    rom xmebi da Worebi, romelic trialebs Tqveni saxelis garSemo, aris

    ganzrax mogonili ciliswameba. mTavrobis mdivani k. kandelaki~.

    safrangeTSi gadaxvewili mxedarTmTavari darwmunda, rom qarTveli

    menSevikebis mcdelobas, romelic miznad isaxavda evropis daxmarebiT

    sabWoTa ruseTis mier okupirebuli saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebas,

    perspeqtiva ar gaaCnda. giorgi mazniaSvili `mogonebebSic~ werda amis

    Sesaxeb: `... cxadi iyo, rom evropis arc erTi saxelmwifo xelsac ar

    gaanZrevda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis yofili mTavrobis

    interesebis dasacavad. magaliTad, inglisi da safrangeTi Cven aSkarad

    gvagrZnobinebdnen, rom saqarTvelos sakiTxi Seadgens socialisturi

    sabWoTa respublikebis kavSiris Sinaur saqmes, radgan saqarTvelo Sedis

    am kavSirSi, rogorc sruluflebiani saxelmwifo~.

    ficgautexelma mxedarTmTavarma sicocxlis bolo wlebi samSobloSi

    gaatara. ganawyenebuli da Seuracxyofili generali, romelic

    emigraciaSi ukidures xelmokleobasa da gaWirvebas ganicdida, Tavis

    zneobriv movaleobad samSobloSi dabrunebas miiCnevda. `mogonebebSi~ igi

    gulistkiviliT werda: `gaWirvebam da Cemi pirovnebis da patiosnebis

    abuCad agdebam, maiZules me mimemarTa sabWoTa mTavrobisaTvis,

    SeemoklebinaT Cemi gaZevebis vada, da rodesac nebarTva miviRe,

    gadavwyvite davbrunebuliyav samSobloSi, SeverTebodi Cem or milion

    moZmes da maTTan erTad gameziarebina bednierebac da ubedurebac...~

    qeduxreli generali sicocxlis bolomde erTguli darCa qveynisa

    da eris winaSe dadebuli mxedruli ficisa. samSoblos dacva, qveynis

    samxedro Zlierebasa da teritoriul mTlianobaze zrunva, qarTvel

    meomrebSi mxedruli sulis aRorZineba generlis cxovrebisa da

    moRvaweobis umTavresi mizani gaxldaT. partiuli interesebi, agreTve

    pirad keTildReobasa da karierasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, mas,

    rogorc profesional samxedros da patiosan pirovnebas, naklebad

    aRelvebda, mxedarTmTavarma ar gacvala samSoblo. man amayad da

    moswrebulad upasuxa orjonikiZes, romelmac danaSaulad CauTvala

    amagdar generals menSevikur mTavrobasTan TanamSromloba. `me arc

    menSevikebis generali var da arc bolSevikebisa, me saqarTvelos

    generali var!~

    samSobloSi generals sabWoTa xelisufleba eWvis TvaliT uyurebda.

    mTavrobisagan `dafasebuli~ generali sakuTari ZaliT moweuli

    WirnaxuliT inaxavda ojaxs. bolSevikurma xelisuflebam mas

    `danaSauli~ (eris samsaxuri, c. C.) ar apatia. igi avadsaxsenebel 1937

    wels daapatimra da Semdeg daxvrita. gamoCenilma mxedarTmTavarma

    gaiziara mravali qarTveli mamuliSvilis tragikuli bedi. umkacresma

    represiebma imsxverples eris saukeTeso Svilebi, maT Soris qarTveli

    samxedro inteligenciis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebic, romlebic

    31

  • ruseTis imperiis oficerTa korpusis elitarul nawils

    miekuTvnebodnen. represiebs emsxverplnen gamoCenili qarTveli oficrebi,

    romelTa Soris iyo ilia WavWavaZis diswuli, qarTveli sazogado da

    samxedro moRvawe, cnobili qvelmoqmedi, generali konstantine (kote)

    afxazi**, romelic daxvrites TbilisSi 1923 wlis maisSi. didi

    mamuliSvili XVIII saukuneSi kaxeTs gadasuli ServaSiZeebis STamomavali

    iyo. bolSevikuri diqtaturis damyarebis Semdeg kote afxazi, sxva

    mamuliSvilebTan erTad, monawileobda winaRmdegobis moZraobaSi, ris

    gamoc daapatimres da Semdeg sxva sikvdilmisjil patimrebTan erTad

    daxvrites dRevandeli vakis parkis teritoriaze. bolSevikebma sisxlis

    kalo galewes, musri gaavles qarTvel inteligencias. erovnuli

    inteligenciis saukeTeso nawili ganadgurda, ramac mniSvnelovnad

    Seaferxa qarTveli xalxis brZola damoukideblobis aRsadgenad.

    general giorgi mazniaSvilis cxovreba da moRvaweoba sanimuSo

    magaliTad unda iqces yvelasaTvis, visac samSoblosaTvis uZgers guli.

    misi ocneba iyo Zlieri qarTuli armiis Seqmna, romelic saqarTvelos

    saimedo dacvis garanti iqneboda. giorgi mazniaSvilis saxiT samSoblom

    dakarga mxedarTmTavari, romelmac agresorebs qarTuli miwebidan fexi

    moakveTina. samSoblos moukles saxelovani mxedarTmTavari, samagaliTo

    mamuliSvili, uSiSari meomari, gmiri, romelmac fasdaudebeli wvlili

    Seitana qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mSeneblobaSi. qarTvel

    generalSi Tanabrad iyo Sezavebuli mxedruli SemarTeba, momTxovneloba

    da principuloba pirovnul didbunebovnebasTan. mamaci generali piradi

    magaliTiT aRafrTovanebda meomrebs, romlebic saxelovan winaparTa

    msgavsad, ar uSindebodnen mtris simravles, gmiri mxedarTmTavris

    meTaurobiT Setevaze gadasulebi musrs avlebdnen dampyroblebs da

    brwyinvale gamarjvebas aRwevdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom veeba monstrTan

    uTanasworo brZolaSi saqarTvelo, samwuxarod, umokavSireod darCa,

    qarTveli xalxi aqtiurad Caeba samamulo omSi samSoblos

    damoukideblobis dasacavad. qarTuli jaris Tavganwiruli brZola,

    qarTvel meomarTa gmiroba da mamacoba qarTveli erisadmi simpaTiiT

    ganawyobda evropelebs da ara marto maT. qarTvelTa mxedrul

    SemarTebasTan dakavSirebiT, vfiqrobT upriani iqneba aleqsandre diumas

    Semdegi sityvebis gaxseneba: `qarTvelebi brZolebSi unda naxo. maSin

    isini Cveulebriv adamianebi ki ara, titanebi arian, romelTac ZaluZT

    zeca ieriSiT aiRon~.

    didia general giorgi mazniaSvilis damsaxureba qarTul

    SeiaraRebul ZalebSi mxedruli sulis aRorZinebisaTvis. igi Tavad

    gaxldaT saukeTeso magaliTi imisa, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo

    qarTveli meomari.

    samSoblosadmi erTguli samsaxuri, gmiroba da mamacoba is

    Tvisebebia, riTac qarTveli meomrebi odiTganve gamoirCeodnen.

    32

  • mravaltanjuli gmiruli warsuliT STagonebuli generali samSoblos

    damcvelebs yovelTvis Seaxsenebda winaparTa sagmiro saqmeebs,

    mouwodebda maT, ar daeviwyebinaT `visi gorisani arian~.

    generalma mazniaSvilma mTeli Zal-Rone uSurvelad Sealia sayvarel

    saqmes qarTuli armiis Seqmnas da qveynis samsaxurs. generlis msgavsi

    mamuliSvilebi amSvenebdnen qarTveli eris gmiruli warsulis

    furclebs, saqarTvelos omebis istorias. amitomac qarTveli

    axalgazrdoba jerovnad unda acnobierebdes, rom `warsulis fesvebs,

    raindobas, keTilSobilebas da bunebis sidiades mowyvetili Taoba

    Rirseuls verafers Seqmnis~ (Tamaz bibiluri).

    ubadlo mxedarTmTavars, rogorc samagaliTo pirovnebas,

    gulmxurvale patri


გიორგი მაჭარაშვილი ლლლლიიიიოოონნნნიიიისსსს …dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/8001/1/Lionis_Unia da

გიორგი მაჭარაშვილი ლლლლიიიიოოონნნნიიიისსსს …dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/8001/1/Lionis_Unia da

მაკროეკონომიკა - tsu.ge · გოშნიაშვილი გიორგი 2 27 მაკროეკონომიკა 2 თოდუა თეონა

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მოსახლეობის გეოგრაფიაpress.tsu.ge/data/image_db_innova/Giorgi-Goqsadze-mosaxleobis... · გიორგი გოგსაძე მოსახლეობის

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Giorgi Macharashvili, St. George the Athonite and the catholicism (in Georgian language) /// გიორგი მაჭარაშვილი, წმინდა გიორგი

Giorgi Macharashvili, St. George the Athonite and the catholicism (in Georgian language) /// გიორგი მაჭარაშვილი, წმინდა გიორგი

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რეფერატი გიორგი შატბერაშვილი

რეფერატი გიორგი შატბერაშვილი

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