אפרת - משקמת
description
Transcript of אפרת - משקמת
'
Prosthodontics 4
4
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4
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4
5
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5
1.
6
2.
13
3.
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4. Marginal Integrity
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4. (Marginal Integrity)
19
5.
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23
25
27
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29
33
()
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33
35
36
37
" PFD Indications
37
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37
39
40
41
42
43
43
44
Self Cure Acryl
45
Heat Cure Acryl
46
46
External Surface Form
46
Custom
47
Preformed Crowns
49
Internal Surface Form
49
1. Indirect procedure
49
2. Direct Procedure
50
3. Indirect Direct
51
52
52
55
59
60
,
60
Impression Trays
60
"
62
63
64
Two Step Putty-Wash
65
' One Step
65
Mono Phase
65
Copper Ring
66
-
69
73
Die Preparations
73
73
-Pindex
75
-Di-Lock Tray
76
76
77
( )
77
77
78
78
78
78
79
Pattern Wax
80
Processing Wax
80
Impression Wax
81
84
84
85
ADA 2
86
86
Calcium Sulfate Bonded Investment
88
Phosphate Bonded Investment
89
Silica Bonded Investment
89
-
89
Sprue
90
Casting Ring Liners
94
20'
94
94
95
99
100
100
101
101
101
101
103
103
105
105
105
105
106
109
HN -
109
HN
111
N
113
114
HN - N
114
-
114
CAPTEK
117
Soldering
120
121
122
122
128
128
129
129
130
130
" PFM
130
-
23.10.2006
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", " . ".
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1. . . . " 25%. .
2. . 15% .3. . 10-15 . 60%. .
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2. . . " , , , . 3. : , . ( ) , . - ". Tooth Abutment. " . . .
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Glutting Agent . .
Cement .
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3. - . . , .
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1. . " .a. . . ( ). c5 -15% 10c -40% 15c -60% 30c .b. .2. a. - . -DEJ. ", . b. " 2 " " . . . . 26.10.2006 . .
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40 , 10 10 10 . . . :
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2. (Torque) .
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Tanget Point.
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, fulcrum center of rotation.
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. ( ) 15 . . 15 . , -Rwesistance Area -7 . , .
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3.
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5 , , .
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High of Contour .
A. . ", " . . , FOA.B. . . . . " . C. , . B, " . . " . , , , . " .[ ", .] -FOA. FOA, " . -Inner Aspect . , . A B -C A . .4. Marginal Integrity " " . . " . . " . . " . " , , " . . . . . . " . , . . . . . , " " " . , " .
.Under Contour , Under Contour, .
. . . , . . .
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Over Contour . : . -Free Gingival Margin.
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Over-Contour and Under-contour, Vertical & Horizontal.
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(emergence profile) -High of contour . , -High of contour. 360 . , , . " " . .
1 " , . -Over & Under Contour.
. -High of contour. , ? . .
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Knife Edge . Chamfer- . 45 . . Shoulder .Knife Edge 30 " ( ). -Knife Edge .
E . - Knife Edge . . "", ". . . , . . . . . . Knife Edge. . . -Knife Edge. -Knife Edge , . . Knife Edge " .
. . " . . -Over Contouring ". . Knife Edge , " .
:
. . , , . . -P.F.M. -0.3 ". Bulk . Over Contour . . . .
1. .2. " .Chamfer
40-60 Round End C (Round End), E5 ( ). " PFM . Light C Heavy C.:
" PFM. . " . " .:
-Knife edge. -Lipping.6.11.20064. (Marginal Integrity) :1. Knife Edge 2. Chamfer
3. Shoulder . " PFM.Shoulder 90 . . (Butt Joint). T .
: 90 .
90 .
Shoulder1.
2. PFM ( ). . , Shoulder Porcelain, . . , 90 . -Chamfer .Knife Edge , , .
Heavy Chamfer Disappearing Metal.-Shoulder PFM , Porcelain Shoulder.
Shoulder: . . . " . ". Shoulder , . Shoulder , " .:
. ( Knife Edge). :
, 14. ? ?
-Shoulder. : . Shoulder Heavy Chamfer -Disappearing Metal. . .
1.90 ,, . . Heavy c. , Light. Light C. -Knife Edge . , Chamfer (Heavy Light) . -Knife Edge.
Over Weight 1, Heavy Chamfer , . -Knife Edge, , .
.
, , Heavy C..
5.
. Supra Gingival.
Sub Gingival : .
:
1. . , .
2. .3. .4. , .5. . , . , . .
, .
:
. " , " ". . , , . . " , clearance . . . . . , -CEJ. , . . :
1. . 1 " . , , Free Gingiva, Junc. Epi. . . 1 " . . , .Knife Edge -Over Contour. , .
2. " . , . , , .3. (Attached Gingiva). -Free Gingiva -Muco-Gingiva. 1-9 ". 1 ". . 1 " ( ) . , 2 " ", . .4. . . ( ). , . . . , , -Free Gingival Margin . . / " ". . 2 " , ". . 1 " . 3 " ( " " ). , -3 " ". 3 ".
. . . -2 " " .
.27.11.2006
I.
-High of contour (H.O.C.) " .
. ( ) -HOC -0.5 " . HOC -0.5 " , -1 " .
HOC -'' :
-1/3 -1/3 .
-1/3 . HOC -'' :
-1/3 . -1/3 .
II.
". : -'' -1/3 , 6 -7 , -1/3 . - , 6 -7 , . , (Central Fossa Line) 6 -7 .III.
.
.
1. Food Deflection Theory, Gingival protection theory Wheeler (1961) '' . , (HOC) .
: '' , " .
:1. .2. .3. -.4. , Over Contour . !
2. Muscle Action Theory Morris (1962) ( = ).
: .
: " '' .
!
3. Anatomic Theory Krown & Miller (1971) (Self Cleansing) (Self Protected Denture).
: .
: .
4. Plaque Retention Theory - Schulger et al (1973)
.: " ( , , ).
!!!
1. . . -HOC . .
2. -. " 1 " "Flat - non fat". 1 " . ( ).
3. . . . . . -Central Fossa . , .
4. Transitional Line Angles. ". .
5. . Central Fossa. . . .
1. .
2. .3. - Barreling.4. ( ) . -1 " , -1 " .5. ( ) : . . . 5 " ( ). .6. : . . . .
References:
1. Shillinburg 0 Fundamentals of fixed prosthodondics, 3rd edition.
2. Koidis et al (1981), Clinical crown contour: Contemporary view. JAVA 114:792-795.
3. Becker et al (1981), Current theories of crown contour, margin placement and pontic design. JPD 44:268-277.
4. Anthony et al (1980), Current Controversies in axial contour design. JPD 44:536-539.
5. Ehrlich et al (1980), Alternation on crown contour-Effect on gingival health in man.
4.12.2006
" . , . , . , (???).
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: Full Veneer Crown. Partial Veneer Crown. . . - . .
1. Retainer Abutment.
2. Pontic . .3. Connector -Retainer -Pontic.
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1. a. . . .b. () . . , . .c. d. - , . .
2. a. .b. , , , '.c. , , .d. .e. , , .
3. a. ' . . . , , , ., .4. :a. b. c. .d. e. f. .g. ( ) . . . .
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2. ".3. (Plaque Control) " , .
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1. / , . ( ) . . 1:2. 2:3, , , 1:1. -1:1 . : , . , (") .2. , . a. . b. . .c. , .d. .3. (PDL) , . -PDL . , . , . : , -Span, , .' . . , . . , , .
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1. ( ). , , . . : . . (, , "). ( ) . . .
2. Span Length - -Span (Rigidity) , -Torque ( ). .Degree of deflection . , 2 , , 27 (??? 27, 8! 27...). , . , , (1/b3). , 1/b2. , . . -OG . -BL .3. - . , Class 3 Class 2 Deep over Bite .4. - . ' . , ( ) . , . , , .11.12.2006 . .
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Type I . .
Type II . Cantilever ( ). , , .
Type III . , . .
Simple- .
Complex - .
1. (Rigid). , , , Rigid.2. :a. -Major Pontic , "". -Minor Connector.b. -Minor Connector " ". -Major Connector.
1. / / span .: (Secondary Abutments). . , . :a. / .b. .c. . , , , . . .
2. : , . . , .3. 5 Pier AbutmentPier Abutment ".
PDL -Pier A.. . , " . .
-PDL:
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18.12.2006 ()
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2. . . . , , Attached Keratinized. , . , ". Attached , . Siebert Class I '' .
Class II . Class III . :
1. Attached Keratinzed. . . , . , . Blenching . , . . . . .
2. . . :a. '' b. .c. .
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3. - , ( ). .
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(PFM) :1. ( 1.2 ") . Bulk .
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5. Ovate. '' . . '' . '' . (Super Floss ). , , . . . :a. -1/4 . .b. . .
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2. . . , . . . , . , . 3. - . " , . , . 25.12.2006 " PFD Indications" -
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Case Selection!!! .
29.1.2007
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/ . . -P.F.M.
. Bisque ( , -Finish). -Bisque, . , . .
-Bisque .
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Temporary Crown, Provisional. .
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Heat Cure . .
Cold Cure / Self Cure .
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Cross Linked , . . .
Thermoplastic Polymers .
Thermosetting Polymers . .
Addition Polymerization " . . Ring Opening Polimerization Ionic Polimerization Condensation polymerization . . , , .Addition Polymerization . . .
.
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, 5% Cold Cure.
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-Heat Cure .
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. .Ring Opening Polymerization
Epoxy.
Ionic Polymerization --. Addition Polymer.
Condensation Polymerization .
.
.
.
Self Cure Acryl:
PMMA Poly Methyl Meta Acrylate. PEMA ( ). .Working Time . Setting Time- . -48 , .
Initiator . . Opacifiers , . . . . .:
MMA.
Inhibitor . . Plasticiser DiButyl Phtalate-Initiator ( ) . -Initiator . , , .
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. Sandy . , , . . .
. -Cross Links. . . . .
1. - 8%. 2%. 8%, . . Cross Links. . .
2. (, ) -60 . , . .3. ( , , ). , . .4. , , . .5. . .Heat Cure Acryl . " Span ( ), , . -Heat -Cold Cure: , ( -Cold Cure).
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. . . . 0.2%. . . . . .
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Body Pliers .
12.2.2006
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/ . . -P.F.M.
. Bisque ( , -Finish, ). -Bisque, . , . . . . .
External Surface Form .
Internal surface form .
External Surface Form Custom . .
Performed Crowns .
Custom . , .
. , . .
: (Putty). ' ( ). . .
(Putty)
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Internal Surface Form 3 .
1. Indirect procedure , .
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. .2. Direct Procedure -Internal Surface Form, .
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3. Indirect Direct .
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5.2.2007
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a. () , ', b. ZOE, , . . -ZOE .2. a. , (). . .b. i. ', , ZOE.ii. . , , , .
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12.5% . '. 1.7% . -Borax . Borax 0.2% - , ' . Alkyl Benzoate 0.1% - . 85.5% - . ( ).'
-19. . , .
' , :Potassium Alginate + calcium sulfate dihydrtate ( (+water) calcium alginate gel + potassium sulfate. '. . : . (, ). : Potassium Alginate 18% - '. Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate 14% - ' '. Potassium Sullfate, Potassium Zinc Fluoride, Silicates or Borates10% - . Sodium Phosphate 2% - . 56% - ' . . ' . , . 1-2%. ' : . , . . , . / . " ". . . " . " , . . . " ". "" . . '. . . ' . ' , . . ' . /. " " . . ' . . -18 -23 . " ". . . , . . ' . 2-3 . 2-3 , ' . , 2-3 . - . , . . : . . . : . . ( 8 , ). . "" , . . . , . - ' (, Synersis) ' , (Inhibition). -100% . , . - . , . , . ( ) ( ) . . , ' . 1.5-2 .
1. , Polysulfide2. , Condensation Silicones3.
- Polysulfide . .
. , , . . , ' 3-4 . : : 80-85% Titanium Dioxide 16-18% - : . Hydrated Copper Oxide 60-68% - . 30-35% - . Sulfur 3% . , . ( ). ( ). . . , . . . . . . , . , , . . . . , . , , . . Under Cuts , . , . . . ", .15.2.2007
"
- Condensation Silicones -50 -20 . .
" . . . . Copper Carbonate or Silica - . Wash ( ) -Putty ( ). . . , . . . . , , . . Stannous Octeate and alkyl silicate . . , , . . ( ). . , Wash Putty, . -Wash . ( +) + . . : -Wash . . , . . . . . . . . : . " . . . . . Putty-Wash. . : . ". . . . . . , , . , . , . . . " , , " .
-70, ".
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. " 10-20 . : - 2%. - 10% . .
,
"
Impression Trays .
1. :
a. b. c. .2. :a. b. Custom Made3. :a. . .b. . .c. .4. Bite Tray. . , . . , . . . . "
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. . .
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2. Curettage .3. Scalpel. .
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2. .a. - .b. .c. : . , .i. Twisted. .ii. // Knitted / Braded - . -
. - .
.
. . , . . . " ": . . . : Ferric Sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 Aluminum Chloride AlCl3 pH (0.7-1.3) . (Smear Layer). . : Oxymetazoline Hydrochloride 0.05% (Afrin ). Tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride 0.05% (Visine ).19.2.2007
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: , Negaticve Imprint , .
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Two Step Putty-Wash , . Putty , Wash.
One Step - Double Mix, ' . Mono Phase . . Copper Ring - . . .
.
. . , . .
3 .
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Two Step Putty-Wash -Putty / . . -Wash. . . . . . '. -Wash . -Putty -Wash . .
. / . / . () . . , , . -Wash. , , -Wash , -Wash. -Wash :
. Wash . . . , , -Wash , -Putty, .
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:
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.
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Putty Wash . .
.
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Mono Phase -One Step .
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Shear Thinning Properties . .
-Putty -Wash.
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26.3.2007 -
.
.
, .
. .
, ( ):
.
. . . ' . '. ' , . .
. -Free Gingival Margin . .
. . . . (). , . . . , . . . " ( ) . . . . 2% . . . . 4% . . . . . . , . . . Ferric Sulfate. ( ) . . -Ferric Sulfate Coagulants. . . ' . . . . Cartridge gun . , : , . - . . . , "". , - , . , . . . . . . , . .
, free gingival margin. .
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2. ( ) . . , , . .
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- , , ( , , ). . , . . - , . . . . , - (CaSO42H2O).
.
HemiHydrate. -75% - -.
(Plaster of Paris) . . . . .ADA (American Dental Association) 25 , Type II, III, IV. Type I -Plaster of Paris .
Type II Model Plaster ; Hemi-Hydrate III -IV. . . . ( Hemi Hydrate Stone. . Type III Dental Stone. Type IV High Strength Dental Stone .
, .
Hemi-Hydrate Type II 120 . Albaster. , . , , . , . . Hemi-Hydrate -( Hemi Hydrate. . .
Xantana. . . . , . , . . .
( Hemi Hydrate Type III & Type IV -( , : III - -125 , . Hydrocal. , , , . ", ". IV - (30%). . Densite . " . . .
. . .
.
, , . , .
. . . .
Working Time - . . , . , , .
/ . . 1-2 .
7-13 , , , .
: . , .
.
Type II 100 ' 50 " . Type III - . 100 30 " .
Type IV 100 24 ". 100 18.6 ", , . .
, . 100%, . .
, -7 .
Setting Time - . . Working Time .
-7 , 13 .
( ). () . : Center for Dissolution. Center for Precipitation . . . ( ) . . + .
-7% , , . .:
-75% . , , .
, .
:
Type II 0.2-0.3%. Type III 0.08%-0.1%. Type IV 0.05%-0.07%.
, .
-Setting Time -Working Time.
. , .
: 37 ( ) 37 ( ). -100 , .
, . . .
" .
"" . ( ). "" , ( ). .
, . . .
:
1. . . . . . "" .2. . , . . . . :a. b. 2 .3. . .4. .1.3.2007
Die Preparations" - . .
, .
- , ( , " ).
, " , .
, . , Type IV .
1. Clearance . , .
2. .
.
( ) , Occlusal Clearance " . , . .
.
. .
.
. . .
-4-5 , -2 .
-Pindex ".
.
1. , PVS -Putty-Wash.
2. a. :i. " .ii. .
3. . . . . Type IV.
4. . . .
5. -Dowel Pin Pindex. .a. " .b. . . . . Dowel Pin . .
6. . , . " , Type 3. Block Out- . Utility Wax, Boxing Wax . . 30 Trimming . .
7. . .
8. [ , , , .] . . , , . [ / \ , | | ] , , .
9. Ditching / Die Trimming . . . . . Ditching. -Ditching .
10. ". .
11. Spacer -Spacer . -Spacer . 20-40 . . . . 10 , , . . . . . , . 20 , " .
12. . . . . . -Di-Lock Tray , . , .
Trimming . .
-4 " .
. . . . .8.3.2007
.
.
. "" , Flaring, , , , , , . . ". Lost Wax Technique. .
. .
. . . 44-62 . 50-90 . . . 10% , ( , ). (). . . 22-52 . " . 0.4%. . , . . . . , . , . . . . : . . . ' . , . , -38 , -40 , , . . ( ). . , . . , , , . ( ). , , , . , , , . . / ( ). . ( )
.
. . (). .
.
. , . , , .
, .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-17-44 . .
. : .
19-31 . (Carnauba), . . .
' ' , . , . .
.
.
" .
. , . .
Pattern .
Processing . Impression .Pattern Wax
Inlay Wax.
Casting Wax. Baseplate Wax.Inlay Wax , Lost Wax Technique. . . ". , . , . , .
: () () () () () , ( ) . (4) ADA 0.1%. , , . -Inlay Wax : Inlay Wax I
. . . Inlay Wax II
. .Casting Wax .
. " . ". . ", , . . . , , , , .
Baseplate Wax .
. . . , . . 2 . , . , . , .
Processing Wax
4 :
Boxing Wax . . . , . ' 30 , . Utility Wax . : . . . Sticky Wax . - . , . . . , . . ( ). , . Rewax . , Dipping / Copying Wax. ( ).Impression Wax Correction Wax . . , . . , . Bite Registration Wax . ., :15.3.07
, .
1.
2. 3. - . 4. : 0.4 " , , . Lost wax technique . . . " '. . sprue
sprue , .
, , sprue. . " , sprue .
: - pattern wax inlay type 2.
:
: , , . . .
1.
2. : : a. : b. : - 3. : 0.1% - . .
- . . - : " . . " . .
2, 4ADA . .
.
:
. , . 1 " . 1 " . . 2-4 , . . . . . . - / . . - . . . / ( ). , . , . . , . . . '' . . -Sprue. Sprue. . . . ." . Remargination . . -Lost Wax Technique .
Overwaxed Margins Over Countour . .
, , . . . Open Margins.Suckback Porosity -Sprue, . 31.5.2007
Lost Wax Technique . ? ?
. , . . .
. -3 :
1. .
2. .3. .
.
.
. : . . ' -1000 . , ' , , . . ( 1.5% 2.4%). , . . . . . , , . -2% , , -2%. . .
1. Setting Expansion . . " . , , 0.4%, " . 2. Hygroscopic Expansion
, . , . 2.2% () . ' , .3. Thermal Expansion . . . . . . - . 1:1, :Metal Shr. + Wax Shr. = hygroscopic exp. + Setting Exp. + Thermal Exp. + Wax Exp. :
1. Thermal lnv. Or High Heat Technique.2. Low Heat Technique. :
.
. , . . ' . . , . . , , . . . . . ADA 2
ADA 2 3 :
Type I .
Type II , . Type III ".
3 :
1. Refractory Materials ( , ) Silicone Dioxide , , . , .
2. Binder Materials . , , . :a. Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrates - . ".b. Phosphate . ".c. Silicas . " " .
3. Other Chemicals . :a. b. c. - . -Borax .d. e. f. 7.6.2007 Calcium Sulfate Bonded Investment . ' - 700 . .
: 60-65%
30-35%
5% 300 .
: " . - setting exp.: ADA 0.6%. - " ADA 20-25 . fineness - . " . . ' :
' . 800 , ( 200-400 , 400 -700 , ). -800 . . , . , , , . . . '. -, . , , , , , , . . , . 700 . 650 , . - ' . , . .
105 . 105 . 400 . 400 .-700 . . 400 700 . , . -800 . .
, SiO2 . , ' . , , 75%. .
-4 , : Fused Quartz . ' . , . . , ' , . . . ' . -105 -155 . -220 . -573 . -400 . ' ' . , . . ' . , ' . -500 700 .
/ . , 550 . , . , . . . " ADA 2 2.4 Mpa. . 550 . . , , . , . ' ' . . . . , . . . . . . Phosphate Bonded Investment . , . ' . .
. -, .
. . ' -700 .
20% , (. ). 80% . . : . ' . ' , . . . . - . . , , .
' . ( ) . Technique Sensitive. . . : , (2 ), . Silica Bonded Investment ' -700 . . . ". . . , , . -
Lost Wax Technique.
: Sprue . . Liner. . .Sprue - Sprue . , -Sprue.
" . . -Sprue. -Sprue
-Sprue - Sprue "". . . . . . . . . , , . 45 . 90 ? . . , . , . . . . . , , Reservoir . -Sprue , . : . - . . 20 " ? . . 20 " . . : 6 " -Calcium Bond. Investment. , , . 3-4 " . -Sprue : . Suck Back Porosity . . , . . . .18.6.2007 -Sprue . , . .
. . ' . 750 .
Casting Ring Liners , . , (). . .
.
. 1 " , . 1 " "". . .: . . . -1 " . . . -1 " , . . . . , -Liner .
.
, .
:
. - ' . ' . ' 500-600 . 650 . ' 30 (" ). . = . . . . . . 1-2 " , . . - . -500 . 800-870 900 1-5 , . . 100 ' . 1-5 ( , ). . . ' .
. -600 -1500 . -1500 . , . . . .
1. - . . . .: . ' .2. . ' ' .
. .
.
. . , . . . . . , . . . . ' 2000 .
. . . .
. . . . . . , .
- . : . .
Suck Back Porosity. . ' 650 . . , 750 . , . . , , .
. .25.6.2007 20'
-3 :
1. ".
2. .3. -1968. -1907 TAGGART . , . , .
1932 , . . -40 .
-50 " . .
-30 - - " . -1970 " .
. -1989 ADA , , , . ADA ' 5 -TYPE 1 TYPE 5, SOFT, MEDIUM, HARD ,EXTRA HARD. ' 1 -2 - INLAY ALLOYS ' 3 -4 - CROWN AND BRIDGE ALLOYS. . 20-1 427
.
: , , ,, , . . -1984 ADA :
HN-High Nobel - 40% 60% .
N-Nobel - 25% .
PB-Predominantly Base - 25% .
" " .
20-2 427
-4 :
1. .
2. .3. .4. .
:1. - YIELD STRENGTH.2. HARDNESS.3. - TENSILE STRENGTH.
4. - ELONGATION.
5. - BURNISH ABILITY OR DUCATILITY.6. - CASTABILITY OR CASTING ACCURCY.7. - CREEP AND SAG RESISTANCE.
8. - PRE- AND POSTSOLDERING9. DENSITY10. - COEFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANTION.
11. - MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
. , , 0.1%-0.2% " . " .
MPA PSI . ADA 5 3 -4 340-200 MPA 340 MPA ,. 14-5 393
: , 50% ( ). , " . " . VIKERS. . . .
: . . .
. .
, , .
" ". " , -Metal Ductility. X 100. . : . ADA 5 -10% 18%. .
" . .
, , , !
5-4 67
.
-
. , , ' .
, ' . 110 0.1%-0.2% . 0.5% .
.
.
.
:
' !
' .
' 2 SOLIDUS ' , LIQUIDUS ' . . 5-14 ' 393 '
. -70 . ' -L ' . " ' 500 ' . ' -L " , ' , ' L . ' -S ' ORDERED PHASES, 50 ' -S .
SAG . . . ' -S ' . : . , 980 . . . ' . ' ' . ' -Soldius ' .
, . .
-Over Contour. ' . ' , . ' . ():
". " -Liquidus -Solidus .
30-40 -L - S .
, ' .
. ". . , (8-7 "). 3 :
1. .
2. .3. . , . . . .
. - (), PPM 10-6, :
12x10-6. . - ' ' .[ :
, .
, , .
, , . , . ] ' 1
3 :
1. TEM < TEP , , . : . , .2. TEP = TEM , .3. TEM > TEP , : . , . , , . - TEM >TEP , , , . 2 1x106.
12
14.2
19.2
11.8
8.9
TE TE . ' -6 :
, , , , .
[, : , . .
. , . , , . , , .
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-A -B. A= 88% + 12% PD/PT B= 39% + 61% PD/PT -PD/PT . A -B A TE , , -B TE . .
. . . .
. " .
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, :
3 LA2B3 E 2 2.
2 .
: .
:
, -E , 2 8, 2,
' -26% '- 0.4-0.3 " - 0.08-0.06 ".
:
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1. .
2. , . :- .
:
( ). . , :
- . - . - , . .
' 1. Concentration Cell - .
2. -, " , , .3. Crevice Corrosion - - , " .4. 2 - .5. Pitting Corrosion , , , . .6. / , , . -2 .
HN , .
2 , .
" . , , . . , , . . , ( ), , . , . .
2 - , , , . , -. - - , , .
" . . . , , : . , -, .
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.
.
.
, .
.
, .
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2. , ( -1%), 24 . . .3. . . .
, .
.
-ADA , , , . " , .
. .
- 2 .
(: , ), ', .
' - One Phase Alloy. -2 -Phase Alloy. " Surface Boundary . , .
, , . , 3 :
1. Solid Solution . . . : -. One Phase Alloy.
. ,, . -, , . :
1. Substitutinal- , , , .
2. Interstitial- "" "". . "". .
3. Ordered . ' . , : - SS ' , 50.2% -49.8% -400 .
1-15 330 '.
Solid Solution Solid Solution "".
, 2 .
, SS .4 SS:
1. 2 - 15% SS, - 15%, Multi-Phases .2. , Valence- SS .3. - Chemical Affinity 2 Inter-metallic Compound.4. SS. . , 12%, .
, , .2. Inter-Metallic Compound , - .3. Eutectic Mixture . , Two Phases Alloy. : 72% 28% . Solid Solution . -SS. Alloys , , ' . " Multi-phases Stainless Steel.Eutectic Mixture " , " ' .Inter-Metallic Compound . " .
112 10-5 '
.
. (NaCl). 3 : , (Brine). ' : A 100% .
B 5% . C 15% 100% One Phase.
D -21- 2 .
(???). 6 :
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
388 2-14 '
1. ()
( 136 )
, -A -:
% 25 = 50% . - .
, . , , .[ " " ( ) . . "" !]. 2. ' -Liquidus - Solidus -L - S . - - - . L -S, , . -L , -L , , .
3
-S SS - -.
Ordered Solution 2 , , -SS - -.
-. . Order-Solution :
, .
, -Ordered Solution . , . PFM " : 20-3 ' 428 . -PFM , , -Sag () .
- . " , :PD-CU, ,PD-AG ,PD-CO ,PD-AG-GA , PD-AU, PD-AU-AG.
" N.
8 , , . . . 3 .
( ). . . . :1. , - 100.2. , , 190.' . : -160 -1064 .
. -Fineness - 24 .
Fineness - 1000 . , .
.
.
: -- 3 , , .
.
: . .
" ADA ' 5 -Type 2,3 or 4.
" .
Solid State .
.
.
' 700 . Intermediate Phases Disordered Solid Solution. , , . ' , " . ' " 15-30 . ' " 200-450 " . Disordered Solid Solution. . ", .
. -3 :
1. ' ' -Liquidus.2. .3. -Solidus ' . , , .
.
. :
.
, .
. . , " . , , SS .
Au : . . . . " . . - 1063 . 19.3 . , ACQUA REGIA . - . " , . . , .
' , ", " . " ADA5 . ": , ' . . , . , . . Pt -.
' 1872 . : 21.4. , . . " ' . : Pt Foil- , ' . , , , ' , .
Pd ( ).
' 1554. - 12.02. . . ( ). " . . 1998 . , 10%, . Ir; Ru; Rh , . , ' . 30% , .
Ag .
. . . : 961.9. , . , . , , " 5%-10% . " . SS , .
Cu .
. . . ' 1083. SS : . ' . . .
Zn .
. 419 . . . : , . . .
In . .
156 . . .
Sn .
. . . 232. .
Ga .
. 29.8. .
HN -
- 88% , , . " 1% : , , 3. -. 2 , , . 3 HN, N, PB , - " , , .
20-7 436 3 :
1. .2. .3. ' Solidus . ' , ' . HN -- ' :
88% . 6% . 5% . 1% . . . ' . . 5% , . . ' . ' 1150 . : . . . . . : -Sag " . . . . --
, -1970 " WILLIAMS Will-Cream . -Pt. : 50% 30% 10% ,, . ' 1320-1330 . : . -Sag . . . . 1998 . : . " , , , , . Greening. - Greening . () , . . , .
- -1977 -Greening. . ' : 52% . 38% . 8.5% . 1.5% . ' 1320-1330.
: . -Sag . . . . : . . N N -
.
. .
- - -
-70 . ' , . , Greening, - . 75-90% . -Degassing. " . --- . . ' - . . - 1974 . : 80%-55% 35%-25% 20%-10% . ' 1350-1310. ' . . . . : . . : . . ( " ). . . . -Sag . - - -
-.
. 1170 - 1190 -Sag ' . " Span . 2% , , . ": 9-15% 74-80% . , . , , . . . . . 7 ' . -. . 1145mPa. 5-11% , . 0.1 ", . - 1984 " ' NEG , OPTION . : 79% 10% 9% 2% ' 1190-1170. . . : , , SAG SPAN . , . . . . - DEGASSING , -OPAC -. : . . . - - -
.
-Sag . : 78-88 % 4-10% . 8% . . 20%. 586MPA . , . . ' , . : 80% 5% 6% 6% : -SAG : , " -OPAC .
- -, . : - 81-88% . 7-11% . 2-4% . 1-4% . -ADA 1 . ' .
-- - ---
. VITA. , 5-8% . . -ADA.
HN - N : . . . . . " 75-150 . ' ' ' . ' . " .
-
-1978 29% " .
-1980/1 70% ' . . -, , , , . : 61%-81% . 27%-11% . 5%-2% . . : 67%-53% . 35%-25% . 6%-2% .CAPTEK
- CAPTEK " " - () .
: Metal Composites %Au-88 -9% - Pt %Pt 4.
FILLER MATRIX .
' .
:
( ' -Pt) , -Au. P G .
P ' - PT . G .
BINDERS - 0.3-0.2 ".
P - REFRACTORY DIE :
/ . " . + 4 ' 1075 .
.
G .
G . -PM 0.25 0.35.
3 :
30 .
290-190 .
-CAPBOND 4 1000 . .
1. " 5 -6 , ' .2. , , . .3. . 0.5-0.3 -0.8-0.5 .4. -: . -50 ! . .5. PFM 14 . . . .6. , IMPACT LOAD . . 1.2 , .7. .28.6.2007 Soldering , solder. -Solder ' ' -Solidus , ' -Liquidus , -Solder . .
Brazing - ' -Solder 425 . Soldering ' -Solder -425 . Welding - . " ' -425 Soldering.
", . ( ). . . -Wash, -, . ". " . -Solder
:
. ' -260 . . .
. : ' . . . : . . -- , ' . , ' . ( ).
( -Solder) - , ( ) . Pre-Soldering - . Post Soldering . ' ' ' -Solidus . -Solder .
Free Hand ( ).
Investment , .Fluxes () .
. -Flux . -Fluxes: . : Surface Protection . . Reducing Agent . Solvent . " . ' . : - "Borax" ( ) . "Borax + Potassium-Fluoride" - Flux . -Borax , Solvent. Flux , . Flux , -. -, 5 , , . Anti-Fluxes . : , '. : . . Iron-Oxide. -Solder '
Fineness ' - Fusion' -Solder, .' ' Solidus -56 -Liquidus -Solder .
' (Flux). .
Easy Flowing -Solder. ' . Free Flowing . -Solder , .Fineness ():0.65 Fineness X = 65% X Fineness . -Solder Easy + Free Flowing ' . .
-Solder . -Solder , -1%, ( ). . , .
- . .
-Fineness .
Solder -Flux: . -Flux . -Solder ' . Fineness Fineness 0.95. . : - . . Flux . -Solder ' (Liquidus). 3 . .
0.2-0.3 ". -Solder, Capillary Suction. . . ' -Solder ' , " . . . ' ' -Solder .
" .
- 1
" Rocking. . , ( ). . (Duralay Pattern Resin). , . , . .
1. " ".
2. , .3. .4. ' -400 ( B .5. .6. -400 .7. .8. , .9. , .10. , .. 11. . 2
1. .2. Pick-Up '.3. .
. .
. 0.3-0.8 ". . 0.8 " 1.5 ", 0.3 " 2.5 ". ( ). .
. . . , . .2.7.2007
" , . , , .
.
:
1.
2. 3. .
. , 380-750 . , , . , , .
, , , .
.
, . , .
-3 , , .
- Primary Colors , . , RGB. . . Secondary Colors. . ( . ( . Complementary Colors. , . . Dullness, . . , Value, . Supplementary Colors - . value . .
-12:00 .
. , , . , .
- . Color Corrected.
, Metamerism.
[ :
- :
: : -, -.
: .
- . , , 12 , . - , , .
, , , 180 , .
.]Metamerism , , . , . , , 9 .
. , .
: . .
, . Munsell.
. "
Hue - , Hue. , .
Chroma - . . Value - / . / . . Munsell (1961)
. -10 . .
, () , , .
.Hue -10 .
. , . . .
Value Brightness . ( ).
, , . Value , .
Munsell , , -10 , , , , . - . , /, .
, . , . - . value, .
, : CIE*L*A*B - . . , . . .
- Rods, Cones. , . .
.
-Rods .
. . . .Dark Adaptation -40 .
Cones RGB .
8-9.8% 0.5% . Achrimatism .
Dichromatism . Anomalouchromatism - -Cones.
, . - Color Adaptation .
, -Chroma .
: . , , Re-Sensitization . , .
. . . . -Value . -Value -Value .
.
"" Scattering Transmission- .
1. .
:
. , .
. .
2. (Translucent) , . : , , . . .
Transperance , .
. . . .
3.
. .
, . .
. . , '. .
. .
. , . , . . . .
.
-70% . . , , . , . , , . . 70% 96% . , . , . , Maverick. . , , () . - . -Value. . , , . .
. . . , . , , . .
. . . . , , , .
. , , -Value, . , . . . . , . , , . -. .
. Vita Lumin Vacuum .
Opaque , , .
-Hue, , -Chroma -Value . -Chroma -Value . 4 (Hue) Chroma -Value . A(1-4) . . B(1-4) . C(1-4) . D(2-4) -Hue Chroma , -Chroma , . . . -Chroma -Hue -Chroma ( ).
-Value .
" "
.
. , .
. , , . . . . , . ( Hue). 3 :
1. -.
2. , .3. .
Feldspar 75-85%.
() 12-22%. 3-5%. ( ) . , .
-
Feldspar. ( , ). ( ). Feldspar
- , , . .
' - 1250-1500 .
: . . . / / . : Albeit Orthoclase . ()
() . . .
% .
. . .
:
HFP - High Fusion Porcelain 1310-1370 .
MFP - Medium Fusion Porcelain 1100-1250 . LFP Low Fusion Porcelain 850-1050 . VLFP Very Low Fusion Porcelain 850 . ' ' . ' .
' , , .
1. .2. ( ). , .3. + . .4. + .5. + . . , 2 .
, . Shoulder. , .
- . ' ' -50 . ' ' . Bisque - . , , . . ' , Auto-Glaze. :1. . . ' 480 .
2. / . " -30%. , . .
(1- ) ( ).
(), " , . .
.
. ( ). . . .
. . . . . LFP -VLFP . " PFM -PFM . : .
. LFP. .
-
1. , . . . .
2. " sandblasting . .
3. . . 10-6 . - -4 :
I. .II. .III. .IV. . I IV .
:
. . .
()
Lengthening Illusion
Shortening Illusion
Initial
Initial
Widening Illusion
Narrowing Illusion
PAGE 3 ()