Ръководство за упражнения по програмиране за Асемблер

2011

: . -

: . -

. . -

, 2008 , . , 2008 ISBN 978-954-9775-37-2

2

........................................................................... 9 ........................................................................ 10 ............................................................................................... 11 1 ............................................................................ 15 2 8086 ................................................... 33 3 8086 ........ 44 4 MS-DOS ...................................................................................... 63 5 .................................. 78 6 MS-DOS .......................................... 110 7 ........................................................................................ 135 8 ................................................ 150 ................................................................................... 168

3 4

........................................................................... 9 ........................................................................ 10 ............................................................................................... 11 1 ............................................................................ 15

1.1 .............................................................. 15 1.2 ....................................................... 16 1.3 - - a a ............................................................................ 16 1.4 .......................................................... 17

1.4.1 ................................................... 18 1.5 ............................................ 21 1.6 ....................................................... 22 1.7 ................................. 22 1.8 ...................................... 23 1.9 ................................................................. 24 1.10 ASCII/IBM .................................................. 25

1.10.1 ASCII .................................................. 25 1.10.2 IBM .................................................... 27

1.11 ..................... 27 1.11.1 ............................... 27 1.11.2 ..................... 28 1.11.3 ....................................... 30

1.12 ................................................................................. 31 2 8086 ................................................... 33

2.1 ........................................................................ 33 2.1.1 .............................................................. 34 2.1.2 ............................................................................. 35 2.1.3 / ..................................................................... 36

2.2 ................................................................ 36 2.2.1 ............................................................ 37 2.2.2 ........................... 38 2.2.3 ................................................. 38 2.2.4 ...................................................................... 38

2.3 8086 ....................................................... 40 2.3.1 ........................................................................ 41 2.3.2 ............................... 42 2.3.3 ..................................... 42 2.3.4 ............................................... 42 2.3.5 ............................................. 43

2.6 ................................................................................... 43 3 8086 ........ 44

3.1 8086 ................................................... 44 3.1.1 ....................................................... 44 3.1.2 .................................... 44 3.1.3 ...................................................... 46

3.2 80286 ................................................. 47 3.3 80386 ................................................. 48 3.4 80486/Pentium ..................................... 49 3.5 . ....................................... 49 3.6 ...................................................................................... 51 3.7 ROM-BIOS DOS .................................................................. 51

3.7.1 ROM-BIOS ...................................................................... 51 3.7.2 DOS ............................................................... 52 3.7.3 ......................................................... 52

3.8 .......................................................................... 52 3.9 ................................................................. 56

3.9.1 ................................................... 56 3.9.2 ............................................ 56 3.9.3 .......................................................... 56 3.9.4 ........................................................ 58

3.10 ............................................................................... 61 4 MS-DOS ...................................................................................... 63

4.1 ................................................................ 63 4.2 ................................................................. 66

4.2.1 ...................................................... 66 4.2.2 ......................................................................... 67 4.2.3 ............................................................................ 67 4.2.4 ..................................................... 67

4.3 MS-DOS ..................................... 68 4.3.1 TREE .............................................................................. 68 4.3.2 DIR ................................................................................ 69 4.3.3 TYPE .............................................................................. 70 4.3.4 MORE ............................................................................. 70 4.3.5 MKDIR (MD) ................................................................... 71 4.3.6 RMDIR (RD) .................................................................... 72 4.3.7 CHDIR (CD) .................................................................... 72 4.3.8 PATH .............................................................................. 73 4.3.9 COPY ............................................................................. 75 4.3.10 RENAME (REN) .............................................................. 75 4.3.11 DEL (ERASE) ................................................................. 76

4.4 ................................................................................ 77 5 .................................. 78

5.1 ................................... 78 5.1.1 ............................................................ 78

5 6

5.1.2 ...................................................................... 78 5.1.3 ...................................................................... 80 5.1.4 .......................................................... 81

5.2 ...................................... 81 5.2.1 ............................................ 82 5.2.2 ...................................................................... 89 5.2.3 ........................................................... 90 5.2.4 EXE COM ...................................................... 91 5.2.5 , , ............ 97

5.3 .......................................... 98 5.3.1 ............................................... 98 5.3.2 .................. 99 5.3.3 ...................................... 99 5.3.4 .................................... 104 5.3.5 ..................................... 106 5.3.6 ................................. 106

6 MS-DOS .......................................... 110 6.1 ........................................... 110

6.1.1 DOS ........................................................... 110 6.1.2 BIOS .......................................................... 112 6.1.3 ...................................... 115

6.2 ............................................................ 118 6.2.1 DOS ........................................................... 118 6.2.2 BIOS .......................................................... 123

6.3 ................................................ 131 6.3.1 ........... 131 6.3.2 ............................................................................ 132

6.4 ................................................................................. 134 7 ........................................................................................ 135

7.1 ....................................................... 135 7.2 .............................................. 145

8 ................................................ 150 : ................................................................................ 150 ADD ......................................................................................... 150 ......................................................................................... 151 DEC ......................................................................................... 152 DIV .......................................................................................... 152 INC .......................................................................................... 153 INT .......................................................................................... 153 INTO ........................................................................................ 153 IRET ........................................................................................ 154 JMP .......................................................................................... 154 Jxx ........................................................................................... 155

7

LODS/LODSB/LODSW/LODSD ...................................................159 LOOP/LOOPxx ...........................................................................160 MOV .........................................................................................161 POP ..........................................................................................162 POPA/POPAD ............................................................................163 POPF/POPFD .............................................................................163 PUSH ........................................................................................164 PUSHA/PUSHAD .......................................................................164 PUSHF/PUSHFD ........................................................................165 REP/REPE/REPZ/REPNE/REPNZ .................................................165 RET ..........................................................................................166 STOS/STOSB/STOSW/STOSD .....................................................167 XOR .........................................................................................167

....................................................................................168

8

.1.1 ................................................. 18 .1.2 ................................................................. 19 .1.3 ................................................. 19 .1.4 ................................................................. 19 .1.5 ................................................................ 19 .1.6 ...................................... 19 .1.7 , .............................. 20 .1.8 ............................................. 23 .1.9 8 92 ............................ 24 .1.10 8 -92 .......................... 24 .1.11 8 92 -92 .................................... 24 .1.12 8 ......................................... 25 .1.13 ASCII .. 26 .2.1 ............................................. 33 .2.2 , ..................... 36 .2.3 ................................................... 39 .2.4 8086 ....................... 41 .3.1 8086 .................................................. 45 .3.2 .............................................................. 46 .3.3 80386 .............................................................. 48 .3.4 ( + ) ....... 49 .3.5 20 ............................ 50 .4.1 Run ....................................................................... 63 .4.2 Run, cmd .......... 64 .4.3 cmd .................................... 64 .4.4 Run, command .. 65 .4.5 command ............................ 65 .4.6 tasm ............................. 73 .4.7 PATH ................ 74 .4.8 PATH .................... 74 .5.1 Turbo Debugger .............. 107 .5.2 Hello World Turbo Debugger ................ 108 .6.1 debug ............................................. 133 .8.1 ...................................... 161

.1.1 , , .... 15 .1.2 4310 ........................................... 17 .1.3 15 .............. 18 .1.4 .... 20 .1.5 ......................................................................................... 21 .1.6 ........................................................................................ 22 .1.7 .......................................................... 22 .1.8 NOT ................................................................ 23 .1.9 ASCII ................................................ 26 .1.10 ..... 28 .2.1 80x86 . 34 .2.2 80x86 .. 35 .3.1 .................................................. 52 .3.2 .................................... 53 .3.3 BIOS ...................................................... 53 .3.4 21h DOS ....... 53 .3.5 ptr ...................................................... 59 .5.1 ......................................................... 85 .5.2 .............................. 86 .5.3 ................................ 87 .5.4 , model ........................................ 88 .5.5 ..................................................... 98 .6.1 10h BIOS .....112 .6.2 .....................................114 .6.3 16h BIOS 124 .8.1 DIV ......................................152 .8.2 Jxx ........................156 .8.3 ......................................166

9 10

,

, . .

?

, . - , , , , , .

, . , .. . , , .

10110000 01100001 mov al, 61h ,

. , . , . , . .

. , . . .

Turbo Assembler (TASM), Turbo Link (TLINK) Version 5.1 Copyright 1992 Borland International Turbo Debugger (TD) Version 3.1 Copyright 1988, 1992 Borland International.

, . . .

80x86. .

80x86 . . .

. , , , , .

MS DOS, .

, . .

DOS BIOS . .

11 12

.

, , , . 2008

13 14

1

1.1

,

, .

.

, ,

. , -

. - ,

, .

B, O (Q), D H,

.

.1.1

.

.1.1 , ,

2 0 1 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 16 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

A F 10 15

.

: 55h ; 55 10011b ; 10011 75 ;

;

radix ideal (.radix masm):

radix

2, 8, 10 16. :

radix 10

radix 16.

.

1.2

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9. , , 10 . . 10. . 345 :

345 = 3*102 + 4*10

1 + 5*10

0 = 300 + 40 + 5.

345, 678 :

3456,789 = 3*10

3 + 4*10

2 + 5*10

1 + 6*10

0 + 7*10

-1 + 8*10

-2 +

9*10-3

= 3000 + 400 + 50 + 6 + 0,7 + 0,08 + 0,009.

1.3 - - a a

a - : e

a = (ak, ak-1, , a0)

15 16

- , p 2.

n10 : ak*p

k + ak-1*p

k-1 + + a0*p

0 = n10.

n10 a - : i := 0 while n > 0 do

ai := n mod p, n := n div p, i := i +

1 print ai

1.4

0 1. bit ( binary digit). , , . . :

1010112 =1*25 + 0*2

4 + 1*2

3 + 0*2

2 + 1*2

1 + 1*2

0

= 32 + 8 + 2 + 1 = 4310

. ,

, . , . . (.1.2) 4310.

.1.2 4310

43 / 2 21 1 21 / 2 10 1 10 / 2 5 0 5 / 2 2 1 2 / 2 1 0 1 / 2 0 1

, ,

1010112.

1.4.1

- . . - , , , - .

.. . .1.3 15.

.1.3 15

0 0000 8 1000 1 0001 9 1001 2 0010 10 1010 3 0011 11 1011 4 0100 12 1100 5 0101 13 1101 6 0110 14 1110 7 0111 15 1111

, 15 - ,

. - ,

(byte). . , .1.1.

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

.1.1

,

, . 1.2.

17 18

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

.1.2

,

28, 256 .

16 (word). 15, . 1.3. 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

.1.3

. 0 7

, 8 15 , . 1.4.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

.1.4

-

. little endian . ,

.1.5.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

3 2 1 0 .1.5

16 216,

65 536, . 32 (double word), .1.6. 31 0

.1.6

,

, .1.7. 31 16 15 0

31 24 23 16 15 8 7 0

2 1

31 28 27 24 23 20 19 16 15 12 11 8 7 4 3 0

6 5 4 3 2 1

.1.7 ,

232

, 4 294 967 296 .

: (quad word), 4 = 8 = 16 = 64 , (paragraph) 8 = 16 = 32 = 128 (page) 32 = 256 .

.1.4

SI ICE

Kilobyte (kB) (103)1 = 10

3 Kibibyte (KiB) (2

10)1 = 2

10

Megabyte (MB) (103)2 = 10

6 Mebibyte (MiB) (210)2 = 220

Gigabyte (GB) (103)3 = 10

9 Gibibyte (GiB) (210)3 = 230

Terabyte (TB) (103)4 = 10

12 Tebibyte (TiB) (210)4 = 240

Petabyte (PB) (103)5 = 10

15 Pebibyte (PiB) (2

10)5 = 2

50

Exabyte (EB) (103)6 = 10

18 Exbibyte (EiB) (2

10)6 = 2

60

Zetabyte (ZB) (103)7 = 10

21 Zebibyte (ZiB) (2

10)7 = 2

70

Yotabyte (YB) (103)8 = 10

24 Yobibyte (YiB) (210)8 = 280

19 20

(.1.4): SI

1000 = 103 (k). kB ()

1000 B. ICE

1024 = 210

- (Ki). KiB (kilo binary byte, ) 1024 B.

1.5

. . . . 0 15. 0 9 A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15.

, 78C16,

, .. 0A78Ch.

. , 0BCF8Ah .1.4.

.1.5

B C F 8 A 1011 1100 1111 1000 1010

, . . ,

10110100111011b , 14 .

0010110100111011b.

: 0010 1101 0011 1011b.

2D3Bh.

1.6

. 1.5, , .

.1.6

2

-128..127 -27..(2

7-1)

-32 768..32 767 -215

..(215

-1)

-2 147 483 648..2 147 483 647 -231

..(231

-1)

1.7

, , . , .1.7:

.1.7 + 0 1

0 0 1 1 1 10

10b 2d. ,

00001110b 00000111b, .1.8:

21 22

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 (14)

+ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 (7)

0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 (21) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

.1.8

0: 0 + 1 =

1. 1 1 + 1 = 10; 0, 1 . 2 , .. 1 + 1 + 1 = 11; 1 1 . 3 : 1 + 1 + 0 = 10; 0 1 . 1 + 0 + 0 = 1. 1 4, . 5, 6 7 , ; .

, .. . NOT () , .1.8:

.1.8 NOT

NOT 0 1 1 0

00010110b.

11101001b.

1.8

8086 ..

. 0, 1, . 1. , 92, .1.9:

01011100 92 10100011

+ 1 1 10100100 -92

.1.9 8 92

-

92 01011100, . 1.10:

10100100 -92 01011011 + 1 1

01011100 92

.1.10 8 -92

92 -92 :

01011100 92 +10100100 -92

(1)00000000 .1.11 8 92 -92

8- .

.

1.9

.

23 24

, 8 00001110b

(14d) 00010101b (21d)

8 00001110b (14d),

11110010b (-14). :

00010101 (21) +11110010 (-14)

(1)00000111 (7) .1.12 8

.

- .

1.10 ASCII/IBM

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange, ) ( ) 7 128 0 127. (8 ), 128 , 128 255, .. IBM ( ) ASCII .

1.10.1 ASCII

ASCII 32 . 32 , 0h 1Fh, . , , , . - , .1.9:

ASCII , 20h 3Fh, , 0 9. , . 30h ASCII .

.1.9 ASCII

(10) (16)

00 00 NUL ( )

07 07 BEL

08 08 BS

09 09 HT

10 0 LF

11 0B VT

12 0C FF

13 0D CR

24 18 CAN

27 1B ESC

32 , 40h 5Fh,

.

, 60h 7Fh,

, DEL.

20h 0FFh, .

: d D ASCII , .1.13:

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 D 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

d 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

.1.13 ASCII

25 26

5. .

1.10.2 IBM

80h 0FFh , , .

1.11

1.11.1

. . ?.

, dpl (duplicate)

. : [ [_dpl [_dpl...]]

_dpl :

?, , dpl (_dpl[,_dpl]),

.

?.

.

1.11.2 db

(define byte), dw, dd, dq, df, dp, dt.

.1.10

db

dw

dd

dq

df 6 (48- 80386)

dp 6 (48- 80386)

dt 10

.

DB -128 255; 8

, high low; , .

: msg db "Hello World", 0dh, 0ah, '$'

14 msg

Hello World, ;

, $. fname db 25 dup(?)

fname 25 ,

. str db 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

27 28

5 str

1, 2, 3, 4 5. radix 16 const1 db 1100010b

const2 db 62

const3 db 98d

const4 db 31+31

const5 db 'b'

radix 10 const6

db 49*2 const7

db "b" const8

db 62h const9

db 98 const10

db 142q

const1 const10

. 98.

dw -32768 65535; 16 ; , .

dd -2147483648 4294967295; , 16 16 ; 4 , .

dq -2147483648 4294967295 ( 80386) -32768 65535 ); 32 - (80386) 16 - ( );

-263

263-1

; 8 , . dp dt : -2147483648

4294967295 (80386) -32768 65535 ; 32 - (80386) 16 - ( ); 16 16 ;

-247

248-1

; 6 , .

dt -2147483648 4294967295 ( 80386) -32768 65535 ); 32 - (80386) 16 - ( ); 16 16 ;

-279

280-1

; 10 , ; 0 99999999999999999999.

' ". .

dd, dq dt : 2.040 ; 2,0 10^40 0.050 1.28+7 ; 1,28 10^+7

5.40-3 ; 5,40 10^-3

1.11.3

EQU, : EQU

equ . ,

numb EQU 7

mov al, numb

: mov al, 7

29 30

1.12

1.1 : a) 127 e) 256 i) 32767 m) 178 q) 511 u) 512 y) 278 b) 989 f) 23 j) 129 n) 15 r) 45 v) 2048 z) 19 c) 300 g) 84 k) 32768 o) 254 s) 81 w) 16 d) 128 h) 255 l) 1025 p) 4095 t) 1023 x) 1024

1.2 :

a) 1000 0001 b) 1001 0001 c) 1111 0000 d) 1111 1111 e) 0101 1010 f) 1100 0010 g) 0100 0100 h) 1101 0001 i) 0101 0101 j) 1010 1011 k) 0110 0111 l) 0011 1100 m) 0100 1110 n) 0001 0011 o) 0111 1110 p) 1110 0111 q) 1010 1100 r) 1011 0101 s) 0101 1111 t) 0110 1110 u) 0111 1101 v) 1101 1100 w) 0011 1110 x) 1000 0111 y) 1001 1100 z) 1100 0001

1.3 1.2 .

1.4 .

a) ABCD e) CD0A i) ADD m) BEBE q) BADA u) 911A y) 17C9 b) 41D9 f) 1208 j) 95A3 n) 759C r) 180D v) FACE z) FADE c) 15FA g) FFFF k) 74B3 o) 5432 s) DAA w) 359B d) BAD h) DEAF l) C0DE p) DADA t) 2D3D x) BEEF

1.5

. a) 5234 + 7976 f) FFFF-1024 k) CCCC + 4444 p) 1001 + ABD9 b) ABDC - 5B81 g) 5050 + A505 l) FA01 + D1FF q) 5214 - 1015 c) FFA0 + 617C h) 1000 - 1 m) 4321 + BCDE r) DADE + 3522 d) 8353 + 2797 i) ADB8 - 1111 n) 21AC + 21AC s) 7353 - 4ABC e) 2A9C + E564 j) 10000 - FFFF o) 1821 + E7DF t) 9919 + ABCF

1.6

? a) b) c)

1.7 8 ( , ).

a) -12 e) -83 i) -128 m) -67 q) -11 u) -1 y)-1024 b) -32 f) -15 j) -17 n) -512 r) -100 v) -14 z) -2 c) -132 g) -45 k) -29 o) -10 s) -127 w) -64 d) -129 h) -8 l) -256 p) -4 t) -23 x) -18

1.8 1.2

.

1.9 ? a) b) c)

31 32

2 8086

. , 8086, .. . (memory), (, Central Processor Unit) / (Input/Output). , .. .

2.1

. . , . .

/ . . , .

.2.1 .

.2.1

2.1.1

0 1. 0,0 V 0,8 V, 2,4 V 5 V. , .

/ . () 8, 16, 32 64 ( ). , . 8, 16, 32 64 , .2.1.

.2.1 80x86

()

8088 8 8086 8 80188 8 80186 16 80286 16 80386sx 16 80386dx 32 80486 32 80586/Pentium (Pro) 64

/ ,

. n 2n

. 8088 8086 20

, 220

. .

33 34

.2.2

80x86

()

8088 20 1

8086 20 1

80188 20 1

80186 20 1

80286 24 16

80386sx 24 16

80386dx 32 4 GB

80486 32 4 GB

80586/Pentium (Pro) 32 4 GB

,

.

2.1.2

. , . . . . . , , . , .2.2.

582 No 3 581 578 No 2 580 No 1 579 No 0 578 577 No 1 576 575 No 0 575 574 573 572 No 0 572 571

.2.2 ,

2.1.3 /

20, 24 32 , , 8086 16 / . 65 536 (216) / . .

: / . / . / .

/ .

2.2

8086 . , . , 8086 .

35 36

2.2.1

. , . . . Hertz (Hz) . 1 Hz . . : 1 kHz = 1000 Hz 1 MHz = 1000 kHz = 1 000 000 MHz. , . , 1 MHz 1 s (1 ), .. 1/1 000 000 .

- , . - , .. , 8086 . , , . 80286 .

, , . 8088 8086 12 . 80286 80386 45 , 80486 . Pentium , Pentium 4 .

( ) . 100 MHz Pentium 200Mhz 80486 400Mhz 80386 80286. , , , .

2.2.2

- . . , . 8086 . .

( ) .

2.2.3

. . ( ), . - .. (cache) .

2.2.4

-, -. , , , ( -) RAM , - .

- L1 (Level 1- 1) L2 (Level 2 2). L3 (Level 3), . , , L1 L2 . - , .

. L1 - , L2 , , .2.3.

37 38

.2.3

, L1, L2 . , CPU RAM , . , . L1 L2 , . L1 , , .

500 MHz,

L1 500 MHz. L2

-

.

.

, Pentium II

Pentium III, - L2

(backside bus). -

, .

1:2. Pentium III 500

MHz, L2 250 MHz.

,

L2 , 1:1 L2.

2.3 8086

, . , . (). - , (sockets) . - , . - : , , , -, , , , , , .

: (execution unit, EU) (bus interface unit, BIU), .2.4.

39 40

EU: Execution Unit

AH AL BH BL CH CL DH DL

SP BP SI DI

ALU: Arithmetic and Logic Unit

CU: Control Unit Flags Register

Instruction Pointer

BIU: Bus Interface

Unit

CS DS SS ES

Bus Control Unit

1 2 6

Instruction Queue

- . .

8086 16 .

. : AX

- (accumulator) , BX - (base)

, CX - (count) , DX - (data) . ,

IP - (instruction pointer), .

- Flags, . , -, - .

2.3.2

(), , , . , AX :

-- AX ; -- ; -- ; -- AX.

2.3.3

.2.4 8086

. / , .

2.3.1

, . , .

()

, , , . .

2.3.4

() , . , .

41 42

, - .

, .

2.3.5

:

1. . IP

. 2. . 3. . , ,

. 4. ,

. IP . IP .

2.6

2.1 .

2.2 .

3 8086

, .

3.1 8086

8086 14. .. (real mode). 1 MB 64 kB. , . 16 .

3.1.1

, , .. , 16 . 64 B. .

CS (code segment). .

DS (data segment). .

SS (stack segment). , .

ES (extra segment) . .

3.1.2

, .

: SI -

(source index) DI (destination index).

43 44

16 : AX, BX, CX

DX. 8 (8

): AX: AH (high, ) AL (low, ), BX: BH BL, CX: CH CL, DX: DH DL.

.3.1 8086

AX - ,

. BX - ,

.

CX - .

DX - - . .

: L, H X

. , 4 H (

) , 12 X . X

X L .

: X = H * 256 + L. , BH = 12, BL = 117, BX = BH * 256 + BL = 12 *256 + 117 = 3189.

SP BP

. SP (stack pointer).

. SS .

BP (base pointer). .

BX, BP, SI DI , . .

3.1.3 IP Flags. IP (instruction pointer).

CS.

Flags . . .

.3.2 45 46

.

. CF (carry).

. .

PF (parity). (1 0 ).

AF (auxillary) . 3 4.

ZF (zero) (1 0 ).

SF (sign) (1 - 0 - ).

TF (trace, trap). . 1 .

IF (interrupt). 1 .

DF (direction). . 1, .

OF (overflow) 1, .

-

CF, ZF, SF, OF

DF .

3.2 80286

80286 .. 16 . 16 . , - 64 kB. (machine status word). :

IOP (I/O-protection level)

/; NTF (nested task flag). .

3.3 80386 32 : EAX (extra),

EBX, ECX, EDX, ESI, EDI, EBP, ESP, EIP , EFlags 16 FS GS.

.3.3 80386

32 . ,

4 GB. : RF (resume flag) ,

; VF 8086 (virtual 8086 mode) .

47 48

3.4 80486/Pentium

: ACF

(alignment check); VIF

(virtual interrupt); VIP

(virtual interrupt pending); IF (identifiacation) CPUID.

3.5 .

20 8086 8088 20 , .. . 20 16 . 20 4 . 20 . 20 (offset) . 20 .

.3.4 ( + )

. + . < _> : . ,

: 1AC3h:2221h. ( ):

1AC30h 20

+ 2221h 1CE51h 20

.3.5 20

.

. . 0. ,

R. :

9 0000 B8 ---- R mov ax, data 10 0003 8E D8 mov ds, ax 11 0005 BA 0000 R mov dx, offset mes

, .

, ,

0, R, . .

seg: seg

. ,

: dataseg msg1 db "Hello World", 0dh, 0ah, '$'

msg1 db 'Good Morning', 0dh, 0ah, " : mov ax, seg msg1

mov ax, seg msg2

49 50

AX ,

msg1 msg2.

offset: offset

: mov ax, offset msg1

mov ax, offset msg2

3.6

(stack) LIFO (last in - first out, ) , . , , . , . .

3.7 ROM-BIOS DOS

.

, ,

ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory-Basic Input Output System) DOS (Disc

Operating System) . ROM-BIOS DOS , . ROM-BIOS DOS. .

3.7.1 ROM-BIOS

ROM-BIOS . ROM , .

: , RAM, , , , , , .

3.7.2 DOS

BIOS DOS , . DOS . ROM-BIOS , DOS .

3.7.3

: , BIOS DOS. BIOS DOS, . .

3.8

. ( : , ) ( : ) . , , - . .3.1:

.3.1

08h 18.2 09h 0dh 0eh 0fh 70h

51 52

.3.2:

.3.2

00h 03h 04h

BIOS

.3.3:

.3.3 BIOS

10h 11h 12h RAM 13h / 14h 16h 17h 19h (Ctrl-Alt-Del) 1Ah

- DOS 21h (33d).

, AH. stdout

( ), stderr ().

.3.4 21h DOS

01h ah = 01h al = .

ah = 02h dl

02h dl = --

Ctrl+Break.

ah = 06h stdout

06h dl = Ctrl+Break. --

( ffh)

07h ah = 07h stdin al = Ctrl+Break.

08h ah = 08h stdin al = Ctrl+Break

,

09h ah = 09h -- ds:dx = . ($, 24h)

Ctrl+Break.

stdin ,

0Ah = 0Ah DS:SI

Enter. 0Ah DS:DX = --

(1-254).

0Dh.

ah = 40h CF = 0;

bx = 1 stdout 2 ax =

40h stderr;

ds:dx = ;

cx =

4Ch ah = 4Ch --

-

256 . . . , 4, , . 1024 . 4 ( ). .

, , :

53 54

. 4

. 1. Flags IP, CS

( ). . .

2. : IRET (interrupt return), CS, IP, Flags.

INT (interrupt). , . , . .

()

. 02h 21h DOS :

dl , ah 02h: mov dl, 67h ; 67h = g

mov ah, 02h

INT: int 21h

g.

3.9

3.9.1

. :

push cs

mov ah,

ch inc bx

3.9.2

: mov ax, 2

mov bx, 'q'

.

3.9.3

. (, direct) . .

:

dataseg var1 dw 3478h

var2 dw ? ds :

codeseg

start: mov ax, dgroup

55 56

mov ds, ax

var1 e ds:0000, a var2 ds:0002. :

ds:0003..00

ds:0002..00

ds:0001..34

ds:0000..78

, . IDEAL

[ ] . : mov ax, var1

var1 AX. : mov ax, [var1]

[var1]

var1. AX

3478h.

offset. :

mov ax, offset var2

AX 2h.

var2 .

mov ax, 0fffeh

mov [var2], ax

AX 0fffeh.

AX var1:

ds:0003..ff

ds:0002..fe

inc [var2] var2:

ds:0000 79

ds:0000 34

. : jmp to_code msg db "Hello World", 0dh, 0ah,

'$' to_code: mov dx, offset msg

3.9.4

(, indirect) BX, BP, SI DI.

[ ]. : dataseg var1 dw 3478h

57 58

var2 dw 4455h

codeseg


mov ds, ax mov

bx, 02h :

mov ax, [bx]

AX 4455h. [BX]

BX. :

mov [bx], 5 , , , .

ptr : ptr

. :

.3.5 ptr

byte 1 word 2 dword 4 qword 8 tbyte 10 near 0FFFFh far 0FFFEh

:

mov word ptr [bx], 5

ptr.

: [+]. , , (, ), , ) . (displacement) . : .data var1 dw 1, 2, 3

.code start:

mov ax, @data

mov ds, ax mov bx, offset var1

mov ax, 0 :

add ax, [bx+0]

add ax, [bx+2]

add ax, [bx+4] AX var1.

ptr mov word ptr [bx+4], 5

59 60

[+]. ,

, .

. () . : mov bx, 3 mov word ptr [string+bx],

5 add ax, [string+bx]

-

: [bx+si], [bx+di], [bp+si], [bp+di] ( 32 ). : mov eax, [ebx+esi]

- -

: [bx+si+], [bx+di+],

[bp+si+], [bp+di+] ( 32 ). - (, ).

3.10 3.10.1 8086 .

3.10.2 20 :

a) 28F3h:7211h b) 231h:1221h c) 0CCCh:4444h

d) 4444h:0CCCCh e) 4567h:0ABCDh f) 0FA01h:0D1FFh g) 0FF0h:617Ch h) 1000h:0001h i) 0ACDCh:0ACDh j) 8888h:22h k) 8D1h:0D12Dh l) 0ACBDh:0ACBDh m) 0E64Eh:0E21Ah n) 1010h:0FFFCh o) 55h:87h

61 62

4 MS-DOS

MS-DOS , , , .

MS-DOS DOS-BIOS, DOS . ().

4.1

command.com

cmd.exe. Windows XP : C:\WINDOWS\system32. : Start Run ( Win+R):

.4.1 Run

Run. cmd

:

.4.2 Run, cmd

OK. :

.4.3 cmd

Run command

:

63 64

.4.4 Run, command :

.4.5 command

.. C:\>_, D:\>_ . . .

16 command.com DOS (virtual DOS machine, VDM).

MS-DOS . cmd.exe 32

Windows XP . ,

. Enter. :

C:\DOCUME~1\USER> [/] , cmd.exe (

command.com) .

MS-DOS .com, .exe, .bat .cmd. . , .

exit.

4.2

4.2.1

( , , ), , MS-DOS . :

a..z A..Z, (:). :

A: , B: , C: .

: C:, D:, E:. CD DVD , :

F: CD , G: DVD .

( ). , : G:, H: .

, .

: d:, e:, a:. : C:\Documents and Settings\User>a:

A:\>_ A:.

65 66

4.2.2

, . . . . 1 8 , (), 3 . (.). , . : . / \ [ ] : | < > + = ; , ASCII - 20. : readme.txt, autoexec.bat, command.com, gpl.txt,

config.sys .

4.2.3

- .. (folders), (directories). ,

. : docs

:

guide.doc, manual.doc, info.doc .

.

4.2.4

. .. . , .

. ..,

. \ .

, MS-DOS , . .

D:\docs\post\today\manual.doc, manual doc D: , docs,

post, today. ()

, .

, ( ) .

4.3 MS-DOS

4.3.1 TREE

tree: tree [:][] [/f] [/a] , . : /f ; /a . : tree /a : Folder PATH listing for volume WIN Volume serial number is 00008102

4088:0C69 C:. +---WINDOWS | +---system32 | | +---config | | | \---systemprofile | | | +---Start Menu | | | | \---Programs | | | | +---Accessories | | | | | +---Entertainment | | | | | \---Accessibility | | | | \---Startup | | | +---My Documents | | | +---Favorites | | | \---Desktop | | +---drivers | | | +---etc | | | \---disdn | | +---ras

67 68

type c:\windows\system.ini | more

system

ini, C:

windows. , Enter . :

| more [/c] [/p] [/s] [/tn]

[+n] more [[/c][/p][/s][/tn][+n]] <

[:][] more [/c] [/p] [/s] [/tn] [+n] []

: more < c:\windows\system.ini

4.3.5 MKDIR (MD)

md (make directory). : mkdir [:]

md [:]

, . : md c:\tasm\examples\msdos

C: tasm, ,

examples,

msdos. C: tasm, .

help . md help

4.3.6 RMDIR (RD)

(remove directory), . : rmdir [:] [/s] [/q]

rd [:] [/s] [/q]

: /s ; /q .

\ , , ,

. , D:,

, temp : rd \temp

\ rd ,

. , names C: , : rd temp temp.

rd .

4.3.7 CHDIR (CD)

cd (change directory) . : chdir [[/d] [:][][..]] [[/d]

[:][][..]] cd [[/d] [:][][..]] [[/d]

[:][][..]]

71 72

: /d , .. .

. : chdir [:\[]]

cd [:\[]]

:

cd . cd bin

bin, .

4.3.8 PATH

MS-DOS , , , , () . a tasm :

.4.6 tasm

, MS-DOS

, () . path, : path [[%path%][:][;...]]

PATH , . ,

: .com, .exe, .bat, .cmd. path :

.4.7 PATH

Windows XP Path, My Computer/Properties/Advanced/Environment Variables. Varible Value, Path Edit.

; . ; :

.4.8 PATH 73 74

. %path%

, Path. Path. c:\tasm\bin Path: path %path%;c:\tasm\bin

cmd.exe,

command.com.

4.3.9 COPY

copy . : copy [/d] [/v] [/n] [{/y|/-y}] [/z] [{/a|/b}]

[{/a|/b}] [+ [{/a|/b}]

[+ ...]] [ [{/a|/b}]]

. , . : copy help.txt newhelp.txt

help.txt newhelp.txt.

copy , (/b), (\v) .

4.3.10 RENAME (REN)

ren .

75

rename [:][] 1 2

ren [:][] 1 2

1

, . 2 . , : ren *.cmd *.bat

. , : ren slovo duma slovo duma.

ren , 2 .

4.3.11 DEL (ERASE)

(delete) . : del [:][] [ ...] [/p] [/f]

[/s] [/q] [/a[:]]

erase [:][ ] [ ...] [/p]

[/f] [/s] [/q] [/a[:]]

/p

(y , n , Ctrl+C

), /f ,

, /s

, /q

. /a

, .

76

: r

, a , s , h , - - . , : del *.obj .obj .

4.4 4.3.1 cmd.exe. .

4.3.2 , MS-DOS. . .

4.3.3 cmd.exe. .

5

, . -. (), (), . .

5.1

5.1.1

, , , . . : A-Z, a-z, 0 9 (.) ( ), (_), (?), ($), (@). , , .

255 , 32 , .

/mv.

, , . /mu, /ml, /mx.

5.1.2

.

. :

77 78

[:] [] [;]

:

start: add ax, bx ; mov cx, 5 nop ret jmp part2

. . . , .

( ). (), . add mov.

, (, ), . . . :

-- (, ) - , , ; ;

-- - :;

-- - , , , ; ; : msg db "Hello World", 0dh, 0ah, '$'

msg 14

. .

-- - $;

, IP, :

byte_block db 50 dup(?)

byte_block_lenght equ $-byte_block

scan_table db 10 dup (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)

scan_table_lenght equ $-scan_table jmp $+3

-- - AX, BX, CX ..;

-- ;

-- ; -- . .

. , (;) .

5.1.3

, , , . ; .

: [;]

: include macro.inc

assume CS:code_segment code_segment segment para CODE ; code segment

insert_message db Insert symbol: ,$'

79 80

,

.

5.1.4

. TASM ASCII . "Hello World" 'Good Morning'

: 'I''m a programmer' ; I'm a programmer

. msg db "Hello World", 13d, 10d, '$' msg db "Hello "

db 'World', 13d, 10d, '$'

5.2

TASM : MASM ( ) IDEAL.

IDEAL .

, .

end []. , .

end start.

Turbo Assembler end.

5.2.1

..

. segment ends.

segment :

segment [] [] [] [] []

byte at xxxx use16 word common use32 dword memory para private page public

stack masm segment

.

: byte (), word (),

dword ( ), para ( ,

page ().

. private, ..

. public

( memory).

common , - . at

xxxx

xxxx.

xxxx. stack . SS

stack, a SP . 81 82

, , .

80386.

. use16 16 , .. 64 KB . use32 32 , .. 4 GB .

'' . :

'' . .

ends : ends [ | ]

ends cseg. ,

.

segment, struc union .

MASM

ends . segment ends

. , . assume, :

assume : [,:]

assume :nothing assume nothing

, . , . :

assume cs:code_segment, ds:data_segment

CS code_segment, DS - data_segment.

assume ds:nothing , ds.

assume nothing

.

,

. model, . :

model [] []

[,[] ] [, ]

MASM ,

.model. model

assume. ( ) ( ) .

: (near) (far). , .

83 84

model

. .5.1

.

.5.1

cs=dgroup

tiny dgroup. ds=ss=dgroup

.com

.

.

small cs=_text

ds=ss=dgroup dgroup.

.

medium cs=_text .

ds=ss=dgroup

dgroup.

.

cs=_text

compact dgroup.

ds=ss=dgroup

.

,

.

large cs=_text

ds=ss=dgroup dgroup.

.

huge cs=_text

ds=ss=dgroup large.

cs=_text

tchuge large,

ds=nothing ss=nothing .

cs=code,

tpascal ds=data, Turbo Pascal. -

ss=nothing

.

flat cs=_text small,

ds=ss=flat 32

.

.model

dgroup.

data, data?, const stack (T.5.2).

.5.2

(Ideal) (MASM)

codeseg [] .code []

.

dataseg .data

.

udataseg .data?

.

const .const

.

85 86

(Ideal) (MASM)

stack .stack []

[] .

[]

( ).

200h (1 kB).

fardata [] .fardata []

(far) .

far_data.

ufardata .fardata? []

[]

(far) .

(T. 5.3).

.5.3 nearstack

dgroup ss dgroup.

farstack , dgroup. use16 16 (

80386 80486). use32 32 (

80386 80486). dos, , MS-DOS. os_dos os2, , OS/2. os_os2

( )

.

.

:

PASCAL, C, CPP (C++), SYSCALL, BASIC, FORTRAN, PROLOG

NOLANGUAGE ( ). ,

NOLANGUAGE.

Windows NORMAL, WINDOWS, ODDNEAR

ODDFAR. ,

NORMAL. model

, T.5.2. . TASM .

model , T.5.4.

.5.4 , model

: 1 = tiny, 2 =

@model small flat, 3 = compact, 4 =

medium, 5 = large, 6 = huge, 7 = tchuge, 0

= tpascal.

@32bit 0 = 16 , 1 = 32 .

@CodeSize : 0 = (near), 1 = (far)

87 88

@DataSize : 0 = (near), 1 =

(far), 2 = (huge)

,

: 0

@Interface = nolanguage, 1 = c, 2, syscall, 4 =

pascal, 5 = fortran, 6 = basic, 7 =

prolog, 8 = cpp. 8 0 MS-DOS 1

OS/2.

@code .

@data (near) .

@fardata (far) .

@fardata? (far)

.

@curseg .

@stack .

5.2.2

, , ( ) . - . - .

: PROC ENDP:

[] PROC [[] ] []

[ARG ] [RETURNS ];

[LOCAL ] [USES ,] [] ENDP

MODEL. near far

RET, .

ARG ,

.

BP EBP.

LOCAL

. USES

. RETURNS .

TLINK.

EXTRN PUBLIC.

EXTRN

.

PUBLIC. : EXTRN :, ..., : PUBLIC

, DB, DW ., , = EQU. .

. :

, BYTE,

WORD, DWORD, PWORD, FWORD, QWORD TBYTE.;

, near

far.; , ABS.

5.2.3

, MACRO ENDM:

89 90

MACRO [[-

,...]] ENDM

, MACRO.

.

, . . , , LOCAL , ...

. , LOCAL, ??, 0000 FFFF. , , : INCLUDE

, INCLUDE. , , .

5.2.4 EXE COM

MS-DOS : EXE COM. MS-DOS 256 (program segment prefix, PSP). , , .

COM COM ,

, 64 kB. (CS, DS, SS ES) PSP. COM ( PSP) 100h.

org , .

IP . COM : org 100h

IP 100h. SP PSP ( 0FFFEh, -

, 64 kB ). COM

(near) , , .

4Ch MS-DOS, .3.4.

COM Ideal

. Hello

World ., . ;prog51.asm

ideal

model tiny

codeseg org 100h

start: mov ah, 9h mov dx, offset msg

int 21h mov ax, 4c00h

int 21h msg db "Hello World", 0dh, 0ah, '$'

91 92

end start

: tasm prog51.asm

: tlink /t prog51.obj

COM: prog51.com.

MASM COM : ;prog52.asm masm .model tiny .code

org 100h

start: mov dx, offset msg

mov ah, 9h int 21h mov ax, 4c00h

int 21h msg db "Hello World", 0dh, 0ah,

'$' end start

, jmp. : ;prog53.asm ideal

model tiny

codeseg org

100h start:

jmp to_code msg db "Hello World", 0dh, 0ah,

'$' to_code: mov dx, offset msg

mov ah, 9h int 21h mov ax, 4c00h

int 21h end start

COM : ;prog54.asm

ideal

segment code org 100h assume cs:code, ds:code, ss:code, es:code

start:

mov ah, 9h mov dx, offset msg

int 21h mov ax, 4c00h

int 21h msg db "Hello World", 0dh, 0ah,

'$' ends code end start

prog54.asm ideal.

MASM IDEAL

MASM.

93 94

MASM IDEAL .

EXE EXE ;

, , . 64 kB . , , . DS ES PSP. CS, IP, SS SP , .EXE .

EXE, ideal, . ;prog55.asm ideal segment stackseg stack

db 256 dup (?) ends stackseg segment data msg db "Hello World", 0dh, 0ah,

'$' ends data segment code assume cs:code, ds:data, ss:stackseg

start: mov ax, data mov ds, ax mov dx, offset msg mov ah, 9h int 21h mov ax, 4C00h int 21h

ends code

end start

: tasm prog55.asm

tlink prog55.obj

prog55.exe. :

stackseg, data

code.

ideal masm.

EXE

masm: ;prog56.asm .model small .stack 100H .data msg db "Hello World", 0dh, 0ah, '$'

.code start: mov ax, @data mov ds, ax mov dx, offset msg mov ah, 9h int 21h mov ax,4c00h int 21h

end start ideal EXE : ;prog57.asm ideal

95 96

model small stack 100h dataseg msg db "Hello World", 0dh, 0ah, '$'

codeseg


mov ds, ax mov dx, offset msg

mov ah, 9h int 21h

mov ax, 4c00h

int 21h end start

5.2.5 , ,

( ). .

() .

1, 2, 3

, 1, 2, 3 . , , . :

* - - AND, OR, NOT, , (, , , , ),

* - ,

( ).

* . / .

* - . (.5.1):

.5.5

(

): * * * () * () * *

5.3

ASCII , .

5.3.1

Borland Turbo Assembler 5.0

cmd.exe (command.com)

INSTALL, Enter.

Enter .

97 98

, C:

D:.

. C:\TASM,

TASM; C:\WINDOWS C:\WINXP, Windows; Yes. .

Start Installation F9.

5.3.2

ASCII ASM. Microsoft Visual Studio. File/New. New Files, Text File .

ASM File/Save As... , .

5.3.3

ASM

tasm.exe

OBJ. , , .

TASM tasm c:\tasm\bin.

tasm :

tasm [] [,] [,]

[,] ,

. ASM . ,

LST,

XRF. , , : tasm prog56 , , ,

: prog56.obj,

prog56.lst prog56.xrf.

. ,

nul .

tasm: tasm prog56 , , ,nul

prog56.obj prog56.lst.

:

/c ,

, , . .

/l, /la /l

/la ,

.model.

/x , . /z .

99 100

/zd . /zi . /zn .

TASM, . . ,

Error () Warning ().

Error, .

Warning ,

, .

. . . . . . .

, tasm .

- prog56.lst :

Turbo Assembler Version 4.1 08/11/06 11:43:12 Page

1 prog56.asm

101

1 ;prog56.asm 2 3 0000 .model small 4 0000 .stack 100H 5 0000 .data 6 0000 48 65 6C 6C 6F 20 57+ msg db "Hello

World", 0dh, 0ah, '$' 7 6F 72 6C 64 0D 0A 24 8 000E .code 9 0000 start: 10 0000 B8 0000s mov ax, @data 11 0003 8E D8 mov ds, ax 12 0005 BA 0000r mov dx, offset msg 13 0008 B4 09 mov ah, 9h 14 000A CD 21 int 21h 15 000C B8 4C00 mov ax,4c00h 16 000F CD 21 int 21h 17 end start

Turbo Assembler Version 4.1 08/11/06 11:43:12 Page 2 Symbol Table

Symbol Name Type Value Cref (defined at #)

??DATE Text "08/11/06" ??FILENAME Text "prog56 " ??TIME Text "11:43:11" ??VERSION Number 040A @32BIT Text 0 #3 @CODE Text _TEXT #3 #3 #8 @CODESIZE Text 0 #3 @CPU Text 0101H @CURSEG Text _TEXT #5 #8 @DATA Text DGROUP #3 10 @DATASIZE Text 0 #3 @FILENAME Text PROG56 @INTERFACE Text 000H #3 @MODEL Text 2 #3 @STACK Text DGROUP #3 @WORDSIZE Text 2 #5 #8 MSG Byte DGROUP:0000 #6 12

102

START Near _TEXT:0000 #9 17

Groups & Segments Bit Size Align Combine Class Cref (defined at #)

DGROUP Group #3 3 10 STACK 16 0100 Para Stack STACK #4 _DATA 16 000E Word Public DATA #3 #5

_TEXT 16 0011 Word Public CODE #3 3 #8 8

, .

.

TASM Microsoft Visual Studio

Microsoft Visual Studio.

Tools/Customize Tools

. Menu contents . . .

tasm.exe

, Build ASM.

New.

Enter. Command c:\tasm\bin\tasm.exe.

Arguments /c /l $(FileName).asm.

Initial directory $(FileDir).

Use Output Window. Close

Customize. Tools/Build ASM.

Microsoft Visual Studio. , prog56.asm

Tools/Build ASM Output

Window Build ASM :

Turbo Assembler Version 4.1 Copyright (c) 1988, 1996 Borland International Assembling file: prog56.asm Error messages: None Warning messages: None Passes: 1 Remaining memory: 412k Tool returned code: 0

, prog56.asm,

prog56.obj prog56.lst.

5.3.4

EXE

COM.

TLINK. .

TLINK TLINK :

tlink [] [,]

[,] [,]

[,] [,]

,

OBJ. + (). : tlink main + proc1

,

, . , .

103 104

, ; . . - prog56.map : Start Stop Length Name Class 00000H 00010H 00011H _TEXT CODE 00020H 0002DH 0000EH _DATA DATA 00030H 0012FH 00100H STACK STACK Program entry point at 0000:0000

LIB.

tlib.exe TASM.

DEF. Windows . ,

Windows RES. : /x

; /m

public; /t

COM ( EXE ;

/v , .

prog56.exe

prog56.map prog56.obj

tlink.exe : tlink /v prog56.obj

TLINK Microsoft Visual Studio ,

Microsoft Visual Studio,

Tools Tools/Customize

Link OBJ. Command c:\tasm\bin\tlink.exe, Arguments

$(FileName), Initial directory $(FileDir);

Use Output Window.

Close. Tools/Link OBJ

prog56.exe

prog56.map. Output Window

Link OBJ :

Turbo Link Version 7.1.30.1. Copyright (c) 1987, 1996

Borland International Tool returned code: 0

5.3.5

prog56.exe

Enter. Hello World.

Microsoft Visual Studio

Tools Tools/Customize Run. Command c:\windows\system32\cmd.exe, Arguments /c $(FileName), Initial

directory $(FileDir).

cmd.exe /c () .

, . .

5.3.6

Turbo Debugger Turbo Debugger (TD)

. 105 106

: ( ) .

TD (EXE COM) . TD. . . .

TD : td [] [ [] ]

,

TD. : td prog56

TD :

.5.1 Turbo Debugger

, : , , , .

TD: -- F10;

; --

TD Alt+F10 ( ).

.. ( ), . start ( end).

TD Run/Run F9.

F7 ( Run/Trace into)

F8 ( Run/Step over), .

F7 : cs:0005BA0000 mov dx,0000

DS

. Tab . Goto... Enter address to

position to ,

ds:0. OK.

msg.

.5.2 Hello World Turbo Debugger 107 108

Hello World

Alt+F5 ( Window/User screen). .

. .

TD Microsoft

Visual Studio. Tools Tools/Customize Debug EXE. Command c:\tasm\bin\td.exe, Arguments $(FileName), Initial directory $(FileDir). Tools/Debug EXE.

TD e Alt+X ( File/Quit).

(break points).

Run . . . Breakpoints/Toggle F2.

109

6 MS-DOS

6.1

6.1.1 DOS

prog51.asm prog57.asm

09h 21h

DOS. Ctrl+Break ,

23h,

. ,

.3.4 . - 09h

40h. ,

BX 1, stdout, bx = 2

stderr. 40h ($) : prog61.asm .model small .data message db 'Hello World $'

message_length equ $-message .code start:

mov ax, @data mov ds, ax mov dx,offset message ; DS:DX mov cx, message_length ; CX mov ah,40h ; mov bx,1 ; stdout int 21h

mov ah, 4ch int 21h

end start

110

.

09h 40h . 02h 06h.

02h 21h

DOS 'asm': ;prog62.asm .model small .code start: mov dl, 'a'

mov ah, 02h

int 21h

mov dl, 's'

mov ah, 02h

int 21h

mov dl, 'm'

mov ah, 02h

int 21h mov ah, 4ch

int 21h end

start

BEL, BS, LF, CR. 02h

06h . ASCII/IBM

LOOP INC:

;prog63.asm .model small

.code start: mov cx, 256d ; mov dl, 00h repeat: mov ah, 02h int 21h inc dx ; inc dl

loop repeat

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

end start

6.1.2 BIOS

DOS ( , , ). BIOS 10h:

.6.1 10h BIOS

ah = 00h

al = .

00 4025 - 04, 05,

01 4025 16 06

02 8025 16

00h 11. -- 03 8025 16

04 320200 4

05 320200 4

06 640200 -

07 8025

ah = 02h

bh =

02h dh = (0-24) . -- dl = (0-79 0-39)

.

111 112

ah = 03h dh, dl =

bh =

. ch cl =

03h

ah = 05h

05h al = --

.

ah = 08h al = ASCII

08h bh =

ah =

ah = 09h

bh =

09h cx = --

al = ASCII

bl =

ah = 0ah

al = ASCII (

0Ah bh = -- bl = )

cx =

AH = 0h

0Eh AL = ASCII ( -- BL =

( ) ).

ah = 13h

al = (0

BL,

, 1 BL, .

, 2

, BEL,

13h , 3 BS, LF, CR -- , .

)

bl =

cx =

dh, dl =

bh =

es:bp =

BIOS

. . X-, Y-. 8025, 79, 24, 320200, 319199.

, . 80 4 ( 0 3), 40 8 ( 0 7).

: ASCII . , , : 0, 1, 2 (), 3 () , 4, 5, 6 , 7 ( ). :

.6.2

0000 1000 - 0001 1001 0010 1010 - 0011 1011 - 0100 1100 - 0101 1101 - 0110 1110 0111 - 1111

a 10,10

- - . . ; prog64.asm .model small .code start:

113 114

xor bh, bh

mov dh, 10

mov dl, 10 mov ah, 02h int 10h ; 10,10

mov al, "a" mov bl, 10101100b mov cx, 5 ; mov ah,09h int 10h

xor bh, bh mov dh,10 mov dl,15 mov ah,02h int 10h ; 15,10 exit:

mov ah, 4ch

int 21h end start

6.1.3

( ) , A (0000h) B (0B000h). 0B800h:0000h 0B800h:7FFFh. ( ), ,

0000h. 0002h. 2 , 160 . , . , 8025 : = * 160 +

* 2 +

* 4096

(1, 0) 0B800h:0000h A - - ( (0, 0)): ;prog65.asm .model small .code start: mov ax,0B800h

mov es,ax mov

di,0

xor bh, bh

mov dh, 0

mov dl, 1

mov ah, 02h int 10h ; (1, 0)

mov ah, 10101100b ; mov al, ; mov es:[di], ax ; mov ah, 4ch int 21h end start

: LODSB MOVSW.

LOOP

CX . ;prog66.asm

115 116

.model small .data message db 'Direct video memory

access!' message_len equ $-message .code start: mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax mov si,offset message

mov ax, 0b800h

mov es,ax mov di,0h

xor bh, bh

mov dh, 0 mov dl, message_len

mov ah, 02h int 10h ;

mov cx, message_len ;

et1: lodsb mov ah, 01001110b ;

stosw loop et1 exit:

mov ah,4Ch

int 21h end start

message DS:SI

AL LODSB. AH. .

STOSW,

AX 0B800h:DI.

6.2

/ , . , , , , , .

/ 60h. ,

/ , ASCII . IRQ1, 09h. ASCII . ASCII .

6.2.1 DOS

DOS , .3.4.

stdin. . 08h

21h stdin. AL DL. 02h 21h . ;prog67.asm .model small .code start: mov ah, 08h ; stdin AL int 21h mov dl, al ; DL ASCII

117 118

mov ah, 02h ; ASCII DL int 21h

mov ah, 4ch ;

int 21h end start

LOOP CX : ;prog68.asm .model small .code start: mov cx, 10d et1: mov ah, 08h ; stdin

AL int 21h mov dl, al ; DL ASCII

mov ah, 02h ; ASCII

DL int 21h loop et1

mov ah, 4ch ;

int 21h end start

, 10 ,

Ctrl+C.

, JMP. . ;prog69.asm

.model small .code start: et1: mov ah, 08h ; stdin

AL int 21h mov dl, al ; DL ASCII

mov ah, 02h ; ASCII

DL int 21h jmp et1

mov ah, 4ch ;

int 21h end start

01h 21h .

- 08h 02h 21h , . .

Ctrl+C

Esc

(1Bh).

CMP, .

Jxx .

JE,

Esc. ;prog610.asm . Esc Ctrl+C

119 120

.model small .code start: et1: mov ah, 08h ; stdin

AL int 21h

cmp al, 1Bh ; Esc

je exit

mov dl, al ; DL ASCII

mov ah, 02h ; ASCII

DL int 21h jmp et1

exit: mov ah, 4ch ;

int 21h end start

prog610.exe TD Esc

, AL

1Bh.

CMP ZF (, 1). ,

JE. exit.

JE

JZ.

, : (, ), ( .) . . ASCII

30h 39h JB

ASCII - 30h, JA

ASCII - 39h. prog611.asm . a Esc Ctrl+C

.model small .code start: et1: mov ah, 08h ; stdin AL int 21h

Esc cmp al, 1Bh

je exit

cmp al, 30h ; '0' jb et1 cmp al, 39h ; '9'

ja et1


mov ah, 02h ; ASCII

DL int 21h jmp et1

exit: mov ah, 4ch ; int 21h

end start

JB JC JNAE

JA JNBE.

121 122

prog612.asm . Esc Ctrl+C

.model small .code start: et1: mov ah, 08h ; stdin AL int 21h

Esc cmp al, 1Bh

je exit

cmp al, 30h ; '0'

jnae et1 cmp al, 39h ; '9'

jnbe et1


mov ah, 02h ; ASCII

DL int 21h jmp et1

exit: mov ah, 4ch ; int 21h

end start

6.2.2 BIOS

. .. MF-II (multy functional) , :

-- (-) a z, 0 9, @, #, $, % .;

-- Insert, Delete, Home, End, Page Up, Page Down, BackSpace, Enter, F11 F12;

-- Alt, Ctrl Shift. ,

. ,

End . ASCII .

BIOS - DOS. 16h .

.6.3 16h BIOS

AH = 00h AL = 0, AH =

(83/84 .), .

10h . AL > 0, AH =

(101/102 ASCII .

00h .), , AH = 20h (122 .

.)

.

ZF = 1:

AH = 01h , ZF = 0:

(83/84 .),

11h , AL = 0, AH =

01h (101/102 .

.), . AL > 0, AH =

21h (122 ASCII .

.) AH =

.

.

123 124

AL =

.

0040h:0017h:

0: Right Shift

1: Left Shift

2: Ctrl Key

AH = 02h

3: Alt Key

4: Scroll Lock (83/84 .), 5: Num Lock 12h 6: Caps Lock

02h (101/102 7: Insert , .), 0040h:0018h:

22h (122 0: Left Ctrlt .) 1: Left Alt

2: Right Ctrl

3: Right Alt

4: Scroll Lock

5: Num Lock

6: Caps Lock

7: Sys Rq ,

AH = 05h AL = 00h:

CH = ;

. AL = 01h:

05 .

CL = ASCII

dir Enter. prog613.asm dir,

.model small .code

start: mov cl,'d' ; CL = ASCII- "d"

mov ah, 5 mov ch, 0

int 16h

mov cl,'i' ; ASCII- "i" mov ah, 5 mov ch, 0

int 16h

mov cl,'r' ; ASCII "r"

mov ah, 5 mov ch, 0

int 16h

mov cl,0Dh ; Enter

mov ah, 5 mov ch, 0

int 16h

mov ah, 4ch ;

int 21h end start

prog613.asm ,

. : prog614.asm dir,

.model small .stack 100h .code start:

125 126

mov CX, 'D'

call KBDWrite

mov CX, 'i'

call KBDWrite

mov CX, 'R'

call KBDWrite

mov CX, 0Dh

call KBDWrite

mov ah, 4ch

int 21h

KBDWrite PROC

near mov AH, 5 int 16h

RET KBDWrite ENDP

ProgExit PROC near

mov AH, 4Ch int 21h

ProgExit ENDP end start

KBDWrite , : prog615.asm dir, KBDWrite.obj

.model small

.stack 100h

.code EXTRN KBDWrite:FAR

start:

Main PROC near

mov CX, 'D'

call KBDWrite

mov CX, 'I'

call KBDWrite

mov CX, 'R'

call KBDWrite

mov CX, 0Dh

call KBDWrite

ProgExit PROC near

mov AH, 4Ch int 21h

ProgExit ENDP Main ENDP end start

: prog616.asm , CX

.model small .stack 100h .code start: PUBLIC KBDWrite

127 128

KBDWrite PROC far

mov AH, 5 int 16h

RET KBDWrite ENDP

end start

prog615.obj

prog616.obj : tlink prog615.obj + prog616.obj

prog615.exe. ProgExit

: prog617.asm

.model small .stack 100h .code start: PUBLIC ProgExit

ProgExit PROC

far mov AH, 4Ch int 21h

ProgExit ENDP

end start

prog615.asm

: prog618.asm dir, KBDWrite.obj ProgExit.obj

.model small .stack 100h .code EXTRN KBDWrite:FAR

EXTRN ProgExit:FAR

start: Main PROC near

mov CX, 'D'

call KBDWrite

mov CX, 'I'

call KBDWrite

mov CX, 'R'

call KBDWrite

mov CX, 0Dh

call KBDWrite call ProgExit

Main ENDP end start

: tlink prog618+prog617+prog616

prog618.exe. TLIB

prog616.obj prog617.obj

mylib.lib: tlib mylib+prog616+prog617

129 130

: tlink prog618+mylib

6.3

6.3.1

10 . ( ) .

DIV. PUSH.

POP. , , 77h.

77h. , .

30h. ASCII . , ASCII 0 9 , ASCII 30h 39h. prog619.asm , AX

.MODEL small .STACK 100h .CODE main:

mov ax,77h ;

push ax ; mov ax,234d ; mov CL,10d ;

labelDIV: mov

ah, 00h div CL ; AX/CL -> L, AH

push AX ;

cmp AL,0 ; jne labelDIV

mov ah, 02h

labelPRINT:

pop DX cmp DX, 77h ;

je ProgExit mov dl, dh

add dl,30h

int 21h jmp labelPRINT

ProgExit:

mov ah,4ch

int 21h END main

.

6.3.2

(dump) , , . ASCII. ASCII , LF CR.

131 132

BIOS : * Start Run; * MS-DOS - cmd.exe

command.com, . OK. .

* debug.exe debug Enter.

debug

debug:

.6.1 debug

*

ROM-BIOS:

d ffff:0005 l 8

08h

ffff:0005: FFFF:0000 30 31 2F-30 38 2F 30 34 01/08/04

BIOS 01.08.2004 . * debug q. * exit

Enter.

6.4

6.1 prog63.exe TD.

mov ah, 4ch.

Run/Run. .

6.2 inc dx inc dl. . .

6.3 prog63.asm , a) ASCII/IBM ; b) 55h

66h . 6.4 Hello World

. 13h 10h . .

6.5 prog66.asm :

message . LODSW STOSW.

6.6 prog611.asm ,

Esc ASCII - 30h - 39h.

6.7 prog611.asm , : a) ; b) ; c) .

133 134

7

7.1

7.1 XOR. TASM, . TD. .model small .code xor ax, ax

int 16h mov ah, 4ch

int 21h end code_segment segment assume cs:code_segment xor ax, ax ;ax=0 int 16h ;wait for a key mov ah, 4ch int 21h ;terminate program code_segment

ends end

7.2 01h 21h . code_segment segment assume cs:code_segment mov ah, 01h int 21h ;stdin -> stdout mov ah, 4ch int 21h ;terminate program code_segment

ends end

code_segment segment

assume cs:code_segment

repeat: mov ah, 01h int 21h ;stdin -> stdout jmp repeat

mov ah, 4ch int 21h ;terminate program

code_segment

ends end

7.3 08h 21h . code_segment segment


mov ah, 08h ; console input without echo int 21h ; al = input sign mov dl, al ; dl = output sign mov ah, 02h ; output sign from dl int 21h

mov ah, 4ch ; exit in DOS int 21h

code_segment

ends end

7.4 hello exit . .model small .stack 100h .data var1 dB 'hello',13,10,'$' ; 10d = new line ; 13d = carriete return var2 dB 'exit',13,10,'$' .code

135 136

mov ax, @data ; ax -> data mov ds, ax ; ds -> data mov dx, offset var2 ; dx -> var2 mov ah, 09 int 21h

mov ah,4ch ; terminate program int 21h

end

7.5 LOOP.

10 hello CX .

.model small

.stack 100h

.data var1 dB 'hello',13,10,'$' ; 10d = linefeed ; 13d = carriage return .code

mov cx, 10 ; counter repeat:

mov ax, @data ; ax -> data mov ds, ax ; ds -> data mov dx, offset var1 ; dx -> var1 ; ds:dx mov ah, 09 int 21h

loop repeat

mov ah,4ch ; terminate program int 21h

end

7.6 ASCII .

code_segment segment


start: mov cx, 256d ; character to output mov dl, 00h repeat:

mov ah, 02h ; 21,02h display output

int 21h ; character in DL inc dl

loop repeat

end_program: mov ah,4ch ;terminate in DOS int

21h code_segment

ends end start

7.7 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 AX

TD. ; suma of 4isla v masiv .model small .stack 50h .data masiv dw 1,3,5,7,9,'$' .code

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax ; mov si,0 ; ds:si->data

mov ax,0 ; mov cx,5 ;

et1:

add ax,[si+masiv]

add si,2 loop et1

mov ah,4ch

int 21h

end

137 138

.model small .stack 50h .data masiv dw 1,3,5,7,9 .code

mov ax,@data

mov ds,ax

mov ax,0 mov si,0 add ax,[si+masiv]

add si,2 add ax,[si+masiv]



mov ah,4ch int

21h end

7.8 . code_segment SEGMENT assume cs:code_segment a1: call subroutine a2: inc ax a3: call subroutine a4: inc bx mov ah,4ch int 21h subroutine proc

near mov ax,0 mov bx,0

ret subroutine endp code_segment

ends end

7.9 , ASCII . . .model small .stack .code start: print_ascii proc

mov dl,00h mov cx,256

print_loop: call write_char inc dl

loop print_loop

mov ah,4Ch int 21h

print_ascii endp

write_char proc mov ah,02h int 21h ret

write_char endp

end start

7.10 ( a z). .

.model small .stack .code print_a_z proc

mov dl,'a'

mov cx,26 print_loop:

call write_char

inc dl loop print_loop

139 140

mov ah,4Ch int 21h

print_a_z endp write_char proc

mov ah,02h int 21h ret

write_char endp end

7.11 TASM, , , . :

abcdf

fdcba

macro.inc

pokazvane_cifra_dl macro

push ax

push dx

add dl, 30h ;ili 48d

mov ah, 02h int 21h

pop dx

pop ax endm exit macro

mov ah, 4ch

int 21h endm pokazvane_znak_dl macro nomer_znak

push ax

push dx

mov dl, nomer_znak

mov ah, 02h int 21h

pop dx

pop ax endm eho_al macro

push bx ;za da se zapazi ah mov bh, ah ; mov ah, 01h int 21h mov ah, bh pop bx

endm pokazvane_dl macro

push ax mov ah, 02h int 21h pop ax

endm

pet_but.asm

include macro.inc .model small .stack 100h .data .code start:

mov cx, 5 povtori1:

mov ah, 01h int 21h mov ah, 0h

push ax loop povtori1

141 142

pokazvane_znak_dl 10d


mov cx, 5 povtori2:

pop dx mov ah, 02h int 21h

loop povtori2 exit end start

7.12 TASM, ASCII . ESC. .model small .stack 100h .data scan_table dB 10 dup (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) scan_table_lenght equ 10

interval dB ' ', '$' new_line dB 13,10,'$' .code cool:

mov ax, @data mov es, ax mov di, offset scan_table mov cx, scan_table_lenght

mov ah, 01h int 21h call inter push ax xor ah, ah mov bx, 000Bh push bx ; border mov bx, 000Ah ; et:

cwd div bx ; ax=quotient dx=reminder push dx ; push reminder to the stack

repne scasb ; searching 0..9 ? je stop_div ; equal ax=scan_table (0..9) mov cx, 10d

jmp et stop_div: push ax start_output:

pop dx cmp dx, 000bh

je go_loop add dl, 30h

mov ah, 02h int 21h jmp start_output

go_loop: pop dx cmp dl, 1bh je end_prog call nl jmp cool end_prog:

mov ah, 4ch int 21h inter proc near push ax push ds push dx mov ax, @data mov ds, ax mov dx, offset interval mov ah, 09h int 21h pop dx pop ds pop ax ret inter endp nl proc near push ax push ds push dx mov ax, @data mov ds, ax mov dx, offset new_line

143 144

mov ah, 09h

int 21h pop dx

pop ds

pop ax

ret nl endp end cool

7.13 TASM, . include macro.inc .model small .stack 300h .data kvadrati db 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81 .code mov ax, @data

mov ds, ax mov bx, offset

kvadrati povtori: mov cl,

10 eho_al and al, 0fh

pokazvane_znak_dl

32d xlat kvadrati xor ah,

ah div cl mov dl, al

pokazvane_cifra_dl mov

dl, ah

pokazvane_cifra_dl



jmp povtori exit

end

7.2

7.14 TASM, 57 89

. ESC 0 9 ESC. .

7.15 TASM, 75 863, 2 . .

7.16 TASM, 3 15 75 . ESC 0 9 ESC. .

7.17 TASM, 0 9 . 0 : nula, 1 -> edno, 2 -> dve, 3 -> tri, 4 -> chetiri, 5 -> pet, 6 -> shest, 7 -> sedem, 8 -> osem, 9 -> devet. ESC 0 9 ESC. .

7.18 TASM, 7 , . ESC. .

7.19 TASM, 6 10 25 , - 17. .

7.20 TASM, 6 23 77 , - 8. .

7.21 TASM, 7 11 76

145 146

, 130 850, 9. . . 7.29 TASM,

7.22 TASM, 7 5 10 98 130 850, , - 60 . . 7.30 TASM, . 75

7.23 TASM, 863, 2 . 0B 1111B 6. TASM, . 25 ESC 740, 5. 0,1,ESC. 7.31 TASM, . 230

7.24 TASM, 750, - . 15 a, c, d ESC . 0 9 ESC. ESC 7.32 TASM, , , d. 175 750 . ,

7.25 TASM, . 10 95 ESC 0 9 ESC. da ne 7.33 TASM, 5 3 3. 10 99, 7 . . 7.34 25 10 99.

7.26 TASM, TASM, . , . ESC 0 9 ESC 0 ESC. 9 ESC.

7.27 TASM, 7.35 TASM, 57 89 ASCII ( 255 0). . 7.36 TASM, ESC 0 H 9 ESC. 0B800 h, :

7.28 TASM, 0, 12, 73 + 7 ., .. + ..

147 148

7.37 TASM, MS DOS path tree

8

: regB, regW, regDW , , varB, varW, varDW, varQW () , , , , 48- strB, strW , reg var segreg const - : U r

ADD ADD , 04 ib ADD AL, imm8 05 iw ADD AX, imm16 05 id ADD EAX, imm32 80/0

ib ADD r/m8, imm8 81/0 iw

ADD r/m16, imm16 81/0 id

ADD r/m32, imm32 83/0 ib

ADD r/m16, imm8 83 /0 ib

ADD r/m32, imm8 149 150

00/r ADD r/m8, r8

01/r ADD r/m16, r16

01/r ADD r/m32, r32

02/r ADD r8, r/m8

03/r ADD r16, r/m16

03/r ADD r32, r/m32 . : = + . CF 1. : OF=r,

Ръководство за упражнения по програмиране за Асемблер

Documents

Transcript of Ръководство за упражнения по програмиране за Асемблер