სამოქალაქო პროცესუალური სამართალი II...

Tengiz liluaSvili

samoqalaqo procesualuri

samarTali

II gamocema

Tbilisi 2005.

w i n a T q m a

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis pirveli gamocemidan

(1992 weli) sakmaod didi dro gavida. am meore gamocemis aseT

dagvianebas aqvs obieqturi mizezebi, romlebic ZiriTadad saqarTveloSi

samarTlebrivi da sasamarTlo reformebis momzadebiTa da gatarebiT

aixsneba.

1997 wels amoqmedda saqarTvelos axali samoqalaqo saproceso

kodeqsi, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba saqarTvelos 1964 wlis

samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsisagan, Tumca mTeli rigi

normebisa da institutebisa, romlebmac gauZles drois gamocdas da rac

mTavaria pasuxoben dRevandel Secvlil socialuri da ekonomikuri

cxovrebis moTxovnebs, SenarCunebulia axal kodeqsSi.

meore gamocemis dagvianeba ganpirobebulia agreTve axali

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis danergvisa da mosamarTleTa kadrebis

swavlebisaTvis praqtikuli saxelmZRvaneloebis momzadebis

aucileblobiT. am mimarTulebiT momzadda da ramdenjerme gamoica

„samoqalaqo saqmeTa warmoeba sasamarTloSi“ praqtikuli

saxelmZRvanelo“. (1999-2004 w.) „samoqalaqo procesis sakiTxebi

saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi“ (2002 weli), „samoqalaqo

saproceso kodeqsis komentari“, 2004 weli (TanaavtorobiT), „apelacia

samoqalaqo procesSi“, praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo (2005 weli) da

sxva.

cxadia, rom iuridiuli fakultetebis studentoba sargeblobda da

dResac sargebloben am gamocemebiT. miuxedavad amisa, saWiro iyo da

studentTa swavlebis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT momzadebuli

saxelmZRvanelos gamocema.

am wignSi, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes rogorc

saxelmZRvanelo iuridiuli umaRlesi saswavleblebisa da iuridiuli

fakultetis studentebisaTvis, gaSuqebulia Cvens mierve SemuSavebuli

programis mixedviT samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis yvela ZiriTadi

sakiTxi. amasTan, Sesaswavli sakiTxebis aTvisebis gaadvilebis mizniT

wigni gajerebulia praqtikuli magaliTebiT.

X

X X

X

wigni gaTvaliswinebulia iuridiuli umaRlesi saswavleblebisa da

iuridiuli fakultetebis studentebisaTvis, doqtorantebisaTvis,

magistratebisaTvis da profesor-maswavleblebisaTvis.

wigni SeiZleba warmatebiT iqnes gamoyenebuli mosamarTleebis,

advokatebis da sxva praqtikos iuristebis, agreTve samosamarTlo

swavlebis centris msmenelTa mier.

S i n a a r s i

Tavi I

samoqalaqo marTlmsajuleba

1

$1. principebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedo saqarTveloSi 1997 wels

gatarebul sasamarTlo reformas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. profesiuli sasamarTalo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. mosamarTleTa kvalificiuroba da kompetenturoba . . . .

III. mosamarTleTa specializacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IV. sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da mosamarTlis damoukidebloba . .

V. mosamarTleTa SerCevisa da daniSvnis idealuri modeli:

ratom ver SevTavazeT igi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VI. samsafexuriani sasamarTlo sistema. kasacia rogorc

saboloo instancia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VII. kasaciis mxolod erT sasamarTloSi koncetrirebis

principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. samoqalaqo marTlmsajulebis organoebi . . . . . . . . . .

I. sasamarTlo xelisufleba. marTlmsajulebis raoba . . .

II. pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebi . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. meore instanciis (saapelacio) sasamarTloebi . . . . .

IV. mesame instanciis (sakasacio) sasamarTloebi . . . . . . .

$3. mosamarTle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$4. mosamarTlis aparati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. mosamarTlis TanaSemwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. sxdomis mdivani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5. advokati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$6. sasamarTlo aRmasrulebeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi II

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis cneba.

samoqalaqo saproceso urTierToba

$1. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis cneba . . . . . . . . . . .

I. sasamarTlo da samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali . . . .

II. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali da misi amocanebi . . .

III. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis sagani da sistema . . .

IV. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis urTierTdamokidebuleba

samarTlis sxva dargebTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis wyaroebi . . . . . .

VI. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis normis moqmedeba

droSi da sivrceSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. samoqalaqo saproceso urTierToba . . . . . . . . . . .

I. cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis warmoSobis

pirobebi da Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi III

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis principebi

2

$1. principebis cneba da klasifikacia . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. dispoziciurobis principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. SejibrebiTobis principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1. SejibrebiTobisa da samZebro principis Tanafardoba . .

2. SejibrebiTobis principis Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . .

3. sasamarTlos iniciativisa da aqtiurobis farglebi . .

III. mxareTa Tanasworobis principi . . . . . . . . . . . .

IV. saqmis ganxilvis daCqarebisa da procesualuri

ekonomiis principebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V. saqveynobis principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VI. saxelmwifo enis principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VII. zepirobis principi da misi werilobiT formasTan

Sexameba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VIII. uSvalobis principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi IV

samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis

(samarTalwarmoebis) subieqtebi

$1. samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianoba . . . . . . . . . . .

I. samarTlis subieqtebi zogadad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. samoqalaqo procesis subieqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. samoqalaqo saproceso qmedunarianoba . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. SezRuduli qmedunarianoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. mcirewlovnebi da qmeduunaroni . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3. mxareebi samoqalaqo procesSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$4. arasaTanado mxare da misi Secvlis wesi . . . . . . . . . . .

$5. saproceso Tanamonawileoba. Tanamonawileobis

saxeebi da miznebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. savaldebulo Tanamonawileoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. arasavaldebulo Tanamonawileoba . . . . . . . . . . . .

$6. mesame pirebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. cneba da saxeebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT . . .

III. mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis

gareSe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1. damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirebis

saqmeSi Cabmis samarTlebrivi safuZveli . . . . . .


saqmeSi Cabmis wesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. sasamarTlos ganCineba mesame piris saqmebi

Cabmis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris

saproceso uflebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7. saproceso uflebamonacvleoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. uflebamonacvleobis cneba da safuZvlebi . . . . . . . .

3

II. saproceso uflebamonacvleobis daSvebis wesi . . . . .

III. saqmis warmoebis SeCereba da ganaxleba . . . . . . . . .

IV. uflebamonacvlis saproceso uflebebi . . . . . . . . . .

$8. mxareTa saproceso uflebebi da movaleobebi . . . . . . . .

I. mxareTa uflebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. mxareTa movaleobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi V

sasamarTlos uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba da

gansjadoba

$1. uwyebrivi qvemdebareobis cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. gansjadobis cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3. gansjadobis saxeebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. gvareobiTi gansjadoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. teritoriuli gansjadoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis saerTaSoriso

kompetenca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$4. saqmis gadacema erTi sasamarTlodan meoreSi . . . . . . .

$5. gansjadobis wesebis darRvevis Sedegebi . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi VI

saqmis warmoeba warmomadgenlis meSveobiT

$1. sasamarTlo warmomadgenlobis cneba da saxeebi . . . . . . .

$2. nebayoflobiTi (xelSekrulebiTi) warmomadgenloba . . . . .

I. sasamarTlos uari piris warmomadgenlad daSvebaze . . . .

$3. iuridiuli piris warmomadgenloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$4. warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis farglebi . . . . . . . . . .

I. warmomadgenlis mier sxva advokatis an TanaSemwis

daxmarebis gamoyeneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis gaformeba . . . . . . .

$5. warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta . . . . . . . . . .

I. warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta

marwmuneblis mier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta

TviT warmomadgenlis mier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis Sewyveta

mxareTa nebis gareSe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$6. kanonieri warmomadgenlebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7. saproceso warmomadgenlebi (mzrunveli) . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvna qmeduunaro

mopasuxisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvna qmeduunaro

mosarCelisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi VII

4

vadebi samoqalaqo procesSi

$1. saproceso vadebis mniSvneloba da saxeebi . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. saproceso vadebis gamoTvla da damTavreba . . . . . . . . . .

$3. saproceso vadis SeCereba, gagrZeleba da gamoTvla . . . . .

$4. saproceso vadis gasvlis Sedegei . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi VIII

procesis xarjebi

$1. procesis xarjebis cneba da Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. saxelmwfifo baJi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1. saxelmwifo baJis gadaxdevinebis safuZvlebi . . . . . . .

2. saxelmwifo baJis odenoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. davis sagnis Rirebulebis gansazRvris wesi . . . . . . . .

$3. saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi . . . . . . . . . .

$4. sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan ganTavisufleba . . . . .

$5. sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdis gadadeba, ganawilvadeba da

maTi odenobis Semcireba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$6. sasamarTlo xarjebis ganawileba mxareTa Soris . . . . . . . .

Tavi IX

sasamarTlo mtkicebuleba

$1. faqtebis damtkicebis aucilebloba. sasamarTlo

mtkicebis cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. mtkicebis sagani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. mtkicebis sagnis cneba da gansazRvris kriteriumi . . . .

II. faqtebi, romlebic ar saWiroeben damtkicebas . . . . . . .

$3. faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$4. faqtebis damtkicebis tvirTi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5. damtkicebis tvirTis ganawileba mniSvneloba . . . . . . . . . .

I. damtkicebis tvirTis subieqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis mniSvneloba . . . . . . .

$6. damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis safuZvlebi. prezumfciis

mniSvneloba samoqalaqo procesSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7. mtkicebulebis cneba samoqalaqo procesSi . . . . . . . . . . .

$8. mtkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba da gankuTvnadoba . . . . . . . . . .

$9. mtkicebulebaTa Sefaseba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$10. mtkicebulebaTa saxeebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. mxareTa (mesame pirTa) axsna-ganmarteba. faqtis aRiareba . . .

II. werilobiTi mtkicebuleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. mowmis Cveneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IV. nivTieri mtkicebuleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V. eqspertis daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$11. adgilze daTvaliereba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5

$12. mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

nakveTi meore

Tavi X

sasarCelo warmoeba

$1. sarCelis cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. sarCeli rogorc saproceso samarTlis instituti . . .

II. sarCelis elementebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1. sarCelis elementebis mniSvneloba . . . . . . . . . .

2. sarCelis sagani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. sarCelis safuZveli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. sarCelis Secvla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. sarCelis saxeebi (sarCelebis saproceso samarTlebrivi

klasifikacia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. mikuTvnebiTi sarCelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. aRiarebiTi sarCelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. gardaqmniTi sarCelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3. sarCelis ufleba. sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis pirobebi . . .

$4. sarCelis forma da Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. sarCelis forma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. sarCelis Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. sarCelis xarvezis cneba da Sevsebis wesi . . . . . . . . . .

IV. sarCelis umoZraod datoveba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5. sarCelis uzrunvelyofa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. gancxadebis Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. uzrunvelyofis faqtobrivi safuZvlis

damtkicebis tvirTi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IV. jer ar aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofa . . . . . . . . .

V. ganCineba sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . .

VI. sarCelis uzrunvelyofiT gamowveuli zaralis anazRaureba

(mopasuxis interesebis dacva) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi XI

mopasuxis sarCelisagan Tavdacvis

saSualebebi

$1. Tavdacvis saSualebaTa saxeebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. sarCelis uaryofa (arcnoba) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. procesualuri Sesagebeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. materialur samarTlebrivi Sesagebeli . . . . . . . . . .

IV. mosarCelis sapasuxo Sesagebeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V. Sesageblis forma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VI. Sesageblis warudgenlobis Sedegebi . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. Segebebuli sarCeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. Sesagebeli Tu Segebebuli sarCeli :

6

dacvis saSualebaTa arCeva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. Segebebuli sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapiroba . . .

III. Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvris vada . . . . . . . . . . . .

IV. Segebebuli sarCelis miReba da ganxilva . . . . . . . .

Tavi XII

saqmis winaswari momzadeba zepiri

ganxilvisaTvis

$1. samoqalaqo saqmis winaswari momzadeba, rogorc saqmis

warmoebis pirveli etapi da misi mniSvneloba . . . . . . . .

$2. saproceso moqmedebebi, romlebic unda Sesruldes saqmis

momzadebis mizniT

I. mopasuxisagan werilobiTi Sesageblis gamoTxova . . .

II. sarCelisa da Sesageblis safuZvelSi miTiTebuli

faqtebis samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis Sefaseba.

mtkicebis sagnis gansazRvra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IV. saqmeSi monawile pirTa gansazRvra . . . . . . . . . . . .

V. mosamzadebeli sxdoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VI. sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis (zepiri ganxilvis)

daniSvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3. Setyobineba da dabareba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi XIII

saqmis arsebiTad ganxilva sasamarTlos

mTavar sxdomaze

$1. saqmis mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis mniSvneloba da wesi . . .

I. sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis cneba da mniSvneloba . . .

II. mTavari sxdomis gaxsna da misi Catarebis SesaZleblobis

garkveva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dawyeba. mosamarTlis

moxseneba saqmis arsis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IV. mtkicebulebaTa gamokvleva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V. mxareTa paeqtroba. sasamarTlos xelmZRvaneloba

mxareTa Sejibrebisadmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VI. sxdomis daxurva da gadawyvetilebis gamotana . . . . .

VII. sasamarTlos dadgenilebaTa saxeebi . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. cneba da dasaSveboba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. saproceso moqmedebebi, romlebic unda Sesruldes

saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis SemTxvevaSi . . . . . . . . . .

$3. saqmis warmoebis SeCereba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$4. saojaxo saqmeebis ganxilvis Taviseburebani . . . . . . . . . .

$5. reketuli qonebis CamorTmevis Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebis

ganxilvis Taviseburebani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7

Tavi XIV

sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba

$1. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis cneba da saxeebi . . . . . . . . .

I. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis cneba da mniSvneloba

II. gadawyvetilebis saxeebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IV. gadawyvetilebis nakli da misi gasworebis wesi . . . . .

1. gadawyvetilebaSi usworobaTa da aSkara

ariTmetikuli Secdomebis gasworeba . . . . . . . . . .

2. damatebiTi gadawyvetileba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. gadawyvetilebis ganmarteba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala

I. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis cneba. formaluri da

materialuri kanonieri Zala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis obieqturi

farglebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. gadawyvetilebis droiTi farglebi . . . . . . . . . . . .

IV. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis subieqturi

farglebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis moqmedebis Sewyveta . .

$3. sasamarTlo ganCineba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. ganCinebis miReba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. ganCinebis miRebis wesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. ganCinebis Sinaarsi da kanonieri Zala . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi XV

dauswrebeli warmoeba

$1. dauswrebeli warmoebis cneba da mniSvneloba . . . . . . . . .

$2. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis zogadi

winapirobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis cneba da safuZveli . . .

II. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis zogadi

winapirobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba mosarCelis

gamoucxadeblobis gamo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IV. dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba mopasuxis

gamoucxadeblobis gamo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V. orive mxaris gamoucxadeblobis Sedegebi . . . . . . . .

$3. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba . . . . . . . . .

I. saCivris Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. saCivris dasaSvebobis Semowmeba . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. saCivris dasabuTebulobis anu dauswrebeli

gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis safuZvlebis Semowmeba . . .

IV. meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba da misi

8

gasaCivrebis wesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi XVI

saqmis damTavreba gadawyvetilebis gamotanis

gareSe

$1. saqmis damTavrebis formebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis safuZvlebi da Sedegi . . .

II. sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis safuZvlebi

da Sedegi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

nakveTi mesame

gamartivebuli warmoeba

Tavi XVII

Tamasuqisa da Cekis Taobaze aRZruli

sarCelebis ganxilva

$1. Tamasuqisa da Cekis Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebis

ganxilvis Taviseburebani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. gansjadoba

II. Tamasuqis Sesaxeb sarCelebis warmoebaSi miRebis

winapirobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. saqmis ganxilvis gamartivebuli wesi . . . . . . . .

Tavi XVIII

davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb

saqmis ganxilvis gamartivebuli wesi

(gadaxdis brZanebis miReba)

$1. davalianebis gadaxdevinebis gamartivebuli wesiT

ganxilvis mizani da safuZvlebi . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. mizani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. dasaSveboba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. gadaxdis brZanebis gauqmeba da saqmis ganxilva

saerTo sasarCelo wesiT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. gadaxdis brZaneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. gadaxdis brZanebis Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. gadaxdis brZanebis gadacema mopasuxisaTvis . . . . . .


saerTo sasarCelo wesiT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

Tavi XIX

lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Taobaze saqmis

ganxilvis gamartivebuli wesi

$1. gancxadeba lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Taobaze . . . . .

$2. sasamarTlos brZaneba lizingis sagnis gamcemisaTvis

lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . .

nakveTi meoTxe

udavo warmoeba

Tavi XX

udavo warmoebis wesiT gansaxilveli saqmeebi

$1. udavo warmoebis cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone faqtis dadgena . . . . .

I. iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis winapirobebi . . . . . . .

II. sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba iuridiuli faqtis

dadgenis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$3. moqalaqis ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiareba

an gardacvlilad gamocxadeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$4. moqalaqis SezRudul qmedunarianad da qmeduunarod

aRiareba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. safuZveli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. saqmis ganxilvaSi monawile pirebi . . . . . . . . . . .

III. meurvisa da mzrunvelis daniSvna . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IV. SezRuduli qmedunarianobis gauqmeba da moqalaqis

qmedunarianad aRiareba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5. dakargul an ganadgurebul sawarmomdgenlo fasian

qaRaldsa da saordero fasian qaRaldze uflebis

aRdgena (gamowveviTi warmoeba) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$6. qonebis upatronod cnoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7. Svilad ayvana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

nakveTi mexuTe

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa gasaCivreba

Tavi XXI

a p e l a c i a

$1. apelaciis arsisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.

saapelacio sasamarTlos qarTuli modeli . . . . . . . .

$2. saqmis warmoeba saapelacio sasamarTloSi . . . . . . . .

I. saapelacio saCivris obieqti, anu sasamarTlos

romel dadgenilebaze SeiZleba saapelacio

10

saCivris Setana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. saapelacio saCivris uflebis subieqti, anu vis

SeuZlia saapelacio saCivris Setana . . . . . . . . .

III. saapelacio saCivris dasabuTeba . . . . . . . . . . .

IV. saapelacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebi . .

V. saapelacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebis Sedegebi . .

$3. Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. Segebebuli saapelacio saCivris cneba da saxeebi . . . .

II. Segebebuli saapelacio saCivris dasaSveboba . . . . . .

III. Segebebuli saapelacio saCivris saxeebi . . . . . . . .

$4. saqmis ganxilva saapelacio sasamarTloSi . . . . . . . .

I. saqmis momzadeba zepiri ganxilvisaTvis . . . . . . . . .

II. saqmis zepiri ganxilva mTavar sxdomaze . . . . . . . .

1. saqmis mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis wesi . . . . . . .

2. axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis wardgenis

winapirobebi saapelacio sasamarTloSi . . . . . . .

III. gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis farglebi da saapelacio

sasamarTlos uflebamosileba . . . . . . . . . . . .

IV. sauaresod Sebrunebis dauSvebloba . . . . . . . . .

V. dauswrebeli warmoeba apelaciaSi . . . . . . . . .

$5. saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba . . . . . . .

I. gadawyvetilebisa da ganCinebis gamotanis safuZvlebi . .

II. saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba . . . . . . . .

Tavi XXII

k a s a c i a

$1. kasaciis iuridiuli buneba da mizani.

kasaciis qarTuli modeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. kasaciis iuridiuli buneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. kasaciis mizani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. sakasacio saCivari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. sakasacio saCivris obieqtebi da subieqtebi . . . . . .

II. sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebisa da dasaSvebobis

winapirobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1. sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebi . .

2. sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebi . . . . .

3. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos did palataze

saqmeTa gadacemis winapirobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari

$3. saqmis warmoeba sakasacio sasamarTloSi

I. sakasacio saCivris Semotanis Sedegebi . . . . . . . . . . .

II. gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis farglebi . . . . . . . . . .

1. sauaresod Sebrunebis dauSvebloba . . . . . . . . . .

2. samarTlis normebis darRvevis Semowmebis

farglebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba . . . . . . . . . .

1. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis Sedegebi . .

2. sakasacio sasamarTlosSemxebloba faqtebTan. saqmis

11

faqtobrivi garemoebebis mniSvneloba gadawyvetilebis

samarTlebrivi SemowmebisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi XXIII

kerZo saCivari

$1. kerZo saCivris cneba, obieqti da subieqtebi . . . . . . . . . .

I. cneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. kerZo saCivris obieqti, subieqti da dasaSvebobis

winapirobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. kerZo saCivris ganxilvis Taviseburebani . . . . . . . . . . .

I. kerZo saCivris ganxilva gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis

gamomtani sasamarTlos mier . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. kerZo saCivris ganxilva zemdgomi sasamarTlos mier.

kerZo saCivris Setanis Sedegebi . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi XXIV

saqmis warmoebis ganaxleba

$1. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis obieqti da saxeebi . . . . .

I. ganaxlebis obieqti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis saxeebi da safuZveli . .

III. gansjadoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2. gancxadebis dasaSveboba

I. gancxadebis Sinaarsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis

dasaSvebobis Semowmeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis

safuZvlianobis Semowmeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

Tavi I

samoqalaqo marTlmsajuleba

$1. principebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedo saqarTveloSi 1997 wels

gatarebul sasamarTlo reformas

1997 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo organuli

kanoni „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“. es kanoni aris samarTlebrivi

reformis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aqti, romlis proeqti

SemuSavda specialurad Seqmnili komisiis mier.

sasamarTlo reformis komisias unda gadaewyvita mravali sakiTxi

da maT Soris ganesazRvra principebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedeboda

sasamarTlo reformas saqarTveloSi. mizanSewonilad migvaCnia mokled

SevexoT mxolod zogierT fundamenturi xasiaTis princips, romelsac

daefuZna sasamarTlo reforma, romlebzec aigo sasamarTlo sistema

saqarTveloSi.

sagangebod gvinda mkiTxvelis yuradReba mivapyroT erT metad

mniSvnelovan garemoebas: 2005 wels sasamarTlo sistemaSi gatarebulma

zogierTma cvlilebam aramarto ar gadauxvia am prinipebidan, aramed

kidev ufro gamoikveTa maTi ganuxrelad dacvis aucilebloba.

I. profesiuli sasamarTlo

kanoni saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb amkvidrebs profesiul

sasamarTlos. es imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTloebi saqmeebs ganixilaven

msajulebis gareSe erTi an am kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi -

sami profesiuli mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT. es arsebiTi xasiaTis

novelaa, romlis SemuSavebas win uswrebda, jer-erTi, Cveni qveynis

sasamarTlo praqtikis ganzogadeba da romelmac gviCvena konkretul

saqmeTa ganxilvaSi msajulTa formaluri monawileobis arnaxuli

masStabebi, agreTve TiTqmis gadaulaxavi siZneleebi, rasac mosamarTleebi

awydebodnen msajulTa mowvevisa da maTi monawileobiT sasamarTlo

kolegiis formirebis dros da meore - sazRvargareTis im qveynebis

gamocdileba, sadac msajulTa da maT Soris nafic msajulTa instituti

dResac moqmedebs, magram maTi monawileobiT saqmeTa ganxilvis

koeficienti ar aRemateba 2-dan 5 procents.

ras niSnavs nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo da riT gansxvavdeba igi

CvenSi adre moqmed saxalxo msajulTa sasamarTlosagan?

nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo, ise rogorc saxalxo msajulTa

sasamarTlo, marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi xalxis monawileobis

erT-erTi formaa.

saxalxo msajulebis monawileobiT saqmeTa ganxilva, romelic

sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier dainerga, warmoadgens jer kidev me-18

saukuneSi germaniaSi warmoSobil da garkveuli kategoriis saqmeebze iq

13

dResac moqmed Sefenebis sasamarTlo saxesxvaobas. ise rogorc Sefenebi,

CvenSi moqmedi msajulebi profesiul mosamarTlesTan erTad qmnidnen

ganuyofel kolegias: maT aqvT Tanabari uflebebi da monawileoben

aramarto bralisa da sasjelis sakiTxebis erToblivad gadawyvetaSi,

aramed saqmis ganxilvis procesSi wamoWril yvela sakiTxis

gadawyvetaSi, erTad gadian saTaTbiro oTaxSi gadawyvetilebis

gamosatanad. rac Seexeba nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos misi fundameturi

maxasiaTebeli, romlis gareSe sasamarTlo ver CaiTvleba nafic

msajulTa sasamarTlod - esaa funqciebis gamijvna nafic msajulTa da

profesiul mosamarTleTa Soris: nafici msajulebi profesiul

mosamarTlisagan damoukideblad da mis gareSe wyveten faqtis sakiTxs,

xolo iuridiul sakiTxs, ufro zustad, nafic msajulTa mier dadgenil

faqtebs, iuridiul Sefasebas aZlevs erTpirovnulad profesiuli

mosamarTle. Tu msajulebs da mosamarTles Soris funqciebi araa

gamijnuli da saqmis ganxilvis procesSi wamoWril yvela sakiTxs

erToblivad wyveten msajulebi da mosamarTle - aseT sasamarTlos ar

SeiZleba vuwodoT nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo. aqedan gamomdinare

SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: msajulTa raodenobis gazrda, vTqvaT

eqvsamde, Tormetamde an ufro metad, verasdros ver mogcems nafic

msajulTa sasamarTlos, Tu ar moxdeba funqciebis gamijvna nafic

msajulebsa da mosamarTles Soris. es igive saxalxo msajulebis

sasamarTlo iqneba erTiani da ganuyofeli kolegiis SenarCunebiT, oRond

im gansxvavebiT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi ubralod kolegia gafarTovdeba.1

nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos aramarto Rirsebebis, aramed misi

iseTi naklovanebebisa da xarvezebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, romlebzec

miuTiTeben im qveynebis iuristebi, sadac aseTi sasamarTloebi moqmedeben,

agreTve im pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebSic Cveni xalxi am etapze

cxovrobda da moRvaweobda - komisiam upiratesoba mianiWa samoqalaqo

saqmeebze profesiul mosamarTleTa sasamarTlos SemoRebas. msajulTa

monawileobiT saqmeTa ganxilva SenarCunebul iqna mxolod rogorc

gamonaklisi, zogierTi sisxlisa da administraciul saqmeTa ganxilvis

dros.

II. mosamarTleTa kvalificiuroba da kompetenturoba

cnobilia, rom yvelaze idealuri sasamarTlo sistemac ver

mogvcems sasurvel efeqts, Tu sasamarTlo korpusi araa

dakompleqtebuli maRalkvalificiuri mosamarTleebiT. amis Sesaxeb

miTiTebebs Seicavs mravali saerTaSoriso aqti da maT Soris evropis

sabWos rekomendacia #12 (94) 12 da mosamarTleTa statusis evropuli

qartia. aRniSnuli rekomendaciis ganmartebiT memorandumSi kerZod

naTqvamia: „imis sagarantiod, rom kanoni sworad iqneba gamoyenebuli

sruliadac ar kmara, rom mosamarTled SerCevis dros kandidats hqondes

saTanado kvalifikacia. mosamarTleebma unda gaiaron Sesaferisi

momzadeba rogorc Tanamdebobaze gamwesebamde, ise mis Semdeg - mTeli

karieris ganmavlobaSi“.2

1 dawvrilebiT ix. T.liluaSvili, gaamarTlebs Tu ara nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo? Jurn.

„samarTali“, 1992, #5. gv.2 2 mosamarTle da marTlmsajuleba: evropuli standartebi. Tb. 2001, gv.24

14

saqarTvelos axali sasamarTlo sistema orientirebulia swored

mosamarTlis maRal kvalificiurobaze da kompetenturobaze, mis maRal

kulturaze da ganaTlebulobaze. Cveni kanonebi sasamarTlo reformis

sferoSi efuZnebian im debulebas, rom mxolod maRalprofesiul

maRalganaTlebul mosamarTles SeiZleba miendos marTlmsajulebis

aRsruleba.

rogor da ra gziT avamaRloT mosamarTlis kvalifikacia, rogor

mivaRwioT imas, rom mosamarTlis maRali Tanamdeboba daiWiros mxolod

maRalkvalificiurma pirovnebam?

ai kidev erTi problema, romelic SeiZleba nebismieri sxva qveynis

winaSec idga, magram Cveni qveynis pirobebSi am problemas da mis

gadaWris gzebs gaaCnia Taviseburebani, romlis gauTvaliswineblobas

SeiZleba moyves marTlmsajulebis paralizeba. es Tavisebureba mTlianad

ganpirobebulia im axali samarTlebrivi sivrciT, romelSiac Cven

SevediT.

saqme isaa, rom am bolo dromde Cven vcxovrobdiT sul sxva

samarTlebriv sistemaSi, romelic cnobili iyo socialisturi

samarTlebrivi sistemis saxelwodebiT, amJamad ki saqarTveloSi

SemuSavda, miRebulia da moqmedeben axali kanonebi, romlebic efuZnebian

sabWoTa socialisturi samarTlebrivi sistemisagan arsebiTad

gansxvavebul sxva samarTlebriv sistemas. dRes SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad

iTqvas: Cven ukve aRar vekuTvniT socialisturi samarTlebrivi sistemis

ojaxs. Cven ukve vekuTvniT samarTlebriv sistemas, romelic romanul-

germanuli samarTlebrivi sistemis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.

magram samarTlebriv sferoSi am radikalurma da sasikeTo

clilebebma Tavis mxriv warmoSva seriozuli da urTulesi kolozia

erTis mxriv axal samarTlebriv sistemasa da meores mxriv iuristTa

profesiuli ganaTlebis xasiaTsa da Sinaars Soris: bevri maSindeli

mosamarTle, advokati, prokurori aRizarda socialisturi samarTlis

principebze da normebze, xolo dRes ukve cxovroben da moRvaweoben

sul sxva samarTlebriv sivrceSi, sul sxva samarTlebriv sistemaSi,

romlis principebi da normebi maT ar SeuswavliaT, arada maT win udevT

saqmeebi, Tanac didi raodenobiT da rTuli saqmeebi, romlebic unda

gadawyviton swored am axali kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad.

ufro metic, maT sasamarTlo procesebic axleburad unda

Caataron. saqme isaa, rom samoqalaqo sasamarTlo warmoeba, samoqalaqo

procesi agebulia ara samZebro, anu ara inkviziciur, aramed

SejibrebiTobisa da dispoziciurobis sawyisebze. saqarTvelos axali

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsic am principebzea agebuli.

ai, mxolod zogierTi problema, zogierTi iseTi faqtori,

romlebic aucileblad unda yofiliyo miRebuli mxedvelobaSi, raTa

sworad agvego Cvens qveyanaSi mosamarTleTa swavleba, mosamarTleTa

momzadeba da gadamzadeba.

vfiqrob interesmoklebuli ar iqneba aRiniSnos, rom yvela es

problema da faqtori danaxuli iqna jer kidev 1996 wels, rodesac

marTalia miRebuli iyo zogierTi axali kanoni (magaliTad kanoni

mewarmeTa Sesaxeb), magram kerZo da sajaro samarTlis zogierTi

fundamenturi kanoni, magaliTad saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi,

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, kanoni gakotrebis saqmeTa

warmoebis Sesaxeb da sxva mxolod proeqtebis saxiT arsebobdnen.

15

imisaTvis, rom davxmarebodiT mosamarTleebs axali kanonmdeblobis

SeswvlaSi, agreTve am axali kanonmdeblobis bazaze sakvalifikacio

gamocdebis CabarebaSi miRebul iqna, me vfiqrob, Cveni qveynis pirobebis

gaTvaliswinebiT yvelaze optimaluri gadawyvetileba - Seqmniliyo

saqarTvelos iusticiis saswavlo centri, sadac axali kanonmdeblobis

bazaze swavlebas gaivlian mosamarTleebi, mosamarTleebis TanaSemweebi,

da mosamarTleobis pretedentebi.

miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba, rom sasamarTlo reformis pirvel

etapze saqarTvelos iusticiis saswavlo centrs, sxva qveynebis

analogiuri saswavlo centrebisagan gansxvavebiT ormagi datvirTva

eqneboda: man Tavis msmenelebs unda aswavlos aramarto kanonmdeblobis

sworad gamoyenebis, sasamarTlo procesebis Catarebis, sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisa da formirebis xelovneba, aramed uwinares

yovlisa da umTavresad Zvelisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli axali

kanonmdebloba, romelic maT ar uswavliaT universitetSi.

sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, iusticiis saswavlo centrs daekisra

funqcia, romelsac Cveulebriv viTarebaSi asrulebs universiteti. es ar

iyo sasurveli, magram es iyo Cven pirobebSi erTad-erTi swori

gadawyvetileba, radgan sxva ufro misaRebi gza mosamarTleTa codnaSi

samarTlebrivi reformiT gamowveuli xarvezis SesavsebaT ar arsebobda.

rogori mdgomareoba gvaqvs amJamad? viTareba amJamad Seicvala,

sasamarTlo reforma ZiriTadad dasrulda, sasamarTloebi dakompleqtda

mosamarTleebiT, romlebmac warmatebiT Caabares sakvalifikacio da

sakonkurso gamocdebi. mosamarTleTa momzadebisa da gadamzadebis

sferoSi daiwyo axali etapi, romelic axal amocanebs saxavs

samosamarTlo swavlebis winaSe. mosamarTleTa kandidatebis momzadeba,

agreTve mosamarTleTa kvalifikaciis amaRleba unda ganTavisufldes im

formebisagan, romlebic sauniversiteto ganaTlebisaTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli. maTi swavlebis formebi da meTodebi mTlianad unda

emsaxurebodes erT mTavar mizans: kvalificiurad daeuflon mosamarTlis

xelovnebas, warmatebulad ganaxorcielon TavianTi profesiuli

movaleoba.

III. mosamarTleTa specializacia

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi regulireba dRiTi

dRe farTovdeba da moicavs adamianis moRvaweobis TiTqmis yvela sferos.

es bunebrivi da kanonzomieri procesia: samarTlis meSveobiT

regulirdeba iseTi sferoebi, romlebic winaT sxva socialuri normebiT

wesrigdeboda.

amas isic emateba, rom sxvadasxva socialuri, ekonomikuri Tu

mecnierul-teqnikuri faqtorebis zegavleniT warmoiSveba axali da

axali sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi, romlebic agreTve samarTlebriv

regulirebas saWiroeben. aseTi viTareba obieqturad warmoSobs

sasamarTlos specializaciis aucileblobas. saqme isaa, rom SeuZlebelia

movTxovoT erT romelime mosamarTles yvela im normebis codna,

romlebic sruliad gansxvavebul sferoebs aregulireben. aqedan

gamomdinare, aucilebeli Seiqna specializacia. arsebobda specializaciis

ori varianti: erTi - specializebuli sasamarTloebis SemoReba,

rogoricaa magaliTad, Sromis sasamarTlo, safinanso sasamarTlo,

16

administraciuli sasamarTlo, socialuri sakiTxebis sasamarTlo da

a.S. e.i. sasamarTloebi, romlebic Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi

ganixilaven mxolod garkveuli kategoriis saqmeebs da, meore -

mosamarTleTa specializacia, e.i. sasamarTlo ganixilavs mis gansjad

yvela saqmes (sisxlis, samoqalaqo, administraciul, Sromis da a.S.

saqmeebs), magram ama Tu im kategoriis saqmes, magaliTad Sromis

samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobil saqmeebs, saojaxo saqmeebs,

administraciul saqmeebs da a.S. ganixilavs am sasamarTlos is

mosamarTle, romelic daspecialebulia aseT saqmeebis ganxilvaSi.

upiratesoba Cveni pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT mieniWa meore

variants - mosamarTleTa specializacias. kanonmdebelmac es varianti

miiRo. sasamarTlo reformis pirvel etapze kanoni iTvaliswinebs

pirveli instanciis doneze mosamarTleTa specializaciis mxolod or

sferos - samoqalaqo samarTals da sisxlis samarTals. es niSnvs imas,

rom mosamarTle, romelic daspecialebulia samoqalaqo saqmeebis

ganxilvaSi, aRar gaarCevs sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs da piriqiT. aseTi

farTo masStabis specializacia, cxadia, SeiZleba ar aRmoCndes

sakmarisi, magram kanoni Seicavs erT mniSvnelovan debulebas:

sasamarTloebi sadac orze meti mosamarTlea SeiZleba ganxorcieldes

mosamarTleTa ufro viwro specializacia („saerTo sasamarTloebis

Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis me-14 muxli). aseTi specializacia

gaTvaliswinebulia aramarto pirveli instanciis, aramed zemdgomi

sasamarTlo instanciebis donezec, rac uzrunvelyofs im konkretul

saqmeTa zust samarTlebriv analizs, romlebic Tanamedrove

sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli garTulebuli samarTlebriv

urTierTobidan gamomdinareoben.

migvaCnia, rom mosamarTleTa specializacia, Cveni qveynis pirobebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, aramarto obieqturi aucileblobiT nakarnaxevi, aramed

didi perspeqtivis mqone mimarTulebaa, romlis kidev ufro daxvewa da

ganviTareba did sargeblobas moutans marTlmsajulebis saTanadod

aRsrulebis saqmes, sasamarTlos avtoritetis amaRlebas.

III. sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da mosamarTlis damoukidebloba

reformamdeli sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da marTlmsajulebis

paralizebaSi, sxvadasxva faqtorebTan erTad, sruliad garkveuli roli

Seasrula damoukidebeli sasamarTlo xelisuflebis uqonlobam, misma

srulma damokidebulobam aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaze.3 arada,

marTlmsajulebis ganmxorcielebli organo sasamarTlo, aucileblad

unda pasuxobdes garkveul moTxovnebs, romelTa gareSe misi saqmianoba

ver CaiTvleba marTlmsajulebad. am moTxovnebs Soris erT-erTi mTavari

da ZiriTadi - esaa sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukidebloba. es didi

xania cnobili da, SeiZleba iTqvas, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principia.

am principis realizaciis, anu misi realurad damkvidrebis mizniT

SemuSavda da sakanonmdeblo wesiT ganmtkicda iseTi iuridiuli

meqanizmebi, romlebmac unda uzrunvelyos sasamarTlos damoukidebloba,

rogorc aRmasrulebeli, ise sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisagan da

3 T. liluaSvili. sasamarTlo damoukidebeli unda iyos. Jurn. „samarTali“, 1992, #3, gv. 2-8

17

romlebic warmatebulad asruleben TavianT funqcias sxva demokratiul

qveynebSi.

garda sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdilebisa gaTvaliswinebuli

iqna agreve gaeros 1985 wlis marTlmsajulebis damoukideblobis

ZiriTadi principebi, agreTve evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis 1994

wlis 13 oqtombris rekomendacia #R(94)12 „mosamarTleTa

damoukideblobis, efeqtianobisa da rolis Sesaxeb“.

pirvel rigSi, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukideblobis

samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofis fundamenturma principebma Tavisi asaxva

poves saqarTvelos konstituciaSi. kerZod, konstituciiT

gansazRvrulia sasamarTlos adgili xelisuflebis meqanizmSi.

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-5 muxlis me-4 nawilis Tanaxmad

saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba xelisuflebis danawilebis

principebze dayrdnobiT. amis Sesabamisad, konstituciam daamkvidra

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukidebloba rogorc sakanonmdeblo, ise

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan (82-e muxli). gaerosa da evropis

sabWos zemod miTiTebuli rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT saqarTvelos

konstituciam, agreTve mis safuZvelze SemuSavebulma sxva kanonebma,

rogoricaa saqarTvelos organuli kanoni „saerTo sasamarTloebis

Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos organuli kanoni „saqarTvelos uzenaesi

sasamarTlos Sesaxeb“, „saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi“,

„saqarTvelos sisxlis saproceso kodeqsi“ - iuridiulad ganamtkices

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukideblobis iseTi fundamenturi

garantiebi, rogoricaa sasamarTlo xelisuflebis aqtebis

savaldebuloba saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze da am aqtebis

gadasinjvis dauSvebloba sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli

xelisulfebis mier, anu maTi gauqmebis, Secvlis Tu SeCerebis

dauSvebloba sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier,

mosamarTlis mxolod kanonisadmi damorCileba, saqmeTa ganxilva mxolod

miukerZoebeli sasamarTlos (mosamarTlis) mier, marTlmsajulebis

ganxorcieleba saproceso kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa sruli dacviT,

rac uzrunvelyofs swori da samarTliani gadawyvetilebis gamotanas,

mosamarTlis Tanamdebobis SeuTavsebloba romelime politikuri partiis,

Tu organizaciis wevrobasTan da a.S.

mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba - sasamarTlo xelisuflebis

damoukideblobis umniSvnelovanesi elementia, rac imas niSnavs, rom

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukidebel xelisuflebad Camoyalibebis

interesebi moiTxoven mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofas.

aqedan gamomdinare, SemuSavda da sakanonmdeblo wesiT ganmtkicda

mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis iseTi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli da

gaerosa da evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier rekomendirebuli

principebi, romlebmac unda Seuqmnas TviT mosamarTleebs

damoukideblobis ganwyoba, xolo aRmasrulebel Tu sakanonmdeblo

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs aRukveTos SesaZlebloba gaataros maT

mimarT raime aramarTlzomieri RonisZieba.

garda zemod CamoTvlilisa, mosamarTlis damoukideblobis

uzrunvelsayofad ganmtkicebulia iseTi samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi,

rogoricaa mosamarTlis daniSvna garkveuli kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli

vadiT, misi sxva samuSaoze gadayvanis an vadamde ganTavisuflebis

akrZalva, garda kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa da

18

safuZvlebiT, mosamarTlis profesiuli karieris, misi kandidaturis

SerCevis, mosamarTlis dawinaurebisa da waxalisebis racionaluri

sistemis damkvidreba, mosamarTled piris SerCevis dros iseTi

obieqturi kriteriumebiT xelmZRvaneloba, rogoricaa kvalifikacia,

patiosneba, unarianoba da a.S. mosamarTlisa da misi ojaxis

uzrunvelyofa saxelmwifos mier, mosamarTlis xelSeuxebloba,

mosamarTleze raime zemoqmedebis an mis saqmianobaSi Carevis, zewolis an

muqaris akrZalva, rac xels SeuSlis mas miiRos swori da samarTliani

gadawyvetileba, aseTi zemoqmedebis dasjad qmedebad gamocxadeba da a.S.

V. ratom ver SevTavazeT mosamarTleTa

daniSvnis idealuri modeli

1. mosamarTleTa daniSvnis idealuri modelad iTvleba is modeli,

romelic rekomendirebulia evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier

1994 wlis 13 oqtombers miRebuli rekomendaciebiT, agreTve, amave

ministrTa komitetis 1998 wels damtkicebuli „mosamarTleTa statusis

evropuli qartiiT.4 am modelis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:

pirveli - yvela gadawyvetileba, romelic Seexeba mosamarTlis

profesiul karieras, unda efuZnebodes obieqtur

kriteriumebs. mosamarTlis SerCeva unda emyarebodes

kandidatis Rirsebebs, romelic mis kvalifikacias,

patiosnebas, unarianobas da efeqtianobas Seexeba.

meore - organo, romelic iRebs gadawyvetilebas mosamarTleTa

SerCevisa da dawinaurebis Sesaxeb „damoukidebeli unda

iyos xelisuflebisa da administraciisagan. am

damoukideblobis misaRwevad, kanonma unda uzrunvelyos,

rom misi wevrebi arCeul iqnan sasamarTlo xelisuflebis

mier da am organom TiTon SeimuSavos Tavisi saproceduro

wesebi“.

aseTia evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier miRebuli

rekomendaciis pirveli principis moTxovnebi.

aRniSnuli rekomendaciis gaTvaliswinebiT da mis aRsasruleblad

evropis sabWom daamtkica „mosamarTleTa statusis evropuli qartia,

romlis 1.3 punqtis Tanaxmad:

„SerCevis, samsaxurSi miRebis, daniSvnis, dawinaurebisa da

mosamarTlis uflebamosilebis Sewyvetis Taobaze TiToeul

gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT, statusi iTvaliswinebs

aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisagan

damoukidebeli organos Carevas, romlis Semadgenlobis naxevari

mainc misi Tanasworebis mier aris arCeuli, rac sasamarTlo

xelisuflebis frTo warmomadgenlobas uzrunvelyofs“.

mosamarTleTa statusis evropuli qartiis ganmartebiT

memorandumSi aRniSnulia, rom:

„wamoiWra damoukidebeli organos wevrTa Semadgenlobis

sakiTxi. qartia pirobad ayenebs, rom am organos wevrTa sul

cota naxevars mainc maTive TanasworTa mier arCeuli

mosamarTleebi unda Seadgendnen. es niSnavs erTi mxriv, rom ar

4 ix. wigni „mosamarTle da marTlmsajuleba: evropuli standartebi. Tb. 2001 weli. gv.9 da 32

19

unda iqnes daSvebuli, rom mosamarTleebi umciresobaSi iyvnen,

xolo meore mxriv, arc is aris savaldebulo, rom isini

umravlesobas qmnidnen. evropul qveynebSi sxvadasxva

koncepcualuri midgomebisa da debatebis Sedegad, imZlavra

azrma, rom damoukidebel organoSi mosamarTleTa minimum 50%-

ian warmomadgenlobas Seswevs unari uzrunvelyos dacvis

maRali garantiebi... qartia adgens, rom damoukidebeli organos

wevri mosamarTleebi arCeuli unda iqnan maTi Tanasworebis

mier, ramdenadac maTi Tanaarsi „damoukidebloba“ gamoricxavs

misi wevrebis arCevasa Tu daniSvnas politikuri organos mier,

romelic miekuTvneba aRmasrulebel an sakanonmdeblo

xelisuflebas. amgvari proceduriT mosamarTleebis daniSvnisas

gaCndeboda partiul-politikuri mikerZoebis riski“.

amrigad, gaeros generaluri asambleis 1985 wels damtkicebuli

sasamarTlos damoukideblobis zogadi principebis, adamianis uflebaTa

da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb evropuli konvenciis, evropis

sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier miRebuli mosamarTleTa

damoukideblobis, efeqtianobisa da rolis Sesaxeb rekomendaciis da

mosamarTleTa statutis evropuli qartiis Sesabamisad - mosamarTleTa

daniSvnisa da dawinaurebis idealur modelad iTvleba:

aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisagan

damoukidebeli organos Seqmna, romlis Semadgenlobis naxevars

(50%-s) mainc Seadgenen mosamarTleebi, romlebic arCeuli

arian maTive TanasworTa, e.i. mosamarTleTa korpusis mier.

SeeZlo Tu ara saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo reformis komisias am

modelis gadmoReba?

ara, ar SeeZlo im ubralo mizezis gamo rom saqarTvelos

uklebriv yvela mosamarTles unda Sewyvetoda uflebamosileba, xolo

reformirebul sasamarTlo sistemis axal rgolebSi (safexurebSi)

mosamarTlis kandidatebis SerCeva da daniSvna SeiZleboda mxolod

sruliad axali wesebis dacviT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT

mosamarTleTa kandidatebis wamoyenebas da daniSvnas ver mivandomebdiT im

mosamarTleebs, romlebsac jer TviTonac ar hqondaT Cabarebuli

samosamarTlo (sakvalifikacio) gamocdebi, ar hqondaT gavlili

konkursi da ar iyvnen daniSnuli mosamarTleebad kanoniT dadgenili

wesiT.

aucilebeli Seiqmna sxva modelis Seqmna.

am „sxva modelis“ Seqmnisas mxedvelobaSi iyo misaRebi da

aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebeli is garemoeba, rom sasamarTlo reforma

moiTxovda aramarto mosamarTleTa kandidatebis SerCevisa da daniSvnis

axal wesebs, aramed maTi momzadebisa da Semdgom gadamzadebis, maTTvis

sakvalifikacio gamocdebis Cabarebis organizaciis, konkursis Catarebis

wesebisa da uamravi normatiuli aqtebis proeqtebis momzadebis

aucileblobas. am „sxva modelze“ muSaobis dros sasamarTlo reformis

komisias didi daxmareba gauwia gaerosa da evropis sabWos

zemoddasaxelebulma konvenciebma, rekomendaciebma da qartiam. kerZod,

evropis sabWos zemod dasaxelebuli rekomendaciis (#R(94)12) I

principis „g“ punqtis meore abzacis mixedviT iq sadac konstituciaa,

sxva kanonmdebloba anda samarTlebrivi tradiciebi saSualebas iZleva

mosamarTle iniSnebodes aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier, imis

20

garantia mainc unda arsebobdes, rom daniSvnis procedura gamWirvale da

praqtikulad damoukidebeli iyos da rom arCevanze araferi axdendes

gavlenas garda zemod dasaxelebuli obieqturi kriteriumebisa. es aris

Semdegi garantiebi:

I. specialuri damoukidebeli da kompetenturi organos arseboba,

romlis rCevasac, xelisufleba, rogorc wesi, gaiTvaliswinebs;

II. individis ufleba, gaasaCivros mis mimarT miRebuli

gadawyvetileba damoukidebeli organos winaSe.

III. xelisufleba, romelic iRebs gadawyvetilebas, unda

uzrunvelyofdes arasaTanado da dauSvebeli zegavlenis Tavidan

acilebas“5.

faqtiurad igive moTxovnebs Seicavs zemod dasaxelebuli

„mosamarTleTa statusis evropuli qartia“, romelic damtkicebuli iqna

mogvianebiT, 1998 wlis 8-10 ivliss.

gaerosa da evropis sabWoTa zemod dasaxelebul konvenciebisa da

rekomendaciebis moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT Tavdapirvelad SevimuSaveT

da gansaxilvelad gamovaqveyneT „sasamarTlo reformis koncefia“6,

romelSic dasabuTebuli iyo marTlmsajulebis umaRlesi sabWos Seqmnis

aucilebloba, xolo cota mogvianebiT, kerZod amave 1993 wels

gamoqveynda kanonis proeqti „marTlmsajulebis umaRlesi sabWosa da

mosamarTleTa kandidatebis momzadebis mizniT iusticiis saxelmwifo

saswavlo centris Seqmnis Sesaxeb“.

am proeqtSi kerZod naTqvamia, rom „sasamarTlo reformis erT-

erTi mTavari mimarTuleba unda iyos mosamarTleTa profesiuli donis

amaRleba, sasamarTlo korpusis dakompleqteba Rirseuli adamianebiT....“

am miznis realizaciisaTvis unda Seqmniliyo „marTlmsajulebis

umaRlesi sabWo“ romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sevlen samarTlis dargis

wamyvani mecnierebi, agreTve saqarTvelos iusticiis saministrosa da

uzenaesi sasamarTlos TanamSromlebi Tormeti kacis SemadgenlobiT.“7

sxvadasxva amocanebTan erTad, marTlmsajulebis umaRles sabWos am

proeqtiT ekisreboda mosamarTleTa kandidatebis SerCeva, maTi momzadeba,

samarTlis im dargebis SerCeva da saswavlo meToduri literaturis

SemuSaveba, romelTa mixedviT unda gaiaron swavleba mosamarTleTa

kandidatebma da a.S.

am kanonis proeqtis gamoqveynebis Semdeg muSaoba kvlav gagrZelda

misi sabolaod daxvewis mizniT, xolo 1997 wels saqarTelos mTavrobas

waredgina saqarTvelos kanonis proeqti „saerTo sasamarTloebis

Sesaxeb“, romlis ganxilvisa da mowonebis Semdeg es proeqti waredgina

saqarTvelos parlaments.

marTalia, saqarTvelos parlamentis sakonstitucio, iuridiul

sakiTxTa da kanonierebis komitetSi ganxilvis Sedegad am proeqtma

ganicada garkveuli cvlileba, magram mosamarTleTa kandidatebis

5 ix. evropis sabWoTa ministrTa komitetis mier 1994 wlis 13 oqtombris rekomendacia (#R(94)12). wigni „mosamarTle da marTlmsajuleba: evropuli standartebi“. Tb. 2001, gv. 11 6 T.liluaSvili. sasamarTlo reformis koncefcia. ix. Jurn. „samarTali“. 1993 weli, #1-2, gv.20-28 7 T.liluaSvili. marTlmsajulebis (iusticiis) umalResi sabWosa da mosamarTleTa kandidatebis

momzadebis mizniT iusticiis saxelmwifo saswavlo centris Seqmnis Sesaxeb“. Jurn. „samarTali“ 1993,

#3-4. gv.27.

Jurn. „samarTlis“ amave nomerSi gamoqveynda Cvens mier SemuSavebuli pirveli proeqti „saqarTvelos

respublikaSi sasamarTlo xelisuflebis statusisa da mowyobis Sesaxeb“.

21

SerCevis, maTi momzadebisa da daniSvnis sakiTxebSi ucvleli darCa.

kerZod, am proeqtis Tanaxmad iusticiis sabWo8 SeimuSavebs winadadebebs

saqarTvelos prezidentisaTvis qveyanaSi sasamarTlo reformis

gatarebisaTvis „mosamarTleTa korpusis maRalkvalificiuri da

Rirseuli adamianebiT Sevsebis, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis

damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofis da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT

gaTvaliswinebul sxva sakiTxebze“. am proeqtiT ganisazRvra ZiriTadi

moTxovnebi, romlebic waeyeneba mosamarTled dasaniSn pirs.

mosamarTleTa daniSvnis wesi ki aseTia: uzenaesi sasamarTlos

mosamarTleebs irCevs saqarTvelos parlamlenti saqarTvelos

prezidentis wardginebiT, xolo raionis (saqalaqo) da saapelacio

sasamarTleobis mosamarTleebs niSnavs saqarTvelos prezidenti

iusticiis sabWos wardginebiT.

Cveni proeqtis mixedviT, iusticiis sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sedian

Tanamdebobis mixedviT uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare, mosamarTleTa

konferenciis mier arCeuli ori mosamarTle, generaluri prokurori,

iusticiis ministri, saqarTvelos advokatTa kolegiis Tavmjdomare,

avtonomiuri respublikis iusticiis ministrebi, saqarTvelos

parlamentis ori wevri; iusticiis sabWos or wevrT niSnavs

saqarTvelos prezidenti.

unda avRniSnoT, rom mosamarTleTa monawileoba iusticiis sabWos

SemadgenlobaSi, arc am kanonproeqtis miRebis dros da arc mis Semdeg

gaziarebuli ar iqna, Tumca amJamad ukve arsebobs gacilebiT ufro

ukeTesi pirobebi da SesaZleblobebi imisaTvis, rom iusticiis sabWoSi

warmodgenili iyos ufro meti raodenobiT mosamarTle.

proeqtiT ganisazRvra moTxovnebi, romlebic waeyeneba mosamarTled

dasaniSn pirs, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia sakvalifikacio gamocdebis

Cabareba. Seiqmna agreTve iusticiis saswavlo centri, sadac swavleba

SeuZlia gaiaros nebismierma pirma, romelsac aqvs umaRlesi iuridiuli

ganaTleba, mosamarTlis Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad kandidatis

sakonkurso wesiT SerCevis dros mTlianad uzrunvelyofilia

gamWirvaloba. gansazRvrulia agreTve obieqturi kriteriumebi,

romlebiTac unda ixelmZRvanelos iusticiis sabWom mosamarTleTa

SerCevis dros.9

VI. samsafexuriani sasamarTlo sistema.

kasacia rogorc sabolao instancia

sabWoTa sasamarTlo sistema morgebuli iyo saxelmwifo marTvis

im reJimze, romelic avtoritaruli reJimis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. am

sasamarTlo sistemas hqonda ori arsebiTi nakli: erTi - ar arsebobda

saapelacio sasamarTloebi, romlebsac SeeZlo Seemowmebia gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetilebebi, rogorc faqtobrivad, ise iuridiulad da, meore -

kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleboda gadasinjuliyo

saqarTvelosa da ssr kavSiris prokuraturisa da umaRlesi sasamarTlos

Sesabamisi Tanamdebobis pirTa protestis safuZvelze. es imas niSnavs,

8 komisiam mizanSewonilad CaTvala, rom marTlmsajulebis sabWos nacvlad am sabWos ewodos

„iusticiis sabWo“. 9 saqarTvelos organuli kanoni „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ muxli 46-52. „normatiuli aqtebi

saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“. Tb. 2002 w. gv. 14.

22

rom sasamarTlos ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba

gadasinjuliyo nebismier dros da nebismier farglebSi, xolo, aqedan

gamomdinare, mxareTa samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis fundamentur principi

mTlianad ignorirebuli iyo. saqme isaa, rom aseTi sasamarTlo sistemis

dros procesi SeiZleba dausruleblad gagrZeldes, radgan

gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvla jer kidev ar niSnavs saqmis

dasrulebas, radgan mosalodnelia prokuraturis, an umaRlesi

sasamarTlos Sesabamisi Tanamdebobis pirTa protesti, romelsac

ganixilavda sazedamxedvelo instanciis sasamarTlo da saqmeze yvela

gadawyvetilebis ganCinebis gauqmeba da saqmis Tavidan ganxilva da

gadawyveta. am uaRresad arasasurveli da yovlad gaumarTlebeli

viTarebis aRmofxvris mizniT SemoRebuli iqna samsafexuriani

sasamarTlo sistema; sabolaod miviReT Cveni sasamarTlo reformis

namdvil mSenebad aRiarebuli samsafexuriani sasamarTlo sistema, sadac

kasacia gvevlineba rogorc sabolao instancia, ris Sesaxebac ufro

dawvrilebiT saubari gveqneba qvemoT.

VII. kasaciis mxolod erT sasamarTloSi

koncentrirebis principi

sruliad axleburad da, Cveni azriT, Zalian gonivrulad

ganisazRvra sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa gasaCivrebis wesi da

farglebi: pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi romlebic

ar Sesulan kanonier ZalaSi, SeiZleba gasaCivrdnen saapelacio

sasamarTloSi, xolo saolqo sasamarTloebis Sesabamis kolegiaTa

gadawyvetilebebi sakasacio sasamarTloSi. saapelacio sasamarTloebis

gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba gasaCivrdes sakasacio sasamarTloSi, xolo

sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi sabolao da maTi gasaCivreba

aRar daiSveba.

rogorc vxedavT, sasamarTlo sistema da sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebaTa gasaCivrebis wesi isea Camoyalibebuli, rom erTxel da

samudamod unda mieRos bolo saqmeTa dausrulebel moZraobas

sasamarTlo instanciebSi, am saqmeTa daumTavreblobas.

xom ar niSnavs es imas, rom sakasacio sasamarTlo, rogorc

sabolao instancia, Secdomebs ar dauSvebs da, amitom, saWiro aRaraa

misi gasaCivreba?

sasamarTlo sistemisa da instanciurobis SemuSavebis dros

mxedvelobaSi iyo miRebuli is, rom sakasacio sasamarTlos SeiZleba

mouvides Secdoma. magram, agreTve Secdoma SeiZleba dauSvas Tu

SemoRebuli iqneba me-4, me-5 da a.S. instanciis sasamarTloebi. aseTnairi

logikiT sasamarTlo instanciebis Camoyalibebas xatovnad uwodes

„procesis ukvdaveba“. amitom, am logikiT sasamarTlo instanciebis

Camoyalibebaze uari Tqves jer kide me-19 saukuneSi - didi

samarTlebrivi da sasamarTlo reformebis gatarebis epoqaSi. magram,

vimeoreb, uari imitom ki ar Tqves, rom sabolao instanciad

Camoyalibebuli sasamarTlo (kasacia, revizia) Secdomebs ar dauSvebs.

raTqma unda ara! rogorc Cans sasamarTlo sistemis agebis dros, ise

rogorc adamianis moRvaweobis nebismier sxva sferoSi, romelime

gonivrulad mignebul zRvarze, Secdomis daSvebis albaToba xelovnurad

23

unda gamovricxoT, radgan sasamarTlo instanciebis raodenobaTa zrda

arcerTi TvalsazrisiT misaRebi araa.

aqedan gamomdinare, orientacia aRebuli iqna ara instanciurobis

gazrdisaken, aramed marTlmsajulebis organizaciisa da funqcionirebis

iseTi principebiT aRWurvisaken, romlebmac unda uzrunvelyon saqmis

sworad gadawyveta, Secdomebis daSvebis albaTobis minimumamde Semcireba.

es principebi Camoyalibda saqarTvelos konstituciaSi, saqarTvelos

organul kanonSi „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ da saqarTvelos

samoqalaqo saproceso da sisxlis saproceso kodeqsebSi.

orientacia aRebuli iqna agreTve iqiTken, rom qveyanaSi yofiliyo

mxolod erTi sakasacio sasamarTlo.

riTi iyo ganpirobebuli aseTi orientacia?

rogor es naCvenebi iqneba am wignis me... TavSi, kasacias aqvs

aramarto individualuri interesebis, anu kasatoris uflebis dacvis,

aramed sajaro interesis, anu samarTlis ganviTarebisa da erTiani

marTlmsajulebis uzrunvelyofis mizanic.

am miznebis realizacia SesaZlebeli SeiZleba iyos mxolod iseT

pirobebSi, rodesac qveyanaSi arsebobs mxolod erTi sakasacio

sasamarTlo, am sakasacio sasamarTlos mier Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi

Camoyalibebuli samarTlebrivi Tvalsazrisi (Sefaseba) savaldebulo

iqneba im sasamarTlosaTvis, romelsac saqme ubrundeba xelaxla

gansaxilvelad da sakasacio sasamarTlos imave an sxva Semadgenlobas

(kolegias) ufleba ar eqneba gadauxvios adre sxva saqmeze

Camoyalibebul samarTlebriv Sefasebas („TviTSezRudvis principi“).

TavisTavad cxadia, rom saxelmwifoSi ramdenime sakasacio

sasamarTlos arsebobis pirobebSi - es absoluturad SeuZlebeli da

ganuxorcielebeli miznebi iqneboda.

$2 samoqalaqo marTlmsajulebis organoebi

I sasamarTlo xelisufleba. marTlmsajulebis raoba

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-5 muxlis Tanaxmad „saxelmwifo

xelisufleba xorcieldeba xelisuflebis danawilebis principze

dayrdnobiT“. am principis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos konstitucia

acxadebs sasamarTlo xelisuflebas, rogorc sakanonmdeblo da

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan damoukidebel xelisuflebas.

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukidebloba ar SeiZleba gavigoT

ise, TiTqos yvela saqmis ganxilva-gadawyveta warmoebs sasamarTlos

(mosamarTlis) mixedulebiT. mosamarTleebi, romlebic axorcieleben

sasamarTlo xelisuflebas, emorCilebian mxolod kanons. amasTan erTad,

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukidebloba niSnavs imas, rom igi Tavisi

uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebisas ar SeiZleba romelime sakanonmdeblo

Tu aRmasrulebeli organos, agreTve Tanamdebobis piris gavlenaSi

moeqces.

saqarTvelos konstituciiT damkvidrebuli sasamarTlo

xelisuflebis damoukidebloba mTeli Tavisi arsiT mimarTulia ara

mxolod sasamarTloebisadmi, aramed agreTve yvela organosa da

Tanamdebobis pirisadmi, romlebsac ekrZalebaT sasamarTlos saqmeebSi

Careva, sasamarTloze raime zegavlenis moxdena. aseTi Carevisa Tu

zegavlenisaTvis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs Sesabamis pasuxismgeblobas.

24

saqarTvelos konstituciiT sasamarTloebi gamocxadebulia agreTve

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis erTad-erT organod. es imas niSnavs, rom

arcerT sxva organos ar SeuZlia sasamarTlo xelisuflebis

ganxorcieleba, sul erTia xelisuflebis romel ganStoebas -

sakanonmdeblo Tu aRmasrulebels - ganekuTvneba es organo.

saqarTvelos konstituciis 82-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad

sasamarTlo xelisufleba xorcieldeba sakonstitucio kontrolis,

marTlmsajulebisa da kanoniT dadgenili sxva formebis meSveobiT. amave

konstituciis 83-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad ki „marTlmsajulebas

axorcieleben saerTo sasamarTloebi, maTi sistema da samarTalwarmoebis

wesi dadgenilia kanoniT“.

marTlmsajulebis formiT sasamarTlos saqmianobis ganxorcieleba

gansxavdeba yovelgvari sxva saqmianobisagan imiT, rom sasamarTlom

ganuxrelad unda ixelmZRvanelos saqmeTa ganxilva-gadawyvetis kanoniT

winaswar dadgenili wesiT. saqmeTa ganxilva am wesebis ugulvebelyofiT,

an am wesebidan arsebiTi gadaxveviT, aRar iqneba marTlmsajuleba da

sasamarTlos aseTi saqmianoba aRarafriT iqneba gansxvavebuli sxva saxisa

da sxva organoebis saqmianobisagan.

amasTan erTad, marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis wesi zustad da

amomwuravadaa gansazRvruli kanoniT, kerZod: dasaSvebia mxolod iseTi

saproceso moqmedebis Sesruleba da im wesiT, romelic kanoniTaa

gaTvaliswinebuli, sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba SeiZleba daefuZnos

mxolod iseT faqtobriv garemoebebs, romlebic dadgenilia kanoniT

zustad gansazRvruli mtkicebis saSualebebiT, mxareebs

uzrunvelyofili aqvT saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileobis ufleba, agreTve,

saqmis warmoeba warmomadgenlis (advokatis) meSveobiT, pirs, romelic

Tvlis, rom mis mimarT gamotanilia dausabuTebeli gadawyvetileba,

ufleba aqvs gaasaCivros igi zemdgom sasamarTlo instanciaSi,

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa kanonierebisa da dasabuTebulobis

Semowmebis mizniT Seqmnilia specialur organoTa da maTi saqmianobis

momwesrigebel samarTlebriv normaTa mwyobri sistema da sxva.

saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis sistema ganisazRvra „saerTo

sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos organuli kanoniT, romlis

mixedviT igi ase gamoiyureboda:

1. raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloebi

2. saolqo sasamarTloebi

3. avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sasamarTloebi

4. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo

am sasamarTloebis struqtura da uflebamosileba ganisazRvreba

„saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli kanoniT da „saqarTvelos

uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb“ organuli kanoniT.

sasamarTlo sistemis yvela rgolSi saqmeTa ganxilvis

(samarTalwarmoebis) wesi gansazRvrulia Sesabamisi saproceso kodeqsiT,

rogoricaa samoqalaqo saproceso, sisxlis saproceso da

administraciul saproceso kodeqsebi, agreTve, zogierTi sxva

normatiuli aqtiT, romelic awesrigebs calkeuli kategoriis saqmeTa

sasamarTloSi ganxilvas, im TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic

am saqmeebs axasiaTebT.

II. pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebi

25

1997 wlis sasamarTlo reformis mixedviT samoqalaqo saqmeebze

pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebia: a) raionuli (saqalaqo)

sasamarTloebi; b) saolqo sasamarTlos samoqalaqo da samewarmeo

saqmeTa kolegia; g) avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sasamarTlos

samoqalaqo da samewarmeo saqmeTa kolegia.

amJamad, pirveli instanciiT saqmeTa ganxilvis aseTi wesi Seicvala.

„saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi cvlilebebisa da

damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb“ 2005 wlis 23 ivnisis kanoniT raionuli

(saqalaqo) sasamarTloebi ganixilaven yvela kategoriis saqmeebs pirveli

instanciiT, maT Soris saqmeebs, romlebic iyo avtonomiuri respublikis

umaRles sasamarTlosa da saolqo sasamarTloebis kolegiebis gansjadi.

am kolegiebma ki Sewyvites arseboba.

garda amisa, raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTlos SemadgenlobaSi

SeiZleba Sediodes magistrati mosamarTle, romelic ganixilavs kanoniT

gansazRvruli zogierTi mciremniSvnelobis saqmeebs. magistrati

mosamarTlis gansjadobas gansazRvravs ssk me-14 muxli. amave kodeqsis

me-15 muxlis 1I nawilis mixedviT sarCelebi magistrati mosamarTlis

gansjad saqmeebze „Seitaneba raionul (saqalaqo) sasamarTloSi

magistrati mosamarTlis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT“.

raionuli sasamarTlo iqmneba saqarTvelos prezidentis

brZanebulebiT raionSi, agreTve iseT qalaqSi, romelic ar Sedis arcerT

raionSi da ar gaaCnia raionuli dayofa, agreTve qalaqis raionSi, e.i.

iseTi qalaqis raionSi, rormelsac gaaCnia raionuli dayofa. magaliTad,

q.quTaiss ar gaaCnia raionuli dayofa. amitom, aq Seqmnilia quTaisis

saqalaqo sasamarTlo, romelic Tavisi uflebamosilebiT da gansjadobiT

arafriT ar gansxvavdeba raionuli sasamarTlosagan. rac Seexeba

q.Tbiliss, mas aqvs raionuli dayofa da am raionuli dayofis mixedviT

Seqmnili iyo raionuli sasamarTloebi.

amJamad raionuli da saqalaqo sasamarTloebis Seqmnis aseTi wesi

nawilobriv Seicvala, kerZod saqarTvelos prezidentis 2005 wlis 12

aprilis #213-e brZanebulebiT mosamarTleTa specializaciis

uzrunvelyofis mizniT likvidirebul iqna Tbilisis raionuli

sasamarTloebi da Seiqmna Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo, romlis

samoqmedo teritoria ganisazRvra Tbilisis administraciul-

teritoriuli sazRvrebiT. mosamarTleTa specializaciis ukeT

uzrunvelyofis mizniT, Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTloSi Seiqmna

specializebuli sasamarTlo kolegiebi, rogoricaa samoqalaqo saqmeTa

kolegia, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa kolegia da administraciul saqmeTa

kolegia.10

raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTlos samoqmedo teritoria

ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebiT, swored am

teritoriis farglebSi ganisazRvreba raionuli sasamarTloebis

gansjadoba.

raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloebi, ganixilaven saqmeebs erTi

profesiuli mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT.

saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb organuli kanoni, mosamarTleTa

specializaciis principidan gamomdinare amkvidrebs wess, romlis

10 saqarTvelos prezidentis 2005 wlis 12 aprilis #213-e brZanebuleba

26

Tanaxmad raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloSi, sadac aranakleb ori

mosamarTlea erTi ganixilavs sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs, xolo meore

- samoqalaqo da sxva kategoriis saqmeebs, xolo Tu am sasamarTloebSi

orze meti mosamarTlea SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mosamarTleTa ufro

viwro specializacia.

III. meore (saapelacio) instanciis sasamarTloebi

saqarTvelos organuli kanoniT saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“

saolqo sasamarTloSi iqmneba „samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis

saqmeTa palata„“ (me-20 muxli), romelic aris saapelacio sasamarTlo.

avtonomiuri respublikis umaRles sasamarTloSi aseve iqmneba

„samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palata“, romelic

agreTve warmoadgens saapelacio instanciis sasamarTlos. amis Sesaxeb

miTiTebulia „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ kanonis 21-e muxlis

pirvel nawilSi da 32-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi, romelTa Tanaxmad

saolqo sasamarTlosa da avtonomiuri respublikis umaRles

sasamarTlos zemod dasaxelebuli palatebi saqmeebs ganixilaven

saapelacio wesiT.

saolqo da avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sasamarTlos

palatebi saapelacio wesiT ganixilaven raionuli (saqalaqo)

sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebze Setanil saapelacio saCivrebs.

saolqo da avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sasamarTlos

palatebi, rogorc saapelacio sasamarTloebi, saqmeebs ganixilaven sami

profesiuli mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT. 2005 wlis 23 ivnisis kanoniT

ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT es sasamarTloebi TavianT

uflebamosilebas axorcieleben 1 noembramde. amis Semdeg unda Seiqmnas

saapelacio sasamarTloebi.

IV. mesame instanciis (sakasacio) sasamarTloebi

„saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb organuli kanonis me-2 muxlis

Tanaxmad, romelic gansazRvravs saerTo sasamarTloebis sistemas,

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo am sistemis erT-erTi rgolia.

„saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis me-7

muxlis Tanaxmad ki uzenaes sasamarTloSi iqmneba samoqalaqo, samewarmeo

da gakotrebis saqmeTa palata, romelic, amave kanonis me-9 muxlis

Tanaxmad „aris sakasacio instanciis sasamarTlo. uzenaesi sasamarTlos

palata saqmeebs ganixilavs sami mosamarTlis SemadegnlobiT.

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da

gakotrebis saqmeTa palata, rogorc sakasacio sasamarTlo sakasacio

wesiT ganixilavs saapelacio sasamarTloebis mier gamotanil

gadawyvetilebebze da ganCinebebze Semotanil sakasacio saCivrebs.

saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTloSi funqcionirebs agreTve didi

palata, romelic aris sakasacio sasamarTlo da Sedgeba 12

mosamarTlisagan. didma palatam saqmeebi SeiZleba ganixilos 9

mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT.

amasTan erTad, uzenaesi sasamarTlos did palatas saqme

gansaxilvelad SeiZleba gadasces mxolod uzenaesi sasamarTlos

27

sakasacio palatam, romelic ganixilavs saqmes sakasacio saCivris

sauZvelze. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb“ organuli

kanonis me-9 muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad saqmis ganmxilvelma

sakasacio palatam Tavisi motivirebuli ganCinebiT saqme gansaxilvelad

SeiZleba gadasces did palatas Semdeg SemTxvevebSi: „a) saqmis

ganxilvasa da gadawyvetas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs erTiani

sasamarTlo praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvis; b) saqmis sirTulidan

gamomdinare gadawyvetilebis miReba saWiroebs normis axlebur

ganmartebas; g) saqme Tavisi SinaarsiT warmoadgens iSviaT samarTlebriv

problemas“.

amrigad, sakasacio saCivris adresati ar SeiZleba iyos didi

palata, anu sakasacio saCivari ar SeiZleba daiweros didi palatis

saxelze. did palatas saqme SeiZleba gadasces gansaxilvelad

samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa sakasacio palatam,

romelsac unda ganexila sakasacio saCivari, magram zemod CamoTvlili

da kanoniT gansazRvruli safuZvlebis gamo mas saWirod miaCnia es

saCivari ganixilos didma palatam, ris Sesaxebac gamoaqvs motivirebuli

ganCineba.

aseTia mokled samoqalaqo saqmeebze marTlmsajulebis

ganmxorcielebel organoTa sistema, romelTa funqcionirebis principebis

Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT gveqneba saubari am naSromis momdevno TavebSi.

$3 BmosamarTle

saqarTvelos konstituciis 82-e muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad

„sasamarTlo xelisufleba damoukidebelia da mas axorcieleben mxolod

sasamarTloebi“. Tavis mxriv, sasamarTloebi, ufro zustad, saqarTvelos

sasamarTlo sistemis yvela rgoli - Sedgeba mosamarTleeebisagan,

romlebsac mindobili aqvT kanoniT dadgenili wesiT sasamarTlo

xelisuflebis ganxorcieleba.

am uniSvnelovanesi funqciis efeqtianad da warmatebulad

Sesrulebis mizniT mosamarTles waeyeneba garkveuli moTxovnebi.

kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrulia agreTve misi SerCevis, daniSvnisa da

Tanamdebobidan daTxovnis pirobebi da wesi.

I. moTxovnebi, romelic waeyeneba mosamarTles. pirveli da erT-

erTi ZiriTadi moTxovna, romelic waeyeneba mosamarTles - esaa

moqalaqeoba. mosamarTle SeiZleba iyos saqarTvelos moqalaqe, romelsac

Seusrulda 30 weli.

erT-erTi ZiriTadi moTxovna, romelic waeyeneba mosamarTles

mdgomareobs agreTve imaSi, rom mas unda hqondes umaRlesi iuridiuli

ganaTleba da specialobiT muSaobis sul cota 5 wlis gamocdileba

(saqarTvelos konstituciis 86-e muxli)

rogorc avRniSneT, aseTia saqarTvelos konstituciiT

mosamarTlisadmi wayenebuli ZiriTadi moTxovnebi. amasTan erTad,

mosamarTles waeyeneba sxva moTxovnebic, romlebic konstituciuri

moTxovnebidan gamomdinareoben da maT dakonkretebas warmoadgenen.

magaliTad, „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 46-e

muxlis Tanaxmad mosamarTle SeiZleba iyos saqarTvelos qmedunariani

28

moqalaqe, romelic garda konstituciiT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli

moTxovnebisa „flobs saxelmwifo enas da Cabarebuli aqvs

sakvalifikacio gamocda. mosamarTled ar SeiZleba gamwesdes

nasamarTlevi piri, agreTve piri, romelic ganTavisuflebuli iyo

mosamarTlis Tanamdebobidan kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli zogierTi

safuZvliT (46-e muxlis me-2 nawili).

II. mosamarTlis Tanamdebobis dakavebis wesi. mosamarTlis

kandidats, romelic pasuxobs aq CamoTvlil moTxovnebs da maT Soris

Cabarebuli aqvs sakvalifikacio gamocdebi, SeuZlia Seitanos gancxadeba

mosamarTlis vakanturi Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad. maTi Tanamdebobaze

wardgena xdeba konkursis wesiT. am konkursSi gamarjvebuli raionuli

(saqalaqo) sasamarTlosa da saolqo sasamarTlos mosamarTleebs niSnavs

saqarTvelos prezidenti saqarTvelos iusticiis sabWos wardginebiT

xolo avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriaze moqmedi raionuli

(saqalaqo) sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebs - saqarTvelos prezidenti,

saqarTvelos iusticiis sabWosa da avtonomiuri respublikis iusticiis

sabWos erToblivi wardginebiT.

rac Seexeba avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sasamarTlos

mosamarTleebs, maT irCevs avtonomiuri respublikis warmomadgenlobiTi

organo, avtonomiuri respublikis iusticiis sabWos wardginebiTa da

saqarTvelos prezidentis winaswari werilobiTi TanxmobiT.

gansxvavebulia saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTlis

Tanamdebobaze gamwesebis wesi. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos

Sesaxeb organuli kanonis me-20 muxlis Tanaxmad uzenaesi sasamarTlos

mosamarTle unda pasuxobdes yvela im moTxovnebs, romlebsac unda

pasuxobdes yvela sxva rgolis sasamarTlos mosamarTled dasaniSni

piri. amasTan erTad, saqarTvelos prezidenti uflebamosilia

mosamarTlis sakvalifikacio gamocdis Cabarebis gareSe uzenaesi

sasamarTlos mosamarTlis Tanamdebobaze asarCevad saqarTvelos

parlaments warudginos samarTlis gamoCenili specialistis

kandidatura. am gamocdisagan Tavisufldeba agreTve uzenaesi

sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebobaze asarCevad wardgenili piri.

amave organuli kanonis 21-e muxlis Tanaxmad uzenaesi sasamarTlos

Tavmjdomares da mosamarTleebs, irCevs saqarTvelos parlamenti

saqarTvelos prezidentis wardginebiT.

zemoT Cven ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb aris, Tu ara mosamarTleTa

SerCevis, daniSvnisa da arCevis saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT

damkvidrebuli wesi optimaluri da pasuxobs Tu ara es wesi

Tanamedrove moTxovnebs.(ix. gv.... )

damatebiT aq SeiZleba mokled iTqvas Semdegi:

evropaSi Cven ver SevxvdebiT or iseT qveyanasac ki, sadac

erTnairad xdebodes mosamarTlis Tanamdebobis dakaveba. amis Sesaxeb

pirdapiraa miTiTebuli evrosabWos ministrTa komitetis mier 1994

wlis 13 oqtombers miRebul rekomendaciebSi, romlis Tanaxmad

„evrosabWos bevr qveyanaSi SemoRebulia sistema, romelic iTvaliswinebs

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis formirebaSi mTavrobis, parlamentis an

saxelmwifo meTauris monawileobas. rekomendacia ar moiTxovs

dadgenili sistemebis Secvlas, Tu ki isini aTeuli wlebis an

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi moqmedebdnen da pozitiur gamocdilebas

29

qmnidnen. magram im qveynebSi, sadac mosamarTleebi oficialurad

iniSnebian aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier, aucileblad aris

miCneuli raime iseTi sistemis SemoReba, romelic uzrunvelyofs, rom

mosamarTleTa daniSvnis procedura gamWirvale da praqtikulad

damoukidebeli iyos. zogierT qveyanaSi es garantirebulia specialuri,

damoukidebeli da kompetenturi organos SeqmniT, romelic rCevas

aZlevs mTavrobas, parlaments an saxelmwifo meTaurs, romelsac

rogorc wesi iTvaliswineben. es garantirebulia agreTve mosamarTleobis

kandidatisaTvis gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobis micemiT. sxva qveynebi

irCeven sistemas, romelic gulisxmobs farTo konsultaciebs

sasamarTlo xelisuflebasTan Tumca oficialur gadawyvetilebas

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba iRebs“.11

evrosabWos mier damkvidrebul mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis

principebis Tanaxmad, iq sadac konstitucia, sxva kanonmdebloba, anda

samarTlebrivi tradiciebi saSualebas iZleva mosamarTle iniSnebodes

aRmasrulebli xelisuflebis mier, imis garantia mainc unda arsebobdes,

rom daniSvnis procedura gamWirvale da praqtikulad damoukidebeli

iyos da rom arCevanze araferi axdendes gavlenas garda obieqturi

kriteriumebisa“.12

rogorc ukve avRniSneT saqarTveloSi iseT organod, romelsac

evaleba winadadebebis SemuSaveba mosamarTleTa kandidatebis SerCevis,

wardgenis, mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobidan ganTavisuflebis,

sakvalifikacio gamocdebis organizebisa da sxva amocanebis

gansaxorcieleblad - gvevlineba iusticiis sabWo, romelic saqarTvelos

prezidentis saTaTbiro organoa.

kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrulia agreTve obieqturi kriteriumebi,

romelTa mxedvelobaSi miRebiT warmoebs mosamarTleobis kandidatebis

SerCeva. es kriteriumebia sakvalifikacio gamocdis Sedegebi, kandidatis

saqmiani da moraluri reputacia, profesiuli muSaobis gamocdileba da

fizikuri mdgomareoba, („saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli

kanonis 47-e muxlis me-4 naw.).

mosamarTlis damoukideblobis mniSvnelovan garantias warmoadgens

misi Tanamdebobidan vadamde gaTavisuflebis an misi sxva samuSaoze

gadayvanis dauSvebloba. saqarTvelos konstituciis 84-e muxlis me-2

nawilis Tanaxmad „mosamarTlis Camocileba saqmis ganxilvisagan,

Tanamdebobidan misi vadamde gaTavisufleba an sxva Tanamdebobaze

gadayvana daiSveba mxolod kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi“.

konstituciis am muxliT damkvidrebuli danawesis dakonkretebis mizniT,

„saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis 54-e muxli Seicavs

mosamarTlis Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebis safuZvlebis amomwurav

CamonaTvals. mxolod am safuZvlebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba

mosamarTlis Tanamdebobidan gaTavisufleba. am kanoniT gansazRvrulia

agreTve safuZvlebi, romelTa arsebobis SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia

mosamarTlis sxva sasamarTlo Tanamdebobaze gamweseba, an misi

Camocileba saqmis ganxilvisagan (54-55-e muxlebi).13

11 ix. „mosamarTle da marTlmsajuleba: evropuli standartebi“ Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 21 12 ix. dasaxelebuli wignis gv. 11 13„ mosamarTleTa statusis evropuli qartiis“ me-3.4 punqtis Tanaxmad „dauSvebelia sasamarTloSi

gamwesebuli mosamarTle, misi Tanxmobis, misi Tavisufali nebis gareSe daniSnuli an gadayvanili iqnes

sxva sasamarTloSi dawinaurebis gziTac ki (xazgasma Cvenia - T.l). am principidan gamonaklisi

30

mosamarTlis statusisa da misi damoukideblobis mniSvnelovan

garantias warmoadgens „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli

kanonis 52-e muxliT damkvidrebuli mosamarTlis xelSeuxeblobis

principi. am muxlis Tanaxmad mosamarTle xelSeuxebelia. dauSvebelia

misi sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micema, dakaveba an dapatimreba,

misi binis, manqanis, samuSao adgilis an piradi gaCxreka saqarTvelos

uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris Tanxmobis gareSe, xolo uzenaesi

sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarisa da mosamarTleTa - saqarTvelos

parlamentis Tanxmobis gareSe. gamonaklisia danaSaulze waswrebis

SemTxveva, rac dauyonebliv unda ecnobos Sesabamisad saqarTvelos

uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomares an saqarTvelos parlaments. Tu

isini ar miscemen Tanxmobas, dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli mosamarTle

dauyonebliv unda ganTavisufldes. saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs

mosamarTlisa da misi ojaxis usafrTxoebas.

$4. mosamarTlis aparati

I. mosamarTlis TanaSemwe

evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis 1994 wlis 13 oqtombris

zemod dasaxelebuli rekomendaciis III principis Tanaxmad saTanado

samuSao pirobebis SeqmniT mosamarTleebs saSualeba unda mieceT imuSaon

efeqtianad. amisaTvis SemoTavazebulia ramdenime RonisZieba, romelTa

Soris dasaxelebulia mosamarTlis Sesaferisi damxmare StatiTa da

aRWurvilobiT uzrunvelyofa. am principis komentatorebi aRniSnaven,

rom „mosamarTleebs SesaZlebloba eqnebaT ufro efeqtianad imuSaon da

droulad warmarTon saqmeebi, Tu sasamarTloSi uzrunvelyofilia

Sesaferisi damxmare Stati da aRWurviloba“,14

swored am mosazrebisa da rekomendaciis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad

SemoRebuli iqna mosamarTlis TanaSemwis Stati.

„saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis 73-e muxlis

me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad „mosamarTlis TanaSemwed SeiZleba dainiSnos piri,

romelsac aqvs umaRlesi iuridiuli ganaTleba da rogorc wesi

gavlili aqvs samTviani saswavlo kursi samosamarTlo swavlebis

centrSi, an aqvs mosamarTled, prokurorad, gamomZieblad, agreTve

advokatad muSaobis erTi wlis gamocdileba, anda saqarTvelos uzenaesi

sasamarTlos, afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis

umaRlesi sasamarTloebis, Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos konsultantad

muSaobis aranakleb erTi wlis gamocdileba, agreTve piri romelsac

Cabarebuli aqvs mosamarTlis sakvalifikacio gamocda“.

mosamarTlis TanaSemwes Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da Tanamdebobidan

anTavisuflebs sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare. misi funqciebi gansazRvrulia

saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb kanoniT, agreTve saqarTvelos

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT, agreTve sxva normatiuli aqtebiT.

organuli kanonis 73-e muxlis Tanaxmad „mosamarTlis TanaSemwe

iRebs moqalaqeebs, maT gancxadebebs, amzadebs saqmeebs sasamarTlo

daSvebulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gadayvana dadgenilia disciplinuri sanqciiT, gamowveulia kanonis

safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli sasamarTlo sistemis cvlilebiT, anda ukavSirdeba mezobeli

sasamarTlos daxmarebis aucileblobas“. 14 dasaxelebuli wignis gv. 13 da 25

31

sxdomis gansaxilvelad, mosamarTlis davalebiT asrulebs saqmis

ganxilvasTan dakavSirebul sxva movaleobebs“.

mniSvnelovani funqciebis Sesruleba ekisrebaT maT sasamarTloebis

organizaciuli muSaobisa da saqmis warmoebis wesebis Sesaxeb

debulebiT.15 am debulebis me-20 muxlis Tanaxmad mosamarTlis

TanaSemwe mosamarTlis davalebiT amzadebs sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa

proeqtebs, uzrunvelyofs nivTier mtkicebulebaTa dacva-Senaxvas,

amzadebs saproceso dokumentebis aslebs da gadascems maT

samarTalwarmoebis monawileebs, awvdis mosamarTleebs saWiro

literaturas da masalebs, sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb gamotanili

ganCinebis asls gadascems dainteresebul mxares da a.S. (ix. am

debulebis 19-21-e muxlebi).

aRniSnuli debulebis mixedviT, mosamarTlis TanaSemwem Tu mas

daevaleba saqmis winaswari momzadeba ssk me-200 muxlis Sesabamisad,

unda Seasrulos iseTi saproceso moqmedebebi, romlebic saqmis

momzadebisaTvisaa saWiro da aucilebeli. magaliTad, TanaSemwem,

romelsac daevala saqmis momzadeba, SeiZleba Seadginos ganCineba

mopasuxisaTvis sarCelis aslisa da masze darTuli dokumentebis

gadagzavnis Sesaxeb, dauniSnos mas vada am sarCelze Tavisi werilobiTi

Sesageblis warmodgenis Sesaxeb, romelSic mopasuxem unda gasces pasuxi

yvela im sakiTxze, romlebic gansazRvrulia kanoniT (ssk 101-e muxli,

„debulebis“ 75-e muxli).

mas Semdeg, rac miRebuli iqneba mopasuxis werilobiTi Sesagebeli,

TanaSemwes SeuZlia Seadginos ganCineba mopasuxis Sesageblis

mosarCelisaTvis gadagzavnis Sesaxeb. mas SeuZlia daavalos mxareebs

Seavson, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ganmarton maT mier warmodgenili

werilobiTi masalebi.

Tu TanaSemwis mosazrebiT arsebobs ssk 205-e muxliT

gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi mas SeuZlia daniSnos mosamzadebeli sxdoma,

romelic SeiZleba Caataros mosamarTlem, magram misi davalebiT igi

SeiZleba Caataros uSvalod TanaSemwemac. mosamzadebeli sxdoma xom

saqmis momzadebis mizniT ganxorcielebuli moqmedebaa da, maSasadame,

Sedis momzadebis cnebis SinaarsSi. aqedan gamomdinare, TanaSemwes unda

SeeZlos Seasrulos yvela saWiro saproceso moqmedeba da maT Soris

moarigos mxareebi da miiRos ganCineba am morigebis damtkicebisa da

saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, an kidev, Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba,

Tu mosarCelem uari Tqva sarCelze, xolo Tu mopasuxem cno sarCeli -

gamoitanos gadawyvetileba sarCelis dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb.

TanaSemwe marTlac did daxmarebas gauwevs sasamarTlos, Tu igi

momzadebis stadiaze samarTlebriv Sefasebas miscems im faqtiur

garemoebebs, romlebzec mosarCele amyarebs Tavis sasarCelo moTxovnas

da mopasuxe - Tavis Sesagebels. mas unda mieces agreTve SesaZlebloba

Seadginos am saqmeze gadawyvetilebis proeqti, romelsac cxadia,

gaecnoba mosamarTle. TanaSemwem, romelsac mindobili aqvs saqmis

momzadeba, ssk 103-e muxlis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba winadadeba misces

mxareebs warmoadginon damatebiTi mtkicebulebebi, gamoiTxovos mxareTa

SuamdgomlobiT, es mtkicebulebebi sxvadasxva fizikuri Tu iuridiuli

pirebisagan, Tu mxareebma es TviTon ver moaxerxes, gadawyvitos

15 normatiuli aqtebi saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb. Tb. 2002. gv. 218.

32

specialistis mowvevis sakiTxi, eqspertis daniSvnis sakiTxi,

gansazRvros mxareebTan erTad im sakiTxTa wre, romlebic unda

ganmartos eqspertma da a.S.

TanaSemwes marTlac didi daxmarebis gaweva SeuZlia

mosamarTlisaTvis, Tu igi gamonTavisufldeba sxva iseTi davalebebis

Sesrulebisagan, romlebic warmatebiT SeZliaT Seasrulon sasamarTlo

aparatis nebismier TanamSromels da ar moiTxovs umaRles iuridiul

ganaTlebas.

TanaSemwis saqmianobis momwesrigebeli normebi gabneulia sxvadasxva

kanonebSi da qvekanonur aqtebSi. TanaSemwis Tanamdeboba Tavidanve iqna

SemoRebuli im mizniT, raTa daexmaros mosamarTles saqmis sasamarTlo

ganxilvisaTvis winaswari momzadebisa da misi droulad da arsebiTad

sworad gadawyvetaSi, am saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetilebis faqtobrivi

da samarTlebrivi dasabuTebulobis uzrunvelyofaSi - mizanSewonilad

unda CaiTvalos TanaSemwis Sesaxeb erTiani kanonis miReba, romelic

gansazRvravs TanaSemwis saqmianobis yvela ZiriTad mimarTulebas, mis

amocanebs da saqmianobis wess.

II. sxdomis mdivani

rogorc avRniSneT, mosamarTlis aparati Sedgeba mosamarTlis

TanaSemwisa da sxdomis mdivnisagan.

ssk 287-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos TiToeuli sxdomis

Sesaxeb, agreTve sxdomis gareSe Sesrulebuli TiToeuli saproceso

moqmedebis Sesaxeb, romlebSic monawileoben mxareebi, maTi

warmomadgenlebi, mowmeebi, eqspertebi, specialistebi - oqmis Sedgena

savaldebuloa.

amave kodeqsis 289-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad „oqms

adgens mdivani TviT sasamarTlo sxdomaze an sxdomis gareSe calkeuli

saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis dros“. oqms xels awers mosamarTle

da mdivani.

garda oqmis Sedgenisa, sasamarTlo sxdomis mdivans evaleba

Seamowmos mxareebisa da saqmeSi monawile sxva pirTa gamocxadeba,

CabardaT Tu ara gamoucxadebel pirebs uwyebebi kanoniT dadgenili

wesiT da ra cnobebi arsebobs maTi gamoucxadeblobis mizezebis Sesaxeb.

yovelive amis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo sxdomis mdivanma unda moaxsenos

sasamarTlos.

sasamarTlo sxdomis mdivns ekisreba agreTve movaleoba sworad

asaxos oqmSi sasamarTlos (mosamarTlis) calkeuli moqmedeba, agreTve

sxdomis monawileTa moqmedebebis Sinaarsi, maTi gancxadebebi,

Suamdgomlobebi, Cvenebebi, axsna-ganmartebani. daafiqsiros oqmSi

procesSi monawileTa rogorc SekiTxva, ise am SekiTxvaze pasuxi.

sasamarTlo sxdomis mdivans evaleba qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT

Caakeros saqmeSi sacnobaro furceli, ganCinebebi, mimoweris masalebi da

a.S. yvela werilobiTi masala, romlebic gamoegzavna mosamarTles an

TanaSemwes, mas Semdeg rac gaecnoba adresati, unda gadaeces mdivans

saqmeSi Casakereblad.16

16 dawvrilebiT ix. „debuleba“ sasamarTloebSi organizaciuli muSaobisa da saqmis warmoebis wesis

Sesaxeb (Tavi VIII). „normatiuli aqtebi saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“. Tb. 2002, gv. 229.

33

sasamarTlo sxdomis mdivans, „debulebis“ 23-e muxlis „d“ punqtis

Tanaxmad ufleba aqvs oqmis momzadebisas gamoiyenos magnitofoni,

kompiuteri an sxva teqnikuri saSualebebi, romelTa Canawerebi oqms Tan

erTvis. es Canawerebi „gadatanili unda iqnes oqmSi“.

sasamarTlos aparati. „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli

kanonis 72-e muxlis Tanaxmad marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis,

sasamarTlo praqtikis Seswavlisa da ganzogadebis, sasamarTlo

statistikis analizis, agreTve sasamarTlos sxva saqmianobis

uzrunvelyofis mizniT saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebSi moqmedeben

sasamarTlo aparatebi.

imis mixedviT, Tu sasamarTlo sistemis romeli rgolis aparatzea

saubari, am aparatis struqtura da Semadgenloba sxvadasxvanairia (ix.

„debulebis“ me-7-8-e muxlebi).

sasamarTlo aparatis TanamSromlebi arian saxelmwifo

mosamsaxureebi da maTze vrceldeba Sesabamisi kanonmdebloba.

$5. advokati

ssk 93-e muxlis Tanaxmad mxareebs SeuZliaT saqme awarmoon

sasamarTloSi piradad an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT. saqmis warmoeba

warmomadgenlis meSveobiT ar arTmevs uflebas mxareebs TviTonac

piradad miiRon monawileoba saqmeSi.

warmomadgenlad sasamarTloSi SeiZleba gamovides advokati.

„advokatTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad saadvokato

saqmianobas axorcielebs advokati. am kanonis pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad

advokati aris Tavisufali profesiis piri, romelic emorCileba mxolod

kanonsa da profesiuli eTikis normebs da Seyvanilia saqarTvelos

advokatTa erTian siaSi.

amrigad, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar icnobs advokatis

savaldebulo monawileobas anu e.w. advokatis process: mxares SeuZlia

nebismier sasamarTlo instanciaSi TviTon piradad awarmoos saqme, an

kidev, procesis nebismier stadiaze da nebismier instanciaSi aiyvanos

warmomadgeneli (advokati) an kidev, monawileoba miiRos advokatTan

(warmomadgenelTan) erTad saqmis ganxilvaSi.

advokats waeyeneba garkveuli moTxovnebi, romelTa Soris

aRsaniSnavia Semdegi: (a) advokati SeiZleba iyos fizikuri piri (b)

romelsac gavlili aqvs advokatTa testireba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT,

(g) dadebuli aqvs advokatis fici da (d) aqvs iuristad an advokatis

staJiorad muSaobis aranakleb 1 wlis Sromis staJi.

advokati mowodebulia iuridiuli rCeva-darigeba misces pirs,

romelmac mas daxmarebisaTvis mimarTa, gamovides sasamarTloSi mxaris

warmomadgenlad da awarmoos saqme. samoqalaqo procesSi misi

monawileobis safuZvlebsa da ZiriTad principebs gansazRvravs „kanoni

advokatTa Sesaxeb“ da saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi.

$6. sasamarTlo aRmasrulebeli

34

saqarTvelos konstitucia Seicavs mniSvnelovan debulebas imis

Sesaxeb, rom „sasamarTlos aqtebi savaldebuloa yvela saxelmwifo

organosa da pirisaTvis qveynis mTel teritoriaze“.

konstituciis es debuleba dakonkretebulia „saerTo

sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb organuli kanonis me-4 muxliT, romlis Tanaxmad

sasamarTlo aqtebi, agreTve Tavisi uflebamosilebis gansaxorcieleblad

sasamarTlos moTxovna da gankarguleba, savaldebuloa saqarTvelos

mTel teritoriaze yvela fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piris, saxelmwifo

da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organosaTvis. sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebis Seusrulebloba iwvevs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul

pasuxismgeblobas.

kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis wessa da

pirobebs gansazRvravs samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi da saqarTvelos

kanoni „saaRsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb“.

rac Seexeba sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels, mis samarTlebriv

mdgomareobas gansazRvravs „kanoni saaRsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb“.

am kanonis Tanaxmad aRmasruleblis Tanamdeboba konkursis wesiT

SeiZleba daikavos iuridiuli ganaTlebis mqone saqarTvelos moqalaqem,

romelic gamocdas Caabarebs saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros

sakvalifikacio sagamocdo komisias.

sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da

Tanamdebobidan aTavisuflebs saaRsrulebo samsaxuris ufrosi.

Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisas mas eZleva samsaxurebrivi mowmoba da

ganesazRvreba samoqmedo teritoria.

aRmasruleblis statuss anu mis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas

mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs „saaRsrulebo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis

me-17 muxli, romlis Tanaxmad „samsaxurebrivi movaleobis

SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli sasamarTlo aRmasruleblis moTxovnebi

savaldebuloa yvela fizikuri da iuridiuli pirisaTvis, miuxedavad

maTi daqvemdebarebisa da organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formisa“.

saaRsrulebo moqmedebaTa Sesrulebis mizniT sasamarTlo

aRmasrulebels ufleba aqvs Sevides movalis binaSi, daaTvalieros yvela

saTavso da, saerTod, movalis qoneba. Tu movale ar dauSvebs

sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels ganaxorcielos misTvis kanoniT miniWebuli

uflebamosileba sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels SeuZlia moiwvios policia.

„saaRsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni Seicavs

sasamarTlo aRmasruleblis Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis, misi Tanamdebobidan

ganTavisuflebis pirobebsa da safuZvlebs. es kanoni iTvaliswinebs

agreTve sxva garantiebs. magaliTad, samsaxurebrivi movaleobis

Sesrulebisas sasamarTlo aRmasruleblis daRupvis SemTxvevaSi mis

ojaxs saxelmwifo biujetidan eZleva erTdrouli kompensacia 10 wlis

xelfasis odenobiT, Tu aRmasrulebeli daiWra an dasaxiCrda

samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas, mas miecema kompensacia

biujetidan 1-dan 5 wlamde xelfasis odenobiT da a.S.

35

Tavi II

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis cneba

samoqalaqo saproceso urTierToba

I. sasamarTlo da samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali.

1. sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa regulirebis aucilebloba.

farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad adamianTa sazogadoebas ar

SeuZlia winsvla da ganviTareba qcevis garkveuli wesebis arsebobisa da

am wesebis ganuxrelad dacvis gareSe. marTlac, calkeul adamians,

xolo, aqedan gamomdinare, urTierTobebs am adamianebs Soris aqvT

sxvadasxva mizani da interesebi. bunebrivia, rom adamianTa qcevis

mowesrigebisa da am qcevis Sedegebis SeTanxmebulobis gareSe warmoiSoba

namdvili qaosi, Seiqmneba saocrad konfliqturi situacia da sruli

36

anarqia, xolo warmoSobili konfliqti yovelTvis fizikurad Zlieris

sasargeblod gadawydeba.

cxadia, aseT pirobebSi adamianTa sazogadoebas arseboba da

ganviTareba ar SeeuZlia. swored amitom, adamianebis qcevis regulirebis

aucilebloba warmoiSveba sazogadoebis adreul safexurze;

pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSic ki adamianebis qceva wesrigdeboda

adaTebiTa da xzne-CveulebebiT, xolo ganviTarebis ramdenadac ufro

maRal safexurs aRwevs sazogadoeba, imdenad ufro did mniSvnelobas

iZens am sazogadoebis wevrTa saqmianobis mowerigeba.

normebi, romlebic aregulireben adamianebis qcevas, adamianebs

Soris urTierTobebs, warmoadgenen socialur normebs. socialuri

normebis erT-erT saxes warmoadgenen samarTlebrivi normebi.

2. uflebis dacvis aucilebloba. sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis

regulirebisaTvis samarTali iyenebs sxvadasxva xerxebsa da saSualebebs.

erT-erTi aseTi saSualebaa fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis

garkveuli uflebebis miniWeba da maTze garkveuli movaleobebis

dakisreba. magram, zogjer movaleoba ar sruldeba da ufleba irRveva, an

mis ganxorcielebas vinme uqmnis iseT dabrkolebas, rom kanoniT

miniWebuli am sikeTiT sargebloba SeuZlebeli xdeba. aseT pirobebSi

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis monawileTa Soris warmoiSoba konfliqti

(dava), rac yovelTvis qmnis uflebis droebiT ganusazRvrelobas, sxva

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, aseT konfliqtur viTarebaSi movaleoba ar

sruldeba da ufleba ver xorcieldeba, samarTliT regulirebuli

urTierToba aRar viTardeba sasurveli mimarTulebiT, irRveva samarTlis

normebiT gansazRvruli wesrigi. bunebrivia, rom ramdenadac didxans

grZeldeba dava, imdenad ufro mZimea misi mavne Sedegebi. amitom, pirebs

Soris wamoWrili davis (konfliqtis) droulad da samarTlianad

gadawyvetiT dainteresebuli unda iyos aramarto mxareebi, aramed

saxelmwifoc.

3. sasamarTlos Seqmnis aucilebloba. sasamarTlos Seqmnis

aucilebloba istoriulad ganpirobebuli iyo marTlwesrigis

ganmtkicebisaTvis, samarTaldarRvevis aRmosafxvrelad, mxareTa Soris

wamoWrili konfliqtis gadasawyvetad.

farTodaa cnobili da aRiarebuli sasamarTlos mokle, magram

arsebiTad yovlis momcveli daxasiaTeba: sasamarTlo sazogadoebrivi

wesrigis sayrdenia. igi Seiqmna, da arsebobs imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyos

kanonis batnoba, daafuZnos samarTlianoba, daamyaros mSvidoba

sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris, ganumtkicos maT yovelgvari xelyofisagan

dacvisa da piradi Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis rwmena. aseTi rwmenis

gareSe ki gardauvalia RirebulebaTa sruli gaufasiureba, sazogadoebis

TandaTanobiTi, magram SeuCerebeli svla zneobrivi gadagvarebisaken,

ekonomikuri cxovrebis moSla.

magram, am miznebis realizaciisaTvis sasamarTlos mxolod Seqmna

da misi gamocxadeba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ganmxorcielebel

organod, cxadia ar kmara. amasTan erTad, aucilebelia, rom saxelmwifom

aRWurvos sasamarTlo organizaciulad da funqcionalurad iseTi

samarTlebrivi meqanizmebiT da saSualebebiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofen

mis efeqtian da warmatebul saqmianobas.

37

samarTlebrivi normebis erTobliobas, romlebic gansazRvraven

sasamarTloSi samoqalaqo saqmeTa warmoebis principebsa da wesebs -

uwodeben samoqalaqo saproceso samarTals.

II. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali da misi amocana

saqarTelos konstituciis me-5 muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad

„saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba xelisuflebis danawilebis

principze dayrdnobiT“. konstituciis am debulebis Sesabamisad 82-e

muxlis me-3 punqti amkvidrebs princips, romlis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlo

xelisufleba damoukidebelia da mas axorcieleben mxolod

sasamarTloebi“.

amrigad, sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gverdiT,

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ganmxorcielebel erTad-erT organod

gvevlineba sasamarTlo, kerZod, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo da saerTo

sasamarTlo.

amasTan erTad, saerTo sasamarTloebi sasamarTlo xelisuflebas

axorcieleben marTlmsajulebis formiT. Tavis mxriv, marTlmsajulebis

formas, anu samoqalaqo saqmeTa sasamarTloSi ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis

formas gansazRvravs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali.

ra aris samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali?

amis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve iTqva. aq damatebiT SeiZleba avRniSnoT

Semdegi:P

imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria regulirebis sagani, anu imis mixedviT,

Tu ras aregulirebs normebis esa Tu is erToblioba, samarTali iyofa

samarTlis calkeul dargebad. samarTlis erT-erTi damoukidebeli

dargia samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali. amitom mas axasiaTebs is niSan-

Tviseba, romelic axasiaTebs samarTals saerTod. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu

samarTals ganvsazRvravT rogorc saxelmwifos mier dadgenil da

Sesasruleblad savaldebulo normebis (qcevis wesebis) erTobliobas,

maSin samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalic unda ganvsazRvroT rogorc

normebis erToblioba, romelic aregulirebs sasamarTloSi saqmis

ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT warmoSobil uTrierTobebs.

amasTan erTad, SeiZleba SemovifargloT samoqalaqo saproceso

samarTlis iseTi konkretuli ganmartebiT, romelic uSvalod da ufro

naTlad gamoxatavs mis funqcias. am TvalsazrisiT samoqalaqo saproceso

samarTali - esaa normaTa erToblioba, romelic gansazRvravs samoqalaqo

saqmeebis warmoebis wesebs sasamarTloSi.

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis aseTi ganmarteba mTlianad

Seesabameba da gamomdinareobs ssk-is pirveli muxlidan, romlis Tanaxmad

„saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebi samoqalaqo saqmeebs ganixilaven am

kodeqsiT dadgenili wesebis mixedviT“.

farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad samoqalaqo

saproceso samarTali, romelic aregulirebs saxelmwifo organos -

sasamarTlos saqmianobas, mis mier samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilvis wesebs,

ganekuTvneba sajaro samarTlis sferos.17

17 magaliTad, rusul, germanul, avstriul samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis TeoriaSi gabatonebuli

Sexedulebis Tanaxmad samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali aris sajaro samarTlis dargi. ix.И. Е. Энгелъманъ. Курс гражданского судопроизводства. 1912 г. стр . 12. W.Kallwass. Privatrecht Koln 1996, s 17 O.jauernig. Zivilprozessesrecht. 25 Auflage, 2003, s. 7.

38

aq garkveuli gaugebrobis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes erTi garemoeba:

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali awesrigebs samoqalaqo da sxva kerZo

samarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan warmoSobili davebis (saqmeebis)

ganxilvas sasamarTloSi. amitom, ratom unda mivakuTvnoT sajaro

samarTals is, rac emsaxureba kerZo samarTliT miniWebuli uflebebis

dacvas?

kiTxva savsebiT kanonzomieria. magram am kiTxvaze SeiZleba ase

vupasuxoT:

calkeul fizikur Tu iuridiul pirTa uflebis darRveva an am

uflebiT sargeblobisaTvis dabrkolebis Seqmna iwvevs uflebis dacvis

aucileblobas. Tavis mxriv, uflebis darRveviT irRveva marTlwesrigi -

samarTliT regulirebuli urTierToba aRar viTardeba sasurveli

mimarTulebiT. es ki seriozul safrTxes uqmnis samoqalaqo -

samarTlebriv wyobas, sazogadoebriv marTlwesrigs. TavisTavad cxadia,

rom saxelmwifo, romelic dainteresebulia marTlwesrigis SenarCunebiT,

samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi wyobis simtkiciT, ver miandobs Tavisi

moqalaqeebis Tu iuridiuli pirebis samarTlebrivi davebis ganxilva-

gadawyvetis saqmes mxolod kerZo samediatoro sasamarTloebs,

miuxedavad imisa, rom es davebi kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan

arian warmoSobili. amitom, saxelmwifo qmnis sasamarTlos, romelsac

mindobili aqvs xelisuflebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi ganStoebis -

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis gatareba. amasTan erTad, yoveli saxelmwifo

cdilobs aRWurvos sasamarTlo iseTi samarTlebrivi meqanizmebiT Tu

saSualebebiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofen mis winaSe mdgari amocanebis

gadaWras.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna:

calkeul pirTa Soris wamoWrili samarTlebrivi davis gadawyvetiT maTi

darRveuli uflebebis dacviT (individualuri interesebis dacva)

saxelmwifo icavs sazogadoebriv marTlwesrigs, emsaxureba

samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis interesebs, amyarebs mSvidobas

sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris da qmnis uflebis yovelgvari xelyofisagan

dacvisa da piradi Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis rwmenas (sajaro

interesebis dacva).

swored am garemoebebiTaa ganpirobebuli samoqalaqo saproceso

samarTlis miznebi da amocanebi: man unda daamkvidros samaTalwarmoebis

iseTi principebi da wesebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen rogorc

individualuri interesebis, anu konkretul pirTa Soris wamoWrili

samarTlebrivi davis dacvasa da gadawyvetas, ise sajaro interesebis,

anu samarTlebrivi mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvasa da aRdgenas.

am garemoebebiTaa ganpirobebuli agreTve sasamarTloSi saqmeTa

ganxilvis momwesrigebeli normebis - samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis

sajaro samarTlebrivi xasiaTi, rac arsebiTad ganasxvavebs mas im

normebisagan, romlebic kerZo arbitraJis anu samediatoro sasamarTlos

saqmianobas awesrigeben, romlebic kerZo samarTals ganekuTvnebian.

amasTan erTad unda aRiniSnos da es metad mniSvnelovania:

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali mxedvelobaSi iRebs da srulad uwevs

angariSs kerZo samarTlis fundamentur principebs da debulebebs.

magaliTad, mxareebs samoqalaqo procesSi ufleba aqvT mimarTon

sasamarTlos magram SeuZliaT ar mimarTon mas, anu iTminon TavianTi

uflebis darRveva, isini TviTon gansazRvraven davis sagans, SeuZliaT

39

uari Tqvan ukve aRZrul sarCelze, mopasuxes SeeuZlia cnos sarCeli,

aRZras Segebebuli sarCeli, sasamarTlos ufleba ar aqvs gascildes

sasarCelo moTxovnis farglebs, mxareebs SeuZliaT Secvalon sarCeli,

gaadidon an Seamciron TavianTi moTxovnis farglebi da a.S.

magram, yovelive es, rac ganpirobebulia samoqalaqo Tu kerZo

samarTlis sxva romelime dargis principebiT, ver gaaqarwyleben

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis sajaro xasiaTs.

III. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis sagani da sistema

1. samarTlis ama Tu im dargis sagani aris is, rasac es dargi

aregulirebs. magaliTad saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis pirveli

muxlis Tanaxmad „es kodeqsi awesrigebs pirTa Tanasworobaze

damyarebul kerZo xasiaTis qonebriv, saojaxo da pirad urTierTobebs“.

rogorc vxedavT, samoqalaqo samarTlis, rogorc normaTa erTobliobis

regulirebis sagani yofila qonebrivi, saojaxo da piradi urTierTobebi.

igive iTqmis samarTlis sxva dargebzec, romlebsac regulirebis Tavisi

sagani aqvT.

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalsac regulirebis Tavisi sagani aqvs:

aseTi sagania samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobebi, romlebic

warmoiSveba sasamarTloSi samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilva - gadawyvetasTan

dakavSirebiT.18

2. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis sistema aris erTmaneTTan

Tanmimdevrulad dakavSirebuli normaTa erToblioba romelic

ganpirobebulia im urTierTobaTa TaviseburebebiT da xasiaTiT,

romlebsac es normebi aregulireben.

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis normebi dayofilia sam jgufad:

pirvel jgufSi Sedian iseTi normebi, romlebsac procesis yvela

stadiisaTvis aqvT mniSvneloba da maT ewodebaT zogadi debulebebi.

meore jgufSi Sedian iseTi normebi, romlebic awesrigeben saqmeebis

warmoebas pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebSi, mesame jgufSi Sedian

normebi, romlebic gansazRvraven sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaT

gasaCivrebis wesebs, kerZod saqmeebis warmoebas saapelacio da sakasacio

sasamarTloSi, agreTve kerZo saCivris dasaSvebobisa da ganxilvis wesebs.

amave nawilSi Sedis normebi, romlebic saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis

wesebs aregulireben.

am wignSi Cven ar vexebiT arc saaRsrulebo warmoebas da arc

uflebis dacvis sxva (arasasamarTlo) formebs, rogoricaa magaliTad,

kerZo arbitraJSi, anu samediatoro sasamarTloSi saqmeTa ganxilvis

wesebi. saqme isaa, rom saaRsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb miRebuli iqna

specialuri kanoni „saaRsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb“, romelic amoqmedda

1999 wlis 15 maisidan. am kanonis me-4 muxlis Tanaxmad „saaRsrulebo

samsaxuri warmoadgens saaRsrulebo dawesebulebas da Sedis

18 ise rogorc kanonmdebloba da misi gamoyenebis praqtika, Cvenc cnebas „samoqalaqo saqme“ farTo

gagebiT vxmarobT, romlebic aramarto sakuTriv samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan, aramed

samewarmeo, SromiTi da kerZo samarTlis sxva dargebiT mowesrigebuli urTierTobebidan warmoSobili

davebis ganxilvis gamoa aRZruli.

40

saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros mmarTvelobis sferoSi, rogorc

sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri.“19

rac Seexeba samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis arasasamarTlo formebs

(kerZo arbitraJi, notariati, samoqalaqo aqtebis registracia da sxva),

isini savsebiT gasagebi mizezebis gamo arsebiTad gansxvavdebian

sasamarTloSi saqmeTa warmoebis formebisagan. uflebis dacvis aseTi

formebi, cxadia, ar ganekuTvneba samoqalaqo saproceso samarTals.

IV. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis

urTierTdamokidebuleba samarTlis sxva dargebTan

1. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, rogorc samarTlis

damoukidebeli dargi, warmoadgens saqarTvelos samarTlis erTiani

sistemis organul nawils da, aqedan gamomdinare, mas ar SeiZleba ar

hqondes kavSiri da raime damokidebuleba am erTiani sistemis samarTlis

sxva dargebTan.

yvelaze ufro metad aseTi kavSiri da urTierTdamokidebuleba

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTals aqvs samoqalaqo materialur

samarTalTan, agreTve samarTlis im dargebTan, romlis mier

mowesrigebuli urTierTobidan warmoSobili davebi ganixileba

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT (samewarmeo,

SromiTi, sagakotrebo, nawilobriv, administraciuli saqmeebi).

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis arseboba warmoudgeneli da

SeuZlebelic ki aris im materialuri samarTlis gareSe, romlis mier

regulirebuli urTierTobidan warmoSobili davebis ganxilvis wesebs

gansazRvravs igi. amitom, damokidebuleba saproceso samarTalsa da

materialur samarTals Soris garkveulwilad aris formisa da

Sinaarsis damokidebuleba.

saqme isaa, rom Tu samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoeba, rogorc

materialur samarTlebrivi uflebis dacvis forma, emsaxureba am

uflebis dacvas, maSin es dasacavi materialuri ufleba yofila

saproceso formis Sinaarsi. Tavis mxriv, forma unda moergos Sinaarss.

es imas niSnavs, rom dacvis forma ise unda SemuSavdes, rom man

uzrunvelyos uflebis dacva.20

19 diskusia sakiTxze, ganekuTvneba Tu ara aRsruleba sasamarTlo warmoebis stadias gansakuTrebiT

farTod gaiSala ruseTSi mas Semdeg, rac miRebuli iqna calke kanonebi „saaRsrulebo warmoebis

Sesaxeb“ da „sasamarTlo pristavebis Sesaxeb“ (ix.Настольная книга судебного пристава - исполнителя, Справочно - методическое пособие. М. 2000, стр. 82. germanul samoqalaqo saproceso literaturaSi farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad

saaRsrulebo warmoeba warmoadgens warmoebis damoukidebel saxes da Seiswavleba saaRsrulebo

warmoebis mecnierebis mier. ix. А.Г.Давтян. Гражданское процесуальное право Германии. М.2000, стр.8. rogorc Cans, am garemoebiT SeiZleba aixsnas is, rom germaneli avtorebis mier daweril samoqalaqo

saproceso samarTlis saxelmZRvaneloebSi, zogierTi iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, saaRsrulebo

warmoeba ar ganixileba. yovelive es xels ar uSlis rogorc saasrulebo warmoebas, ise uflebis

dacvis arasasamarTlo (ara samoqalaqo saproceso). formebis ganxilvas wignSi, romelic eZRvneba

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTals, oRond imis aucilebeli aRniSvniT, rom saaRsrulebo warmoeba,

warmoebis damoukidebeli saxea, xolo uflebis dacvis arasasamarTlo formebi arsebiTad

gansxvavdebian sasamarTlo formebisagan. 20 iuridiul literaturaSi farTod ganixilaven saproceso formis sakiTxs da miuTiTeben erTi da

igive an erTgvarovani uflebebis dacvis gansxvavebul saproceso formebze, rogorc dadebiT da

savsebiT misaReb mdgomareobaze. amasTan erTad, aRiareben, rom uflebis dacvis samoqalaqo saproceso

(sasamarTlo) forma, yvela sxva formasTan SedarebiT (rogoricaa samediatoro, kerZo saarbitraJo da

sxva arasasamarTlo formebi), uzrunvelyofs uflebis ukeT dacvas. es sworia, magram aqedan

gamomdinareobs logikuri daskvna, rasac samwuxarod ar akeTeben: Tu uflebis dacvis yvela sxva

41

amrigad, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali arsebobs imisaTvis, rom

moemsaxuros materialuri samarTlis dargebs, uzrunvelyos

sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa warmarTva im mimarTulebiT, rac

materialuri samarTliTaa gansazRvruli, Tu es urTierTobebi ratomRac

aRar viTardeba materialuri samarTliT dasaxuli gziT.21

2. ise, rogorc yovelgvari forma saerTod, samoqalaqo saproceso

formac xasiaTdeba garkveuli elastiurobiTa da moqnilobiT, risi

wyalobiTac mas SeuZlia moemsaxuros sxvadasxva Sinaarss, amiT SeiZleba

aixsnas is garemoeba, rom administraciul samarTlebrivi

urTierTobebidan warmoSobili davebis ganxilvisas, garda

administraciul saproceso kodeqsiT dadgenili wesebisa, gamoiyeneba

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mTeli rigi normebi da principebi.

3. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTals samarTlis sxva dargebTanac

aqvs garkveuli kavSiri.

magaliTad, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali dakavSirebulia

sisxlis saproceso samarTalTan. es kavSiri maT Soris ganpirobebulia

imiT, rom orive awesrigebs sasamarTlos mier marTlmsajulebis

ganxorcielebis wesebs. amitom, samarTlis am or dargs bevri saerTo

instituti da principi aqvT, gansakuTrebiT mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebis,

Semowmebisa da Sefasebis sferoSi, rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom

faqtebis Semecnebis mecnierulad damuSavebuli da iuridiulad

ganmtkicebuli meTodebi ar SeiZleba gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan.

magram, gansxvaveba samoqalaqo da sisxlis saproceso samarTals Soris

mudam darCeba, radgan mudam darCeba gansxvaveba sisxlis samarTalsa da

samoqalaqo samarTals Soris, romlebiTac determinirebulia procesis

Sesabamisi dargebia.

V. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis wyaroebi

formasTan da organosTan SedarebiT saproceso (sasamarTlo) forma uflebis dacvis yvelaze met

garantias Seicavs, maSin yvela es „sxva formebi da organoebi“ unda gauqmdes da darCes mxolod is,

romelic ukeT uzrunvelyofs darRveuli uflebis dacvas, e.i. samoqalaqo saproceso forma.

uflebis dacvis arasasamarTlo formebi da organoebi (magaliTad, samediatoro sasamarTlo

anu kerZo arbitraJi SeiZleba SevinarCunoT da kidev ufro gavafarTovoT oRond erTi aucilebeli

pirobiT: Tu isini iarsebeben rogorc davis winaswari da arasabolaod gadawyvetis uflebamosilebiT,

xolo modave mxares yovelTvis eqneba SesaZlebloba mimarTos sasamarTlos mis mimarT gamotanili

gadawyvetilebis gadasasinjad.

dawvrilebiT ix. T.liluaSvili. „samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi normis gamoyenebisa da

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebulobis zogierTi sakiTxi (rusul enaze) krebuli :

„гражданско - правовая норма и формы ее применения“ изд-во „мецниереба“ 1982. стр. 116-117. 21 materialuri samarTlisa da saproceso samarTlis urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxs Seexen

cnobili germaneli procesualistebi l.rozenbergi, k.Svabi, p.goTvaldi, romlebic aRniSnaven, rom

samoqalaqo samarTali warmoSobs samarTlebriv urTierTobebs da iZleva SesaZleblobas SeiZino

uflebebi, magram arafers ar akeTebs maT gansaxorcieleblad da uzrunvelsayofad, samoqalaqo

saproceso samarTlis sagani, amis sapirispirod, aris samarTlebrivi dacvis forma. Rosenberg Schwart, Gottwald. Zivilprozessreeht. 15 auflago, München, 1993. s.5. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis samsaxurebriv rolze miuTiTebs agreTve volfgang grunski,

romlis mixedviT samoqalaqo procesi - esaa kanoniT gansazRvrul principebze dafuZnebuli warmoeba,

romelic emsaxureba kerZo uflebebis ganxorcielebas sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis saSualebiT da

amis garda samarTlebrivi mSvidobis dacvas da aRdgenas.

DDr. iur. Wolfgang Grunsky. Zivilprozessreoht. 2003, s.5.

42

samarTlis TeoriaSi ganasxvaveben samarTlis wyaros

sociologiuri gagebiT, romelSic esmiT realuri sinamdvilis faqtebi,

romelTa gavleniT yalibdeba samarTali da samarTlis wyaro iuridiuli

gagebiT, romelSic esmiT kanonmdebloba, iuridiuli samecniero

literatura, sasamarTlo praqtika.

samarTlis TeoriaSi samarTlis wyaros uwodeben agreve im

formebs, romlebSiac Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs samarTlebrivi

normebi.22 Tu samarTlis wyaros am viwro gagebiT vixelmZRvanelebT,

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis wyaroebi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT

rogorc iseTi formebi, romlebSiac gamoixateba samoqalaqo saproceso

normebi.

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis normebis gamoxatulebis

formebad ki gvevlineba normatiuli aqtebi, rogoricaa kanonebi,

dadgenilebebi, gankargulebebi da a.S. agreTve saerTaSoriso

xelSekrulebebi, romlebic Seicaven samoqalaqo saproceso normebs,

romlebiTac unda ixelmZRvanelon saerTo sasamarTloebma garkveuli

pirobebis arsebobisas.

yvela im normatiuli aqtis, Tu saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis

amomwuravi CamoTvla, romelSiac Tavis asaxvas poulobs an momavalSi

SeiZleba ipovos samoqalaqo saproceso normam, aramarto rTulia, aramed

praqtikulad moklebulia mniSvnelobas, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT

imasac, rom dro da dro es normatiuli aqtebi icvlebian an saerTod

uqmdebian.

aqedan gamomdinare, aq mizanSewonilia miuTiToT mxolod im

ZiriTad normatiul wyaroebze, romlebSic aisaxeba samoqalaqo

saproceso samarTlis Sinaarsis ganmsazuRreli normatiuli aqtebi.

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis wyaroebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad

davajgufoT:

1. saqarTvelos konstitucia. konstitucia saxelmwifos ZiriTadi

kanonia da, bunebrivia, igi warmoadgens kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebis

iuridiul bazas. saqarTvelos konstitucia amkvidrebs pricnips, romlis

Tanaxmad yovel adamians Tavis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad

SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos da rom yoveli piri unda gansajos im

sasamarTlom, romlis iurisdiqciasac eqvemdebareba misi saqme (42-e

muxli). konstituciiT ganmtkicebulia sasamarTlosa da mosamarTlis

damoukideblobis, agreTve samarTalwarmoebis zogierTi ZiriTadi

organizaciuli da funqionaluri principebi (82-e-92-e muxlebi). am

principebma Semdgomi ganviTareba da dakonkreteba ganicades sxva

sakanonmdeblod aqtebSi.

2. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis mniSvnelovani wyaroa

saqarTvelos organuli kanoni „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“. es

kanoni gansazRvravs saerTo sasamarTloebis sistemasa da organizacias,

agreTve mosamarTlis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas. saqarTvelos

konstituciis ZiriTadi debulebebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da

dakonkretebis safuZvelze „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli

kanoni Seicavs normebs, romlebic gansazRvraven samarTalwarmoebis

organizaciul-funqcionalur principebs.

22 giorgi xubua. samarTlis Teoria. Tb. 2004, gv. 130

43

3. saqarTvelos organuli kanoni „saqarTelos uzenaesi

sasamarTlos Sesaxeb“ samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis umniSvnelovanesi

wyaroa, romelic gansazRvravs uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier

marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis principebs, uzenaesi sasamarTlos

struqturas da uflebamosilebas da a.S.

4. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis erT-erTi, SeiZleba iTqvas,

yvelaze mniSvnelovani wyaroa „saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso

kodeqsi“. es kodeqsi aris kodificirebuli normatiuli aqti, romelic

detalurad gansazRvravs samarTalwarmoebis zogad principebs,

sasamarTlos uwyebriv qvemdebareobas da gansjadobas, procesis

monawileTa uflebaunarianobas da qmedunarianobas, sasamarTlo

mtkicebulebaTa gamoyenebis wesebs, saqmeTa warmoebas pirveli instanciis

sasamarTloSi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa gasaCivrebas da a.S.

5. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa

saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso kodeqsi, romelic gansazRvravs

saerTo sasamarTloebSi administraciul saqmeTa ganxilvisa da

gadawyvetis saproceso wesebs. swored administraciul saproceso

kodeqsiTaa damkvidrebuli wesi, romlis Tanaxmad „Tu am kodeqsiT sxva

ram araa dadgenili, administraciul samarTalwarmoebaSi gamoiyeneba

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis debulebebi“.


saqarTvelos kanoni „saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb“. am kanonis

calkeuli normebi, agreTve misi II Tavi (me-8-20-e muxlebi) da IX Tavi

(57-e-73-e muxlebi) mTlianad eZRvneba saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis

saerTaSoriso kompetencias da sxva saproceso wesebs, rodesac

saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebi ganixilaven saqmeebs ucxouri

elementiT, anu roca saqmeSi monawile erT-erTi mxare ucxo qveynis

moqalaqe an iuridiuli piria.


saqarTvelos kanoni gakotrebis Sesaxeb. gakotrebis saqmeebs

sasamarTloebi ganixilaven aramarto samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT

dadgenili wesiT, aramed gakotrebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT

dadgenili wesebiT, romlebic Camoyalibebulia gakotrebis saqmeTa

ganxilvis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT.

8. bolos, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom arc ise iSviaTad samoqalaqo

saproceso samarTlis wyarod gvevlineba materialur samarTlebrivi

kanoni; magaliTad, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi Seicavs iseT

normebs, romlebic saproceso samarTlebrivi xasiaTisaa. magaliTad,

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 624-e muxlis Tanaxmad sesxis xelSekrulebis

namdviloba ar SeiZleba dadgindes mxolod mowmeTa CvenebiT“. amave

kodeqsis 183-e muxlis Tanaxmad uZravi nivTis SesaZenad aucilebelia

sanotaro wesiT damowmebuli sabuTi da SemZenis registracia sajaro

reestrSi. es imas niSnavs, rom uZravi nivTis SeZenis faqtis

dadasturebisaTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes mxolod werilobiTi

mtkicebuleba. saproceso normebs Seicavs agreTve saqarTvelos kanoni

„mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ da sxva materialur samarTlebrivi kanonebi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu sxvadasxva sakanonmdeblo Tu normatiuli

aqtebiT dadgenili wesebi ar Seesabamebian an ewinaaRmdegebian samoqalaqo

saproceso kodeqsiT dadgenil wesebsa da principebs, maSin gamoiyeneba

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT dadgenili wesebi, radgan igi

44

warmoadgens specialur kanons, romelic awesrigebs samoqalaqo saqmeTa

ganxilvas sasamarTloSi.

VI. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis normis

moqmedeba droSi da sivrceSi

1. ssk pirveli muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad samoqalaqo saqmeebis

warmoeba xorcieldeba saproceso kanonmdeblobiT, romelic moqmedebs

saqmis ganxilvis, calkeul saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis, an

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis dros.

amrigad, ssk pirveli muxlis me-2 nawili gansazRvravs samoqalaqo

saproceso kodeqsis moqmedebas droSi. am muxliT damkvidrebulia

principi romlis Tanaxmad samoqalaqo saproceso kanons ukuqceviTi Zala

ar aqvs. es imas niSnavs, rom samoqalaqo saqmeebis warmoeba sasamarTloSi

xorcieldeba im saproceso kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, romelic moqmedebs

saqmis ganxilvis, calkeuli saproceso moqmedebis Tu gadawyvetilebaTa

aRsrulebis dros. igive principi damkvidrebulia samoqalaqo saproceso

kodeqsis gardamavali debulebebis 435-e muxliT.

sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT ramdenime magaliTi:

magaliTi 1: sarCeli miRebulia warmoebaSi mosamarTlis ganCinebiT

10 maiss. 15 maiss miRebuli iqna axali kanoni,

rormelic gansxvavebul pirobebs iTvaliswinebs

sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebisaTvis. am axal kanons ar

aqvs ukuqceviTi Zala. amitom, sarCeli unda darCes

warmoebaSi miRebulad, miuxedavad imisa, rom axali

kanoniT igi SeiZleba ar yofiliyo miRebuli

warmoebaSi.

magaliTi 2: saqmis momzadebis mizniT Sesrulebuli iqna mTeli

rigi saproceso moqmedebebi: mxarem warmoadgina

werilobiTi Sesagebeli, dainiSna eqspertiza, moxda

adgilze daTvaliereba da a.S.

amasobaSi miRebuli iqna axali kanoni, romelic

sxva TanmimdevrobiTa da sxva wesiT aregulirebs am

saproceso moqmedebaTa Sesrulebas. miuxedavad amisa,

ukve Sesrulebuli saproceso moqmedebebi iTvleba

Sesrulebulad, e.i. ver CaiTvleba kanonis darRveviT

Sesrulebulad. rac Seexeba sxva saproceso

moqmedebebs, romlebic jer ar Sesrulebula, isini

unda Sesruldes axali kanonis mixedviT, radgan

Zveli, romelic am axalma kanonma Secvala, aRar

arsebobs (gauqmebulia).

gacilebiT ufro rTulia sakiTxi, rodesac axali kanoniT icvleba

saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis vada. aseT SemTxvevebSi unda

vixelmZRvaneloT erTi kriteriumiT: auaresebs, Tu aumjobesebs axali

vadis dadgena im mxaris mdgomareobas, romelmac saproceso moqmedeba

unda Seasrulos da amis mixedviT gadavwyvitoT sakiTxi.

magaliTi 3. im dros rodesac mxares gadaeca sasamarTlos

motivirebuli gadawyvetileba misi gasaCivrebis vada

iyo erTi Tve, am vadis aTvla iwyeboda

gadawyvetilebis gadacemis momentidan. axalma

45

kanonma Secvala gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis

erTTviani vada 14 dRiT, magram ucvleli datova am

vadis aTvlis wesi, anu vadis aTvla kvlav iwyeba

gadawyvetilebis gadacemis momentidan. mxares unda

mieces ufleba Seasrulos saproceso moqmedeba, anu

gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba Zveli kanonis mixedviT,

anu erT TveSi misTvis gadawyvetilebis gadacemis

momentidan. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi axali kanonis

amoqmedebam SeiZleba gaauaresos misi mdgomareoba,

rac dauSvebelia.23

magaliTi 4. Zveli kanoniT gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis vada iyo

14 dRe am gadawvetilebis gadacemis momentidan.

gadawyvetilebis gadacemidan jer kidev ar iyo

gasuli 14 dRe, rodesac miRebuli iqna axali

kanoni, romlis mixedviT gasaCivrebis vada gaxda

erTi Tve. mxares unda mieces ufleba isargeblos

am erTTviani vadiT, Tumca vadis aTvla unda

daiwyos ara axali kanonis miRebidan, aramed

gadawyvetilebis gadacemidan. magram, Tu

gadawyvetilebis gadacemidan gavida 14 dRe, mxares

ki ar gausaCivrebia igi am vadaSi, xolo axali

kanoni, romelmac daawesa gadawyvetilebis

gasaCivrebis erTTviani vada, miRebul iqna

(amoqmedda) am 14 dRiani vadis gasvlis Semdeg

(vTqvaT me-16 dRes) mxares aRar unda mieces

ufleba gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba, radgan man

axali kanonis miRebamde dakarga saproceso

moqmedebis Sesrulebis ufleba, anu gadawyvetilebis

gasaCivrebis ufleba.

amrigad, sarCelis aRZvra moxda da saqmis warmoeba gaixsna axali

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonis amoqmedebamde, xolo Semdeg miRebul iqna

axali kanoni (kodeqsi), sasamarTlom unda gamoiyenos es axali kanoni,

damoukideblad imisa, saqmis warmoebis gaxsna - ganxilva daiwyo Zveli

kanonis moqmedebis pirobebSi.

aseT SemTxvevaSi Zveli kanonis pirobebSi Sesrulebuli yvela

saproceso moqmedeba iTvleba marTlzomierad Sesrulebulad da am

moqmedebis ganmeorebiT Sesruleba axali kanoniT dadgenili wesiT -

dauSvebelia. xolo, iseTi saproceso moqmedebebi, romlebic axali

kanonmdeblobis pirobebSi unda ganxorcieldes, Sesruldeba ara Zveli,

aramed am axali kanoniT dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad.

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-3 muxlis „J“ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad

saproceso kanonmdebloba, maT Soris, cxadia, samoqalaqo saproceso

kanonmdebloba, mxolod saqarTvelos umaRles saxelmwifo organoTa

gamgeblobas ganekuTvneba. es imas niSnavs, rom samoqalaqo saproceso

kanonmdeblobis moqmedeba sivrceSi vrceldeba saqarTvelos mTel

teritoriaze da saqarTvelos erTiani sasamarTlo sistemis yvela

23 sayovelTaod aRiarebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad axali samoqalaqo saproceso kanoni yovelTvis ufro

gonivrulad awesrigebs saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebas da, maSasadame, ukeT uzrunvelyofs uflebis

dacvas.

46

sasamarTlo da yvela mosamarTle valdebulia ixelmZRvanelos am

kanonmdeblobiT.

$2. samoqalaqo saproceso urTierToba

I. cneba

sasamarTloSi sarCeliT (gancxadebiT) mimarTvis, am sarCelis

warmoebaSi miRebisa da misi ganxilva-gadawyvetis procesSi warmoiSveba

samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobebi erTis mxriv - im pirebs Soris

romlebmac mimarTes sasamarTlos gancxadebiT (sarCeliT) agreTve,

romlebic monawileoben procesSi sxvadasxva statusiT da meore mxriv -

sasamarTlos Soris, romelmac miiRo sarCeli warmoebaSi da romelmac

unda ganixilos saqme. saqmis ganxilvaSi monawile pirebsa da

sasamarTlos warmoeSvebaT saproceso uflebebi da movaleobebi,

romlebic Seadgenen samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis Sinaarss.

samoqalaqo saproceso urTierToba - sazogadoebrivi urTierTobaa,

romelic samoqalaqo saproceso normebiT regulirdeba. aqedan

gamomdinare, saproceso urTierTobas, rogorc samarTlebriv

urTierTobas, axasiaTebs mTeli rigi iseTi Tvisebebisa romlebic

axasiaTebT samarTlebriv urTierTobebs saerTod. magaliTad, ise rogorc

yvela sxva saxis materialur samarTlebriv urTierTobas saerTod,

saproceso urTierTobac warmoiSveba mxolod iuridiuli faqtebis

safuZvelze, e.i. iseTi faqtebis safuZvelze, romlebsac samarTlebrivi

norma ukavSirebs garkveul iuridiul Sedegs.

magaliTad: imisaTvis, rom warmoiSvas nasyidobis, ijaris, sesxis,

qiravnobis da a.S. materialur samarTlebrivi

urTierToba saWiroa Sesabamisi xelSekrulebis

(nasyidobis, ijaris, sesxis, qiravnobis) dadeba kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT.

imisaTvis, rom warmoiSvas samoqalaqo saproceso

urTierToba saWiroa sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTva

sarCeliT (gancxadebiT) darRveuli an sadavo uflebis

dacvis Sesaxeb samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT

dadgenili wesiT.

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonis moTxovnaTa dacviT sasamarTloSi

mimarTva sarCeliT (gancxadebiT) aris iuridiuli faqti, radgan mas

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi ukavSirebs garkveul Sedegs _ sarCelis

(gancxadebis) gansaxilvelad warmoebaSi miRebas.

amrigad, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlebrivi urTierToba - esaa

samoqalaqo saproceso normiT mowesrigebuli urTierToba, romelic

warmoiSveba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT sasamarTloSi sarCeliT

(gancxadebiT) mimarTvisa da misi sasamarTlos mier warmoebaSi miRebis

safuZvelze, erTis mxriv, sasamarTlosa da meores mxriv, mxareebsa da

procesis sxva monawileTa Soris.

amasTan erTad, samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobas gaaCnia

Taviseburebani, romlebic ganasxvavebs mas sxva arasaproceso materialur

samarTlebrivi urTierTobebisagan.

47

iuridiul literaturaSi farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis

Tanaxmad24 samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlebrivi urTierTobis

Taviseburebani ZiriTadad mdgomareobs SemdegSi:

1. saproceso samarTlebrivi urTierTobis savaldebulo monawilea

sasamarTlo. maSasadame saproceso urTierToba ar SeiZleba warmoiSvas

mxareebs Soris, kerZod mosarCelesa da mopasuxes Soris, mxareebsa da

mesame pirebs Soris, mxareebsa da mowmeebs Soris, mowmeebsa da

eqspertebs Soris.

2. raxan sasamarTlo aris samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis

savaldebulo monawile, aseTi urTierToba SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxolod

sasamarTlosa da mosarCeles Soris, sasamarTlosa da mopasuxes Soris,

sasamarTlosa da eqsperts Soris da a.S.

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom eqspertis daskvna mxarem TviTon

warmoadginos sasamarTloze, romelic am mxaris winadadebiT da masTan

SeTanxmebi Seadgina specialuri codniT aRWurvilma pirma. aseT

SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, myardeba urTierToba erTis mxriv, mxaresa da

meores mxriv, eqsperts Soris, magram es urTierToba aris ara

saproceso samarTlebrivi, aramed materialur samarTlebrivi, kerZod

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 709-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli davalebis

materialuri urTierToba.

3. materialur samarTlebrivi urTierToba SeiZleba arsebobdes

rogorc faqtobrivi urTierToba. rogorc wesi, faqtobrivi

materialuri urTierTobebi aranair iuridiul uflebebsa da

movaleobebs ar warmoSobs, magram zogjer aseT faqtobriv urTierTobebs

samarTali ukavSirebs garkveul iuridiul Sedegs. magaliTad, faqtobriv

qorwinebaSi anu dauqorwinebel mSoblebisagan Svilis warmoSoba

SeiZleba dadgindes samoqalaqo materialuri kodeqsis 1190-e muxliT

gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT. agreTve, Tu piri faqtobrivad flobda moZrav

nivTs xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, maSin igi moipovebs am nivTze sakuTrebis

uflebas (samoq. kod. 165-e muxliT).

rogorc ukve avRniSneT, gansxvavebiT materialur samarTlebrivi

urTierTobebisa, samoqalaqo saproceso urTierToba ar SeiZleba

24 samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis TeoriaSi cnobilia samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlebrivi

urTierTobis Sesaxeb ramdenime Sexeduleba.

pirveli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad samoqalaqo saproceso urTierToba warmoiSoba sasamarTlosa da

mosarCeles Soris, sasamarTlosa da mopasuxes Soris. mxareebs - mosarCelesa da mopasuxes aqvT

mxolod uflebebi, xolo sasamarTlos mxolod movaleobebi.

am Sexedulebis avtoria cnobili germaneli mecnieri oskar biulovi, romelmac pirvelma

detalurad daamuSava samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis problemebi (Oskar Bülow. Die Lehre von den Prazeseinreden und Processvoraussetzungen. 1868). meore Sexedulebis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos aqvs aramarto movaleobebi, aramed uflebebic arsebobs

agreTve Sexuleba, romlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo da mxareebi dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan

urTierTuflebebiTa da movaleobebiT.

bolos, gamoiTqva mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad ufleba-movaleobebiT erTmaneTis mimarT aRWurvilia

mxolod mxareebi - mosarCele da mopasuxe, rac Seexeba sasamarTlos mas ar gaaCnia raime

damoukidebeli interesi procesSi, ar aris saproceso urTierTobis subieqti da rogorc saxelmwifo

xelisuflebis organo dgas mxareT zemoT, maTze maRla.

amrigad, saproceso urTierTobebis subieqtebisa da maTi ufleba-movaleobebis Sesaxeb

gamoTqmulia obieqturad da logikurad yvela SesaZlebeli Sexeduleba. magram, yvelaze ufro

gavrcelebulia da, SeiZleba iTqvas, gabatonebulia Sexeduleba, romelic pirvelad daasabuTa zemod

dasaxelebulma mecnierma oskar biulovma. (dawvrilebiTi analizi am Sexelulebebis Sesaxeb ix.

E.B.Backoвckuй курс гражданского процесса Том. I. 1913, стр 682)

48

arsebobdes faqtobrivi urTierTobis saxiT, igi SeiZleba yovelTvis

arsebobdes mxolod iuridiuli urTierTobis saxiT.

II. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlebrivi urTierTobis

warmoSobis pirobebi da Sinaarsi

1. saproceso samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis winapirobebi

saproceso urTierToba - esaa samarTlebrivi urTierToba, amitom

misi warmoSobisaTvis saWiroa iseTive pirobebi, rogoric nebismieri sxva

samarTlebrivi urTierTobisaTvis saerTod.

aseTi winapirobebia:

1. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis norma. samoqalaqo saproceso

samarTlebrivi urTierToba SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxolod da mxolod

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis Sesabamisi normis safuZvelze, im

pirobiT, Tu saproceso samarTlis norma iTvaliswinebs aseTi

urTierTobis warmoSobis SesaZleblobas.

2. samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianoba. uflebaunarianobis

gareSe piri ar SeiZleba gaxdes samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqti

saerTod. samoqalaqo procesSiac es sakiTxi ase dgas: saproceso

uflebaunarianobis gareSe piri ver gaxdeba saproceso urTierTobis

monawile, es gansakuTrebiT exeba iuridiul pirebs, romelTa

uflebaunarianoba warmoiSveba maTi qmedunarianobis warmoSobasTan erTad.

rac Seexeba fizikur pirebs, maTi uflebaunarianoba warmoiSveba

dabadebidan (dawvrilebiT ix. Tavi IV) gansxvavebiT uflebaunarianobisa,

qmedunarianoba ar warmoadgens fizikuri pirisaTvis saproceso

urTierTobaSi monawileobis winapirobas. qmeduunaroni SeiZleba gaxdnen

urTierTobis subieqtebi, magram TviTon uSualod ver ganaxorcieleben

TavianT saproceso uflebebs. amas maTi warmomadgenlebi gaakeTeben.

3. iuridiuli faqtebi, iuridiuli faqtebis gareSe ar SeiZleba

warmoiSvas arc materialuri da arc saproceso urTierToba. rogorc

wesi, saproceso urTierTobis warmoSobisaTvis saWiroa faqtebis

erToblioba.

magaliTad: a-nis mier sarCelis Setana sasamarTloSi, aris

iuridiuli faqti, magram saproceso urTierTobis

warmoSobisaTvis saWiroa, rom sasamarTlom miiRos es

sarCeli warmoebaSi an ar miiRos igi Tavisi

ganCinebiT. mosamarTlis moqmedeba anu mis mier

sarCelis miReba, Tu ar miReba, iuridiuli faqtia,

romelic mosarCelis moqmedebasTan erTad (mis mier

sarCelis Setana) warmoSobs samoqalaqo saproceso

urTierTobas.25

imisaTvis, rom warmoSobilma saproceso urTierTobam

maSinve ar Sewyvitos arseboba da ganviTardes

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli

TanmimdevrulobiTa da wesiT saWiroa sarCelis

25 sarCelis umoZraod datoveba, an mis miRebaze uarisTqma, miuxedavad logikuri Seusabamobisa, mainc

SeiZleba CaiTvalos saproceso urTierTobis warmoSobis safuZvlad, radgan mosarCeles eZleva

ufleba gaasaCivros sasamarTlos aseTi moqmedeba. magram, Tu sasamarTlos ganCineba ZalaSi darCeba,

maSin urTierTobac Sewydeba, swored amaze iTqmis „dabadebac ver moaswro, rom arseboba Sewyvita“.

49

(gancxadebis) warmoebaSi miRebis (sarCelis uflebis)

yvela winapirobis arseboba (ix. Tavi X $3.)

2. samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis Sinaarsi

nebismier samarTlebriv urTierTobis Sinaarss zogadad, Seadgens am

urTierTobis monawileTa uflebebi da movaleobebi. am TvalsazrisiT,

samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobebic ar warmoadgens gamonakliss. maTi

Sinaarsic ganisazRvreba im pirTa uflebebiTa da movaleobebiT,

romlebic am urTierTobaSi monawileoben. iuridiul literaturaSi

farTodaa gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad saproceso

urTierTobis Sinaarss Seadgens ara uflebebi da movaleobebi, aramed am

urTierTobis monawileTa moqmedebebi.

moqmedeba SeiZleba Sesruldes an uflebis ZaliT, an movaleobis

ZaliT. moqmedeba, romelic arc uflebisa da arc movaleobis ZaliT ar

sruldeba - aramarTlzomieri moqmedebaa.

amitom, moqmedebis ganxilva rogorc saproceso urTierTobis

Sinaarsi, ar iqneba Secdoma, magram ufro zusti da samarTlebrivi

urTierTobis bunebis ganmsazRvreli iqneba am urTierTobis monawileTa

uflebebi da movaleobebi, romlebic ar SeiZleba arsebobdnen iuridiuli

urTierTobis gareSe, ise rogorc aseTi urTierTobac ar SeiZleba

arsebobdes uflebamovaleobebis gareSe.

saproceso urTierToba, ise rogorc yovelgvari sxva

samarTlebrivi urTierToba, warmoadgens uflebebisa da movaleobebis,

ufro zustad, samoqalaqo saproceso uflebebisa da movaleobebis

arsebobisa da realizaciis formas.

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis

subieqtebs da samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis subieqtebs.

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis subieqtebia pirebi, romlebsac

SeuZliaT isargeblon samoqalaqo saproceso samarTliT

gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebiT da Seasrulon saproceso movaleobebi.

aseT pirTa kategorias, zogadad, ganekuTvnebian saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi

da iuridiuli pirebi, agreTve ucxoeli moqalaqeebi da iuridiuli

pirebi da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi.

rac Seexeba samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis subieqtebs, aseT

subieqtebad gvevlineba iseTi pirebi, romlebmac daamyares saproceso

urTierToba sasamarTlosTan, magaliTad, mimarTes sasamarTlos sarCeliT

(gancxadebiT) darRveuli an sadavod gamxdari uflebis dasacavad.

amrigad, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis subieqti gaxdeba

samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis subieqti im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi

gamoavlens nebas da mimarTavs sasamarTlos TxovniT (kanoniT dadgenili

wesiT) daicvas misi darRveuli ufleba. (dawvrilebiT ix. Tavi IV)

50

Tavi III

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis principebi

$1 principebis cneba da klasifikacia

principi laTinuri sityva da niSnavs dasawyiss, dasabams. am

termins xmaroben romelime Teoriis, moZRvrebis, mecnierebis ZiriTadi

amosavali debulebis, saxelmZRvanelo ideis, agreTve qcevis ZiriTadi

wesis aRmniSvnelad.26

am termins iyeneben rogorc yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ise

mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargebSi da praqtikuli moRvaweobis sxvadasxva

sferoebSi.

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis pricnipebi, ise rogorc

samarTlis principebi saerTod, gansxvavdeba mecnierebis sxvadasxva

dargis (fizikis, qimiis, medicinis, fsiqologiis, logikis da sxva)

principebisagan aramarto Tavisi SinaarsiTa da daniSnulebiT, aramed

imiTac, rom samarTlis principebi yovelTvis ganmtkicebulia

samarTlebrivi normiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT samoqalaqo saproceso

samarTlis principi, SeiZleba vuwodoT mxolod iseT debulebas an iseT

ideas, romelic samarTlis normiTaa ganmtkicebuli da

gaTvaliswinebuli.

aqedan gamomdinare, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis principi

ewodeba iseT saxelmZRvanelo debulebas, iseT ZiriTad ideas, romelic

ganmtkicebulia samarTlebrivi normiT da romelzec agebulia

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali

mTlianad.27

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis principis cnebis am

ganmartebidan ukve naTlad Cans misi erTi mniSvneloba: raxan saproceso

samarTali, saqmis warmoeba sasamarTloSi, agebulia garkveuli

principebis safuZvelze, kanonmdebeli valdebulia angariSi gauwios amas,

rodesac samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi Seaqvs esa Tu is

cvlileba da damateba.

26 ix. ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni, Tb. 1973, gv. 333 27 procesis principis cneba, misi etimilogiuri Sinaarsidan gamomdinare TiTqmis erTgvarovnadaa

gagebuli sxvadasxva qveynis procesualistebis mier. ix.советский гражданский процес под ред, М. К. Треушникова М. 1989 г. стр.24 O. Jauernig. Zivilprozressrecht. München 1993 s. 73 Luke. Zivilprozessreecht. Verlag C.H. Beck. 1999, s. 4-5

51

sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT dispoziciurobisa da

SejibrebiTobis principebi. Tu procesi agebulia am principebze, maSin

sasamarTlos iniciativis farglebic SezRudulia: mas ufleba ar aqvs

TviTon gansazRvros mtkicebis sagani, anu im faqtebis wre, romlebsac

aqvT mniSvneloba saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad, sasamarTlo

Tavisi iniciativiT ver gansazaRvravs da ver gamoiTxovs mtkicebulebebs,

ver gascildeba mxareTa moTxovnis farglebs da a.S. yovelive es mxareTa

nebazea damokidebuli, maTi uflebamosilebaa. magram, Tu procesi

agebulia samZebro (inkviziciur) principze, maSin sasamarTlos SeuZlia

TviTon Seitanos mtkicebis saganSi faqtebi, romlebzec mxareebi ar

miuTiTeben, magram romlebsac aqvT mniSvneloba saqmis sworad

gadawyvetisaTvis, TviTon, Tavisi iniciativiT gamoiTxovos

mtkicebulebebi da a.S.

amrigad, procesis principebis mniSvneloba, pirvel rigSi, vlindeba

sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis doneze, samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis

dros. kanonmdebels, cxadia, SeuZlia daadginos garkveuli gamonaklisi

(SezRudva, gadaxveva) principidan, magram es man sagangebod unda

daasabuTos, samoqalaqo procesSi ver SevxvdebiT iseT princips

romlidanac ar iyos gakeTebuli gamonaklisebi (SezRudvebi), magram es

SezRudvebi kanonmdeblobiT unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli. es imas niSnavs,

rom sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia TviTon daadginos SezRudvebi, gadauxvios

principis moTxovnebs.

procesis principebis mniSvneloba amiT ar amoiwureba.

procesis principebi ganmtkicebulia samarTlebrivi normiT, rac

imas niSnavs, rom am principebiT unda ixelmZRvanelos sasamarTlom

samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis dros. konkretul

samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis dros procesis principis

ugulvebelyofa an darRveva (magaliTad, saqmis ganxlva daxurul

sxdomaze, roca amis safuZveli ar arsebobda da ar iyo amis Sesaxeb

sasamarTlos ganCineba), an gadawyvetilebis gamotana im mosamarTlis

mier, romelic ar monawileobda saqmis ganxilvaSi, miCneuli unda iqnes,

rogorc saproceso kanonmdeblobis arsebiTi darRveva, romelic iwvevs

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas.

amrigad, procesis principis meore mniSvneloba vlindeba

samarTalSefardebiTi saqmianobis doneze: sasamarTlo valdebulia

konkretul saqmeTa ganxilvis dros ganuxrelad daicvas saproceso

samarTlebrivi principebis moTxovnebi.

bolos, principebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens, rodesac

sasamarTlo iZulebulia gamoiyenos samarTlis analogia. samarTlis

analogiis gamoyenebis dros sasamarTlo gvevlineba aramarto rogorc

samarTalSemfardebeli, aramed rogorc samarTalSemoqmedebiTi organo,

romelic samarTlis zogad principebze dayrdnobiT ayalibebs qcevis

wess konkretuli saqmis ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis mizniT.

principebis klasifikacia. iuridiul literaturaSi albaT ver

vipoviT or avtors, romlebic erTnairad gansazRvraven principebis

raodenobas: zogi asaxelebs xuTs, zogi eqvs, zogi rvas, xolo zogic

sams, Tu sakiTxi exeba specifiur dargobriv da ara dargTaSoriso

principebs28.

28 ix. В.М. Семенов. Конституционные принципы гражданского судопроизводства. М. 1982, стр. 110

52

ar arsebobs agreTve principebis erTgvarovani klasifikacia. imis

mixedviT Tu romeli kriteriumebiT (niSnebiT) xelmZRvaneloben -

klasifikaciac sxvadasxvanairia. magaliTad, Tu principebs davyofT imis

mixedviT sadaa es principi Camoyalibebuli - romel sakanonmdeblo

aqtSi, maSin principebi SeiZleba davyoT konstituciur da dargobriv

principebad, e.i. principebad, romlebic Camoyalibebulia samoqalaqo

saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi.

principebis am niSniT dajgufeba araviTar davas ar iwvevs. unda

aRiniSnos mxolod is, rom aseTnairma dajgufebam ar Segviqmnas mcdari

warmodgena.

saqme isaa, rom principebis konstituciur da arakonstituciurad

(dargobrivad) dayofa srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom

arakonstituciuri principebi ufro dabali rangis principebia da, rom,

es principebi SeiZleba arc ki ganvaxorcieloT. ra Tqma unda ara!

mTavaria, rom principi kanonSi iyos asaxuli, kanoniT iyos

ganmtkicebuli, xolo misi ganuxrelad gatarebis TvalsazrisiT aranairi

mniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tu romel kanonSia igi asaxuli. ZiriTadi anu

konstituciis da araZiriTadi kanonis yvela moTxovna erTnairad

savaldebuloa Sesasruleblad. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom

saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanoni (konstitucia) - esaa baza Semdgomi

sakanonmdeblo saqmianobisa imis sruli gaTvaliswinebiT, rom yvela

kanoni unda Seesabamebodes konstitucias.

rogorc avRniSneT, principebs ajgufeben imis mixedviT dargobrivia

isini, Tu dargTaSorisi. marTlac, zogierTi principi magaliTad, saqmis

ganxilvis sajaroba, uSvaloba, zepiroba da a.S. moqmedebs sisxlis

procesSiac, magram aris principebi, romlebic mxolod samoqalaqo

procesisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

bolos farTod gavrcelda Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad procesis

principebi unda dajgufdes maTi daniSnulebis mixedviT, e.i. imis

mixedviT, Tu ra rols asruleben principebi. amis Sesabamisad, Tu

principi sasamarTlos organizaciis sakiTxebs exeba, aseTi principebi

unda gavaerTianoT erT jgufad da vuwodoT maT marTlmsajulebis

organizaciuli, an samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis organizaciuli

principebi, xolo, Tu principi konkretuli saqmis ganxilvis dros

sasamarTlosa da mxareTa saqmianobas awesrigebs, aseTi principebi

SeiZleba gavaerTianoT da vuwodoT maT sasamarTlowarmoebis

(samarTalwarmoebis) funqcionaluri principebi.

principebis aseTi wesiT dajgufebas Cvenc mxars vuWerdiT29 da

dResac viziarebT, radgan ufro gamokveTilia am principebis daniSnuleba

da roli, romelsac isini asruleben samoqalaqo procesSi.

mTel rig organizaciul principebs, rogoricaa magaliTad,

sasamarTlosa da mosamarTlis damoukidebloba, sasamarTlo

xelisuflebisa da marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba mxolod

sasamarTlos mier, mosamarTlis mxolod kanonisadmi damorCileba da

sxva Cven ukve ganvixileT am naSromis pirvel TavSi.

aq Cven ganvixilavT mxolod im ZiriTad principebs, romlebic

sasamarTlosa da mxareebis mier TavianTi funqciisa da

Rosenberg /schwa / Gottwald, Zivilprozessrecht 15.Auflage. 1993. s. 422 29 T. liluaSvili. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali. g-ba „mecniereba“, Tb. 1992 , gv.16

53

uflebamosilebebis wess aregulireben da ris gamoc maT funqcionaluri

principebi uwodes. aqve isic unda SevniSnoT, rom es principebi

imavdroulad samarTalwarmoebis organizaciis ama Tu im aspeqtsac

SeiZleba exebodes.

I. dispoziciurobis principi

adre moqmedi (1964 wlis) samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi ar

Seicavda specialur muxls dispoziciurobis principis Sesaxeb, Tumca

mxareebs miniWebuli hqondaT mTeli rigi uflebebisa, romlebic mxolod

dispoziurobis principiT SeiZleboda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli.

magaliTad, mxareebs SeeZloT uari eTqva sarCelze, ecnoT (eRiarebinaT)

sarCeli, an kidev, saqme daemTavrebiaT morigebiT. yovelive es

dispoziciurobis gamovlinebaa, magram, amasTan erTad, 1964 wlis ssk

Seicavda miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom sasamarTlos SeuZlia ar miiRos

mosarCelis mier sarCelze uarisTqma, mopasuxis mier sarCelis cnoba an

ar daamtkicos mxareTa morigeba, Tu maTi aseTi moqmedeba ewinaaRmdegeba

kanons, arRvevs visime uflebebs da kanonTi dacul interesebs (34-e

muxli).

sasamarTlos aseTi Carevas kerZo samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi

imiT xsnidnen, rom sasamarTlos evaleba iyos aqtiuri da daadginos

saqmeze obieqturi WeSmariteba, gamoitanos kanonieri da samarTliani

gadawyvetileba. amaSi xedavdnen dispoziciurobis socialisturi

principis Zireul gansxvavebas dispoziciurobis burJuaziuli

principisagan.30

faqtiurad es niSnavda mxareTa mier TavianTi materialuri da

saproceso uflebebis Tavisuflad gankargvis Tu mTlianad

ugulebelyofas ara, mis seriozulad da mniSvnelovnad SezRudvas.

dispoziciurobis princips specialuri muxli eZRvneba amJamad

moqmed samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi. am kodeqsis me-3 muxlis

Tanaxmad, romelsac „dispoziciurobis principi“ ewodeba „mxareebi

iwyeben saqmis warmoebas sasamarTloSi . sarCelis an gancxdebis Setanis

gziT. isini gansazRvraven davis sagans da TviTonve iReben

gadawyvetilebas sarCelis (gancxadebis) Setanis Sesaxeb. mxareebs

SeuZliaT saqmis warmoeba morigebiT daamTavron. mosarCeles SeuZlia

uari Tqvas sarCelze, xolo mopasuxes - cnos sarCeli“.

amrigad, dispoziciurobis principi samoqalaqo procesSi, romelic

samoqalaqo materialuri samarTlis erT-erTi fundamenturi principis -

nebis avtonomiis sruli anareklia, niSnavs mxareTa Tavisuflebas

gankargos TavianTi aramarto materialuri, aramed saproceso uflebebi.

dispoziciurobis principzea agebuli samoqalaqo saproceso

kanonmdebloba am principiTaa gamsWvaluli misi yoveli norma.

ra konkretuli garemoebebiTaa ganpirobebuli am principis SemoReba

samoqalaqo procesSi da rogoria misi Sinaarsi?

arsebobs uflebis cnebis Sinaarsis sxvadasxvanairi ganmarteba,

magram erT-erTi farTod aRiarebuli ganmarteba aseTia: ufleba - esaa

kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SesaZlebeli (dasaSvebi) qcevis zoma. es imas

niSnavs, rom pirs, romelsac aqvs esa Tu is ufleba, SeuZlia gamoiyenos

30 Советский гражжанский процесс. над под М.К. Треушникова. М. 1989. стр. 38.

54

es ufleba, isargeblos am uflebiT, magram SeuZlia ar gamoiyenos igi.

es agreTve imasac niSnavs, rom uflebis gamoyeneba araa valdebuleba.

uflebis gamoyeneba rom valdebuleba iyos, maSin igi ufleba ki ara,

valdebuleba iqneboda, romlis Seusruleblobas kanoni yovelTvis

ukavSirebs garkveul Sedegs da romlis Sesruleba uzrunvelyofilia

saxelmwifos iZulebiTi ZaliT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT valdebuleba

(uflebis sapirispirod) - aris piris savaldebulo qcevis zoma, romlis

Sesruleba kanoniTaa garantirebuli.

amrigad, samoqalaqo uflebis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom es

ufleba misi mflobelis srul gankargulebaSia. amasTan, kerZo

samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqti SeiZleba iyos rogorc qonebrivi,

ise araqonebrivi sikeTe. samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba, Tavis mxriv,

uzrunvelyofs samoqalaqo brunvis Tavisuflebas (sk me-7 da me-9

muxlebi). pirs (fizikurs, Tu iuridiuls) SeuZlia isargeblos am

sikeTiT, gaasxvisos Tavisi ufleba, an saerTod uari Tqvas masze. nebis

avtonomia, romelzec agebulia kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierToba,

rogorc avRniSneT, Tavis uSvalo zegavlenas axdens samoqalaqo

procesze. es zegavlena ZiriTadad SemdegSi vlindeba:

1. Tu pirs SeuZlia gankargos Tavisi materialur samarTlebrivi

ufleba ise, rogorc es mas miaCnia mizanSewonilad, maSin mas SeuZlia

iTminos an ar iTminos am uflebis darRveva sxva piris mier. es imas

niSnavs, rom aravis ar aqvs ufleba aiZulos piri, raTa man miiRos

zomebi Tavisi darRveuli (sadavo) uflebis dasacavad.

am mdgomareobiTaa ganpirobebuli ssk me-2 muxlis danawesi,

romlis Tanaxmad „saqmis ganxilvas sasamarTlo Seudgeba im piris

gancxadebiT, romelic mimarTavs mas Tavisi uflebis an kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli interesebis dasacavad“. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

saqmis warmoebas sasamarTloSi iwyeben mxareebi (ssk me-3 muxli).

magaliTad: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos sarCeliT da moiTxova

mopasuxe b-anisagan zianis anazRaureba g-anis

sasargeblod 5000 laris odenobiT, rac man miayena

misi axlo naTesavis g-anis qonebas. sasamarTlom

daakmayofila sarCeli. mopasuxe b-anim gaasaCivra es

gadawyvetileba im safuZvliT, rom ssk me-3 muxlis

Tanaxmad „mxareebi TviTon iReben gadawyvetilebas

sarCelis (gancxadebis) Setanis Sesaxeb“. dazaralebul

mxares g-anis TviTon ar Semoutania sarCeli zianis

anazRaurebis Sesaxeb da ar mouTxovia mopasuxe b-

anisagan misi anazRaureba. mosarCele a-ni arc

dazaralebulia da mas arc hqonda uflebamosileba

sxvisi uflebis dasacavad aReZra sarCeli. amitom,

sasamarTlos ar unda mieRo es sarCeli da ar unda

ganexila igi.

saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma gadawyvetileba

ssk me-3 muxliT damkvidrebuli dispoziciurobis

principis darRvevis gamo.

mxareebs SeuZliaT miandon saqmis warmoeba sasamarTloSi sxva

pirebs, kerZod warmomadgenlebs (advokatebs), magram es am SemTxvevaSi

arafers ar niSnavs. ssk-si iTvaliswinebs mxaris saproceso uflebas

awarmoos saqme sasamarTloSi piradad an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT,

55

warmomadgeneli am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs am uflebis matarebeli piris

(marwmuneblis) nebis safuZvelze, romlis dasacavadac mimarTes

sasamarTlos.

2. pirs SeuZlia uflebis damrRvevisagan moiTxovos anazRaureba im

zomiT da odenobiT, ramdensac TviTon CaTvlis saWirod da

mizanSewonilad.

am principidan gamomdinare saproceso kanonmdebloba Seicavs Semdeg

danawess:

darRveuli uflebis subieqtebi TviTonve „gansazRvraven davis

sagans“, anu moTxovnis Sinaarss (ssk me-3 muxli). isini valdebulia

miuTiTon TavianT sarCelSi (gancxadebaSi) imaze, Tu ra moTxovnas

ayeneben mopasuxis mimarT, anu ras moiTxoven mopasuxisagan (ssk 178-e

muxli). mosarCeles eZleva agreTve ufleba Secvalos sarCelis

safuZveli an sagani, e.i. moTxovnis xasiaTi da Sinaarsi, gaadidos an

Seamciros moTxovnis odenoba (ssk 83-e muxli)

gacilebiT ufro meti kategoriulobiT gamoirCeva ssk 248-e

muxli, romlis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlos ufleba ar aqvs miakuTvnos

Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT mxares is, rac mas ar uTxovia, an imaze meti

vidre is moiTxovda“.

magaliTad: g-anim mimarTa sasamarTlos sarCeliT b-anis winaaRmdeg

da moiTxova misgan zianis anazRaureba 10 000 laris

odenobiT, rac gamowveuli iyo misi qonebis dazianebiT

mopasuxis mier. mopasuxis SuamdgomlobiT sasamarTlom

daniSna eqspertiza miyenebuli zianis namdvili odenobis

(fulad gamoxatulebaSi) gansazRvrisaTvis. eqspertma

sasamarTlos warudgina daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom

miyenebuli ziani Seadgens imaze mets, vidre amas

moiTxovs mosarCele, kerZod 15000 lars. sasamarTlo

daeyrdno eqspertis daskvnas da gamoitana

gadawyvetileba, romliTac mopasuxes daakisra 15 000

laris gadaxda mosarCelisaTvis.

mopasuxem am gadawyvetilebaze Seitana saapelacio

saCivari, romelic daasabuTa imiT, rom sasamarTlos

ufleba ar hqonda miekuTvnebia mosarCelisaTvis imaze

meti, vidre igi moiTxovda, miT umetes, mas ar

gaudidebia Tavisi sasarCelo moTxovna.

saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetileba da ssk me-3 da 248-e muxlebze

dayrdnobiT gamoitana axali gadawyvetileba, romliTac

daakisra mopasuxes 10000 laris gadaxda mosarCelis

sasargeblod.

magram, SeeZlo Tu ara sasamarTlos miekuTvnebia mosarCelisaTvis

imaze naklebi, vidre igi moiTxovda?

ra Tqma unda SeeZlo, Tu eqspertis daskvniT an saqmeSi arsebuli

sxva mtkicebulebebiT dadasturdeboda, rom zianis odenoba

ganisazRvreba ara 10 000 lariT, aramed, vTqvaT 5000 lariT.

3. nebis avtonomiis Sinaarsi da, aqedan gamomdinare, garigebis

Tavisufleba materialur samarTalSi, moicavs piris srul

SesaZlebloabs dados nebismieri garigeba. „garigeba aris calmxrivi,

ormxrivi an mravalmxrivi nebis gamovlena, romelic mimarTulia

56

samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobis, Secvlis an Sewyvetisaken“ (ssk

50-e muxli).

Tu garigeba nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis Sedegia da pirs SeuZlia

dados nebismieri kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli garigebebi, maSin es

SesaZlebloba mas ar SeiZleba waerTvas mis mier aRZruli sarCelis

sasamarTloSi ganxilvis drosac.

aqedan gamomdinareobs saproceso kanonmdeblobis danawesi, romlis

Tanaxmad mosarCeles, romelmac garkveuli moTxovna wauyena mopasuxes,

SeuZlia SeuTanxmdes (mourigdes) mas. modave mxareTa morigeba saqmis

sasamarTloSi ganxilvis procesSi, romelic gulisxmobs am mxareTa

nebas urTierTdaTmobis gziT miaRwion SeTanxmebas, imavdroulad

warmoadgens sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis safuZvels

(dawvrilebiT ix. gv....).

4. nebis avtonomiidan gamomdinareobs mxareTa sruli Tavisufleba

mosarCelem uari Tqvas Tavis sasarCelo moTxovnaze, xolo mopasuxem

cnos (aRiaros) sarCeli (ssk me-3 muxli).

mosarCelis mier sarCelze uarisTqmas ukavSirdeba seriozuli

saproceso samarTlebrivi Sedegebi, kerZod saqmis warmoebis Sewyveta

(ssk 272-e muxli).

sarCelze uarisTqma - esaa materialur samarTlebrivi gankargvis

aqti saproceso samarTlebrivi SedegiT.

mopasuxis mier sarCelis cnoba agreTve uflebis gankargvis aqtia,

romelsac ukavSirdeba saproceso Sedegi - sarCelis dakmayofileba.

5. dispoziciurobis principidan gamomdinareobs agreTve mxareTa

saproceso ufleba gaasaCivron sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi an

Seurigdnen am gadawyvetilebas, cnon igi, moiTxovon misi aRsruleba an

uari Tqvan mis aRsrulebaze da a.S.

amasTan erTad, unda aRiniSnos, rom dispoziciurobis princips aqvs

sazRvrebi: is risi uflebac mxares ar aqvs procesis gareT, procesis

farglebs iqeT, mas aseTi ufleba ar SeiZleba hqondes sasamarTloSi

saqmis ganxilvis drosac.

magaliTad: bankma „kreditma“ aRZra sarCeli s-Zis winaaRmdeg,

romelmac ar daubruna banks aRebuli sesxi 50000

laris odenobiT da moiTxova ipoTekiT datvirTuli

saxlis iZulebiT gayidva auqcionze da am saxlidan

mopasuxisa, misi meuRlis da ojaxis sxva wevrebis

gamosaxleba

mopasuxe s-Zem cno sarCeli. sasamarTlom

gamoitana gadawyvetileba sarCelis dakmayofilebis

Sesaxeb. mopasuxis meuRlem gaasaCivra gadawyvetileba

im safuZvliT, rom jer - erTi, is ar iyo Cabmuli

procesSi rogorc Tanamopasuxe da meorec, mopauxe s-

Zes ar hqonda mTeli saxlis ipoTekiT datvirTvis

ufleba misi winaswari Tanxmobis gareSe, radgan am

saxlis naxevari, rogorc qorwinebis dros SeZenili,

ekuTvnis piradad mas. aqedan gamomdinare. mopasuxes ar

hqonda agreTve ufleba ecno sarCeli mTlianad,

radgan mas ar SeuZlia gankargos ufleba, romelic mas

ar ekuTvnis.

57

sasamarTlo praqtikaSi wamoiWra agreTve sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb

SeuZlia Tu ara sazogadoebis (sawarmos) direqtors (partniors) cnos

nebismieri sarCeli. direqtori, rogorc cnobilia uflebamosilia

sazogadoebis saxeliT miiRos monawileoba sasamarTlo procesSi

specialuri rwmunebulebis gareSe. amasTan erTad, mTeli rigi moqmedebis

SesrulebisaTvis direqtorebs (sasamarTlo procesebis gareSe) WirdebaT

sameTvalyureo sabWos an saerTo krebis Tanxmoba. magaliTad, mewarmeTa

Sesaxeb kanonis 55-9-e muxlis Tanaxmad mxolod sameTvalyureo sabWos

TanxmobiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sawarmoTa 50%-ze meti wilis SeZena

da gasxviseba, uZravi qonebis SeZena, gasxviseba, datvirTva an ijariT

gacema, agreTve warmoebis ijariT gacema an misi saqmianobis Sewyveta da

a.S. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu sasamarTloSi mimdinareobs dava, vTqvaT,

saaqcio sazogadoebis kuTvnili ama Tu im uZravi qonebis (nagebobis,

miwis nakveTis) ijaris Sesaxeb, direqtors, romelic warmoadgens

sazogadoebas sasamarTloSi, ar SeuZlia cnos ijaris xelSekrulebis

arseboba, Tu mas ar gaaCnia specialuri uflebamosileba amis Taobaze

sameTvalyureo sabWos mxridan. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, direqtorebs

an kanoniT an wesdebiT warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvil

sxva pirs (partniors) ufleba aqvs Seasrulos nebismieri saproceso

moqmedeba yovelgvari specialuri uflebamosilebis gareSe, magram is,

risi uflebac mas ar aqvs sazogadoebis ama Tu im organos winaswari

Tanxmobis gareSe, mas es ufleba ar SeiZleba hqondes sasamarTlo

proceszec, Tu amisaTvis mas ar gaaCnia am organos specialuri

uflebamosileba.

sxvisi uflebis, maT Soris saerTo uflebis, agreTve iseTi

uflebis gankargvis akrZalva, risTvisac sxva piris an organos Tanxmobaa

saWiro, ar niSnavs dispoziciurobis principis SezRudvas.

dispoziciurobis principi samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi esaa

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli da

garantirebuli mxareTa SesaZlebloba Tavisuflad isargeblon an

gankargon TavianTi materialuri da saproceso uflebebiT.

II. SejibrebiTobis principi

1. SejibrebiTobisa da samZebro principebis Tanafardoba

bolo dromde, ufro zustad saqarTvelos axali samoqalaqo

saproceso kodeqsis miRebamde saqarTvelos samoqalaqo

samarTalwarmoebaSi gabatonebuli iyo samZebro (inkviziciuri) principi.

am principze iyo agebuli saqarTvelos 1922 wlis samoqalaqo

saproceso kodeqsi, saqarTvelos 1932 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso

kodeqsi da saqarTvelos 1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi.

samZebro princips upirispirdeba SejibrebiTobis principi. amitom,

dRes moqmedi kodeqsis proeqtze muSaobis dros Cvens winaSe mTeli

simZafriT idga sakiTxi: SevinarCunoT samZebro principi da masze avagoT

axali saproceso kodeqsi, Tu uari vTqvaT am principze da procesi

avagoT SejibrebiTobaze.

arCevanis gakeTeba ar iyo CvenTvis Zneli, radgan SegveZlo Zalian

farTo sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi, praqtikisa, romelic samZebro

principze agebul samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis gamoyenebas emyareboda.

58

1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi ki aseT moTxovnas

Seicavda: „sasamarTlo movalea ar dasjerdes warmodgenil masalebs da

axsna-ganmartebebs da miiRos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela zoma, raTa

yovelmxriv, srulad da obieqturad gamoarkvios saqmis namdvili

garemoebani da mxareTa ufleba-movaleobani“ (me-11 muxli).

amave kodeqsis 52-e muxlis Tanaxmad „Tu warmodgenili

mtkicebulebebi sakmarisi ar aris, sasamarTlo mxareebs da saqmeSi

monawile sxva pirebs winadadebas aZlevs warmoadginon damatebiTi

mtkicebulebebi an krebs maT Tavisi iniciativiT“.

am principis moqmedebis pirobebSi gamoikveTa rigi uaryofiTi

tendeciebisa, romelTa Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT Semdegi: a) Zalian

Sesustda mxareTa aqtivoba: isini didad aRar zrunavden im faqtebis

srulad da amomwuravad miTiTebaze, romlebic asabuTeben maT

moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels („sul erTia am faqtebis zusti da sruli

gansazRvra sasamarTlos evaleba“). isini ar iCenden aqtiurobas

mtkicebulebaTa moZiebasa da sasamarTlosaTvis wardgenaze („sulerTia

sasamarTlos evaleba maTi moZieba da Segroveba“); b) saqmis ganxilvis

uzomod gaWianureba, radgan sasamarTlo ver umklavdeboda misTvis

ukiduresad mZime movaleobis Sesrulebas moeZia, gamoeTxova da

Seemowmebia mtkicebulebebi. SemTxveviTi ar iyo amitom sakanonmdeblo

winadadebis wamoyeneba, romelsac yavda mxardamWerebi da romelic

moiTxovda samoqalaqo procesSi winaswari gamoZiebis msgavsi organos

Seqmnas; g) sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa xSiri gauqmeba zemdgomi

instanciis sasamarTloebis mier im motiviT, rom sasamarTlom ver

daadgina saqmeze obieqturi WeSmariteba.31 saqmeze mxareTa namdvili

uflebebisa da movaleobebis daudgenlobis mizezad saxeldeboda is, rom

sasamarTlom ar moiZia da ar gamoiTxova mtkicebulebebi, ar gansazRvra

gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtebis wre (mtkicebis sagani),

saqme ganixila erT-erTi mxaris dauswreblad da a.S. faqtiurad

marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba damokidebuli iyo arakeTilsindisieri

mxaris nebasurvilze: Tu igi inebebda da gamocxaddeboda, sasamarTlo

ganixilavda saqmes da gamoitanda gadawyvetilebas, Tu arada -

sasamarTlo ver gadawyvetda saqmes, xolo Tu bolos da bolos mainc

ganixilavda da gamoitanda gadawyvetilebas, mas rogorc wesi,

aucileblad gaauqmebda zemdgomi sasamarTlo.

saWiro iyo am uaRresad arasasurveli da maxinji praqtikidan

Tavis daRweva. es ki SesaZlebeli iqneboda Tu samoqalaqo saproceso

kanonmdeblobas avagebdiT SejibrebiTobis sawyisebze, samZebro principis

winaswar zustad gansazRvruli elementebis SezavebiT.

maSasadame, ara samZebro principi SejibrebiTobis SezavebiT, aramed

SejibrebiTobis principi samZebro elementebis SezavebiT.32

asec moviqeciT.

31 samZebro principis moqmedebis pirobebSi arsebuli sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi dawvrilebiT

gaSuqebulia: T.liluaSvili. „samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis sakiTxebi saqarTvelos ssr

sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi“. krebuli „sabWoTa samoqalaqo samarTlisa da procesis aqtualuri

sakiTxebi“, Tb. g-ba „mecniereba“ 1977 w. gv. 104-127. 32 cnobili germaneli procesualistebi l.rozenbergi, r.Svabi da goTvaldi aRniSnaven, rom

SejibrebiTobis principi araa iseTi dogma, romlis darRveva ar SeiZlebodes. mxareebs SeiZleba

aRmouCinos daxmareba sasamarTlom saqmis garemoebebis gasarkvevad saWiro mtkicebulebaTa wardgenaSi.

Rosenberg, schwa Gottwald, Zivilprozessrecht, 1993. s. 123

59

2. SejibrebiTobis principis Sinaarsi

SejibrebiTobis principi, mxareTa Tanasworobis principTan erTad

damkvidrebulia saqarTvelos konstituciiT, risi wyalobiTac am

principma saxelmwifoebriv samarTlebrivi, anu konstituciuri

mniSvneloba SeiZina. konstituciis 85-e muxlis me-3 nawils Tanaxmad

„samarTalwarmoeba xorcieldeba mxareTa Tanasworobisa da

SejibrebiTobis safuZvelze“.

konstituciiT damkvidrebuli am principis dakonkretebas

warmoadgens ssk me-4 muxli, romlis Tanaxmad „samarTalwarmoeba

mimdinareobs SejibrebiTobis safuZvelze. mxareebi sargebloben Tanabari

uflebebiTa da SesaZleblobebiT, daasabuTon TavianTi moTxovnebi,

uaryon an gaaqarwylon meore mxaris mier wamoyenebuli moTxovnebi,

mosazrebebi Tu mtkicebulebebi. mxareebi TviTonve gansazRvraven, Tu

romeli faqtebi unda daedos safuZvlad maT moTxovnebs an romeli

mtkicebulebebiT unda iqnes dadasturebuli es faqtebi“ SejibrebiTobis

principma Tavisi asaxva hpova ssk-is mTel rig sxva normebSi.

SejibrebiTobis principis Sinaarsis garkveva SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod

am muxlebis analizis safuZvelze. am muxlebis analizi ki safuZvels

gvaZlevs gavakeToT Semdegi daskvnebi:

1. SejibrebiTobis principi moicavs mxareTa saqmianobas mxolod

saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebisa da mtkicebulebebis sferoSi.

sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom sasamarTlo saqmis ganxilvas (samoqalaqo

process) iwyebs mxolod dainteresebuli piris moTxovniT, an, rom

sasamarTlo ar unda gascdes mxareTa moTxovnis farglebs da a.S.

ganekuTvneba ara SejibrebiTobis, aramed dispoziciurobis

principis sferos.

2. mxareTa moTxovnebis Tu Sesageblis faqtobrivi (da ara

iuridiuli) dasabuTeba (gamarTleba) ekisrebaT TviTon mxareebs.

3. mxareebma TviTon unda gansazRvron Tu romeli faqtebi daedos

safuZvlad maT moTxovnebs (Sesagebels). amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa

miTiTebuli agreTve ssk 178-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad sarCelSi

aRniSnuli unda iyos „garemoebebi, romlebzec mosarCele amyarebs

Tavis moTxovnebs“, agreTve ssk 201-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad Tu

mopasuxe sarCels ar cnobs man unda miuTiTos „ra konkretul

garemoebebs emyareba misi Sesagebeli sarCelis winaaRmdeg“.

4. mxareebma TviTon unda miuTiTon mtkicebulebebze, romelTa

safuZvelze unda damtkicdes (dadasturdes) maT mier TavianTi

moTxovnis (Sesageblis) dasabuTebis mizniT miTiTebuli faqtebi.

amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli ssk 178-e muxlSi, romlis

Tanaxmad sarCelSi aRniSnuli unda iyos „mtkicebulebani,

romlebic adastureben am garemoebebs“ (e.i. mosarCelis mier

sarCelSi miTiTebul garemoebebs), agreTve, ssk 201-e muxlSi,

romlis Tanaxmad mopasuxem Tavis pasuxSi (SesagebelSi) unda

miuTiTos „ra mtkicebulebebiT SeiZleba damtkicdes es

garemoebebi“, (e.i. mopasuxis mier Tavis SesagebelSi miTiTebuli

garemoebebi).

koncetrirebulad SejibrebiTobis principi gamoxatulia ssk

102-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad „TiToeulma mxarem unda daamtkicos

60

garemoebani, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa da

Sesagebels“.

SejibrebaSi gamarjvebulad gamocxaddeba mxare, romelmac ukeT

SeZlo daerwmunebia sasamarTlo Tavisi moTxovnis (Sesageblis)

faqtobriv dasabuTebulobaSi, anu mxare, romelmac miuTiTa faqtebze,

romlebic iuridiulad amarTleben moTxovnas (Sesagebels) da

warmoudgina sasamarTlos mtkicebulebebi, romlebic adastureben am

faqtebs.

3. sasamarTlos iniciativisa da aqtiurobis farglebi

ra roli SeuZlia Seasrulos sasamarTlom mxareTa Sejibrebis

procesSi? faqtiurad esaa sakiTxi, Tu ra zomiTaa gamoyenebuli

samZebro principis elemlentebi Cvens samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi.

ssk me-4 muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad „saqmis garemoebaTa

gasarkvevad sasamarTlos SeuZlia Tavisi iniciativiT mimarTos am

kodeqsSi gaTvaliswinebul RonisZiebebs“.

ra Sinaarsis SeiZleba iyos es RonisZiebebi?

1. pirvel rigSi mizanSewonilia SevexoT sakiTxs mtkicebis sagnis

anu gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis wris zustad da

srulad gansazRvris Sesaxeb.

rogorc ukve avRniSneT mtkicebis sagans, anu im faqtebis wres,

romlebsac aqvT mniSvneloba saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis,

gansazRvraven TviTon mxareebi (ssk me-4 muxli). es imas niSnavs, rom

mxolod faqtebi, romlebzec miuTiTeben mxareebi, SeiZleba safuZvlad

daedos gadawyvetilebas.

ibadeba kiTxva: SeuZlia Tu ara sasamarTlos Tavisi iniciativiT

Seitanos mtkicebis saganSi da safuZvlad daedos gadawyvetilebas

faqtebi, romlebzec mxareebi ar miuTiTeben?

ara, ar SeuZlia!@

sasamarTlos SeuZlia mxolod mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis mosmenis

dros, rac SeiZleba moxdes mosamzadebel sxdomaze (ssk 205-e muxli) an

mTavar sxdomaze (ssk 218-e muxli), SekiTxvebis micemis saSualebiT

kidev erTxel daazustos faqtiuri garemoebebi, romlebsac emyareba

mxareTa moTxovna (Sesagebeli). amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli ssk

128-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs SekiTxvebi

misces mxareebs, romlebic xels Seuwyoben saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis

mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis srulad da zustad gansazRvras“.

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom, Tu mxareTa mier miTiTebuli faqtebi

iuridiulad ver asabuTeben maT moTxovnebs da, maSasadame, ar aqvT raime

mniSvneloba saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis sasamarTlos SeuZlia

Sesabamisi ganmarteba misces mxareebs amis Taobaze, romlebmac TviTon

unda SeZlon Sesabamis faqtebze miTiTeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT,

sagulisxmoa ssk 219-e muxlis danawesi imis Sesaxeb, rom „mxareTa

axsna-ganmartebis mosmenis dros maT SeuZliaT wamoayenon axali

mosazrebebi da miuTiTon axal garemoebebze“.

amrigad, faqtebze TviTon mxareebma unda miuTiTon. sasamarTlos

SeuZlia mxolod mxareTa gamokiTxvisa da SekiTxvebis micemis gziT xeli

Seuwyos gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis srulad da

zustad gansazRvras.

61

magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis winaaRmdeg da moiTxova

misgan sesxis saxiT micemuli valis 10 000 laris

dabruneba. mopasuxem (b-anim) ar cno sarCeli da Tavis

werilobiT SesagebelSi da mosamzadebel sxdomaze

micemul zepir axsna-ganmartebaSi miuTiTa, rom es vali

gasturmebulia mis mier mosarCelis SekveTiT sxvadasxva

xasiaTis samuSaoebis SesrulebiT. sasamarTlom uari

uTxra mosarCeles sarCelze im motiviT, rom gasulia

sk 129-e muxliT dadgenili moTxovnis xandazmulobis

vada. mosarCelem gaasaCivra es gadawyvetileba im

motiviT, rom sasamarTlom daarRvia SejibrebiTobis

principi, radgan gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad daudo

faqti, romelzec ar miuTiTebia mopasuxes da romelzec

ar umsjelia mxareebs.

eWvs ar iwvevs, rom am SemTxvevaSi marTlac darRveulia

SejibrebiTobis principi.

am TvalsazrisiT radikalurad gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba gvaqvs

saojaxo saqmeebis ganxilvis dros. ssk 354-e muxlis Tanaxmad

„sasamarTlos SeuZlia Tavisi iniciativiT gansazRvros dasadgen

garemoebaTa wre da mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis Semdeg TviTon gamoiTxovos

mtkicebulebebi, romlebzec mxareebs ar miuTiTebiaT“.

is. rac dasaSvebia saojaxo-samarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan

warmoSobili saqmeebis ganxilvisas, dauSvebelia sxva kategoriis

samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilvisas.

2. gacilebiT ufro aqtiur rols asrulebs sasamarTlo

mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebis procesSi. aq kvlav unda gavixsenoT ssk me-4

muxlis me-2 nawili, romlis Tanaxmad saqmis garemoebaTa gasarkvevad

sasamarTlos SeuZlia „Tavisi iniciativiT mimarTos am kodeqsSi

gaTvaliswinebul RonisZiebebs“.

es uaRresad mniSvnelovani debuleba, romelic amkvidrebs or

mTavar ideas: a) saqmis garemoebaTa, anu gadawyvetilebisaTvis

mniSvnelovani garemoebebis (mtkicebis sagnis) gasarkvevad sasamarTlos

SeuZlia gamoiCinos iniciativa; b) sasamarTlos iniciativis farglebi ar

SeiZleba iyos ganusazRvreli, rasac SeuZlia gamoiwvios SejibrebiTobis

principis aramarTlzomieri SezRudva an darRveva. sasamarTlos

iniciativis farglebi gansazRvrulia kanoniT, rac uzrunvelyofs

SejibrebiTobis principis, misi mdidari Sinaarsis srulyofilad

realizacias.

rogoria sasamarTlos iniciativis kanoniT gansazRvruli

farglebi?

pirveli - Tu sasamarTlos SexedulebiT mxareTa mier

warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi arasakmarisia an ver pasuxoben

mtkicebulebaTa gankuTvnadobis Tu dasaSvebobis moTxovnebs (ix. gv.......),

sasamarTlos SeuZlia SesTavazos mxareebs warmoadginon damatebiTi

mtkicebulebebi (ssk 103-e muxli) .

meore - mtkicebulebebs sasamarTlos warudgenen mxareebi, magram

Tu maT, ama Tu im mizezis gamo ver SeZles saWiro mtkicebulebaTa

piradad miReba da maTi sasamarTloSi wardgena imis gamo, rom piri,

romelmac es mtkicebuleba unda gasces, uars ambobs mxarisaTvis mis

gadacemaze, maSin am mxaris SuamdgomlobiT sasamarTlos SeuZlia TviTon

62

gamoiTxovos es mtkicebuleba am pirisagan ssk-iT dadgenili wesiT (ssk

134-e, 136-e, 154-e, 156-e da 203-e muxlebi).

mesame - sasamarTlos SeuZlia Tavisi iniciativiT moaxdinos

adgilze daTvaliereba im werilobiTi, Tu nivTieri mtkicebulebebisa,

romelTa sasamarTloSi wardgena maTi moculobis Tu odenobis gamo

Znelia an SeuZlebelia (ix. gv....)

meoTxe - sasamarTlos SeuZlia saqmis momzadebis wesiT an saqmis

zepiri ganxilvis dros Tavisi iniciativiT daniSnos eqspertiza, Tu

saWiro saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone iseTi garemoebis dadgena,

romelic specialur codnas moiTxovs (ssk 162-e, 203-e muxlebi).

aseTia mxareTa SejibrebaSi sasamarTlos iniciativisa da misi

aqtiuri rolis farglebi, romlebic gansazRvrulia kanoniT, ris gamoc

uzrunvelyofilia SejibrebiTobis mtkiced da ganuxrelad gatareba, misi

darRvevis Tavidan acileba.

III. mxareTa Tanasworobis principi

rogorc avRniSneT, es principi, SejibrebiTobis principTan erTad

aRiarebulia konstituciis 85-e muxliT. es araa SemTxveviTi: mxareTa

namdvili Sejibreba realurad SeuZlebeli iqneboda rom ar iyos am

SejibrebaSi monawile mxareebi Tanasworni.

ras niSnavs mxareTa Tanasworoba samoqalaqo procesSi?

mxareTa procesualuri Tanasworobis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi niSnebi da

mimarTulebani Camoyalibebulia ssk me-4 muxlSi romlis Tanaxmad

„mxareebi sargebloben Tanabari uflebebiTa da SesaZleblobebiT

daasabuTon TavianTi moTxovnebi, uaryon an gaaqarwylon meore mxaris

mier wamoyenebuli moTxovnebi, mosazrebebi Tu mtkicebulebebi“.

mxareTa procesualuri Tanasworobis principiTaa gamsWvaluli

saproceso kanonmdeblobis TiTqmis yoveli norma dawyebuli saqmis

momzadebis stadiiT da damTavrebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT da misi

gasaCivrebiT.

magaliTad, sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Semdeg sasamarTlo

(mosamarTle) valdebulia gadaugzavnos mopasuxes am sarCelisa da masze

darTuli dokumentis aslebi. mopasuxes Tavis mxriv SeuZlia cnos

sarCeli, an ar cnos, magram Tu ar cnobs - unda warmoudginos

sasamarTlos werilobiTi formiT Sedgenili pasuxi sarCelze da masze

TandarTul sabuTebze. am werilobiT pasuxSi manve unda acnobos

sasamarTlos Tu ra saproceso saSualebebiT apirebs mosarCelisagan

Tavis dacvas.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs

mosarCelis Tavdasxmisagan, anu sarCelisagan, mopasuxis Tavdacvis iseT

saSualebebs, rogoricaa Sesagebeli da Segebebuli sarCeli (ix. gv........)

ise, rogorc mosarCeles, mopasuxes sruli ufleba aqvs aramarto

gamoTqvas Tavisi mosazrebebi mosarCelis mier warmodgenili faqtebis

uarsayofad, aramed warmoudginos sasamarTlos faqtebi da

mtkicebulebebi, romlebic amarTleben mis Sesagebels, aqarwyleben

mosarCelis mier warmodgenil mtkicebulebebs, adastureben am

mtkicebulebebis siyalbes an arasarwmunobas da a.S.

araTanabar mdgomareobaSi ayenebs sasamarTlo mxareebs rodesac

mopasuxe mis winaaRmdeg aRZruli sarCelis Sesaxeb igebs mxolod

63

sasamarTlo uwyebiT, romliTac mas atyobineben sasamarTlos mTavari

sxdomis Sesaxeb.

magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis winaaRmdeg zianis

anazRaurebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom ar gaugzavna b-

anis am sarCelisa da masze darTuli dokumentebis

aslebi da ar gamoiTxova misgan werilobiTi

Sesagebeli, mopasuxes ar Seatyobina agreTve

mosamzadebeli sxdomis Sesaxeb. daniSna mTavari

sxdoma, romelzec gamocxadda mopasuxe, magram man

moiTxova sxdomis sxva droisaTvis gadadeba, raTa

gaecnos saqmis masalebs, aiyvanos warmomadgeneli,

warmoadginos Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebi da, saerTod,

moemzados sarCelisagan TavdacvisaTvis.

mxareTa Tanasworobis principi irRveva im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac

sasamarTlo uars eubneba mxares miiRos misgan mtkicebuleba, romelic

mimarTulia mowinaaRmdege mxaris mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebis

utyuarobis gaqarwylebisaken im motiviT, rom am mtkicebulebebs afasebs

sasamarTlo Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT. es marTlac asea, magram es ar

arTmevs uflebas mxares warmoudginos sasamarTlos mowinaaRmdege mxaris

mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebis siyalbis Tu arasarwmunobis

damadasturebeli mtkicebuleba, romelic agreTve unda Sefasdes

sasamarTlos Sinagani rwmeniT.33

mxareebs aqvT erTnairi ufleba gaasaCivron sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebebi da ganCinebebi, maT agreTve ufleba aqvT uari Tqvan

gasaCivrebaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom mxareTa saproceso Tanasworobis

principi gamokveTilia wesSi, romlis Tanaxmad Tu erTerTma mxarem uari

Tqva gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebaze, magram mowinaaRmdege mxarem

gaasaCivra gadawyvetileba, maSin mxares, romelmac uari Tqva

gasaCivrebaze, SeuZlia miuxedavad amisa, gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba.

rogorc avRniSneT, mxareTa saproceso Tanasworobis principiT

gamsWvalulia procesis TiTqmis yvela instituti da norma. amitom, am

principis detaluri gaSuqeba moiTxovs yvela am normisa da institutis

analizs, rasac eZRvneba am wignis momdevno Tavebi.

aq mxolod avRniSnavT imas, rom Tanasworobis procesualuri

principi organuladaa dakavSirebuli SejibrebiTobis principTan, romlis

srulad, Tanmimdevrulad da samarTlianad gatareba SeuZlebeli iqneboda

mxareTa Tanasworobis gareSe. sasamarTlo ver gamoitans gadawyvetilebas

Tu man ar mousmina orive dapirispirebul mxares an ar misca maT

SesaZlebloba gamoiyenon saproceso kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli

yvela ufleba da meqanizmebi TavianTi poziciis gasamarTleblad,

TavianTi uflebebis dasacavad.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ssk 394-e muxlis „b“ punqtis Tanaxmad saqmis

ganxilva erT-erTi mxaris dauswreblad, romelsac ar miuRia

33 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtiT damkvidrebuli samarTliani

sasamarTlo ganxilvis ufleba moicavs „Tanaswor (Tanabar) saSualebTa“ principsac anu mxareTa

Tanasworobas procesualuri TvalsazrisiT. am principis darRveva dafiqsirda saqmeebSi, rodesac

erT-erT mxares uari eTqva saqmis masalebis gacnobaze, uari eTqva sasamarTlos mier warmodgenil

mtkicebulebaTa ganxilvaze, rodesac sasamarTloebma ganixiles mxolod erTi mxaris mier

warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi da a.S. ix. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mokle megzuri.

Tbilisi 2000 w. gv. 65-67.

64

Setyobineba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT - warmoadgens sakasacio saCivris

absolutur safuZvels (gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis udavo safuZvels).

IV. saqmis ganxilvis daCqarebisa da procesualuri

ekonomiis principebi

1. saqmis ganxilvis daCqareba

am saxelmZRvanelos VII TavSi ganxilulia drois faqtoris

mniSvneloba samarTalSi saerTod da samoqalaqo procesSi kerZod,

avRniSneT, rom saproceso vada - esaa drois garkveuli monakveTi,

romlis ganmavlobaSi unda Sesruldes esa Tu is saproceso moqmedeba.

avRniSneT isic, rom drois faqtoris anu vadebis mniSvneloba

samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi uSvalod ukavSirdeba samoqalaqo saqmeTa

sasamarTlo warmoebis miznebsa da amocanebs.

saqmis ganxilvis vadebs gansazRvras yvela qveynis kanonmdebloba,

magram am vadebis gansazRvrisas gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva meTodi.

zogierTi qveynis kanonmdebloba mimarTavs saqmis ganxilvis dReebis,

kvireebiT an TveebiT gansazRvris meTods da uSvalod kanonSia

miTiTebuli Tu ramden dReSi, kviraSi Tu TveSi unda iqnes gadawyvetili

saqme. magaliTad, saqarTvelos ssk 59-e muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad

samoqalaqo saqmeebs sasamarTloebi ganixilaven gancxadebis miRebis

dRidan araugvianes ori Tvisa, xolo gansakuTrebiT rTuli kategoriis

saqmeebze es vada SeiZleba gagrZeldes araumetes 5 Tvisa.

amasTan erTad, mTeli rigi qveynebis samoqalaqo saproceso

kodeqsebi (magaliTad, germaniis da avstriis samoqalaqo saproceso

kodeqsebi), Tumca Seicaven saproceso moqmedebaTa Sesrulebis vadebs,

magram ar Seicaven saqmis ganxilvis vadebs.

niSnavs Tu ara yovelive es imas, rom im qveynebSi sadac araa

kanoniT gansazRvruli, Tu ra vadaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli saqme, am

saqmis ganxilva SeiZleba dausruleblad gagrZeldes?

am kiTxvaze uaryofiTad unda vupasuxoT: iq sadac kanoni ar

Seicavs saqmeTa ganxilvis konkretul vadebs, saqmeebi ganxiluli unda

iqnan gonivrul vadebSi. amis Sesaxeb araerTgzis iyo miTiTebuli

evropis sabWos konvenciebSi da rekomendaciebSi. magaliTad, adamianis

uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad „yvelas aqvs

miniWebuli ufleba Tavisi saqmis samarTliani da sajaro ganxilvisa

gonivrul vadaSi“ amave, evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier 1994

wels damtkicebul rekomendaciis #R(94)12 mixedviT „kanonma unda

gansazRvros Sesabamisi procedura imis uzrunvelsayofad rom, sul

mcire, daculi iqnes konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul saTanado proceduris

moTxovnebi, magaliTad saqme ganxiluli unda iqnes gonivrul vadaSi“34.

rogorc vxedavT, iq sadac kanoniT araa gansazRvruli saqmeTa

ganxilvis kalendaruli vadebi, unda ixelmZRvanelon „gonivruli

vadebiT“. Cveni qveynisaTvis aseT gonivrul vadas Seadgens 2 Tve, xolo

rTul saqmeebze es vada SeiZleba gagrZeldes 5 Tvemde.

saqarTvelos samoqalaTqo saproceso kanonmdebloba ara marto

gansazRvravs saqmeTa ganxilvis vadebs, aramed qmnis saqmis ganxilvis

34 ix. „mosamarTle da marTlmsajuleba: evropuli standartebi“. Tb. 2001 weli, gv. 15

65

iseT models, ayalibebs samoqalaqo saqmis warmoebis iseT wesebsa da

meqanizmebs, romlebmac, im pirobiT, Tu isini sworad iqnebian gagebuli

da gamoyenebuli, unda uzrunvelyon saqmeTa droulad, e.i. kanoniT

gansazRvrul vadebSi ganxilva da gadawyveta.

saqmis ganxilvis daCqarebisa da saproceso ekonomiis principis

moqmedeba iwyeba jer kidev sarCelis (gancxadebis) warmoebaSi miRebis

momentidan. kerZod, Tu Semotanil sarCels aqvs xarvezi, sasamarTlom

uari ki ar unda Tqvas mis miRebaze, aramed unda misces dro (dauniSnos

vada) mosarCeles gamoasworos xarvezi. Tu am droSi xarvezi ar iqneba

gamosworebuli, sasamarTlos mxolod amis Semdeg SeuZlia datovos

sarCeli umoZraod da daubrunos igi mosarCeles (ssk me-185-e muxli).

saqmeTa droulad, anu kanoniT dadgenil vadebSi ganxilvas

emsaxureba saqmis winaswari momzadebis instituti. kerZod, sarCelis

warmoebaSi miRebisTanave mosamarTlem am sarCelis asli da masze

TandarTuli sabuTis aslebi unda gadaugzavnos mopasuxes da dauniSnos

mas vada am sarCelze misi pasuxis (Sesageblis) werilobiTi formiT

warmodgenisaTvis (ssk 201-e muxli). am moqmedebis mopasuxis mier

daniSnul vadaSi Sesruleba uzrunvelyofilia ssk 206-e muxliT,

romlis mixedviT, Tu igi ar Seasrulebs sasamarTlos mier miTiTebul

moqmedebas da ar warudgens mas werilobiT gaformebul Sesagebels, mas

erTmeva ufleba Seasrulos aseTi moqmedeba am saqmis arsebiTad

ganxilvis dros (dawvrilebiT ix. gv...)

saqmis winaswari momzadebis stadiaze unda Sesruldes iseTi

saproceso moqmedebebi, rogoricaa Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvra,

mtkicebulebebis warmodgena, adgilze daTvaliereba, mesame pirebis

saqmeSi Cabma, eqspertizis daniSvna da a.S.

saqmis droulad ganxilvas emsaxureba vadebi, romlebic mxareTa

mier saproceso moqmedebis SesrulebisTvisaa gaTaliswinebuli.

magaliTad, Tu saqmis sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis

dros mxare aRZravs sxvadasxva xasiaTis Suamdgomlobebs, rogoricaa

mowmeTa gamoZaxeba, sxva mtkicebulebebis warmodgena, Segebebuli

sarCelis aRZvra, saqmeSi mesame pirebis CarTva da a.S. sasamarTlos

SeuZlia uari uTxras mas am Suamdgomlobebis dakmafoilebaze Tu isini

„sapatio mizeziT ar iyo aRZruli sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis saqmis

momzadebis stadiaze“ (ssk 215-e muxli).

mosarCeles ufleba aqvs Secvalos sarCelis sagani an safuZveli,

magram Tu aseTi Secvlis sakiTxi man daayena saqmis mTavar sxdomaze

ganxilvis dros, maSin aseTi SecvlisaTvis saWiroa mopasuxis Tanxmoba.

(ssk 83-e muxlis me-3 naw.)

saqmis droulad ganxilvas emsaxureba ssk 380-e muxliT dadgenili

wesi, romlis Tanaxmad saapelacio sasamarTloSi SeiZleba moyvanil iqnes

axali faqtebi da wardgenil iqnes axali mtkicebulebebi, magram

saapelacio sasamarTlo ar miiRebs maT, Tu mxares SeeZlo waredgina

isini jer kidev pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi da „Tu maTi ganxilva

xels SeuSlis saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmis droulad ganxilvas“.

procesis daCqarebisa da saqmis droulad (swrafad) ganxilvis

principi Tavis konkretul gamoxatulebas poulobs agreTve im

araxelsayrel SedegebSi, romlebic emuqrebaT mxareebs ama Tu im

saproceso moqmedebis kanoniT an sasamarTlos mier gansazRvrul vadebSi

SeusruleblobisaTvis. sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT ssk 206-e

66

muxli, romlis Tanaxmad mxareebi movalea Seasrulon sasamarTlos

miTiTeba saqmis momzadebis stadiaze. werilobiTi masalebis Tu sxva

moqmedebis Seusrulebloba iseTi mizeziT, romelsac sasamarTlo

arasapatiod cnobs arTmevs mxares uflebas Seasrulos aseTi moqmedeba

am saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dros. ssk 216-e muxlis Tanaxmad saqmis

ganxilvis gadadebis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo daavalebs mxareebs

daniSnul vadaSi warmoadginon maT xelT arsebuli mtkicebulebebi. „Tu

mxare Tavs aridebs am movaleobis Sesrulebas saqmis ganxilvis

gaWianurebis mizniT sasamarTlos SeuZlia ar miiRos dagvianebiT

warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi, ar gamouZaxos mowmes da a.S. ssk 219-e

muxlis Tanaxmad mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis mosmenis dros maT SeiZleba

wamoayenon axali mosazrebebi, an miuTiTon axal garemoebebze, romelTa

Sesaxeb ar yofila gancxadebuli saqmis momzadebis stadiaze. magram

sasamarTlo gaiTvaliswinebs am axal garemoebebs da mtkicebulebebs Tu

cnobs, rom maT Sesaxeb Tavis droze ar iyo gancxadebuli sapatio

mizeziT da rom es ar momxdara saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebis mizniT.

saqmis ganxilvis daCqarebisa da droulad gadawyvetis principi

Tavis konkretul gamoxatulebas poulobs ssk-is mTel rig

institutebSi da normebSi, romelTa Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT gveqneba

saubari qvemoT, roca am institutebis gaSuqebas SeudgebiT.

2. procesualuri ekonomiis principi

ekonomia berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs dazogvas, momWirneobas35, maT

Soris droisa da fuladi saxsrebis momWirned xarjvas.

ekonomias mimarTaven adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi da maT

Soris yoveldRiur cxovrebaSiac.

cxadia, ekonomiis moTxovnebs angariSs uwevdnen samoqalaqo

procesSiac.

ekonomiis principma Tavisi pirdapiri gamoxatuleba ver hpova

kanonmdeblobaSi, magram am principis moTxovnebiT gajerebulia

samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis yvela norma da instituti.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba ekonomiis

principis zemoqmedebas sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganicdis.

erTi aseTi, SeiZleba iTqvas ZiriTadi da fundamenturi

mimarTuleba - esaa samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis, misi

calkeuli normebisa da institutebis ageba ise, rom samarTalwarmoebis

mizani - saqmis swrafad da sworad gadawyveta, miRweul iqnes droisa da

saproceso saSualebebis, maT Soris fuladi saxsrebis, rac SeiZleba

mcire danaxarjebiT.

meore da aseve ZiriTadi mimarTuleba - esaa saproceso

moqmedebebis Sesruleba rogorc sasamarTlos, ise mxareebis mier kanoniT

an sasamarTlos mier gansazRvrul vadebSi. kanonmdebeli am vadebs ise

gansazRvravs, rom SesaZlebeli iyos saproceso moqmedebis Sesruleba.

arc meti da arc naklebi, magram, roca vadebis gansazRvra mindobili

aqvs sasamarTlos, manac igive kriteriumiT unda ixelmZRvanelos.

procesualuri ekonomiis principis konkretuli gamovlinebaa

magaliTad samarTalwarmoebis dayofa or did etapad (stadiad) - saqmis

35 ix. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. erTtomeuli. Tb. 1986, gv. 217-218

67

winaswari momzadebis stadiad da saqmis mTavar sasamarTlo sxdomaze

zepirad ganxilvis stadiad. ra Tqma unda, rom ar iyos saqmis winaswari

momzadebis stadia, mainc SesaZlebeli iqneboda saqmis sworad gadawyveta.

magram amisaTvis saWiro iqneboda sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomebis

dausruleblad gadadeba mxareTa sxvadasxva Suamdgomlobebis (axali

faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis warmodgenis, eqspertizis daniSvnis,

adgilze daTvalierebis Catarebis, mesame pirebis Cabmis, Segebebuli

sarCelis miRebis Sesaxeb da a.S.) ganxilvisa da dakmayofilebis gamo.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rom ara saqmis winaswari momzadebis

instituti, sul sxvagvarad unda agebuliyo sasamarTlos mTavari

sxdomebis warmarTvisa da Catarebis wesebi, saqmeTa ganxilvis gadadebis

safuZvlebi da sxva.

procesualuri ekonomiis principis uSvalo zemoqmedebiTaa

SemoRebuli Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvris SesaZlebloba da misi ZiriTad

sarCelTan erTad ganxilvis dasaSveboba (ssk 188-e muxli).

procesualuri ekonomiis principis moTxovnaTa sruli

gaTvaliswinebiTaa SemuSavebuli erT sarCelSi ramdenime moTxovnis

gaerTianebis Sesaxeb, anu sarCelebis obieqturi gaerTianebisa da, agreTve

ramdenime mosarCelis mier ramdenime mopasuxis winaaRmdeg sarCelis

aRZvris SesaZlebloba, anu sarCelebis subieqturi gaerTianeba (ssk 182-e

muxli).

procesualuri ekonomiis principis konkretuli gamovlenaa agreTve

wesi, romlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos SeuZlia gaerTianebuli

moTxovnebidan calke warmoebad gamoyos erTi an ramdenime moTxovna, Tu

cnobs, rom moTxovnaTa gancalkevebuli garCeva ufro mizanSewonilia

(ssk 182-e muxli).

proceualuri ekonomiis uSvalo zemoqmedebiTaa Camoyalibebuli

arasaTanado mxaris Secvlis wesebi. kerZod, Tu sarCeli aRZrulia ara

im piris mier, romelsac moTxovnis ufleba aqvs, sasamarTlos SeuZlia

misi Secvla saTanado mosarCeliT, anu im piriT, romelsac aseTi

moTxovnis ufleba aqvs. igive wesi moqmedebs arasaTanado mopasuxis

Secvlis drosac (ssk 84-85-e muxlebi).

kanonmdebeli zrunavs aramarto imaze, rom yvelgan, sadac es

mizanSewonilia, gaiTvaliswinos saproceso ekonomiis principis

moTxovnebi, aramed imazec, rom am moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT

SemuSavebuli wesebi ganuxrelad gatardes. magaliTad, sasamarTlos

mTavari sxdomis daniSvna SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

mosamarTle „cnobs saqmes sakmaod momzadebulad“ (ssk 207-e muxli).

saproceso moqmedebebis droulad Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis

RonisZiebebs iTvaliswinebs ssk-is calkeuli institutebi - dawyebuli

pirvel instanciaSi saqmeTa ganxilviT da damTavrebuli axlad

aRmoCenil garemoebaTa gamo saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebiT.

V. saqveynobis principi

saqarTvelos konstituciis 85-e muxlisa da „saerTo

sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos organuli kanonis me-12 muxlis

Sesabamisad, ssk me-9 muxlma daamkvidra saqmis ganxilvis saqveynoobis

principi.

68

saqveynobis principi - esaa konkretul samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva

sasamarTlos Ria sxdomebze mxareebisa da sasamarTlo sxdomis darbazSi

myof pirTa daswrebiT.

saqveynobis principis am ganmartebidan naTlad Cans misi moqmedebis

sfero: saqveynobis principis moqmedebis sferoa sasamarTlos mTavari

sxdoma, romelzec ganixileba konkretuli samoqalaqo saqme. aqedan

gamomdinareobs meore daskvnac: saqveynobis principi ar moqmedebs saqmis

winaswari momzadebis, an sxva mizniT Sesrulebul calkeul saproceso

moqmedebis Sesrulebis dros. magaliTad, saqveynobis principi ar

moqmedebs sasamarTlos mier sarCelis umoZraod datovebis, sarCelis

warmoebaSi miRebis an aseT miRebaze uarisTqmis, Segebebuli sarCelis

miRebis, saapelacio da sakasacio saCivrebis dasaSvebobis da a.S.

sakiTxebis ganxilva-gadawyvetisas.

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben saqveynobis princips mxolod

mxareebisaTvis, anu saqveynobis princips viwro gagebiT da saqveynobis

princips rogorc mxareebisaTvis, ise yvela msurvelisaTvis, anu

saqveynobis princips farTo gagebiT.36

saqveynobis principSi mxareebisaTvis anu viwro gagebiT,

gulisxmoben mxareTa uflebas gaecnon saqmis masalebs, monawileoba

miiRon sasamarTlos mier ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis SesrulebaSi.

magaliTad, ssk 83-e muxlis Tanaxmad mxareebs ufleba aqvT gaecnon

saqmis masalebs, gaakeTon amonawerebi am masalebidan, gadaiRon aslebi,

maT agreTve ufleba aqvT monawileoba miiRon mtkicebulebaTa

SemowmebaSi da gamokvlevaSi da a.S. ssk 121-e muxlis Tanaxmad

sasamarTlos mier adgilze daTvalierebis Catarebis Sesaxeb ecnobebaT

mxareebs da maT warmomadgenlebs, raTa monawileoba miiRon am saproceso

moqmedebis SesrulebaSi da a.S.

Cveni azriT, mxareebisaTvis saqveynobis principis, anu viwro

gagebiT saqveynobis principis, Sinaarsis aseTi gagebisaTvis ar arsebobs

safuZveli. is, ra Sinaarsac am principSi aqsoven, sinamdvileSi

warmoadgens mxareTa, anu iuridiulad dainteresebul pirTa

monawileobTi saqmeTa ganxilvis aucileblobidan da mxareTa

Tanasworobisa da SejibrebiTobis principebidan gamomdinare moTxovnebs.

amrigad, arsebobs saqveynobis principi mxolod farTo gagebiT,

romlis moqmedeba vrceldeba, erTis mxriv, sasamarTlos mTavar

sxdomebze da, meores mxriv - mxareebze da farTo sazogadoebriobaze,

romlebsac aqvT survili daeswron sasamarTlo sxdomebs, mousminon

sasamarTlos da saqmeSi monawile sxva pirebs.

dasaSvebia Tu ara sasamarTlos sxdomebze kino da foto

gadaRebebi?

„saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-12 muxlis me-2

punqtis Sesabamisad sasamarTlos sxdomebze kino da foto gadaRebebis,

audio da video Canaweris „akrZalva daiSveba mxolod sasamarTlos

motivirebuli ganCinebebiT. aseTi akrZalva SeiZleba ganxorcieldes

rogorc mxareTa SuamdgomlobiT, ise sasamarTlos iniciativiT“.

36 Baur /Grunsky. Zivilprozessreeht. 9 auflago, Luchterhand 1997, s.43. Luke. Zivilprozeareeht. München 1999. s.25.

69

rogorc vxedavT, dasaxelebuli kanonis me-12 muxli efuZneba

princips: is rac akrZaluli araa - nebadarTulia. es imas niSnavs, rom

sasamarTlo sxdomaze foto da kino gadaRebebi, audio da video

Canawerebis gakeTeba - nebadarTulia saqmis ganmxilveli sasamarTlos

specialuri nebarTvis gareSe. yovelive es akrZalulia mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac arsebobs sasamarTlos ganCineba aseTi akrZalvis

Sesaxeb. cxadia, rom ganCineba akrZalvis Sesaxeb unda iyos

motivirebuli.37

cxadia, rom kino da foto gadaRebebis, audio da video Canawerebis

gakeTeba Sedis samarTalwarmoebis saqveynobis principis SinaarsSi.

saqveynobis princips mravalmxrivi mniSvneloba aqvs.

sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomebis Catareba aramarto mxareTa

monawileobiT, aramed sazogadoebis dainteresebul wevrTa TandaswrebiT,

agreTve am sxdomebis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebiT presis, radios

telviziis saSualebiT sazogadoebriobisaTvis, romlebic ar eswreboden

sasamarTlo sxdomebs - warmoadgens sasamarTlos saqmianobisadmi

sazogadoebis kontrolis erT-erT formas.

sasamarTlo procesebis Catareba sazogadoebriobis TandaswrebiT

akisrebs sasamarTlos movaleobas kidev ufro srulyofilad moemzados

saqmis ganxilvisaTvis, sasamarTlo sxdomebis CatarebisaTvis, sasamarTlo

sxdomebi unda iyos nimuSi wesrigisa da disciplinis, or

dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris paeqrobis eTikisa da kulturis sxva

normebis dacviT warmarTvisa.

mxolod sasamarTlo procesebis Catarebas samoqalaqo saproceso

normebiT dadgenili wesiTa da sxva socialuri normebis moTxovnaTa

sruli gaTvaliswinebiT SeuZlia Camouyalibos ndoba sazogadoebas

Tavisi sasamarTlos mimarT.

bolos, saqveynobis princips aqvs garkveuli mniSvneloba

sazogadoebis marTlSegnebis amaRlebis, maTi kanonisadmi pativiscemis

suliskveTebiT aRzrdis TvalsazrisiTac. aq sazogadoeba igebs aramarto

imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria kanonis moTxovnebi, aramed imisac, rom am

moTxovnebis darRvevas ar SeiZleba ar moyves seriozuli araxelsayreli

Sedegebi misi damrRvevisaTvis. saqveynobis (sajaroobis) principis

darRveva warmoadgens gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis absolutur safuZvels.

ssk 394-e muxlis „d“ punqtis Tanaxmad gadawyvetileba yovelTvis

CaiTvleba kanonis darRveviT miRebulad da unda gauqmdes Tu

„gadawyvetileba miRebulia saqmis zepiri ganxilvis safuZvelze, romlis

drosac darRveulia procesis sajaroobis wesebi“.E

sajaroobis (saqveynobis) principi darRveulad iTvleba maSin,

rodesac sasamarTlos ar miuRia ganCineba da ar daudgenia saqmis

daxurul sxdomaze ganxilva, magram sazogadoebriobis im nawils,

romelsac surda sxdomaze daswreba, ar uSvebdnen sasamarTlo sxdomis

darbazSi.

2. kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs saqveynobis principis SezRudvis

SesaZleblobas. magaliTad, saqarTvelos konstituciis me-20 muxlis

Sesabamisad yoveli adamianis piradi cxovreba, piradi Canaweri, mimowera,

saubari satelefono da sxva saxis teqnikuri saSualebiT, agreTve

37 kino da foto gadaRebebis, agreTve audio da video Canawerebis gakeTebis akrZalvis yvelaze

gavrcelebul motivad gvxvdeba sasamarTlos normaluri msvlelobisaTvis xelis SeSla.

70

teqnikuri saSualebiT miRebuli Setyobineba xelSeuxebelia. es imas

niSnavs, rom daxuruli sasamarTlo sxdoma SeiZleba gaimarTos aseTi

mimowerisa da Canaweris saidumloebis dacvis mizniT, Tu Sesabamisi

mxare Suamdgomlobs amis Sesaxeb.

ssk me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad saqme daxurul sxdomaze unda iqnes

ganxiluli, Tu es aucilebelia saxelmwifo saidumloebis dacvis

interesebisaTvis. ssk 350-e muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad gancxadeba

Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes daxurul sasamarTlo

sxdomaze. sasamarTlos SeuZlia daadginos daxurul sxdomaze saqmis

ganxilva, Tu es aucilebelia mxareTa intimuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb

cnobebis gavrcelebis Tavidan acilebisaTvis.

saqmis daxurul sxdomaze ganxilvis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs

motivirebuli ganCineba. sasamarTlos SeuZlia daxuros sxdoma mTlianad

an nawilobriv. sasamarTlos aseT ganCinebaze kerZo saCivris Setana ar

SeiZleba.

rac Seexeba sasamarTlos ganCinebas mxaris SuamdgomlobiT sxdomis

daxurvaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, aseTi ganCinebis gamotanas kanoni ar

iTvaliswinebs. bunebrivia, arc misi gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobaa kanoniT

gaTaliswinebuli. magram, Tu aseTi ganCineba iqneba gamotanili, masze

kerZo saCivris Setana ar daiSveba.

3. saqarTvelos konstituciis 85-e muxlisa da saerTo

sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis me-12 muxlis Tanaxmad,

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba cxaddeba saqveynod.

am muxlebis azri ar SeiZleba gavigoT ise, TiTqos sasamarTlos

gadawyvetileba, miRebuli saqmis daxurul sxdomeze ganxilvis Sedegad,

yovelTvis unda gamocxaddes saqveynod. sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba

daxurul sxdomaze unda gamocxaddes, Tu misi sajarod gamocxadebiT

saqveynod gaxdeba cnobili yovelive, ris gamoc saqmis ganxilva daixura,

agreTve, roca amas kanoni iTvaliswinebs (ssk 351-e muxli).

VI. saxelmwifo enis principi

es principi saqarTvelos konstituciiT damkvidrebuli principia,

romlis Tanaxmad samarTalwarmoeba xorcieldeba saxelmwifo enaze. pirs,

romelmac saxelmwifo ena ar icis, mieCineba Tarjimani. saqarTvelos

konstituciis me-8 muxlis Tanaxmad „saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena aris

qarTuli, xolo afxazeTSi - agreTve afxazuri“.

amasTan erTad, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6

muxlis Tanaxmad mxareebs SeuZliaT isargeblon Tarjimnis ufaso

momsaxurebiT, Tu maT ar ician ena, romelzec mimdinareobs sasamarTlo.

„saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-10

muxlma gaiTvaliswina adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis es

moTxovna da daadgina, rom „Tarjimnis momsaxureba anazRaurdeba

saxelmwifo biujetis xarjze“.

amrigad, samarTalwarmoebis enis armcodne pirs Tarjimnis

meSveobiT SeuZlia srulad ganaxorcielos yvela is ufleba, rac mas

aqvs miniWebuli samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tarjimnis funqcia ar SeiZleba SeiTavsos

mosamarTlem, sxdomis mdivanma, an saqmeSi monawile romelime sxva pirma.

71

sasamarTlom unda ganumartos sasamarTlo enis armcodne mxares

misi uflebebi isargeblos Tarjimnis momsaxurebiT, romlis xarjebs

aanazRaurebs saxelmwifo.

VII. zepirobis principi da misi werilobiT

formasTan Sexameba

nebismieri mosazreba, Sexeduleba, pozicia, daskvna, STabeWdileba,

winadadeba, gadawyvetileba da a.S. SeiZleba gadmoices rogorc zepiri,

ise werilobiTi formiT.

maSasadame, zepiroba (zogjer mas zepirsityvierebasac uwodeben) da

werilobiToba azris gadmocemis formebia. romeli forma iqneba

gamoyenebuli - damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra mizans isaxavs azris

gadmocema.

rac Seexeba samarTalwarmoebas, kerZod ki samoqalaqo saqmeTa

warmoebas sasamarTloSi, istoriulad samarTalwarmoebis sawyis etapze

yvela qveyanaSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSi, gabatonebuli iyo zepiri

forma, rac unda aixsnas werakiTxvis gauvrceleblobiT, ufro zustad

misi Zlier SezRudulad gavrcelebiT. magram, mTavari aq isaa, rom

samarTalwarmoebaSi wminda zepiri formis gamoyenebas gaaCnda seriozuli

naklovanebebi, romelTa aRmofxvra SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod werilobiT

formasTan SexamebiT an masTan kombinaciiT.38

saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikis analizis safuZvelze axali

saproceso kodeqsis SemuSavebis dros miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba

davyrdnobodiT zepirobis princips oRond werilobiTi formasTan misi

farTo SexamebiT.

konkretulad zepiri da werilobiTi formebis Sexameba SemdegSi

gamoixateba:

1. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis mixedviT

saqmis sasamarTloSi warmoeba SeiZleba or did etapad (stadiad)

davyoT: a) saqmis winaswari momzadeba sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis da b)

saqmis ganxilva sasamarTlos mTvar sxdomaze.

amasTan, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom saqmis winaswari sasamarTlo

ganxilvisaTvis momzadeba aris savaldebulo, anu saqmis momzadeba unda

gaiaros yvela saqmem.

2. saqmis winaswari momzadebis etapze upiratesad gamoiyeneba

werilobiTi forma. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, am etaps SeiZleba

vuwodoT mxareTa werilobiTi dokumentebiT Sejibreba. am etapze

mxareebi erTmaneTs ar xvdebian sasamarTloSi da arc sasamarTlosTan

maTi Sexvedra ar xdeba, garda erTi SemTxvevisa, roca sasamarTlos

saWirod miaCnia daniSnos mosamzadebeli sxdoma (saqmis momzadebis

Sesaxeb ix. Tavi.... gv.....).

Cveni samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT, sarCeli SeiZleba

waredginos sasamarTlos mxolod werilobiTi formiT, romelic unda

pasuxobdes kanonis yvela sxva moTxovnas (ssk 177-e-178-e muxlebi).

38 wminda zepiri formis an wminda werilobiTi formis naklovanebebisa da xarvezebis Sesaxeb

dawvrilebiT SeiZleba gaecnoT; Е.В. Васковскии, Курс гражданского процессуалъного права. 1914, стр. 430-448 Arens. Mundlichkeitsprinzip und Prozesbeschleunigung im Zivilprozess, 1977.s.10.

72

3. sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebisTanave iwyeba saqmis momzadebis

etapi, rac imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTlom sarCelisa da masze

TandarTuli dokumentis aslebi unda gadaugzavnos mopasuxes, dauniSos

mas vada werilobiT gasces pasuxi sasamarTlos mier mis winaSe dasmul

yvela sakiTxze, romelTa Sesaxeb miTiTebulia ssk 201-e muxlSi,

gadaugzavnos mosarCeles mopasuxisagan miRebuli werilobiTi masalebi,

winadadeba misces mxareebs (werilobiTi formiT) warmoadginon

saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovani yvela masala, Tu arsebobs mxareTa

werilobiTi Txovna, gamoiTxovos mtkicebulebebi sxvadasxva pirebisagan

da a.S.

sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT saqmis warmoebis am umniSvnelovanes

etapze, rogoricaa saqmis ganxilvisaTvis winaswari momzadeba,

sasamarTlos (mosamarTles) piradi kontaqti mxareebTan ar aqvs:

yvelaferi warmoebs mimoweris saSualebiT - werilobiTi formiT.

4. erT-erTi SemTxveva, roca sasamarTlos mosamarTles uxdeba

Sexvedra mxareebTan am etapze, esaa mosamzadebeli sxdoma, romelsac

niSnavs sasamarTlo mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi (ssk

205-e muxli). agreTve Tu momzadebis mizniT sasamarTlos mier

Sesasrulebeli saproceso moqmedeba moiTxovs mxareTa monawileobas

(magaliTad, adgilze daTvaliereba).

5. bolos, saqmis winaswari momzadebis etapze werilobiTi formis

upirates gamoyenebaze miuTiTebs ssk 206-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad

mxareebi movaleni arian Seasrulon saqmis momzadebis mizniT

mosamarTlis miTiTebebi. werilobiTi masalebis warudgenloba Tu sxva

moqmedebis Seusrulebloba iseTi mimzeziT, romelsac sasamarTlo

arasapatiod cnobs, arTmevs mxares uflebas Seasrulos aseTi moqmedeba

am saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dros, anu sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze,

zepiri ganxilvis dros.

ganCineba saqmis mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis daniSvnis Sesaxeb

sasamarTlos gamoaqvs mas Semdeg, roca igi cnobs saqmes sakmaod

momzadebulad (ssk 207-e muxli).

ai, am ganCinebis miRebidan iwyeba saqmis warmoebis axali etapi -

saqmis Ria sasamarTlo sxdomaze sajarod ganxilvis etapi, sadac

„gabatonebuli“ mdgomareoba uWiravs zepirobis princips. sxva sityvebiT

rom vTqvaT, aqedan iwyeba mxareTa zepiri Sejibrebis etapi, ris

Sesaxebac kanonSiac aris miTiTeba: ssk 207-e muxlis Tanaxmad saqmis

ganxilvis dRes sasamarTlo niSnavs im varaudiT, rom mxareebs

SesaZlebloba hqondeT moemzadon „zepiri SejibrebisaTvis“.

es imas ar niSnavs, rom am etapze gamoiricxeba werilobiTi

masalebis warmodgena. ra Tqma unda ara! werilobiTi mimowera da

werilobiTi masalebis warmodgena am etapzec dasaSvebia kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis arsebobisas. magaliTad. Tu arsebobs

sapatio mizezi (ssk 215-e muxli) ris gamoc igi ar iyo Tavis droze

wardgenili, magram, werilobiT formas am etapze „daqvemdebarebuli“

mdgomareoba uWiravs.

zepir formaze, rogorc zepirobis principze, romelzec agebulia

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba utyuarad miuTiTebs

is, rom mxareTa werilobiTi formiT warmodgenil masalebs mniSvneloba

eniWebaT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mxareebi gamocxaddebian mTavar

sxdomaze da monawileobas miiReben paeqrobaSi, zepir SejibrebaSi. Tu

73

romelime mxare ar gamocxaddeba mTavar sxdomaze da ar miiRebs

monawileobas saqmis ganxilvaSi sasamarTlo mis winaaRmdeg gamoitans

dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas (ssk 229-e da 230-e muxlebi), xolo, Tu

arcerTi mxare ar gamocxaddeba - sasamarTlo sarCels ganuxilvelad

datovebs. (ssk 231-e muxli).

amrigad, erT-erTi mxaris an orive mxaris mTavar sasamarTlo

sxdomaze gamoucxadeblobis, an Tumca gamocxadebisa, magram saqmis

ganxilvaSi monawileobaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi (ssk 232-e muxli).

sasamarTlos ar gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba saqmeSi arsebuli werilobiTi

masalebis mixedviT.

werilobiT masalebs mniSvneloba eniWeba mxolod maSin, rodesac

mxare monawileobs maT ganxilvaSi, rodesac is mxars uWers an uaryofs

saqmeSi arsebul werilobiT Tu sxva masalebs.

yovelive es utyuarad miuTiTebs zepirobis principis

upiratesobaze mis sapirispiro werilobiT formasTan SedarebiT,

romelic ase farTod gamoiyeneba Cvens procesSiac.

bolos ar SeiZleba mokled mainc ar iTqvas mxareTa zepiri

gancxadebebis, Sesageblis, Sepasuxebis, Suamdgomlobebis da a.S.

werilobiTi damagrebis Sesaxeb, rac ZiriTadad oqmis saSualebiT xdeba

(ssk 287-e-291-e muxlebi). rogorc es aRiarebulia, zepiri gancxadebebis

Tu mosazrebebis aseTi werilobiTi damagreba ar Sedis werilobiTi

principis cnebis SinaarsSi, magram aseTi damagreba ucilebelia

gasaCivrebul gadawvetilebaTa SemowmebisaTvis zemdgomi sasamarTlo

instanciebis mier.

VIII. uSualobis principi

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis mixedviT saqmis

winaswar momzadebas axdens is sasamarTlo (mosamarTle), romelmac

miiRo sarCeli (gancxadeba) warmoebaSi (ssk 184-e da me-200 muxlebi).

mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebas Semowmebas da Sefasebas axdens sasamarTlo,

romelsac gadaeca saqme gansaxilvelad (ssk 103-105-e muxlebi).

sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis mowmeTa Cvenebis,

eqspertTa mosmenisa da mxareTa paeqrobis damTavrebis Semdeg,

sasamarTlo gadis gadawyvetilebis misaRebad (ssk 226-e muxli).

gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas saqmis ganmxilveli sasamarTlo

(mosamarTle) afasebs mtkicebulebebs, gansazRvravs romeli garemoebebia

dadgenili da romeli kanoni unda iqnes gamoyenebuli (ssk 244-e muxli).

amrigad, uSualobis principis dedaazri mdgomareobs imaSi, rom

gadawyvetileba saqmeze SeuZlia gamoitanos im sasamarTlom, romelmac

uSualod gamoikvlia, Seamowma da Seafasa mxareTa mier warmodgenili

mtkicebulebebi da damtkicebulad CaTvala am gadawyvetilebisaTvis

mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebi.

uSualobis principis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare misi ganuxrelad

gatarebis erT-erTi pirobaa mosamarTleTa ucvleloba. es imas niSnavs,

rom Tu saqmis warmoebis procesSi da miT ufro saqmis mTavar

sasamarTlo sxdomaze ama Tu im mizezis gamo xdeba mosamarTlis Secvla

sxva mosamarTliT uSualobis princips eqmneba dabrkoleba. mosamarTlis

Secvla ki zogjer aucilebelia, rodesac igi daavaddeba da saWiroebs

mkurnalobas, rodesac mxareebma mas ganucxades acileba an TviTon

74

ganacxada TviTacileba, rodesac igi kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli

safuZvliT Camoaciles saqmis ganxilvas da a.S.

rogor unda moviqceT aseT SemTxvevaSi?

arsebobs am sakiTxis gadawyvetis ori SesaZlebloba (gza) erTi -

mosamarTlis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi, damokideblad imisa, Tu ra safuZvliT

xdeba es, saqmis ganxilva unda daiwyos Tavidan. gamonakliss am mxriv

warmoadgens saqmis momzadebis stadia. aq axal mosamarTles SeuZlia

gaagrZelos saqmis momzadeba.

meore - mosamarTlis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi, damoukideblad imisa Tu

ra safuZvliT xdeba es, saqmis mTavar sxdomaze ganxilva grZeldeba im

etapidan, romel etapzec moxda Secvla. es imas niSnavs, rom mxareTa

axsna-ganmartebis mosmena, mowmeTa dakiTxva, eqspertis mosmena da sxva

ganmeorebiT SeiZleba aRar ganxorcieldes da Secvlil mosamarTles

SeuZlia maT mosazrebebsa da Cvenebebs, agreTve, saqmeSi arsebul sxva

masalebs gaecnos sasamarTlo sxdomis oqmis meSveobiT sadac

gadmocemulia mxareTa axsna-ganmartebebi, mowmeTa Cvenebebi, eqspertis

ganmartebebi, agreTve saqmeSi arsebuli werilobiTi da nivTieri

mtkicebulebebi.

cxadia, rom erTpirovnulad saqmis gamrCev axal mosamarTles, an

kolegiur sasamarTlos mxareTa motivirebuli Suamdgomlobis an TviTon

axali mosamarTlis iniciativiT SeuZlia ganmeorebiT Seasrulos esa Tu

is saproceso moqmedeba, (magaliTad, xelmeored dakiTxos mowme) Tu

amis aucilebloba arsebobs.

Cvenma samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsma kodeqsma airCia es meore

gza: mosamarTlis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi saqmis Tavidan ganxilvis dawyeba

da Sesrulebul saproceso moqmedebaTa ganmeorebiT Sesruleba anu

ganmeorebiT mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis mosmena, mowmeTa ganmeorebiT

dakiTxva, ganmeorebiT eqspertizis daniSvna da a.S. saWiro araa, Tu amis

aucileblobas TviTon Secvlili mosamarTle an kolegiurad saqmis

ganmxilveli sasamarTlo ver xedavs.

Tqma ar unda, es aris uSvalobis principidan gadaxveva, magram es

aris gonivruli gadaxveva, rasac arc ise iSviaTad mimarTavs

kanonmdebeli. magaliTad, mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis wesiT

Segrovili yvela masala „gaegzavneba saqmis ganmxilvel sasamarTlos“

(ssk 116-e muxli), sasamarTlos davalebiT SeiZleba mtkicebulebaTa

Segroveba da Semowmeba sxva sasamarTlom moaxdinos (ssk 107-e muxli),

sxva sasamarTlos SeiZleba daevalos mowmis dakiTxva, adgilze

daTvaliereba da a.S. cxadia, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi uSvalod saqmis

ganmxilveli sasamarTlo ar aRiqvams mtkicebulebas (mowmis Cvenebas,

nivTier mtkicebulebas), mas egzavneba mxolod saTanado oqmiT

damagrebuli Cvenebebi, Tu sxva sasamarTlos mier uSvalod aRqmuli da

Semowmebuli mtkicebulebebis Sedegebi.

magram, vimeorebT, es aris gonivruli gadaxvevebi, gamowveuli imiT,

rom mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba sasamarTloSi saqmis aRZvris Semdeg

SeiZleba SeuZlebeli gaxdes an imis gamo, rom mowme mZimedaa

daavadebuli, an imis gamo, rom nivTierma mtkicebulebebma SeiZleba

mogvianebiT dakargon mtkicebulebiTi mniSvneloba (magaliTad, malfuWadi

nivTebi) an imis gamo, rom mtkicebulebaTa saqmis ganmxilvel

sasamarTloSi warmodgena SeuZlebelia an dakavSirebulia did xarjebTan

75

(magaliTad unda daikiTxos mowme, romelic Soreul qveyanaSi cxovrobs

da moRvaweobs) da a.S.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ar arsebobs principi, romlisganac

gadaxvevas ar iTvaliswinebdes kanoni.

uSualobis principTan dakavSirebiT ki xazgasmiT unda avRniSnoT,

uSualobis principidan gadaxveva dauSvebelia sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebis Camoyalibebisa da miRebis etapze: gadawyvetileba unda

Camoayalibos da mas xeli unda moaweros im mosamarTleebma an

mosamarTlem (Tu saqmes erTpirovnulad ixilavda mosamarTle),

romlebic monawileobdnen bolo sasamarTlo sxdomaze. mas Semdeg, rac

sasamarTlom saqmis ganxilva damTavrebulad CaTvala da gavida

gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad, mosamarTlis Secvla dauSvebelia.

X

X X

X

aseTia mokled samoqalaqo procesis (samoqalaqo

samarTalwarmoebis) ZiriTadi principebi. rogorc ukve avRniSneT,

iuridil literaturaSi ar arsebobs erTgvarovani mosazreba arc maTi

odenobis, arc maTi klasifikaciis, arc maTi Sinaarsis da arc maTi

dalagebis Sesaxeb. marTlac, samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba

mraval progresul da gonivrul ideas da debulebas efuZneba da maTi

principad gamocxadeba ar iqneba Secdoma, Tumca aseT pirobebSi

principebis CamonaTvali SeiZleba dausruleblad gagrZeldes.

Cven im mravalricxovani principebidan, romlebic pirdapir Tu

arapirdapir Camoyalibebulia kanonSi, SevexeT mxolod iseTebs,

romlebic Cveni azriT wamyvan rols asruleben samarTalwarmoebaSi.

76

Tavi IV

samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis

(samarTalwarmoebis) subieqtebi

$1. samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianoba

I. samarTlis subieqtebi zogadad

samarTlis subieqtebad gvevlineba pirebi, anu fizikuri da

iuridiuli pirebi, romlebzec vrceldeba samarTali saerTod, anu

romlebsac SeuZliaT isargeblon yvela im uflebiT, romlebic

gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT. es aris zogadi

uflebaunarianobis Sinaarsi, romlis Tanaxmad saqarTelos yvela

fizikur da iuridiul pirs miniWebuli aqvs iuridiuli SesaZlebloba

isargeblos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul yvela uflebiT. aseTi unariT, e.i.

unariT hqondes kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi, aRWurvilia yvela

fizikuri piri dabadebidan da yvela iuridiuli piri - misi

registraciis momentidan.

magram aseTi zogadsamarTlebrivi uflebaunarianobiT aRWurvili

arian aramarto saqarTvelos fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi.

saqarTvelos kanoniT „saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb“

„ucxo qveynis fizikur da iuridiul pirebs, agreTve moqalaqeobis

armqone pirebs aqvT iseTive uflebaunarianoba da qmedunarianoba,

rogorc saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs“ (21-e muxli). am wesidan gamonaklis

iTvaliswinebs isev am kanonis 21-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos

kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebiT ver isargebleben im

qveynis fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi, romel qveyanaSic moqmedebs

saqarTvelos fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis uflebebis SemzRudavi

normebi.39 unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos kanoni „saerTaSoriso

kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb emyareba saqarTvelos konstitucias, kerZod

mis 47-e muxls, romlis Sesabamisad saqarTveloSi mcxovreb ucxo

39 dawvrilebiT ix. T.liluaSvili, saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali. g-ba „jisiai“, Tb. 2004, gv. 51

77

qveynis moqalaqeebs da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs aqvT Tanabari

uflebebi da movaleobebi, garda kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli

gamonaklisebisa.

ucxoelebad saqarTveloSi iTvlebian pirebi, romlebic ar arian

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi da aqvT sxva qveynis moqalaqeobis

damadasturebeli sabuTi. moqalaqeobis armqone pirebad iTvlebian iseTi

pirebi, romlebic ar arian arc saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi da arc sxva

qveynis moqalaqeobis damadasturebeli sabuTi aqvT.40

rac Seexeba konkretulad unars gqondes samoqalaqo uflebebi da

movaleobebi, agreTve unars SeiZino da gankargo Seni moqmedebiT es

uflebebi da movaleobebi (samoqalaqo uflebaunarianoba da

qmedunarianoba), fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis mimarT

gaTvaliswinebulia samoqalaqo kodeqsis (sk) me-11-12 da 25-e muxlebiT.

II. samoqalaqo procesis subieqtebi

rogorc ukve avRniSneT, zogjer ufleba irRveva, an mis

ganxorcielebas vinme iseT dabrkolebas uqmnis, rom kanoniT miniWebuli

am sikeTiT sargebloba SeuZlebeli xdeba. aseT pirobebSi warmoiSveba

uflebis dacvis aucilebloba, xolo aseTi dacvis yvelaze efeqtiani

saSualeba - esaa sasamarTlo. SeuZliaT Tu ara fizikur da iuridiul

pirebs mimarTon sasamarTlos TavianTi darRveuli an sadavo uflebis

dasacavad da, maSasadame, gaxdnen samoqalaqo saproceso urTierTobis

(samarTalwarmoebis) subieqtebi?

es aris ara samoqalaqo materialuri, aramed samoqalaqo

procesualuri uflebaunarianobis sakiTxi.

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad „yoveli

pirisaTvis uzrunvelyofilia uflebis sasamarTlo wesiT dacva“. am

muxlis aseTi danawesi ukve Seicavs saproceso uflebaunarianobis

elementebs, magram srulyofilad igi Camoyalibebulia ssk me-80 muxlSi,

romlis Tanaxmad „saqarTvelos yvela fizikuri da iuridiuli piri

aRWurvilia unariT hqondes samoqalaqo saproceso uflebebi da

movaleobebi (saproceso uflebaunarianoba)“.

amrigad, samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianoba - esaa piris

unari, misi iuridiulad uzrunvelyofili SesaZlebloba hqondes

samoqalaqo saproceso uflebebi da movaleobebi.

aseTi unariT aRWurvilia yvela piri, romelsac SeiZleba hqondes

materialur samarTlebrivi uflebebi da movaleobebi (sk me-11 muxli).

rogorc materialuri, ise samoqalaqo saproceso

uflebaunarianobiT aRWurvili arian fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi,

magram maTi uflebaunarianobis Sinaarsi xasiaTdeba garkveuli

TaviseburebebiT. amitom, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia calk-calke

ganvixiloT am pirTa uflebaunarianobis Sinaarsi.

a) fizikuri pirebi. fizikuri piris saproceso uflebaunarianoba,

e.i. unari hqondes saproceso uflebebi da movaleobebi warmoiSoba

dabadebis momentidan da Sewydeba misi gardacvalebiT. aqedan gamomdinare,

fizikuri piris saproceso uflebaunarianobis warmoSobis dro zogjer

40 ucxo saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa samarTlebrivi statusi

gansazRvrulia saqarTvelos 1993 wlis kanoniT „ucxoelTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb“.

78

SeiZleba ar daemTxves samoqalaqo materialuri uflebaunarianobis

warmoSobis dros. magaliTad, sk me-11 muxlis Tanaxmad

uflebaunarianoba, marTalia, warmoiSoba dabadebis momentidan, magram

amave muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad memkvidred yofnis ufleba

warmoiSoba CasaxvisTanave, Tumca am uflebis ganxorcieleba

damokidebulia dabadebaze. es imas niSnavs, rom samoqalaqo saproceso

uflebebi da movaleobebi, rac dakavSirebulia memkvidreobasTan, SeiZleba

warmoiSvas mxolod dabadebis momentidan.

amrigad, samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianobis warmoSobis da

ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT raime asakobrivi SezRudva ar arsebobs. aseTi

SezRudvebi ar arsebobs agreTve fizikuri piris fsiqikuri mdgomareobis

TvalsazrisiT: samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianobiT aRWurvilia

yvela fizikuri piri, miuxedvad misi suliT avadmyofobis Tu

Wkuasustobisa, miuxedavad imisa, aRiarebulia Tu ara es piri

sasamarTlos mier aseTad.

sxva sakiTxia SeuZliaT Tu ara mcirewlovnebs, arasrulwlovnebs,

sasamarTlos mier SezRuduli qmedunarianad, an qmeduunarod aRiarebul

pirebs TviTonve, anu Tavisi moqmedebiT ganaxorcielon TavianTi

saproceso uflebebi. es aris samoqalaqo saproceso qmedunarianobis

sakiTxi da amis Sesaxeb saubari gveqneba qvemoT (ix. $2) agreTve me-...

TavSi, sadac ganixileba sakiTxi samoqalaqo procesis monawileebis

Sesaxeb.

b) iuridiuli pirebi da organizaciebi, romlebic ar arian

iuridiuli pirebi. fizikuri pirebis msgavsad, iuridiul pirebs

SeuZliaT mimarTon sasamarTlos TavianTi uflebebis dasacavad. amis

Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli ssk 79-e muxlis pirvel nawilSi.

es imas niSnavs, rom iuridiuli pirebi aRWurvili arian

samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianobiT, e.i. unariT hqondeT

samoqalaqo saproceso uflebebi da movaleobebi.

iuridiuli piris aseTi uflebaunarianoba warmoiSoba misi

registraciis momentidan da Sewydeba misi likvidaciis registraciis

momentidan (ssk me-90 muxlis me-3 nawili da sk 25-e muxlis me-4

nawili).

amrigad, fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi warmoadgenen samoqalaqo

saproceso samarTlis subieqtebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT isargeblon yvela

im uflebebiT, romlebic damkvidrebulia samoqalaqo saproceso

samarTlis normebiT.

ssk 79-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad „kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul

SemTxvevebSi mxareebad SeiZleba iyvnen organizaciebi, romlebic ar arian

iuridiuli pirebi“.

am muxlis analizidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna:

„organizaciebi, romlebic ar arian iuridiuli pirebi, SeiZleba

aRiWurvon samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianobiT, e.i. unariT iqonion

saproceso ulebebi da movaleobebi. mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul

SemTxvevaSi. (ix. gv.......).

$2. samoqalaqo saproceso qmedunarianoba.

I. cneba.

79

rogorc aRvniSneT, uflebaunarianoba - esaa iuridiuli

SesaZlebloba gqondes (isargeblo) samoqalaqo saproceso

kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebiT, romlebsac, gansxvavebiT

materialur samarTlebrivi uflebebisa, uwodeben samoqalaqo saproceso

uflebebs.

magram, rom isargeblo am uflebebiT unda gamoiyeno

uflebaunarianobiT gaTvaliswinebuli SesaZlebloba, anu mimarTo

sasamarTlos darRveuli an sadvao uflebis dasacavad. ssk me-2 muxlis

Tanaxmad „saqmis ganxilvas sasamarTlo Seudgeba im piris gancxadebiT,

romelic mimarTavs mas Tavisi uflebis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul

interesebis dasacavad“.

SeuZlia Tu ara saproceso uflebaunarianobiT aRWurvil yvela

fizikur Tu iuridiul pirs mimarTos sasamarTlos Tavisi uflebis

dasacavad? am kiTxvaze uaryofiTad unda vupasuxoT: yvela

uflebaunarian pirs ar SeuZlia TviTon uSvalod mimarTos sasamarTlos

Tavisi uflebis dasacavad, rac srulebiT ar niSnavs imas rom aseTi

piris darRveuli ufleba daucveli darCeba. maT uflebebs icaven

kanonieri warmomadgenlebi (ix. gv....). ise rogorc materialur

samarTalSi, saproceso samarTalSiac moqmedebs qmedunarianobis

instituti. magaliTad, samoqalaqo samarTlis mixedviT fizikuri piris

unari Tavisi nebiTa da moqmedebiT sruli moculobiT ganaxorcielos

samoqalaqo uflebebi (magaliTad, dados garigebebi), warmoiSoba

srulwlovnebis miRwevis Semdeg (sk me-12 muxli).

igive wesi moqmedebs samoqalaqo saproceso samarTalSic:

samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianobiT aRWurvil yvela fizikur pirs

SeuZlia Tavisi moqmedebiT ganaxorcielos sasamarTloSi saproceso

uflebebi da Seasrulos saproceso movaleobebi (saproceso

qmedunarianoba) - srulwlovnebis miRwevis Semdeg. rac Seexeba

iuridiul pirebs - maTi qmedunarianobis warmoSobis momenti mTlianad

emTxveva maTive saproceso uflebaunarianobis warmoSobis moments; sxva

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, iuridiul pirs registraciis momentidan SeuZlia

Tavisi moqmedebiT SeiZinos da ganaxorcielos samoqalaqo uflebebi da

movaleobebi.

sk me-12 muxlis Tanaxmad srulwlovania piri, romelmac miaRwia

Tvrameti wlis asaks. qmedunarianad iTvleba agreTve piri, romelmac

iqorwina 18 wlis asakis miRwevamde.

amrigad, srulwlovanebi, 18 wlis asakamde daqorwinebuli pirebi

da iuridiuli pirebi sargebloben sruli qmedunarianobiT.

II. SezRuduli qmedunarianoba

fizikuri pirebi 7-dan 18 wlamde iTvlebian arasrulwlovnebad.

isini sargebloben SezRuduli qmedunarianobiT: maT SeuZliaT mimarTon

sasamarTlos mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi, rodesac

miniWebuli aqvT ufleba TviTon damoukideblad gankargon TavianTi

qoneba, dadon wvrilmani sayofacxovrebo garigebebi, an Teqvsmeti wlis

asaks miRweul arasrulwlovans gadacemuli aqvs sawarmos

damoukideblad gaZRolis ufleba da am sferoSi warmoSobil

urTierTobebSi mas SeuZlia damoukideblad dados garigebebi (sk 65-e

muxli).

80

SuzRuduli qmedunarianad SeiZleba sasamarTlo wesiT iqnes

aRiarebuli srulwlovani piri, romelic eZaleba alkohols an

narkotikul nivTierebebs (ix. Tavi.........). SezRudul qmedunarianad

aRiarebul pirsac ar gaaCnia saproceso qmedunarianoba, e.i. ver

mimarTavs sasamarTlos sarCeliT uflebis dacvis Sesaxeb.

cxadia, rom yovelive es ar niSnavs imas, rom maTi uflebebi

daucvelia. ra Tqma unda ara. arasrulwlovanTa da sasamarTlos mier

SuzRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebul pirTa uflebebsa da interesebs

sasamarTloSi icaven maTi kanonieri warmomadgenlebi, rogoricaa maTi

mSoblebi, mSvileblebi an mzrunvelebi.

III. mcirewlovnebi da qmeduunaroni

Taviseburi saproceso mdgomareoba uWiravT mcirewlovnebs da

sasamarTlos mier qmeduunarod aRiarebul pirebs (ssk 326-e muxlis me-

2 nawili). saproceso qmedunarianobis TvalsazrisiT isini

gaTanabrebulni arian - maT ar gaaCniaT saproceso qmedunarianoba.

amitom, maT uflebebs sasamarTloSi icaven mxolod maTi kanonieri

warmomadgenlebi, rogoricaa mSoblebi, mSvileblebi, meurveebi,

mzrunvelebi.

magram, Tu maT ar yavT kanonieri warmomadgeneli?

samoqalaqo materialuri, Tu samoqalaqo procesualuri

kanonmdeblobis azrisa da Sinaarsis mixedviT mcirewlovans da

qmeduunaro pirs (aseTad ki miiCneva piri, romelic sasamarTlos mieraa

aRiarebuli qmeduunarod) unda yavdes kanonieri warmomadgeneli. magram,

kanonmdebeli ar gamoricxavs imasac, rom aseT pirebs SeiZleba ar yavdeT

kanonieri warmomadgeneli. sworad aseTi SesaZleblobiTaa ganpirobebuli

ssk 82-e muxlis danawesi, romlis Tanaxmad Tu sarCeli Setanilia

qmeduunaro mxaris winaaRmdeg, an qmeduunaro mxaris mier, romlebsac ar

yavT kanonieri warmomadgeneli, sasamarTlos garkveuli pirbebis

arsebobisas SeuZlia dauniSos mas saproceso warmomadgeneli

(mzrunveli).

Tu rogoria saproceso warmomadgenlis sasamarTlos mier

daniSvnis pirobebi, agreTve, SeiZleba Tu ara saproceso warmomadgenlis

daniSvna iseT pirobebSi, roca piri Tumca angariSs ver uwevs Tavis

moqmedebas, magram jer kidev araa aRiarebuli sasamarTlos mier

qmeduunarod - dawvrilebiT saubari gveqneba qvemoT (ix. Tavi..... gv.....)

$3. mxareebi samoqalaqo procesSi

samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianoba, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT,

uzrunvelyofs piris SesaZleblobas hqondes saproceso uflebebi,

kerZod aRZras sarCeli sasamarTloSi. samoqalaqo saproceso

qmedunarianoba uzrunvelyofs piris SesaZleblobas TviTon uSvalod

mimarTos sasamarTlos sarCeliT, TviTon uSvalod daicvas Tavi

sarCelisagan, e.i. awarmoos saqme piradad, an miandos saqmis warmoeba

warmomadgenels.

sasamarTlosaTvis piris mimarTva sarCeliT, raTa man daicvas misi

darRveuli an sadvao ufleba, warmoadgens am piris saproceso

81

uflebanarianobisa da qmedunarianobis realizacias, mis konkretul

gamovlinebas.

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba, Tumca xSirad iyenebs

„mxaris“ cnebas, magram ar gansazRvravs am cnebis Sinaarss.

pirvelad es cneba gamoyenebulia ssk me-3 muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad

„mxareebi iwyeben saqmis warmoebas sasamarTloSi“ sarCelis an

gancxadebis Setanis gziT. aqve, amave muxlSi miTiTebulia, rom „mxareebs

SeuZliaT saqmis warmoeba morigebiT daamTavron. mosarCeles SeuZlia

uari Tqvas sarCelze, xolo mopasuxes - cnos sarCeli“.

ssk 79-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo saqmis ganxilvas Seudgeba

dainteresebuli pirebis gancxadebiT. „mxareebad sasamarTloSi SeiZleba

gamovidnen fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi“. es muxli gulisxmobs

rogorc ganmcxadebeblebs, romlebsac aqvT iuridiuli interesi

daadasturon sasamarTlos meSveobiT raime, magaliTad, iuridiuli faqti

(ix. Tavi.........) ise modave mxareebs sasarCelo warmoebis dros. udavo

warmoebis dros yovelTvis gvyavs erTi mxare - ganmcxadebeli. sasarCelo

warmoebis dros piriqiT: yovelTvis gvyavs ori, Tavisi interesebiT

urTierTdapirispirebuli mxare - mosarCele da mopasuxe.

interesTa dapirispirebuloba SeiZleba gamoixatos imiT, rom

mosarCele kanoniT daSvebuli da gaTvaliswinebuli saSualebebis

gamoyenebiT cdilobs miiRos misTvis xelsayreli gadawyvetileba, anu

sasamarTlom daakmayofilos misi sasarCelo moTxovna, xolo mopasuxe

piriqiT - cdilobs, raTa sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT uari

uTxras mosarCeles sarCelis dakmayofilebaze.

aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: mxareebi samoqalaqo

procesSi ewodeba im pirebs, romelTa saxeliT mimdinareobs saqme da

romelTa Soris dava samoqalaqo uflebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlom unda

ganixilos da gadawyvitos.

mxareTa interesebis dapirispirebuloba sasarCelo warmoebis

konstituciuri niSania: Tu aseTi dapirispirebuloba ar arsebobs, an Tu

arsebobda, magram Semdeg Sewyda, sasarCelo warmoebac unda Sewydes.

dauSvebelia, magaliTad, mosarCelisa da mopasuxis rolebis SeTavseba

erT pirSi, ise rogorc SeuZlebelia kreditorisa da movalis SeTavseba.

magaliTad, ssk 452-e muxlis Tanaxmad „valdebulebiTi urTierToba

Sewydeba, Tu movale da kreditori erTi da igive piri aRmoCndeba“.

samoqalaqo procesSi es SeiZleba ase warmovidginoT: mosarCelem

aRZra sarCeli mopasuxis winaaRmdeg da moiTxova misi qonebidan wilis

gamoyofa. sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebis dros mopasuxe gardaicvala da

mTeli misi qoneba memkvidreobiT miiRo mosarCelem.41 SeiZleba moxdes

piriqiTac, gardaicvala mosarCele da misi qoneba memkvidreobiT miiRo

mopasuxem. aseT da sxva analogiur SemTxvevebSi procesis gagrZeleba

sruli uazroba iqneboda, radgan warmoudgenelia edavo Sen Tavs da

aseTi „davis“ gadawyveta moTxovo sasamarTlos.

amrigad, sasarCelo warmoebis ganmsazRvrelia modave mxareTa

interesebis dapirispirebloba da ara maTi simravle. SeiZleba

mosarCelis mxareze iyo ramdenime piri, xolo mopasuxis mxareze

ramdenime piri, magram es arafers ar cvlis, mxare mainc rCeba ori: erTi

41 z. axvlediani, valdebulebiTi samarTali, meore gamocema, gv. 89.

82

- romelic ayenebs garkveul moTxovnas mopasuxeebis mimarT da, meore -

romelic ar cnobs am moTxovnas (mopasuxe mxare).

mosarCele aris piri, romelmac aRZra sarCeli Tavisi darRveuli

an sadavo uflebis dasacavad. aqedan gamomdinare mosarCeled ver

CaiTvleba piri, romelmac aRZra sarCeli sxva piris uflebis dasacavad.

amitom, mosarCeled ver CaiTvleba warmomadgeneli, romelic mimarTavs

sasamarTlos sarCeliT sxva pirTa uflebebis dasacavad.

mopasuxe aris piri, romelmac mosarCelis gancxadebiT daarRvia an

sadavod gaxada misi ufleba. mosarCelem unda daasaxelos mopasuxe - es

misi movaleobaa (ssk 178-e muxlis punqti „d“). sxva sakiTxia, marTla

unda agos Tu ara mosarCelis mier mopasuxed dasaxelebulma pirma

pasuxi, e.i. marTla aris Tu ara es piri is, vinc daarRvia mosarCelis

ufleba. es gairkveva procesis bolos - sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT.

magram Tavdapirvelad mosarCelis mier mopasuxis dasaxeleba aris

saWiro da aucilebeli, raTa sasamarTlom miiRos da ganixilos sarCeli.

mxareebad sasamarTloSi - mosarCeled da mopasuxed, SeiZleba

gamovidnen fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi. es davas ar iwvevs magram

SeiZleba Tu ara mxareebad (mosarCeled da mopasuxed) mogvevlinon

organizaciebi, romlebic ar arian iuridiulil pirebi? rogorc zemoT

avRniSneT, ssk 79-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad organizaciebi,

romlebic ar arian iuridiuli pirebi SeiZleba gamovidnen samoqalaqo

procesSi mxareebad, oRond erTi pirobiT - Tu amas iTvaliswinebs,

uSvebs kanoni ama Tu im konkretulil organizaciis mimarT. magaliTad,

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 45-e muxlis Tanaxmad araregistrirebuli kavSiri

ar aris iuridiulil piri, magram igi SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos

sasamarTloSi da samarTlos gareSe urTierTobebSi Tavisi wevrebiT an

saamisod uflebamosili pirebiT.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 2.5-

e muxlis meore nawilis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmad „Tu registraciamde

sazogadoebis saxeliT raime moqmedeba ganxorcielda, am moqmedebis

Semsruleblebi da damfuZneblebi pasuxs ageben personalurad, rogorc

solidaruli movaleebi am moqmedebidan warmoSobili yvela

valdebulebisaTvis. es pasuxismgebloba ZalaSi rCeba sazogadoebis

registraciis Semdegac“.

did praqtikul mniSvnelobas iZens im sawarmoebsa da

sazogadoebebis mdgomareoba, romlebic adre iyvnen registrirebuli,

magram Semdgom, kanonis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, unda gaevloT

registracia, xolo Tu kanoniT daTqmul vadaSi isini ar gaivlian

registracias, maSin maTi registracia gauqmebulad iTvleba.

registraciis gauqmeba ki niSnavs imas, rom es sawarmo (sazogadoeba)

aRaraa iuridiuli piri.

magram niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom am sawarmos (sazogadoebis)

mimarT ar SeiZleba aRiZras sarCeli, an es sawarmo TviTon iyos

mosarCele?

ara, ar niSnavs!

saqme isaa, rom aseT sawarmoebs (sazogadoebebs) ar SeiZleba ar

hqondeT mravalgvari iuridiuli kavSirebi samarTlis sxva subieqtebTan.

am kavSir- urTierTobebis safuZvelze SeiZleba warmoiSvas sxvadasxva

xasiaTis davebi, romlebic sasamarTlom unda gadawyvitos. amitom isini

SeiZleba mogvevlinon mxareebad procesSi, Tumca aRar SeiZleba

83

CaiTvalon iuridiul pirebad, radgan ar gauvliaT xelaxali

registracia. sxva sakiTxia, rom aseTi organizaciebisa da maTi wevrebis

pasuxismgeblba gansxavdeba im iuridiuli pirebis pasuxismgeblobisagan,

romlebic mxolod Tavisi qonebiT ageben pasuxs magram, miuxedavad amisa

mxareebad procesSi isini SeiZleba gamovidnen.42

$4. arasaTanado mxare da misi Secvlis wesi

samoqalaqo ulebis Sesaxeb davis gamo saqmis sasamarTloSi aRZvris

sawyis etapze, sasamarTlosTvis jer kidev araa cnobili da arc

SeiZleba iyos cnobili, rom mosarCele namdvilad flobs im uflebas,

romlis dacvasac igi moiTxovs, rom es ufleba namdvilad darRveulia

an sadavodaa gamxdari da, amitom, saWiroebs dacvas da, rom mopasuxe,

e.i. piri romelzec miuTiTebs mosarCele rogorc uflebis damrRvevi,

marTlac is piria, romelmac namdvilad daarRvia mosarCelis ufleba.

es aris iseTi sakiTxebi, romlebic sasamarTlom unda gaarkvios

ara sarCelis miRebis win, aramed saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis Sedegad,

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT.

kanoniT dadgenili wesis dacviT sarCelis sasamarTloSi aRZvra da

mopasuxisadmi sruliad garkveuli materialur-samarTlebrivi moTxovnis

wamoyeneba, ukve qmnis varauds, rom rogorc mosarCele, ise mopasuxe

warmoadgenen sadavo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileebs. es

varaudi aris savsebiT sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom miiRos da

ganixilos sarCeli, cxadia Tu arsebobs sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis

sxva winapirobebi (ssk 186-e muxli).

amasTan erTad, sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Semdeg zogjer ki

saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis procesSi irkveva, rom mosarCele araa is

piri, romelsac ekuTvnis sadavo ufleba, an kidev, mopasuxe araa is piri,

romelmac pasuxi unda agos sarCelze.

magaliTi 1. a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis winaaRmdeg 4000 laris

dabrunebis Sesaxeb, romelic mas sesxad hqonda aRebuli

da romlis dabrunebis vada ukve movida, magram

nebayoflobiT ar abrunebs. sasamarTlom miiRo sarCeli

gansaxilvelad. am saqmis momzadebis stadiaze gairkva,

rom mopasuxe ar uaryofs, rom sesxi aRniSnuli

odenobiT marTlac miiRo, magram ara mosarCele a-

nisagan, aramed misi Svilisagan, romelmac zepiri

SeTanxmebiT ganuvada mas am sesxis dabrunebis vada.

amrigad, gasesxebuli Tanxis dabrunebis Sesaxeb

moTxovnis ufleba aqvs ara mosarCele a-nis, aramed mis

42 iuridiul literaturaSi, agreTve zogierTi qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben aqtiur da pasiur uflebaunarianobas. aqtiur uflebaunarianoba - esaa

unari iyo mosarCele an mopasuxe sasamarTloSi. pasiuri uflebaunarianoba - esaa unari iyo mxolod

mopasuxe da daicva Tavi sarCelisagan, magram ar SeiZleba iyo mosarCele. e.i. pasiuri

uflebaunarianobiT aRWurvili organizaciis (gaerTianebis) winaaRmdeg SeiZleba aRiZras sarCeli,

magram aseT organizacias TviTon ar SeuZlia aRZras sarCeli. mxedvelobaSia iseTi organizaciebi

(gaerTianebebi), romlebic araa iuridiuli piri.

Baur/Grunsky - Zivilprozessrecht. s.74. rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos ssk-iT organizaciebi, romlebic ar arian iuridiuli pirebi,

SeiZleba gamovidnen procesSi mxareebad (mosarCeleebad da mopasuxeebad) mxolod kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom sasamarTlo praqtikam gaafarTova aseTi

organizaciebis monawileoba procesSi. magaliTad, mopasuxeebad xSirad gvevlineba sabinao amxanagobebi.

84

Svils, radgan igi aris sadavo samarTlebrivi

urTierTobis subieqti. aqedan gamomdinare, a-ni araa

saTanado mosarCele.

magaliTi 2. ojaxis erT-erTma ufrosma wevrma g-anim Seitana

sarCeli mopasuxe d-onis mimarT binidan gamosaxlebisa

da am binis gamonTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom

miiRo es sarCeli warmoebaSi. saqmis momzadebis

stadiaze gairkva, rom binis qiravnobis xelSekruleba

damqiravebels dadebuli aqvs ojaxis sxva wevrebTan,

romelic registrirebulia sajaro reestrSi am binis

mesakuTred.

amrigad, mosarCele g-ani araa saTanado mosarCele,

radgan igi araa sadavo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis,

kerZod, binis qiravnobis xelSekrulebis monawile.

rogor unda moiqces sasamarTlo aseT SemTxvevaSi? arsebobs am

sakiTxis gadawyvetis ori gza: erTi - sasamarTlom uari uTxras

mosarCeles sarCelis miRebaze yovelTvis, roca mosarCeles ar aqvs

moTxovnis ufleba, xolo Tu SecdomiT miiRebs aseTi arasaTanado

mosarCelisagan sarCels da mxolod amis Semdeg gairkveva, rom mas ar

aqvs moTxovnis ufleba - Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba. meore -

sasamarTlom miiRos sarCeli warmoebaSi da Tu aRmoCndeba, rom

mosarCeles ar aqvs moTxovnis ufleba, e.i. arasaTanadoa, Secvalos igi

saTanadoTi, Tu saqmis masalebidan gamomdinare cxadia, vis SeiZleba

hqondes am moTxovnis ufleba.

saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba wavida am meore gziT. amasTan erTad

gansazRvra arasaTanado mxaris saTanadoTi Secvlis wesic, ris Sesaxebac

saubari gveqneba qvemoT.

zogjer kanoni TviTon miuTiTebs Tu vin SeiZleba iyos saTanado

mosarCele. magaliTad, mSvileblis mezobelma aRZra sarCeli

sasamarTloSi Svilad ayvanis gauqmebis Sesaxeb im motiviT, rom

mSvilebeli sastikad epyroba Tavis naSvilebs da, rom, aseTi Svilad

ayvana ar Seesabameba bavSvis interesebs.

am SemTxvevaSi mosarCele araa saTanado, radgan samoqalaqo

kodeqsis 1268-e muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad „calkeuli pirebi,

romlebsac miaCniaT, rom Svilad ayvana ar Seesabameba bavSvis interesebs

da igi unda gauqmdes, amis Sesaxeb acnobeben meurveobisa da

mzrunvelobis organoebs, romelic wyvets Svilad ayvanis gauqmebis

Taobaze moTxovnis wardgenis sakiTxs“.

amrigad, mSvileblis mezobeli, romelmac aRZra sarCeli

sasamarTloSi Svilad ayvanis gauqmebis Taobaze, ar aris saTanado

mosarCele.

igive viTareba SeiZleba Seiqmnas mopasuxis mimarTac.

magaliTad: v-inim aRZra sarCeli T-anis mimarT manqanis dazianebiT

gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, manqanis

dazianeba gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom mopasuxe T-anis binis

fanjridan gadmoagdes mZime sagani, romelic daeca ezoSi

dayenebul manqanas, ramac mTlianad Caamtvria misi

saxuravi da minebi. sasamarTlom miiRo sarCeli

warmoebaSi, saqmis ganxilvis procesSi gamoirkva rom

oTaxi, romlis fanjridanac gadmoagdes mZime sagani

85

uWiravs damqiravebel l-asis. samoq. kodeqsis 1004-e

muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, Tu ziani miyenebulia

Senobidan sagnis gadagdebiT „pasuxs agebs piri,

romelsac dakavebuli aqvs sadgomi“.

amrigad, binis mesakuTre T-ani, romlis winaaRmdegac

aRZrulia sarCeli, araa saTanado mopasuxe. saTanado

mopasuxea l-asi, romelsac dakavebuli aqvs sadgomi.

rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso

kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs arasaTanado mxaris Secvlis SesaZleblobas

(ara savaldebulobas). es imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTlos SeuZlia, Tu

is amas mizanSewonilad CaTvlis, Secvalos arasaTanado mxare saTanado

mxariT, magram mas SeuZlia aseTi Secvla ar ganaxorcielos da Tavisi

gadawyvetilebiT uari uTxras mosarCeles sarCelis dakmayofilebaze,

Tu aRmoCndeba, rom igi arasaTanadoa, an Tu aRmoCndeba, rom mis mier

dasaxelebuli mopasuxe arasaTanadoa.

amasTan erTad, sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom sasamarTlo ar

ikvlevs specialurad Tu vis SeiZleba hqondes aRZruli moTxovnis

ufleba, an vis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba wayenebuli iqnes es moTxovna. amis

Sesaxeb informacia TviTon saqmis masalebidan an kanonidan unda

gamomdinareobdes. Tu am saqmis masalebidan da kanonidan naTlad da

garkveviT Cans Tu romeli mxarea saTanado da romeli ara, maSin

procesis ekonomiis principidan gamomdinare sasamarTlos SeuZlia

Secvalos arasaTanado mxare saTanado mxariT.

Secvlis wesi ki aseTia: arasaTanado mosarCelis saTanado

mosarCeliT SecvlisaTvis saWiroa am arasaTanado mosarCelis Tanxmoba.

aseTi Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas am

arasaTanado mosarCelis mimarT saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb,

radgan man faqtiurad uari Tqva mis mier aRZrul sarCelze. Tu

saTanado mosarCele Tanaxmaa Secvalos saqmidan gasuli arasaTanado

mosarCele, anu daikavos misi adgili, saqmis ganxilva gagrZeldeba am

saTanado mosarCelis mimarT, magram Tu igi araa Tanaxma Secvalos

arasaTanado mosarCele, maSin saqmis warmoeba aRar gagrZeldeba.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac arasaTanado mosarCele araa Tanaxma

Seicvalos saTanadoTi, xolo saTanado mosarCele Tanaxmaa Caebas saqmeSi,

maSin saTanado mosarCele SeiZleba Caebas saqmeSi mesame pirad

damoukidebeli moTxovniT (ix. Tavi .......). arasaTanado mosarCeles

sasamarTlo uars etyvis Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT sarCelis

dakmayofilebaze,M vinaidan mas ar aqvs moTxovnis ufleba, xolo mesame

pirad saqmeSi Cabmuli saTanado mosarCelis sarCels daakmayofilebs

saerTo safuZvelze.

gacilebiT ufro martivad wydeba sakiTxi, rodesac sarCeli

aRZrulia arasaTanado mopasuxis mimarT. mopasuxis dasaxelebis

uflebamosileba da movaleobac ekisreba mosarCeles. aqedan gamomdinare,

sasamarTlo ver Secvlis mosarCelis mier dasaxelebul mopasuxes sxva

mopasuxiT. aseTi SecvlisaTvis aucilebelia mosarCelis Tanxmoba. Tu

mosarCele araa Tanaxma arasaTanado mopasuxis saTanadoTi Secvlaze,

maSin sasamarTlo gamoitans gadawyvetilebas da uars etyvis mosarCeles

sarCelis dakmayofilebaze am mopasuxis mimarT. magram Tu mosarCele

aseTi Secvlis momxrea, maSin Tavdapirveli mopasuxe gadis saqmidan,

xolo saqme ganixileba saTanado mopasuxis mimarT.

86

imisaTvis, rom arasaTanado mopasuxe Seicvalos saTanadoTi, am

saTanado mopasuxis Tanxmoba araa saWiro.

yvelaze ufro mizanSewonilad unda vcnoT arasaTanado mxaris

Secvla saTanadoTi saqmis winaswari momzadebis stadiaze. Tu aseTi

Secvlis sakiTxi wamoiWreba saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis stadiaze, rac

yovelTvis dakavSirebuli iqneba am saqmis ganxilvis gadadebasTan, axali

mtkicebulebebis SegrovebasTan da sabolao angariSSi saqmis ganxilvis

uzomod gaWianurebasTan, SeiZleba ufro misaRebi da mizanSewonili iyos

saqmis ganxilvis damTavreba gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT, xolo Tu

arasaTanado mosarCele uars ambobs mis mier arasworad aRZrul

sarCelze - saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb ganCinebis gamotaniT. miT

ufro dauSveblad unda vcnoT arasaTanado mxaris Secvla zemdgom

sasamarTloSi, kerZod apelaciaSi an kasaciaSi. zemdgomi sasamarTlo

amowmebs gadawyvetilebas faqtobrivi an samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT.

Tu gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebiT dakmayofilda arasaTanado

mosarCelis sarCeli an arasaTanado mopasuxis mimarT, aseTi

gadawyvetileba arcerT SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos

dasabuTebulad da igi unda gauqmdes. zemdgomi sasamarTlo ar ikvlevs

vis eqneboda moTxovnis ufleba, an vis winaaRmdeg SeiZleboda aseTi

moTxovnis wayeneba, xolo rac Seexeba saTanado mosarCeles, mas

yovelTvis SeuZlia aRZras sarCeli roca amas saWirod CaTvlis da

aRZras igi saTanado mopasuxis winaaRmdeg yovelgvari „Secvlisa“ da

„sxvisi“ adgilis dakavebis miuxedavad.

$5. saproceso Tanamonawileoba.

Tanamonawileobis saxeebi da miznebi

I. cneba

erT saqmeSi mosarCelis mxareze, mopasuxis mxareze, an orive

mxareze erTdroulad ramdenime piris monawileobas saproceso

Tanamonawileoba ewodeba.

mosarCelis mxareze monawile pirebs TanamosarCeleebs, xolo

mopasuxis mxareze monawile pirebs Tanamopasuxeebs uwodeben. cxadia,

rom erT mxareze monawile Tanamonawileebis interesebi ewinaaRmdegeba

meore mxareze monawile Tanamonawileebis interesebs, magram erT

mxareze monawile TanamonawileTa interesebi ar SeiZleba

ewinaaRmdegebodes erTmaneTs. es imas niSnavs, rom mosarCelis mxaris

Tanamonawileebis interesebi yovelTvis unda ewinaaRmdegebodes

mopasuxis mxaris Tanamonawileebis interesebs, magram mosarCelis an

mopasuxis mxaris TanamonawileTa interesi erTmaneTs ar SeiZleba

ewinaaRmdegebodes. Tanamonawileobis aseTi xasiaTi da Sinaarsi

ganasxvavebs mas damoukidebeli moTxovniT mesame pirebisagan, romelTa

interesebi ewinaaRmdegeba rogorc mosarCelis, ise mopasuxis

interesebs. aseTi mesame piri acxadebs Tavis moTxovnas swored im

saganze, romelzec davoben mxareebi - mosarCele da mopasuxe.

Tanamonawileobis safuZvlebs gansazRvravs ssk 86-e muxli, romlis

Tanaxmad Tanamonawileoba dasaSvebia, Tu: a) sarCelis sagans

warmoadgens saerTo ufleba; b) sasarCelo moTxovnebi

gamomdinareobs erTi da imave safuZvleblidan; g) sasarCelo

87

moTxovnebi erTgvarovania, miuxedavad imisa erTgvarovania Tu ara maTi

safuZveli da sagani.

Tanamonawileobis mizania saqmis ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis

daCqareba, xarjebis Semcireba, sasamarTlo sxdomebis raodenobis

Semcireba, erTmaneTis Seusabamo gadawyvetilebaTa gamotanis Tavidan

acileba, swori da samarTliani gadawyvetilebis gamotana.

am mizniT Tanamonawileoba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes momzadebis

stadiaze. kerZod, ssk 182-e muxlis me-4 nawilis Tanaxmad, Tu

sasamarTlos warmoebaSi aris ramdenime erTgvarovani da samarTlebrivad

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli saqme, romlebSic erTi da igive an sxvadasxva

mxareebi monawileoben, sasamarTlos SeuZlia mxaris SuamdgomlobiT

gaaerTianos es saqmeebi calke warmoebad, Tu amas moyveba davis ufro

swrafad da sworad ganxilva.

saqmeTa erT warmoebad gaerTianebis iniciativiT SeiZleba gamovides

mosamarTlec (sasamarTloc) im TvalsazrisiT, rom urCios mxares

daTanxmdes aseT gaerTianebaze.

_ Tanamonawileoba SeiZleba iyos savaldebulo da fakultaturi

(ara aucilebeli).

II. savaldebulo Tanamonawileoba

Tanamonawileoba savaldebuloa, Tu materialur-samarTlebrivi

urTierTobidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia am urTierTobis yvela

subieqtis monawileobis gareSe saqmis ganxilva. magaliTad, sarCelis

sagans warmoadgens saerTo ufleba (ssk 26-e muxli) da saerTo

sakuTrebis uflebis erT-erTma monawilem moiTxova wilis gamoyofa.

saqmeSi Cabmuli unda iqnes yvela mesakuTre: yovelTvis, roca dava exeba

saziaro sagans, saqmeSi Cabmuli unda iqnes saziaro uflebis yvela

mesakuTre; Tu saqme exeba binidan gamosaxlebas (binis gaTavisuflebas),

maSin am saqmeSi Cabmuli unda iqnan am sadavo binaSi mcxovrebi yvela

piri da a.S.

savaldebulo Tanamonawileobisas, Tu yvela Tanamonawile ar iqneba

Cabmuli saqmeSi da sasamarTlo ise gamoitans gadawyvetilebas, maSin am

gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba ver moxerxdeba, radgan misi kanonieri Zala

vrceldeba mxolod im pirebze, romlebic monawileobdnen saqmeSi.

amitom, Tu sarCeli araa aRZruli saerTo uflebis yvela Tanamonawilis

an saerTo valdebulebis mqone yvela piris mimarT, maSin sasamarTlom

unda Caabas isini saqmeSi Tavisi iniciativiT.

praqtikaSi wamoiWra sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, SeuZlia Tu ara

sasamarTlos savaldebulo Tanamonawileobis dros gamoitanos

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, Òroca ar gamocxadda arcerTi

Tanamonawile (TanamosarCele an Tanamopasuxe), an gamocxadda ara yvela,

aramed erT-erTi maTgani.

Tu sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar gamocxadda arcerTi Tanamonawile

(TanamosarCele an Tanamopasuxe), romlebsac gaegzavnaT Setyobineba

kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, sasamarTlo gamoitans dauswrebel

gadawyvetilebas (ssk 229-e da 230-e muxlebi).

Tu sasamarTlo sxdomaze gamocxadda erT-erTi Tanamonawile, vTqvaT

TanamosarCele, sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos ara dauswrebeli, aramed

Cveulebrivi gadawyvetileba saqmis masalebis mixedviT.

88

savaldebulo Tanamonawileobis dros erT-erTi Tanamonawilis

gamocxadeba niSnavs yvela Tanamonawilis gamocxadebas, Tu yvela

Tanamonawiles gaegzavna Setyobineba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.

Tu arcerTi mxare, e. i. arcerTi TanamosarCele da arcerTi

Tanamopasuxe ar gamocxadda sasamarTlos SeuZlia sarCeli ganuxilvelad

datovos (ssk 231-e muxli).

III. arasavaldebulo Tanamonawileoba

arasavaldebulo (fakultaturi) Tanamonawileoba SeiZleba

ganpirobebuli iyos imiT, rom `sasarCelo moTxovnebi gamomdinareobs

erTi da imave safuZvlebidan~, an kidev imiT, rom `sasarCelo moTxovnebi

erTgvarovania, miuxedavad imisa, erTgvarovania Tu ara maTi safuZveli

da sagani (ssk 86-e muxlis „b“ da „g“ punqtebi).

magaliTad, Tu piris qonebas ziani miayena ramdenime pirma,

dazaralebuls SeuZlia sarCeli aRZras rogorc calkeuli zianis

mimyeneblis, ise yvelas mimarT erTad. aseve, TiToeul muSa-mosamsaxures

SeuZlia cal-calke aRZras sarCeli administraciis mimarT xelfasis

miRebis Taobaze, magram maT SeuZliaT gaaerTianon TavianTi erTgvarovani

moTxovnebi erT sarCelSi.

Tanamonawileoba aseT SemTxvevebSi gamarTlebulia saqmis sworad da

swrafad gadawyvetis interesebiT, agreTve, saproceso ekonomiis

principis moTxovnebiT. ama Tu im konkretul SemTxvevaSi es mizani

SeiZleba ver iqnes realizebuli. maSin sasamarTlos SeuZlia ramdenime

mosarCelis an ramdenime mopasuxis mimarT wardgenili moTxovnebidan

calke warmoebad gamoyos erTi an ramdenime moTxovna (ssk 182-e muxlis

me-3 naw.).

Tanamonawileobisagan unda ganvasxvavoT ramdenime sasarCelo

moTxovnis erT sarCelSi gaerTianeba erTi da imave mopasuxis mimarT.

Tanamonawileoba _ es aris sarCelebis subieqturi gaerTianeba, xolo

ramdenime moTxovnis erTi sarCelSi gaerTianeba erTsa da imave mopasuxis

mimarT _ sarCelebis obieqturi gaerTianeba. sasamarTlos SeuZlia

gaerTianebuli moTxovnebidan calke warmoebad gamoyos erTi an ramdenime

moTxovna (ix. Tavi ..........).

praqtikaSi wamoiWra sakiTxi SeuZlia Tu ara sasamarTlos

arasavaldebulo (fakultaturi) Tanamonawileobis dros gamoitanos

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, Tu ar gamocxadda arcerTi an gamocxadda

mxolod erT-erTi Tanamonawile.

aseTi Tanamonawileobis dros, Tu ar gamocxadda erT mxareze

monawile arcerTi Tanamonawile, sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoitanos

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba yvela gamoucxadebel mxareTa

sawinaaRmdegod (ssk 229-230-e muxlebi). magram, Tu sasamarTlo

sxdomaze gamocxadda erT mxareze monawile mxolod erTi an mxolod

nawili, maSin sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoitanos Cveulebrivi

gadawyvetileba mxolod gamocxadebuli Tanamonawilis mimarT da

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba gamoucxadebel TanamonawileTa mimarT.

arasavaldebulo Tanamonawileobis dros TiToeul Tanamonawiles

SeeZlo aReZra damoukidebeli sarCeli calke aRebuli mopasuxis mimarT.

aqedan gamomdinare, arasavldebulo Tanamonawileobis dros erT-erTi

Tanamonawilis gamocxadeba ar niSnavs yvela Tanamonawilis gamocxadebas.

89

amitom, aseT SemTxvevaSi gamoucxadeblobas unda moyves is Sedegi,

rasac kanoni ukavSirebs mxaris gamoucxadeblobas saerTod.

ssk 86-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad TiToeuli mosarCele an

mopasuxe meore mxaris mimarT procesSi gamodis damoukideblad.

TiToeuli Tanamonawilis procesSi damoukideblad gamosvla imas

niSnavs, rom mis mier ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis Seusruleblobas

ar SeuZlia raime ziani miayenos sxva Tanamonawiles an zegavlena

moaxdinos sxva Tanamonawileebze. magaliTad, erTi Tanamonawilis mier

sarCelze uaris Tqma, an sarCelis cnoba ar niSnavs sarCelze uaris

Tqmas an sarCelis cnobas sxva Tanamonawileebis mier.

sasamarTlo Sewyvets saqmis warmoebas im mosarCelis mimarT,

romelmac uari Tqva sarCelze da sxvebis mimarT gaagrZelebs saqmis

ganxilvas. aseve sasamarTlo daakmayofilebs sarCels im mopasuxis

mimarT, romelmac cno sarCeli, xolo sxvebis mimarT gaagrZelebs saqmis

ganxilvas.

Tanamonawileebs SeuZliaT saqmis warmoeba sasamarTloSi erT-erT

Tanamonawiles miandon. aseT SemTxvevaSi Tanamonawile or funqcias

asrulebs: is aris mxare, romelic icavs Tavis uflebebs da,

imavdroulad is aris warmomadgeneli sxva Tanamonawileebisa. am ori

funqciis (mxare, warmomadgeneli) SeTavseba dasaSvebia mxolod

Tanamonawileobis dros.

saqmis warmoebis mindoba erT-erTi TanamonawilisaTvis aucileblad

unda gaformdes kanoniT dadgenili wesiT (ssk 96-e muxli). magaliTad,

moqalaqeTa mier gacemuli mindobiloba unda damowmdes sanotaro wesiT

an im organizaciis mier, sadac muSaobs an swavlobs marwmunebeli.

Tanamonawiles, romelsac mindobili aqvs saqmis warmoeba sxva

Tanamonawileebis mier, Tavis mxriv, ar ekrZaleba aiyvanos advokati.

Tanamonawileebi (TanamosarCeleebi, Tanamopasuxeebi) arian mxareebi,

romlebic icaven TavianT uflebebs da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul

interesebs. amitom, isini sargebloben yvela im uflebiT, ra uflebebic

aqvT mxareebs.

$6. mesame pirebi

I. cneba da saxeebi

sasarCelo warmoebis dros yovelTvis gvyavs ori

urTierTdapirispirebuli mxare - mosarCele da mopasuxe. gansazRvrulia

agreTve davis sagani, e.i. is, ris gamoc es ori mxare upirispirdeba

erTmaneTs, ver SeTanxmebulan erTmaneTTan da amitom iZulebuli

gamxdaran miemarTaT sasamarTlosTvis, raTa man gadaWras wamoWrili

dava. zogjer, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, mosarCelis an mopasuxis

mxareze, an kidev orive mxareze ramdenime piri (Tanamonawileebi -

TanamosarCeleebi, Tanamopasuxeebi) gamodis. magram es principulad

arafers ar cvlis, radgan ori urTierTdapirispirebuli mxare rCeba.

adgili aqvs mxolod mxareTa raodenobriv zrdas: mosarCelis mxareze

90

gamodis erTi ki ara, aramed ramdenime piri, xolo mopasuxis mxareze -

aseve ramdenime piri. ori urTierTdapirispirebuli mxare ki rCeba.

magram zogjer samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvis procesi rTuldeba

imiT, rom am procesSi Semodis piri, romlis interesebi ar emTxveva arc

mosarCelis da arc mopasuxis interesebs. igi ebmeba procesSi Tavis

uflebis dasacavad.

amrigad, mesame piri - es iseTi piria, romelic Semodis mxareTa

mier ukve dawyebul procesSi Tavisi sakuTari uflebebisa da

interesebis dasacavad, romlebic aramarto ar emTxveva, aramed piriqiT,

ewinaaRmdegeba kidec mxareebis (mosarCelis, mopasuxis) interesebs.

swored amitom, isini ar SeiZleba Caeban procesSi Tanamonawileebad,

romlis dros erT mxareze monawile pirebis (magaliTad,

TanamosarCeleebis) interesebi emTxveva erTmaneTs.

Tavisi xasiaTiTa da SinaarsiT mesame pirTa interesebi SeiZleba

gansxvavebuli iyos. am gansxvavebuli interesebis mixedviT moxda mesame

pirebis dayofa or saxed: mesame pirebi, romlebic acxadeben

damoukidebel moTxovnas davis saganze, e.i. im saganze, romelzec ukve

aRZrulia dava mosarCelesa da mopasuxes Soris sasamarTloSi da mesame

pirebi romlebic ar acxadeben damoukidebel moTxovnas davis saganze,

magram surT daicvan TavianTi sxva, iuridiulad angariSgasawevi,

interesi.

II. mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT

nebismier fizikur Tu iuridiul pirs, romelic gaigebs, rom

sasamarTloSi mimdinareobs dava mxareTa, anu mosarCelesa da mopasuxes

Soris da aqvs Tavisi interesebi am davis sagnis mimarT, SeuZlia es

interesebi daicvas ori gziT: erTi - Seitanos Tavisi sarCeli

sasamarTloSi sanam igi miiRebdes gadawyvetilebas da ganacxados Tavisi

damoukidebeli moTxovna am davis sagnis mimarT mTlianad an nawilobriv,

an, meore - daelodos ranair gadawyvetilebas miiRebs sasamarTlo da

Semdeg aRZras sarCeli im mxaris winaaRmdeg, romelsac sasamarTlom

miakuTvna davis sagani an romlis sasargebloTac man gamoitana

gadawyvetileba.

magaliTad, sasamarTloSi aRZrulia vindikaciuri sarCeli,

romliTac mosarCele moiTxovs mopasuxisagan garkveuli nivTis gadacemas

im safuZvliT, rom igi aris am nivTis mesakuTre. gaigo ra aseTi

sarCelis aRZvris Sesaxeb sxva pirma, romelic fiqrobs, rom am sadavo

nivTis mesakuTre TviTonaa, SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos sarCeliT da

ganacxados Tavisi damoukidebeli moTxovna davis saganze an mis nawilze,

an kidev, daelodos sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas da, imis mixedviT Tu

vis sasargeblod iqneba gamotanili es gadawyvetileba, aRZras mis

winaaRmdeg sarCeli saerTo wesiT.

arCevnis gakeTeba damokidebelia TviTon dainteresebul pirze, am

mxriv raime samarTlebrivi SezRudva ar arsebobs: mas veravni aiZulebs

aRZras sarCeli da ganacxados damoukidebeli moTxovna sasamarTloSi

mimdinare davis saganze da mas veravin etyvis uars sarCelis miRebaze da

ganxilvaze im motiviT, ratom Tavis droze, e.i. sasamarTlos mier am

davis sagnis mimarT gadawyvetilebis miRebamde, ar ganacxada Tavisi

damoukidebeli moTxovna am sagnis mimarT.

91

sarCelis aRZvra, maT Soris mesame piris mier sasamarTloSi

mimdinare davis saganze Tavisi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis

aRZvra, aris ufleba da ara movaleoba, es fundamenturi ufleba

damkvidrebulia ssk me-2 da 88-e muxlebiT.

magram, Tu dainteresebulma pirma gadawyvita ganacxados

damoukidebeli moTxovna sasamarTloSi sxva pirTa mier aRZrul davis

saganze, maSin es mas SeuZlia gaakeTos ssk 88-e muxlis ZaliT. am

muxlis Tanaxmad yovel dainteresebul pirs, romelic acxadebs

damoukidebel moTxovnas davis saganze an mis nawilze, SeuZlia aRZras

sarCeli orive an erT-erTi mxaris mimarT sasamarTlos mier

gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde.

aseT pirebs ewodeba mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo

moTxovniT.

imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom miiRos da ganixilos mesame piris

sarCeli Tavdapirvel sarCelTan erTad da gamoitanos gadawyvetileba am

ori sarCelis mimarT erToblivaT, amisaTvis saWiroa garkveuli

pirobebi. aseTi pirobebia:

a) dainteresebulma pirma, romelic acxadebs damoukidebel

moTxovnas davis saganze an mis enawilze, unda mimarTos sasamarTlos

werilobiT Camoyalibebuli sarCeliT. zepiri an sxva raime formiT

damoukidebeli moTxovnis wamoyeneba davis saganze dauSvebelia

b) mesame piris sarCeli - esaa sarCeli da igi unda pasuxobdes

yvela im moTxovnas rasac iTvaliswinebs kanoni saerTod sarCelebis

mimarT. am mxriv gamonaklisia mxolod gansjadobis wesebi: mesame pirs

SeuZlia aRZras sarCeli damoukidebeli moTxovniT davis saganze, im

sasamarTloSi, sadac es dava ganixileba;

g) mesame piris sarCeli mimarTuli unda iyos uSvalod davis

saganze an mis nawilze. sxva saganze, ra gind axlo kavSirSiac ar unda

iyos igi davis saganTan, mesame piris sarCeli dauSvebelia;

d) mesame piris sarCeli SeiZleba wardgenil iqnas gadawyvetilebis

gamosatanad sasamarTlos saTaTbiro oTaxSi gasvlamde.

damoukidebeli moTxovniT mesame piris sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis

Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba. swored aseTi ganCinebis miRebis

Semdeg moipovebs piri „damoukidebeli moTxovniT mesame piris“

saproceso mdgomareobas. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu ar arsebobs

sasamarTlos ganCineba damoukidebeli moTxovniT mesame piris sarCelis

warmoebaSi miRebis Sesaxeb, maSin arc arsebobs mesame piri

damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT, miuxedavad imisa, arsebobs saqmeSi

aseTi mesame piris sarCeli Tu ara.

mesame piri damoukidebeli moTxovniT moipovebs yvela im uflebas,

rac kanoniTaa misTvis gaTvaliswinebuli, ara mis mier sarCelis aRZvris,

aramed sasamarTlos mier am sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Sesaxeb

ganCinebis miRebis momentidan.

cxadia, rom Tu mesame piris sarCeli xarveziania, an ar aris

gadaxdili saxelmwifo baJi, sasamarTlom unda dauniSnos mas vada am

xarvezis SesavsebaT saerTo wesiT (ix. Tavi..... gv........) Tu am vadaSi

xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, sasamarTlo am sarCels umoZraod datovebs

da daubrunebs mesame pirs. mesame piris sarCeli unda pasuxobdes

agreTve yvela im winapirobas, romlebic sarCelis warmoebaSi

miRebisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli kanoniT (ssk 186-e muxli).

92

sasamarTlos ganCineba mesame piris sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis

Sesaxeb ar gasaCivrdeba. sasamarTlos ganCinebaze mesame piris sarCelis

umoZraod datovebis Sesaxeb an mis miRebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba

kerZo saCivris Setana (ssk 185-e da 187-e muxlebi).

sasamarTlo praqtikam wamoWra sakiTxi: SeiZleba Tu ara mesame

pirma davis saganze damoukidebeli moTxovniT aRZras sarCeli

saapelacio (sakasacio) instanciaSi?

am kiTxvaze uaryofiTad unda vupasuxoT. saapelacio sasamarTlo

amowmebs gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebas saapelacio saCivris farglebSi.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saapelacio sasamarTlo ganixilavs saCivars

gadawyvetilebaze, romelic gamotanilia pirveli instanciis

sasamarTloebis mier iq aRZrul sarCelebze da ara TviTon am sarCelebs.

mesame piris sarCeli, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, aris Cveulebrivi

sarCeli da aseTi sarCeliT saapelacio sasamarTloSi (miT umetes

kasaciaSi) mimarTva dauSvebelia. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mesame pirma ver

SeZlo damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT pirveli instanciis

sasamarTloSi mimarTva am sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis

gamotanamde, mas sruli SesaZlebloba aqvs aRZras sasamarTloSi sarCeli

saerTo wesiT.

mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT igive

mosarCeleebia da isini sargebloben yvela im uflebiT, ra uflebebiTac

sargebloben mosarCeleebi (mxareebi) saerTod.

III. mesame pirebi damoukidebeli

sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe

saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi xSiria SemTxvevebi,

rodesac samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilvaSi damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe

mesame pirebad abamen iseT pirebs, rogoricaa saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis

organoebi, qalaqis meria, gamgeobebi, sxvadasxva inspeqciebi, notariusebi

(gansakuTrebiT Tu sakiTxi exeba xelSekrulebis baTilad cnobas) da a.S.

xSirad gaugebaria da araa motivirebuli sasamarTloebis mier, Tu

romeli mxaris dasaxmareblad Caeben isini procesSi, ra mosazrebiT an

romeli kanoniT xelmZRvanelobda sasamarTlo, roca gamoitana ganCineba

maTi saqmeSi Cabmis Sesaxeb da sxva.

aseTi praqtika ar Seesabameba kanons, iwvevs aramarto saqmeTa

ganxilvis uzomod gaWianurebas, zedmeti masalebis Segrovebas,

adamianebis mocdenas, aramed xSirad sruliad dausabuTebeli

gadawyvetilebebis gamotanas.

rogoria kanoni da rogori unda iyos misi gamoyenebis praqtika?

1. damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirebis saqmeSi Cabmis

samarTlebrivi safuZveli.

ssk 89-e muxlis Tanaxmad „yovel dainteresebul pirs, romelic

ar acxadebs damoukidebel moTxovnas davis saganze an mis nawilze,

SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, raTa dauSvas igi saqmeSi

mesame pirad mosarCelis an mopasuxis mxareze, radgan sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebas am saqmeze SeuZlia SemdgomSi gavlena moaxdinos mis

uflebebsa da movaleobebze erT-erTi mxaris mimarT. mesame pirad

93

daSvebis sakiTxs mxareTa mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT wyvets

sasamarTlo“.

amrigad, piris daintereseba CaerTos saqmeSi mesame pirad srulebiT

araa sakmarisi. es imas niSnavs, rom yvela is piri, romelmac mimarTa

sasamarTlos gancxadebiT mesame pirad saqmeSi misi CarTvis Sesaxeb, ver

iqneba CarTuli mesame pirad saqmeSi. piris subieqturi daintereseba -

sakmarisi araa.

imisaTvis rom piris Suamdgomloba (gancxadeba) saqmeSi mesame

pirad CarTvis Sesaxeb daakmayofilos sasamarTlom, am saqmeze

gamotanilma gadawyvetilebam gavlena unda iqonios mis uflebebsa da

movaleobebze saqmeSi monawile erT-erTi mxaris mimarT.

aqedan gamomdinare, imisaTvis, rom sworad e.i. kanonis Sesabamisad,

gadawyvitos piris mesame pirad daSvebis sakiTxi, sasamarTlom zustad

da naTlad unda gaarkvios ra gavlenas moaxdens am saqmeze gamotanili

gadawyvetileba im piris erT-erTi mxaris mimarT uflebebze da

movaleobebze, romelic mesame pirad saqmeSi CarTvas moiTxovs.43

am sakiTxis gadawyvetis (garkvevis) dros sasamarTlom kvlav unda

mimarTos kanons. saqme isaa, rom sakiTxi exeba piris uflebebsa da

movaleobebs erT-erTi mxaris mimarT. uflebebi da movaleobebi wminda

iuridiuli kategoriebia da maTi warmoSoba, Secvla Tu Sewyveta

mxolod kanonis safuZvelze da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSia

SesaZlebeli.

sailustraciod SeiZleba mivmarToT samoqalaqo kodeqsis 703-706-e

muxlebis analizs. 703-e muxlis Tanaxmad tvirTis dakargvis, dazianebis

an gadazidvis gamo zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnebi SeiZleba wardgenil

iqnes mxolod pirveli, bolo, an im gadamzidvelis mimarT, romlis mier

gadazidvisas daikarga, dazianda an gadacilebul iqna tvirTis Cabarebis

vada. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac tvirTis gamgzavni mimarTavs sasamarTlos

sarCeliT erT-erTi gadamzidvelis mimarT tvirTis dazianebis gamo

zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, maSin mopasuxes, e.i. gadamzidvels SeuZlia

iSuamdgomlos sasamarTlos winaSe, raTa saqmeSi Cabmuli iqnes mesame

pirad damoukidebeli moTxovniT, sxva momdevno gadamzidveli. aseTi

SuamdgomlobiT sasamarTlos SeiZleba mimarTos uSvalod am momdevno

gadamzidvelmac. cxadia, rom vinc ar unda mimarTos sasamarTlos mesame

pirad saqmeSi Cabmis Sesaxeb, Suamdgomloba (gancxadeba) amis Taobaze

motivirebuli unda iyos. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi motivireba

SesaZlebelia samoqalaqo kodeqsis 704-e da 706-e muxlebis safuZvelze.

704-e muxlis Tanaxmad gadadmzidvels, romelmac aanazRaura ziani

garkveuli pirobebis arsebobisas aqvs ukumoTxovnis ufleba sxva

gadamzidvelis mimarT.

amasTan erTad, am sxva gadamzidvels, romlis mimarT aRZrulia

ukumoTxovnis Sesaxeb sarCeli (regresuli sarCeli), ufleba ar aqvs

sadavo gaxados, rom mosarCelem, e.i. gadamzidvelma, romelmac ukve

aanazaRaura ziani sasamarTlo gadawvetilebis ZaliT, usafuZvlod

gadaixada Tanxa, Tu es gadamzidveli saTanadod iyo gafrTxilebuli

sasamarTlo procesis Sesaxeb da SeeZlo monawileoba mieRo am procesSi.

43 savsebiT sworad miuTiTebs q.gabelaia, rom yvela im piris mesame pirad saqmeSi CarTva, visac amis

subieqturi interesi aqvs, gamoiwvevs qaoss praqtikaSi da sabolao angariSSi mxareTa uflebebis

Selaxvas. ix. T.liluaSvilisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli. Tb. 2003, gv. 256. Cveni mxriv

daumatebdiT, rom tendecia qaosisken praqtikaSi marTlac SeimCneva mesame pirTa Cabmis dros.

94

rogorc vxedavT, damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris

procesSi Cabmas aqvs didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba, rodesac

gadawyvetilebas am saqmeze SeuZlia zegavlena iqonios mis ufleba-

movaleobaze erT-erTi mxaris mimarT.

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis preidiciuli (winaswargadamwyveti)

Zala sxva sarCelebis ganxilvisas ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT Cabmuli

iyo Tu ara mesame piri saqmis ganxilvaSi. amitom, damoukidebeli

moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris saqmeSi CabmiT dainteresebuli unda iyos

rogorc uSvalod mxare, ise mis mxareze monawile mesame piri.

ukumoTxovnis anu regresuli moTxovnis wayenebis saSiSroeba

marTalia aris mesame pirisaTvis procesSi Cabmis ZiriTadi, magram ara

erTad-erTi samarTlebrivi safuZveli.

magaliTad, praqtika dasaSvebad Tvlis mesame pirad im bavSvis

mSoblis saqmeSi Cabmas, romelic adre gamotanili gadawyvetilebis

safuZvelze iRebs aliments. Tu alimentis gadamxdelis mimarT aRZruli

iqneba sarCeli sxva qorwinebaSi dabadebuli bavSvisaTvis alimentis

gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb, maSin am sarCelis ganxilvaSi SeiZleba mesame

pirad Caebas im bavSvis mSobeli, romelic ukve iRebs aliments, radgan

sxva qorwinebaSi dabadebuli bavSvisaTvis alimentis gadaxdevinebis

dakisrebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios pirveli gadawyvetilebiT gansazRvruli

alimentis odenobis Semcireba.

mesame pirebis saqmeSi Cabmis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebs ssk

184-e muxlis me-3 nawili. es muxli emyareba princips, romlis Tanaxmad

Tu sasamarTlos mier araa gatarebuli sarCelis uzrunvelyofis

RonisZiebebi, mxareebs ar erTmevaT ufleba gayidon, gaaCuqon davis sagani

an daTmon moTxovna. magram, sadavo sagnis aseTi gasxvisebis pirobebSiac,

mxared rCeba is piri, vinc gaasxvisa davis sagani, e.i. piri vinc iqneboda

mxared procesSi sadavo sagnis gasxviseba rom ar moexdina.

sadavo sagnis SemZens, an im pirs, visac moTxovna dauTmes, SeuZlia

Caebas procesSi im mxaris nacvlad, romelmac gaasxvisa davis sagani an

daTmo moTxovna, oRond erTi aucilebeli pirobiT: Tu mowinaaRmdege

mxare Tanaxma iqneba amaze. aseTi Tanxmobis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi,

sadavo sagnis SemZens SeuZlia Caebas procesSi mesame pirad

damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe. cxadia, rom mesame pirad procesSi

Cabmis mizani SeiZleba iyos is, rom daexmaros mxares saqmis mis

sasargeblod gadawyvetaSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas SeiZleba daevalos

davis sagnis mogebuli mxarisaTvis an im mxarisaTvis dabruneba,

romlisaganac igi SeiZina.

damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirebi gansxvavdebian

Tanamonawileebisagan. Tanamonawileebis procesSi monawileobis

safuZvlebi, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, iseTia, rom isini yovelTvis

upirispirdebian mowinaaRmdege mxares: TanamosarCeleebi upirispirdebian

Tanamopasuxeebs da piriqiT. rac Seexeba mesame pirebs damoukidebeli

moTxovnis gareSe, isini materialur samarTlebriv urTierTobaSia

mxolod im pirTan, romlis mxarezec gamodian procesSi da aranairi

samarTlebrivi urTierToba mowinaaRmdege mxaresTan maT ar akavSirebT.

piriqiT, mesame piri damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe exmareba da

yovelnairad cdilobs, raTa procesi moigos im mxarem, romlis mxarezec

igi gamodis procesSi, magram, Tu misma mxarem procesi waago, maSin

SeiZleba moxdes, rom mesame piri daupirispirdes swored imas, vis

95

mxarezec gamodioda procesSi. magaliTad, regresuli (ukumoTxovnis)

sarCelebSi mesame pirebi yovelTvis upirispirdebian regresuli

sarCelebis aRmZvrel mosarCeleebs, romelTa mxareze isini gamodiodnen

saqmeSi.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToTo daskvna:

damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmis

samarTlebrivi safuZvelia zegavlena, romelic SeiZleba iqonios am

saqmeze gamotanilma gadawyvetilebam aseTi mesame piris uflebebze da

movaleobebze erT-erTi mxaris mimarT.

niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom iuridiuli interesi saqarTvelos

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT ar warmoadgens mesame piris

saqmeSi Cabmis samarTlebriv safuZvels?

ara, ar niSnavs!

ruseTis 1866 wlis samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis wesdebis 663-e

muxlis Tanaxmad „mesame pirs, romlis interesi damokidebulia erT-erTi

mxaris sasargebloT gadawyvetilebis gamotanaze“, SeuZlia am Tavisi

survilis Sesaxeb ganacxados Tavisi monawileobis Sesaxeb mosarCelis,

an mopasuxis mxareze.

germaniis ssk 60-e muxlis Tanaxmad piri, romelic „iuridiuladaa

dainteresebuli erT-erTi mxaris gamarjvebaSi, SeuZlia SeuerTdes am

mxares misi mxardaWeris mizniT“. gancxadebaSi aseTma pirma „unda

miuTiTos samarTlebriv interesze, ris gamoc CaerTvis procesSi

damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe (70-e muxli).

avstriis ssk me-17 muxlis Tanaxmad „piri, romlis samarTlebrivi

interesi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom romelime mxarem moigos procesi....

SeuZlia Caebas saqmeSi rogorc am mxaris damxmare“. amave kodeqsis 21-e

muxlis Tanaxmad, „Tu gadawyvetilebas SeiZleba preiudiciuli Zala

hqondes mesame piris mimarT, mas SeuZlia CaerTos saqmeSi mesame pirad“.

rogorc vxedavT, aq miTiTebuli qveynebis saproceso kodeqsebis

mixedviT damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirebis saqmeSi CarTvis

samarTlebrivi safuZveli - esaa iuridiuli interesi anu daintereseba,

rom mxarem moigos procesi.

ufro detalurad iuridiuli interesi ganxiluli iqneba qvemoT,

aq mxolod avRniSnavT imas, rom iuridiuli interesi SefasebiTi

msjelobaa. amitom, igi ganekuTvneba ara gnoseologiis (Semecnebis)

sferos, aramed aqsiologiis (Rirebulebis, Sefasebis) sferos. aqedan

gamomdinare, iuridiuli interesis „dadgena - dadastureba“

mtkicebulebebis meSveobiT, maT Soris uSvalo (grZnobis organoebiT)

aRqmis gziT - SeuZlebelia. aqedan gamomdinare, kanonmdebelma

upiratesoba mianiWa mesame piri rogorc Cans, amitom Cvenma ssk-ma

saqmeSi Cabmis iseT kriteriums, romelic ufro gasagebi da misaRebi

iqneboda rogorc mxareebisaTvis, ise sasamarTlosaTvis.

amrigad, iuridiuli interesi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso

kanonmdeblobiTac aucilebelia, magram igi arsebobs maSin, rodesac

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos mesame piris

uflebebze da movaleobebze erT-erTi mxaris mimarT.

iuridiuli interesis arsebobis ganmsazRvreli am kriteriumis

gamoyeneba ar unda iwvevdes raime garTulebas. mosamarTles Tavisi

iuridiuli codnis safuZvelze Tavisuflad SeuZlia ganWvritos Tu ra

gavlena SeuZlia moaxdinos misma gadawyvetilebam im piris ufleba-

96

movaleobebze, romelic moiTxovs damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe

saqmeSi mesame pirad CarTvas.


saqmeSi Cabmis wesi

samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvaSi mesame piri damoukidebeli moTxovnis

gareSe SeiZleba Cabmuli iqnes TviT am mesame piris gancxadebiT

(SuamdgomlobiT), agreTve mxaris iniciativiT. sasamarTlos iniciativiT

mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmas ssk-si ar iTvaliswinebs.

mosarCelis an mopasuxis mxareze mesame pirad saqmeSi Cabmaze

sasamarTlos SeuZlia mimarTos nebismier dainteresebul pirs. aseTi

mimarTvis erTad-erTi forma SeiZleba iyos werilobiTi gancxadeba,

radgan zepiri formiT aseTi gancxadebis gakeTeba gamoricxulia im

ubralo mizezis gamo, rom es piri ar aris procesis monawile da igi

aseT zepir gancxadebas ver gaakeTebs. TavisTavad cxadia, rom gancxadeba

mesame pirad daSvebaze unda iyos motivirebuli. es imas niSnavs, rom

gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos konkretulad raSi gamoixateba misi

iuridiuli interesi, ra gavlenas moaxdens mis ufleba-movaleobebze im

saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetileba, romelSi Cabmasac is moiTxovs (ssk

89-e muxli).

rac Seexeba mxareebs maT SeuZliaT mimarTon sasamarTlos

damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmis Sesaxeb

rogorc werilobiTi, ise zepiri gancxadebiT. damokideblad imisa, Tu ra

formiT mimarTaven sasamarTlos, gancxadeba yovelTvis unda iyos

motivirebuli, zepiri formiT gakeTebuli motivirebuli gancxadeba

Seitaneba sxdomis oqmSi (ssk 90-e muxli).

praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania sakiTxi, Tu procesis

romel stadiaze (etapze) daiSveba gancxadeba mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmis

Sesaxeb. Cveni saproceso kanonmdebloba uSvebs SesaZleblobas aseTi

gancxadebiT mimarTon sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde,

praqtikulad sasamarTlos saTaTbiro oTaxSi gadawyvetilebis

gamosatanad gasvlamde. amasTan erTad, kanonmdebloba ebrZvis saqmis

ganxilvis gaWianurebis mizniT mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmis institutis

gamoyenebas. brZolis meqanizmi aseTia: jer kidev saqmis momzadebis

stadiaze sasamarTlo avalebs mxareebs acnobon Tu „vin SeiZleba Caebas

procesSi Tanamonawileebad an mesame pirebad“. (ssk 201-e muxlis me-2

nawilis „e“ punqti). saqmis momzadebis stadiaze sasamarTlos SeuZlia

gadawyvitos sakiTxi sasamarTlo procesSi mesame pirebis daSvebis

Sesaxeb.

sasamarTlo praqtikaSi arc ise iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac

mxareebi Suamdgomloben sasamarTlos winaSe mesame pirebis CaqmeSi Cabmis

Sesaxeb sasamarTlo sxdomebze da mas Semdeg, rac ukve gavida ramdenime

Tve sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebidan. sasamarTlo mTavar sxdomaze da isic

ase dagvianebiT sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTva dasaSvebia mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu iyo sapatio mizezi amisaTvis (ssk 215-e muxli). am

TvalsazrisiT SedarebiT ufro naklebi moTxovnebi waeyeneba TviTon

mesame pirs, romelmac SeiZleba gvian gaigo procesis mimdinareobis

Sesaxeb.

97

3. sasamarTlos ganCineba damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe

mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmis Sesaxeb

mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmis sakiTxs sasamarTlo gadawyvets mxareTa

mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. mxareTa mosazrebebis gaTvaliswineba ki

SeiZleba Semdegnairad moxdes: Tu gancxadeba mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmis

Sesaxeb Semotanilia am saqmis momzadebis stadiaze, maSin es gancxadeba

gadaegzavneba mxares (mxareebs), romelsac daeniSneba vada am sakiTxze

misi werilobiTi mosazrebis warmodgenisaTvis. am vadaSi werilobiTi

mosazrebis warmoudgenloba ver daabrkolebs sasamarTlos mier sakiTxis

gadawyvetas. Tu gancxadeba Semotanilia sasamarTlo sxdomaze, maSin

mxareTa mosazrebebis mosmena amave sxdomaze xdeba.

damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmis Sesaxeb

sasamarTlos gamoaqvs motivirebuli ganCineba, romelSic miTiTebuli

unda iyos agreTve, Tu vis mxareze xdeba mesame piris saqmeSi Cabma da

konkretulad raSi gamoixateba misi iuridiuli interesi (ra gavlena

SeuZlia iqonios am saqmeze gamotanilma gadawyvetilebam mesame piris

uflebebze da movaleobebze.

am ganCinebaze kerZo saCivris Setana ar SeiZleba.

rac Seexeba sasamarTlos ganCinebas mesame piris saqmeSi Cabmaze

uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, am ganCinebaze SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana (ssk

90-e muxlis me-2 nawili).

4. damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris

saproceso uflebebi.

mesame pirs miniWebuli aqvs yvela is saproceso ufleba, rac

aucilebelia misi interesebis dasacavad. maT aqvT igive uflebebi, rac

mxareebs, garda dispoziciurobis principidan gamomdinare uflebebisa,

rogoricaa gaadidon an Seamciron sasarCelo moTxovnis odenoba,

Secvalon sarCelis safuZveli an sagani, cnon sarCeli, uari Tqvan

sarCelze an morigdnen, aRZran Segebebuli sarCeli, moiTxovon

gadawyvetilebis iZulebiT aRsruleba (ssk 91-e muxli). aseT mesame pirs

ar SeuZlia agreTve gaasaCivros sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saapelacio

an sakasacio wesiT (ssk 364-e da 391-e muxlebi), Seitanos kerZo

saCivari (ssk 414-e muxli), garda ganCinebisa, romliTac uari eTqva pirs

gancxadebaze damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirad saqmeSi Cabmis

Sesaxeb.

$7. saproceso uflebamonacvleoba.

I. uflebamonacvleobis cneba da safuZvlebi

samoqalaqo ufleba an movaleoba SeiZleba erTi piridan meoreze

gadavides. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es ufleba Tu movaleoba

sasamarTlos ganxilvis sagania, warmoiSoba saproceso

uflebamonacvleobis aucilebloba. es imas niSnavs, rom saproceso

uflebamonacvleobas adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac sadavo materialur

samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gadis erT-erTi mxare da ara maSin,

98

rodesac saqmidan gadis esa Tu is mxare (magaliTad, arasaTanado mxare

gavida saqmidan da mis nacvlad Semovida saTanado mxare).

amrigad, saproceso uflebamonacvleoba - esaa mxareebis da mesame

pirebis Secvla im pirebiT, romlebzec maTi uflebebi da movaleobebi

gadavida.

rogorc vxedavT, saproceso uflebamonacvleoba mTlianad efuZneba

uflebamonacvleobas materialur samarTalSi.

saproceso uflebamonacvleobis safuZvlebi (anu sadavo

samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gasvlis SemTxvevebi) miTiTebulia ssk

92-e muxlSi. aseTi safuZvlebia

a) moqalaqis gardacvaleba. magaliTad, sk 1306-e muxlis Tanaxmad,

gardacvlili piris qonebis gadasvla sxva pirze xorcieldeba kanoniT

an anderZiT.

b) iuridiuli piris reorganizacia. iuridiuli piris

reorganizacia (SeerTeba, mierTeba, gayofa, gamoyofa, gardaqmna)

gaTvaliswinebulia „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-14 muxliTa da sk-is

39-e muxliT (universaluri uflebamonacvleoba).

g) moTxovnis daTmoba. gaTvaliswinebulia sk 199-e muxliT,

romlis Tanaxmad, garkveuli pirobebis arsebobisas moTxovnis mflobels

(kreditors) SeuZlia moTxovna mesame pirs dauTmos. aseT SemTxvevaSi

Tavdapirveli mflobelis adgils ikavebs is piri, romelsac moTxovna

dauTmes (singularuli uflebamonacvleoba) Sesabamisad, saproceso

uflebamonacvlis adgils, nacvlad Tavdapirveli mflobel-mosarClisa,

daikavebs piri, romelsac am Tavdapirvelma mflobel-mosarClem dauTmo

moTxovna.

d) valis gadacema. valis gadacema (gadakisreba) gaTvaliswinebulia

sk 203-e muxliT, romlis Tanaxmad, moTxovnis mflobelTan dadebuli

xelSekrulebiT vali SeiZleba Tavis Tavze aiRos mesame pirmac. aseT

SemTxvevaSi piri, romelmac Tavis Tavze aiRo vali, daikavebs

Tavdapirveli movalis adgils. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu Tavdapirveli

movale gvevlineba saqmeSi mopasuxed, valis gadakisrebis SemTxvevaSi mis

saproceso uflebamonacvled mogvevlineba piri, romelsac gadaeca

(gadaekisra) vali.

uflebamonacvleoba gansxvavdeba procesSi arasaTanado mxaris

Secvlisagan: arasaTanado mxare _ es iseTi piria, romelic ar aris

sadavo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqti. amitom, mas ara aqvs

moTxovnis ufleba, agreTve man ar unda agos pasuxi mis mimarT aRZrul

moTxovnaze. uflebamonacvleobis dros ki piriqiT xdeba: Tavdapirveli

mxare iyo saTanado mxare, radgan igi iyo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis

subieqti da mxolod imis Sedegad, rom misi adgili am samarTlebriv

urTierTobaSi daikava (kanoniT dadgenili safuZvlebiTa da wesiT) sxva

pirma, Sesabamisad, es sxva piri ikavebs mis adgils samoqalaqo

samarTalwarmoebaSi (saproceso uflebamonacvleoba).

saproceso uflebamonacvleobis safuZvelia uflebamonacvleoba

materialur samarTalSi, rodesac materialuri samarTlis normebis

mixedviT, dasaSvebia samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi uflebebisa da

movaleobebis subieqtebis Secvla, rodesac axali subieqti mTlianad an

nawilobriv iRebs Tavis Tavze winamorbedis uflebebs an movaleobebs.

magaliTad: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos sarCeliT b-anis winaaRmdeg

misi qonebis dazianebiT miyenebuli zianis anaRzaurebis

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Sesaxeb. am saqmis warmoebis procesSi mopasuxe b-ani

gardaicvala. sasamarTlom SeaCera saqmis warmoeba ssk

379-e muxlis „a“ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, gardacvlili

mopasuxis uflebamonacvlis dadgenamde (ssk 281-e

muxli).

Tu uflebamonacvleoba materialuri samarTlis mixedviT

dauSvebelia, maSin dauSvebelia saproceso uflebamonacvleobac. aseT

SemTxveaSi saqmis warmoeba ki ar unda SeCerdes, aramed unda Sewydes.

magaliTad: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlo sarCeliT b-anis winaaRmdeg

samuSaoze aRdgenis Sesaxeb. saqmis warmoebis procesSi a-

ni gardaicvala. sasamarTlom Sewyvita saqmis warmoeba,

radgan sadavo SromiT samarTlebriv urTierTobas

dasaSvebad ar miaCnia samuSao adgilis Tu Tanamdebobis

memkvidreobiT miReba (uflebamonacvleoba).

saqmis warmoeba unda Sewydes, Tu gardaicvala is piri visTvisac

moiTxovdnen aliments, radgan alimentis gadaxdevinebis uflebis

gadasvla sxva pirze dauSvebelia. aseve, saqmis warmoeba unda Sewydes,

Tu gardaicvala iseTi movale, romlis piradi monawileobis gareSe

SeuZlebelia valdebulebis Sesruleba, an kidev, Tu gardaicvala

kreditori, romlisTvisac piradad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli Sesruleba (sk

453-e muxli).

II. saproceso uflebamonacvleobis daSvebis wesi

uwinares yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom uflebamonacvleoba

materialur samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi anu sadavo materialur

samarTlebrivi uflebis gadasvla erTi piridan meoreze, ar warmoadgens

procesualuri uflebamonacvleobis savaldebulo sababs. ise rogorc

sarCelis aRZvra sasamarTloSi, uflebamonacvleoba procesSiac mxareTa

nebasurvilzea damokidebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, roca saqme exeba

procesidan ama Tu im mizeziT gasul mosarCelis uflebamonacvles,

kerZod, daikavos Tu ara man procesidan gasuli mosarCelis adgili - es

mTlianad damokidebulia TviTon uflebamonacvleze, xolo, roca saqme

exeba procesidan gasuli mopasuxis uflebamonacvles, maSin Caebas Tu

ara es uflebamonacvle procesSi mopasuxed, damokidebulia ara am

uflebamonacvleze, aramed mosarCelis nebasurvilze. aseTi wesi

mTlianad efuZneba im zogad princips, romlis Tanaxmad, rogorc

sarCelis aRZvris, ise mopasuxis dasaxelebis uflebamosileba mTlianad

ekuTvnis mosarCeles.

saproceso uflebamonacvleoba dasaSvebia procesis nebismier

stadiaze, kerZod sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebidan gadawyvetilebis

gamotanamde, gadawyvetilebis gamotanidan mis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlamde,

gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan mis aRsrulebamde. cxadia,

rom uflebamonacvleoba dasaSvebia rogorc pirvel, ise saapelacio da

sakasacio instanciis sasamarTloSi.

III. saqmis warmoebis SeCereba da ganaxleba

100

Tu uflebamonacvleobis aucilebloba warmoiSva gadawyvetilebis

gamotanamde (saqmis pirvel, saapelacio Tu sakasacio instanciaSi

ganxilvis dros), maSin sasamarTlom unda SeaCeros saqmis warmoeba (ssk

279-e muxlis `a~ punqti), ris Sesaxebac sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba.

am ganCinebaSi sasamarTlom unda miuTiTos, rom saqmis warmoeba SeCere-

bulia uflebamonacvlis dadgenamde, magram uflebamonacvlis dadgeniT

yovelTvis ver moxdeba SeCerebuli saqmis ganaxleba.

kerZod, Tu sakiTxi Seexeba mosarCelis uflebamonacvles, maSin man

unda mimarTos sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, raTa dauSvas igi saqmeSi

rogorc mosarCelis uflebamonacvle. manve unda warudginos

sasamarTlos uflebamonacvleobis damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebi

(samkvidro mowmoba, moTxovnis daTmobis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba, valis

gadakisrebis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba, iuridiuli piris reorganizaciis

damadasturebeli dokumentebi da a. S).

- Tu sakiTxi Seexeba mopasuxes, maSin mosarCelem an TviTon

mopasuxis uflebamonacvlem unda mimarTos sasamarTlos Sesabamisi

gancxadebiT. maT sasamarTlos unda warudginon uflebamonacvleobis

damadasturebeli sabuTebi. Tu mosarCelis mier dasaxelebuli mopasuxis

uflebamonacvle uaryofs Tavis uflebamonacvleobas, man es uaryofa

unda daadasturos.

_ apelantis Tu kasatoris uflebamonacvlis dasaxelebiT da

SeCerebuli saapelacio Tu sakasacio warmoebis ganaxlebiT SeiZleba

dainteresebuli iyos mowinaaRmdege (saapelacio Tu sakasacio mopasuxe)

mxarec. magaliTad, mosarCelem moigo procesi da mas miekuTvna is

sikeTe, rasac moiTxovda (raime nivTi, fuladi Tanxa, binaSi Sesaxleba

da a. S.). mopasuxem Seitana saapelacio (sakasacio) saCivari, magram sanam

sasamarTlo am saCivars ganixilavda, apelanti (kasatori) gardaicvala.

imis gamo, rom am SemTxvevaSi saCivari aris faqtobrivad da iuridiulad

sruliad uperspeqtivo, apelantis (kasatoris) uflebamonacvle

saerTod ar aris dainteresebuli ganaxldes saqmis ganxilva. is mxolod

cdilobs, rom gaWianurdes am saqmis saboloo gadawyveta. mowinaaRmdege

mxare ki piriqiT _ dainteresebulia am saqmis ganxilviTa da

gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi SesvliT. amitom, apelantis Tu

kasatoris mowinaaRmdege mxare TviTon atyobinebs saapelacio (sakasacio)

sasamarTlos, rom man ganaaxlos SeCerebuli saapelacio (sakasacio)

warmoeba, vinaidan ukve gamovlinda uflebamonacvle.

_ Tu uflebamonacvled gvevlineba ramdenime piri, maSin yoveli

maTgani unda iqnen saqmeSi Cabmuli.

_ uflebamonacvlis dadgenis Semdeg, sasamarTlom unda ganaaxlos

saqme, ris Sesaxebac gamoaqvs ganCineba. unda acnobos uflebamonacvles

saqmis ganxilvis Sesaxeb da miuTiTos im Sedegebze, rac SeiZleba moyves

mis gamoucxadeblobas.

_ SeCerebuli saqmis ganaxlebis Semdeg, saqmis ganxilva Tavidan ar

daiwyeba, aramed gagrZeldeba im etapidan, romel etapzec SeCerda misi

warmoeba.

_ gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala vrceldeba uflebamonacvleze,

magram Tu uflebamonacvleoba warmoiSva am gadawyvetilebis kanonier

ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg_aRsrulebis stadiaze, maSin es sakiTxi SeiZleba

mogvardes gadawyvetilebis ganmartebis wesiT (ssk 262-e muxli).

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sasamarTlos ganCinebaze uflebamonacvleobis dadgenamde saqmis

warmoebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana.

sasamarTlos ganCinebaze uflebamonacvlis dadgenis gamo saqmis

warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb kerZo saCivris Setana ar SeiZleba.

IV. uflebamonacvlis saproceso uflebebi

uflebamonacvles, Tu igi daSvebuli iqneba procesSi, aqvs

absoluturad yvela is saproceso ufleba, rac hqonda mis winamorbeds.

amasTan erTad, uflebamonacvlisaTvis savaldebuloa yvela saproceso

moqmedeba, romelic Sesrulebuli iyo mis daSvebamde im odenobiT, rac

savaldebulo iqneboda misi winamorbedisaTvis. es imas niSnavs, rom

uflebamonacvles ar SeuZlia moiTxovos im saproceso moqmedebis

xelmeored (ganmeorebiT) Sesruleba, romelic misma winamorbedma

Seasrula. magaliTad, mas ar SeuZlia moiTxovos mowmeTa ganmeorebiT

gamoZaxeba da dakiTxva, saproceso vadebis Tavidan aTvla, Tu es vada

gaSvebuli iyo jer kidev winamorbedis sicocxleSi an iuridiuli piris

reorganizaciamde. magaliTad, Tu uflebamonacvleoba warmoiSva

gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, e.i. winamorbedis

sicocxleSi, maSin uflebamonacvles ar SeuZlia gaasaCivros es

gadawyvetileba. magram, Tu uflebamonacvleoba warmoiSva

gadawyvetilebis gamotanisTanave, magram mis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlamde,

uflebamonacvles SeuZlia gaasaCivros es gadawyvetileba (ganCineba).

winamorbedis mier Sesrulebuli yvela saproceso moqmedeba

iTvleba Sesrulebulad uflebamonacvlis mier. magaliTad, winamorbedma

Secvala sarCelis sagani da nacvlad mopasuxis binidan gamosaxlebis

moiTxova misgan binis qiris gadaxda. uflebamonacvle ver ityvis uars

sarCelis aseT Secvlaze. magram, Tu winamorbeds kanonis Tanaxmad

SeuZlia uari Tqvas mis mier Sesrulebul saproceso moqmedebaze, maSin

aseTive ufleba aqvs uflebamonacvlesac. magaliTad, uflebamonacvles

SeuZlia uari Tqvas winamorbedis mier Setanil saapelacio (sakasacio)

saCivarze, radgan mis winamorbedsac hqonda aseTive ufleba (ssk 378-e

muxli).

$8. mxareTa saproceso uflebebi da movaleobebi

I. mxareTa uflebebi

cnebas „mxare“ Cven aq viyenebT farTo gagebiT da am cnebaSi

vgulisxmobT aramarto mosarCeles da mopasuxes, aramed agreTve

Tanamonawileebs, anu TanamosarCeleebs da Tanamopasuxeebs, mesame pirebs

damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT, maT uflebamonacvleebs. rac

Seexeba mesame pirebs damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, isini, rogorc

zemoT avRniSneT sargebloben mxolod im saproceso uflebiT, rac

aucilebelia maTi interesebis dasacavad.

yvela zemoT CamoTvlili piri aRWurvilia farTo saproceso

uflebebiT, rac saWiroa maTi materialur samarTlebrivi interesebis,

moTxovnebis, Tu Sesageblis dacvisaTvis. amasTan erTad, saqarTvelos

konstituciis 85-e muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad „samarTalwarmoeba

xorcieldeba mxareTa Tanasworobisa da SejibrebiTobis safuZvelze“.

102

konstituciis am danawesis Sesabamisad saqarTvelos samoqalaqo

saproceso kodeqsis 83-e muxlis Tanaxmad „mxareebi sargebloben

Tanabari saproceso uflebebiT“.

imis mixedviT, Tu romeli konkretuli interesis realizacias

emsaxureba, mxareTa saproceso uflebebi SeiZleba sam ZiriTad jgufad

davyoT.

erTi jgufi saproceso ulebebisa mimarTulia mxareTa materialur

samarTlebrivi da saproceso samarTlebrivi uflebebis gankargvis

uzrunvelyofisaken. am mizniT mxareebs ufleba aqvT Secvalon sarCelis

sagani (moTxovna) an safuZveli, gaadidon an Seamciron sasarCelo

moTxovnis odenoba, daazuston da daakonkreton sarCelSi (SesagebelSi)

miTiTebuli garemoebebi, moiTxovon erTi nivTis nacvlad sxva nivTis

mikuTvneba, anda am nivTis Rirebuleba (ssk 83-e muxli), daamTavron saqme

morigebiT, mosarCelem uari Tqvas Tavis sarCelze, xolo mopasuxem cnos

sarCeli (ssk me-3 muxli).

meore jgufi mxareTa saproceso uflebebisa mTlianad emsaxureba

mxareTa aRWurvas dacvis saproceso saSualebebiT. aseT saSualebebad

gvevlineba mxareTa ufleba gaecnon saqmis masalebs, gaakeTon amonawerebi

am masalebidan, gadaiRon aslebi, ganacxadon acilebani, waradginon

mtkicebulebani, monawileoba miiRon mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevaSi,

ganacxadon sasamarTlos winaSe sxvadasxva xasiaTisa da Sinaarsis

Suamdgomlobebi, miscen sasamarTlos axsna-ganmarteba, uaryon meore

mxaris Suamdgomlobebi, daskvnebi da mosazrebebi da a.S.

mesame jgufi saproceso uflebebisa mimarTulia sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebaTa da ganCinebaTa faqtobrivi da iuridiuli

dasabuTebulobis Semowmebis uzrunvelyofisaken. am mizniT mxareebs

ufleba aqvT gaasaCivron sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi da ganCinebebi

saapelacio, sakasacio, agreTve kerZo saCivris Setanis wesiT, miuTiTon

TavianT saCivrebSi Tu konkretulad raSi mdgomareobs gasaCivrebul

gadawyvetilebaTa ( ganCinebaTa) usworoba (ssk 83-e muxli). mxareebs

SeuZliaT agreTve moiTxovon kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT

damTavrebuli saqmis ganaxleba Tu arsebobs am gadawyvetilebis baTilad

cnobis an axlad aRmoCenil garemoebaTa gamo saqmis ganaxlebis

safuZvlebi.

ra Tqma unda, aq CamoTvlili mxareTa saproceso (ssk 421-e

muxli) uflebebi araa amomwuravi. magaliTad, mxareebs ufleba aqvT

moiTxovon sarCelis uzrunvelyofa, awarmoon saqme piradad an

warmomadgenlis meSveobiT, aRZran Segebebuli sarCeli, Seitanos

Segebebuli saapelacio an sakasacio saCivari, ganacxadon uari an ukan

gaiTxovon saCivari da a.S.

aq CamoTvlili uflebebi - esaa mxareTa ZiriTadi da, SeiZleba

iTqvas, tradiciuli saproceso uflebebi.

II. mxareTa saproceso movaleobebi

ekisrebaT Tu ara mxareebs saproceso movaleobebi?

am sakiTxze iuridiul literaturaSi ar arsebobs erTgvarovani

mosazreba.

farTodaa gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad uflebebTan

erTad mxareebs ekisrebaT saproceso movaleobebi, rogoricaa magaliTad

103

mxareTa movaleoba miuTiTon faqtebze TavianTi moTxovnebis (Sesageblis)

dasabuTebis mizniT, mxareTa movaleoba daamtkicon maT mier miTiTebuli

faqtebi, mxareTa movaleoba keTilsindisierad gamoiyenon TavianTi

saproceso uflebebi da a.S. mxareTa saproceso movaleobebis arsebobas

imiT asabuTeben, rom aseTi movaleobis Seusruleblobas yovelTvis

ukavSirdeba araxelsayreli Sedegi im mxarisaTvis, romelmac masze

dakisrebuli movaleoba ar Seasrula. magaliTad, Tu mxarem ar daamtkica

an ver daamtkica faqtiuri garemoeba, romelzec igi amyarebs Tavis

moTxovnas (Sesagebels), mas daekisreba am faqtis daumtkicebulobis

araxelsayreli Sedegebi anu sasamarTlo gamoitans misTvis

araxelsayrel (wamgebian) gadawyvetilebas.44

Tanamedrove rusul iuridiul literaturaSi prof. m.a. gurviCi

iziarebda mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom mxareebs iuridiuli movaleoba

procesSi ar ekisrebaT, radgan saproceso kanonmdebloba ar

iTvaliswinebs aseTi movaleobis darRvevisaTvis saxelmwifo iZulebis

RonisZiebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas.45

yvelaze ufro detalurad sakiTxi mxareTa saproceso movaleobebis

arseboba-ararsebobis Sesaxeb ganxiluli iyo germanul iuridiul

literaturaSi. magaliTad, jer kidev me-19 saukunis bolos da me-20

saukunis dasawyisSi cnobili germaneli procesualistebi o.biulovi,

r.Smidti da sxvebi aRniSnavdnen, rom mxareebs samoqalaqo procesSi ar

ekisrebaT iuridiuli movaleobebi arc sasamarTlos winaSe da arc

erTmaneTis mimarT. isini araa valdebuli gamocxaddnen sasamarTloSi,

uaryon mowinaaRmdege mxaris gancxadebebi da mosazrebebi, aRiaron

faqtebi Tu moTxovnebi, warmoadginon faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi.

ganacxadon Suamdgomlobebi da a.S. ra Tqma unda, mxaris umoqmedeba

gamoiwvevs misTvis araxelsayrel Sedegebs, magram, Tu amis gamo amboben

moqmedebis movaleobis Sesaxeb, mxedvelobaSi SeiZleba gvqondes mxolod

movaleoba Tavisi Tavis mimarT, anu moqmedebis Sesrulebis aucilebloba

(da ara movaleoba), Tu Sen ginda miiRo am moqmedebidan gamomdinare

gmorCena (sargebeli).46

ufleba da movaleoba ganuyreladaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan.

ufleba yovelTvis Sexamebulia movaleobasTan: ar arsebobs ufleba

movaleobis gareSe da movaleoba uflebis gareSe. es imas niSnavs, rom

Tu vinme ar asrulebs Tavis movaleobas, amiT igi arRvevs viRacis

uflebas. Tu movaleobis SeusruleblobiT aravis ufleba ar irRveva,

aseTi „movaleoba“ iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, arc SeiZleba ganvixiloT

rogorc movaleoba.

Tu mxareTa saproceso movaleobebs am TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT

ar SeiZleba ar gavakeToT daskvna, rom aseTi movaleoba marTlac ar

arsebobs, radgan rodesac mxare (sulerTia mosarCele iqneba es, Tu

mopasuxe) ar asrulebs saproceso movaleobas, igi amiT aravis uflebas

44 Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmad mxareebs ekisrebaT saproceso movaleobebi viziarebdiT Cvenc. ix.

T.liluaSvili. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali. Tb. 1992, gv. 35-36.

es Sexeduleba farTodaa gavrcelebuli agreTve Tanamedrove rusul iuridiul literaturaSi. ix. Гражданское процессуальное право. учебник. изд-во „проспект“, М. 2004, стр. 81. 45 Kурс Советского Гражданского процессуального права. Том. Ш. М. 1981, стр. 231. 46 ix. E.Б. Васъковскии. Kурс Гражданского процесса. Том. 1. 1913, стр. 630-631.

104

ar arRvevs. swored amitom, arc arsebobs iuridiuli meqanizmi, romlis

gamoyenebiTac SeiZleboda saproceso movaleobis Sesrulebis

uzrunvelyofa saxelmwifo iZulebis RonisZiebis gamoyenebis saSualebiT.

aqedan gamomdinare, wminda iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT mxareTa

saproceso moqmedebebi, romlebic unda Seasrulon mxareebma, ar

ganekuTvnebian iuridiul valdebulebaTa kategorias.

amasTan erTad, ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar miiqcios erTma

garemoebam: samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs iseT

saproceso moqmedebebs, romelTa Sesrulebis Tu Seusruleblobis

mxolod mxareTa uflebebis sferoze gadatana namdvilad seriozul

eWvebs iwvevs. magaliTad, sasamarTlom dauniSna mosarCeles vada

sarCelis xarvezis Sesavsebad. Tu mosarCele am vadaSi xarvezs ar

Seavsebs, sasamarTlo datovebs sarCels ganuxilvelad. aris Tu ara

xarvezis Sevseba mxaris ufleba, Tu igi misi movaleobaa? Tu mosarCele

an orive mxare ar gamocxaddeba sasamarTlo sxdomaze, sasamarTlos

SeuZlia ganuxilvelad datovos sarCeli (ssk 275-e muxlis „d“

qvepunqti). aris, Tu ara sasamarTlo sxdomaze gamocxadeba mxaris

ufleba, Tu igi movaleobaa? Tu mxarem ver daamtkica garemoebebi,

romlebzec igi ampyarebs Tavis moTxovnas (Sesagebels), sasamarTlo

gamoitans misTvis araxelsayrel gadawyvetilebas. aris, Tu ara faqtebis

damtkicebis tvirTi mxaris ufleba, Tu igi mxaris movaleobaa? da a.S.

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba marTlac iTvaliswinebs iseT

moqmedebebs, romelTa Seusrulebloba mxaris mier iwvevs misTvis

araxelsayrel Sedegebs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi

saproceso kanonmdebloba Seicavs naTlad gamokveTil da zustad

gansazRvrul muqaras, rac SeiZleba dadges moqmedebis

SeusruleblobisaTvis.

amasTan erTad, aris iseTi saproceso moqmedebebic, romelTa

Seusruleblobas saproceso kanoni ar ukavSirebs aseT konkretulad

gamoxatul araxelsayreli Sedegebis dadgomas. magaliTad, mxareebs

SeuZliaT gaecnon saqmis masalebs, maT SeuZliaT gaakeTon amonawerebi am

masalebidan, mxareebs SeuZliaT gaasaCivron sasamarTlos ganCinebebi da

gadawyvetilebebi da a.S. magram, Tu mxareebi ar isargebleben am

SesaZleblobebiT (uflebebiT), kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs amisaTvis raime

konkretul sanqciebs, Tumca zogadad savsebiT SesaZlebelia aseT

umoqmedobas moyves arasasurveli Sedegebi, kerZod, Tu ar gaasaCivreb

gadawyvetilebas, amiT SeiZleba dakargo SenTvis araxelsayreli

gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Sansi, Tu ar gaecnobi saqmis masalebs,

SeiZleba mxedvelobidan gauSva da gamogrCes TavdacvisaTvis

mniSvnelovani saSualeba.

rogorc vxedavT, TviT mxareTa mier ganxorcielebuli saproceso

ulebebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan imiT, rom zog SemTxvevaSi uflebis

ganuxorcielebulobas ukavSirdeba sruliad garkveuli da konkretulad

gansazRvruli Sedegi, xolo zogjer aseTi konkretuli Sedegi araa

gansazRvruli kanoniT.

miuxedavad amisa, arcerT SemTxvevaSi saqme ar gvaqvs

valdebulebasTan, romlis dros valdebuli piri movalea Seasrulos

raime moqmedeba meore (sxva) uflebamosili piris sasargeblod.

saproceso urTierTobebSi mxare asrulebs moqmedebas mxolod imitom,

rom Tavidan aicilos misTvis araxelsayreli Sedegi, misTvis

105

araxelsayrelil gadawyvetilebis gamotana. ufro metic, mxareebs Soris

procesSi, anu mosarCelesa da mopasuxes Soris saproceso urTierToba

saerTod ar warmoiSoba.

amrigad, samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi SeiZleba vilaparakoT

mxaris mier ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis aucileblobaze

da ara valdebulebaze. amitom roca Cven vambobT, rom mxarem unda

Seavsos sarCelis an saCivris xarvezi, mxarem unda warmoadginos

werilobiTi Sesagebeli, mxare unda gamocxaddes sasamarTloSi, an roca

vambobT, rom mxare movalea daamtkicos faqtebi, mxare movalea acnobos

sasamarTlos Tavisi adgilsamyofeli, mxare movalea warmoadginos

mtkicebuleba da a.S. sinamdvileSi mxedvelobaSia ara valdebuleba,

aramed saproceso moqmedebis Tavisive interesebisaTvis Sesrulebis

aucilebloba.

T a v i V

sasamarTlos uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba da

gansjadoba

$1. uwyebrivi qvemdebareobis cneba

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba erTmaneTisagan

mijnavs or erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul, magram gansxvavebuli

Sinaarsis cnebebs: uwyebriv qvemdebareobas, anu sasamarTlo

106

saqveuwyebobas da gansjadobas (ssk me-11 da me-13-e muxlebi).

ras niSnavs sasamarTlos uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba?

nebismieri organo, romelic arsebobs an Seiqmneba ama Tu im

saxelmwifoSi, valdebulia imoqmedos Tavisi uflebamosilebis

(iurisdiqciis) farglebSi da ar gascdeba am farglebs. rogorc ki

romelime organo gascildeba Tavisi uflebamosilebis farglebs, igi

iWreba sxva organos kompetenciaSi, e.i. iRebs Tavis Tavze iseTi sakiTxis

gadaWris uflebamosilebas, romelic mas ki ara, sxva organos aqvs

mikuTvnebuli. saxelmwifoSi arsebul organoebs Soris

uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnas uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs jer erTi

im TvalsazrisiT, rom ar moxdes erTi da igive sakiTxis sxvadasxva

organoebis mier ganxilva-gadawyveta, rac namdvilad qaosur viTarebas

Seqmnida qveyanaSi da, meore, im TvalsazrisiT, rom zustad unda

vicodeT romel konkretul organos ra konkretuli sakiTxis

gadaWrisaTvis ekisreba pasuxismgebloba. swored amitomaa, rom arcerT

organos an Tanamdebobis pirs ufleba ar aqvs gascdes Tavis

kompetencias, gadaametos Tavisi uflebamosilebas. saxelmwifoSi

arsebuli yoveli organos uflebamosileba (kompetencia) ganisazRvreba

am organosaTvis SemuSavebuli kanoniT, wesdebiT, debulebiT an sxva

normatiuli aqtiT. aqedan gamomdinare, uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba, anu

saqveuwyeboba SeiZleba ganvmartoT, rogorc im uflebamosilebaTa

erToblioba da farglebi, romelic kanoniT aqvs gansazRvruli ama Tu

im organos.

cxadia, rom sasamarTlos, ise rogorc sxva organos, Pzustad

aqvs gansazRvruli uflebamosilebaTa farglebi da igi ar SeiZleba

gascdes am farglebs. magaliTad, saqarTvelos kanonebis saqarTvelos

konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxs, saxelmwifo organoebs Soris

davas kompetenciis Taobaze, davas referendumis Tu arCevnebis

konstituciurobis Sesaxeb da a.S. gadawyvets saqarTvelos

sakonstitucio sasamarTlo konstituciuri sarCelis an wardginebis

safuZvelze.47 saqarTvelos konstituciis 83-e muxlis Tanaxmad

„sakonstitucio kontrolis sasamarTlo organoa saqarTvelos

sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, misi uflebamosileba, Seqmnisa da

saqmianobis wesi ganisazRvreba konstituciiT da organuli kanoniT“.


sasamarTlo uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba (sasamarTlo saqveuwyeboba) kanoniT

gansazRvrul im uflebamosilebaTa erTobliobaa, romlis farglebSi

sasamarTlos SeuZlia miiRos da ganixilos saqmeebi.48

vfiqrobT, saWiro da mizanSewonili iqneba aRiniSnos, rom

saqarTvelos 1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT saerTo

sasamarTloebis uflebamosilebis (saqveuwyebobis) farglebi Zlier iyo

SezRuduli. iuridiul literaturaSi aseTi viTareba uaryofiTad iyo

Sefasebuli. saqme isaa, rom im pirobebSiac, romelSic es kodeqsi

moqmedebda, sasamarTlo mainc rCeboda piris darRveuli an sadavo

47 saqarTvelos kanoni „@sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb“ muxli 19. ix. krebuli „kanonmdebloba

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb da sasamarTlo praqtika“, Tb. 2001, gv.60. 48 iuridiul literaturaSi arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazreba, romlis mixedviT uwyebrivi

qvemdebareoba – esaa im saqmeebis wre, an kidev, im saqmeTa Tviseba, romlebic ganekuTvneba, sasamarTlo

organoebs, an romelTa mixedviT xdeba am organoebisaTvis gansaxilvelad gadacema. ix. a. kobaxiZe.

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali. Tb. 2003, gv. 253. S. qurdaZe. samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilva pirveli

instanciis sasamarTloSi. T. 2005, gv. 243.

107

uflebis dacvis yvelaze ufro momarjvebul formad da, rom uflebis

dacvis yvelaze met garantiebs swored samarTalwarmoebis wesebi

Seicavdnen.

aqedan gamomdinare, farTod ganixileboda sakiTxi sasamarTloebis

uflebamosilebaTa gafarToebis Sesaxeb. gamoTqmuli iyo mosazreba, rom

kriteriumi unda iyos erTi: yovel dainteresebul pirs unda hqondes

SesaZlebloba mimarTos sasamarTlos Tavisi uflebis dasacavad, Tu es

ufleba samarTliT regulirebuli urTierTobidan gamomdinareobs.49

es mosazreba gaiziara kanonmdebelma. saqarTvelos amJamad moqmedi

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi ganusazRvrelad afarTovebs

sasamarTlos iurisdiqcias, mis uflebamosilebas. am kodeqsis me-11

muxli Seicavs sanimuSo CamonaTvals im urTierTobebisas, romlebidanac

warmoSobil davebs ganixilavs sasamarTlo samoqalaqo saproceso

kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT. saerTo sasamarTloebi ganixilaven

samoqalaqo, saojaxo, Sromis, sadgilmamulo, bunebrivi resursebis

gamoyenebis, garemos dacvis urTierTobebidan warmoSobil davebs, udavo

warmoebis saqmeebs, davebs sazogadoebriv da religiur organizaciebs

Soris. am muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad kanoniT sasamarTloebs

SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros sxva kategoriis saqmeTa ganxilvac.

metad mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos isic, rom saerTo sasamarTloebis

uflebamosileba anu maTi uwyebrivi qvemdebareobis farglebi ar

amoiwureba mxolod zemoT CamoTvlili kategoriis saqmeebiT. saerTo

sasamaroTloebi ganixilaven agreTve davebs „im samarTlebriv

urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic gamomdinareobs

administraciuli samarTlis kanonmdeblobidan“ (ask me-2 muxli).

administraciul samarTlebrivi davebis ganxilvisas sasamarTlo

xelmZRvanelobs, rogorc administraciul saproceso kodeqsiT (ask), ise

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT (ask pirveli muxli).

ssk 186-e muxlis „a“ punqtis Tanaxmad mosamarTle ar miiRebs

sarCels Tu sarCeli ar eqvemdebareba sasamarTlo uwyebas, xolo Tu

sasamarTlo Secda da man miiRo arasaqveuwyebo saqme, rac am saqmis

ganxilvis procesSi gamoikveTa, maSin man unda Sewyvitos saqme. ssk 272-e

muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo Sewyvets saqmis warmoebas Tu „saqme ar

unda iqnes ganxiluli sasamarTloSi imis gamo, rom kanonis Tanaxmad

misi ganxilva sxva uwyebis kompetenciaSi Sedis“.

rogorc vxedavT, erTad-erTi kriteriumi, romliTac unda

ixelmZRvanelos sasamarTlom imisaTvis, rom sworad da Seucdomlad

gansazRvros eqvemdebareba Tu ara uwyebrivad saqme sasamarTlos – esaa

kanoni da misi gamoyenebis praqtika. amitom, sasamarTlos uwyebrivi

qvemdebareobisaTvis kriteriumebis kvlevas, rogorc amas zogjer

vxvdebiT literaturaSi, SeiZleba hqondes mniSvneloba sakanonmdeblo

organosaTvis, magram ara sasamarTlosaTvis.

uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos Tavisi

iniciativiT. sasamarTlos mier arasaqveuwyebo saqmis ganxilva da

gadawyveta warmoadgens am saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis

absolutur (udavo) safuZvels (sssk 394-e muxlis „g“ punqti).

49 ix. T. liluaSvili. „saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali“. g-ba „mecniereba“ Tb. 1992,

gv. 85-86.

108

$2. gansjadobis cneba

rogorc wina paragrafSi iTqva, sasamarTlos uwyebrivi

qvemdebareoba gvaZlevs saSualebas pasuxi gavceT kiTxvaze: ganekuTvneba

Tu ara saqme sasamarTlo organoebs, Sedis Tu ara am saqmis ganxilva

sasamarTlo organoebis uflebamosilebaSi (iurisdiqciaSi). Tu es

sakiTxi dadebiTad iqneba gadawyvetili wamoiWreba meore sakiTxi:

romelma sasamarTlom unda ganixilos uwyebrivad sasamarTlo

organoebisadmi daqvemdebarebuli es saqme.

am sakiTxze pasuxis gasacemad arsebobs samoqalaqo saproceso

samarTlis meore instituti, romelsac gansjadoba ewodeba.

gansjadoba awesrigebs sasamarTlosadmi uwyebrivad qvemdebare

saqmeebis ganawilebas calkeuli sasamarTloebis mixedviT. magaliTad,

sarCeli sakuTrebis uflebis, vindikaciuri sarCeli, anu sarCeli

sxvisi ukanono mflobelobidan nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, sarCelebi

keTilsindisieri mflobelis mier misi mflobelobis ganxorcielebaSi

xelSeSlis aRkveTis Sesaxeb, qonebis gayofis Sesaxeb da a.S. uwyebrivad

sasamarTlo organoebis ganxilvas eqvemdebareba. magram, romelma

sasamarTlom unda ganixilos es sarCelebi? amaze pasuxs Seicaven ssk

me-13-24-e muxlebi. kerZod, am kodeqsis me-18 muxlis Tanaxmad sarCeli

sakuTrebis uflebis qonebis gayofis, ganawilebisa da flobasTan

dakavSirebiT, Tu dava exeba uZrav nivTebs, SeiZleba Setanil iqnes

sasamarTloSi am sadavo nivTis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT.

amrigad, gansjadoba-esaa sasamarTlo organoebisadmi uwyebrivad

daqvemdebarebuli saqmeebis kanoniT zustad gansazRvruli wesiT

ganawileba calkeuli sasamarTloebis mixedviT, romlebic pirveli

instanciiT ganixilaven saqmeebs.

praqtikuli daskvna, romelic gansjadobis cnebis Sinaarsidan

gamomdinareobs, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sasamarTlom, jer kidev

sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebamde unda gaarkvios aramarto uwyebrivi

qvemdebareobis sakiTxi, aramed sakiTxi, aris Tu ara es sarCeli misi

gansjadi, e.i. ganekuTvneba Tu ara misi ganxilva swored am sasamarTlos

kompetencias.

$3. gansjadobis saxeebi

I. gvareobiTi gansjadoba

im faqtiuri garemoebebis mixedviT, romlebic safuZvlad udevs

gansjadobas kanoni erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs gvareobiT anu sagnobriv

da teritorialur gansjadobas. 1. gvareobiTi (sagnobrivi) gansjadoba –

esaa saqmeTa ganawileba am saqmeTa gvareobis anu sagnis mixedviT

sxvadasxva donis (saxis) sasamarTloebs Soris. magaliTad, rogorc ukve

aRvniSneT, inteleqtualur davebs agreTve davebs, romelTa sagnis

Rirebuleba 500,000 lars aRemateboda, ganixilavden avtonomiuri

respublikisa da saolqo sasamarTloebis samoqalaqo da samewarmeo

saqmeTa kolegiebi.

amJamad es kolegiebi gauqmebulia. yvela saxis qonebriv da

109

araqonebriv davebs ganixilaven raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloebi.

amasTan erTad, raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTlos SemadgenlobaSi

SeiZleba Sediodes magistrati mosamarTle. magistrati mosamarTleebi

pirveli instanciiT ganixilaven qonebriv davebs, Tu sarCelis fasi ar

aRemateba 2000 lars, udavo da gamartivebuli warmoebis saqmeebs, garda

Svilad ayvanis, agreTve gamartivebuli wesiT gadaxdis da qonebis

upatronod cnobis saqmeebisa, Tu moTxovnis an qonebis Rirebuleba

aRemateba 2000 lars, Sromis samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobil

davebs, agreTve saojaxo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan warmoSobil

davebs garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli zogierTi gamonaklisebisa.50

II. teritoriuli gansjadoba – esaa saqmeTa ganawileba erTi

donis (saxis) sasamarTloebs Soris im teritoriis mixedviT, romelzec

vrceldeba am sasamarTlos saqmianoba (kompetencia). magaliTad,

TiToeuli raionuli sasamarTlos samoqmedo teritoria ganisazRvreba

saqarTvelos prezidentis 1997 wlis 14 noembris #649 brZanebulebiT.

Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos samoqmedo teritoria ganisazRvreba

saqarTvelos prezidentis 1999 wlis 19 aprilis #154 brZanebulebiT

da a.S.51

teritoriuli gansjadobis farglebSi kanoni ganasxvavebs saerTo

gansjadobas, gansakuTrebul gansjadobas, xelSekrulebiT gansjadobas,

urTierTdakavSirebuli ramdenime saqmis gansjadobas, nivTobriv

gansjadobas, ojaxuri davebis gansjadobas.

ganvixiloT gansjadobis TiToeuli saxe cal-calke.

1. saerTo gansjadoba. teritoriuli gansjadobis saerTo wess

gansazRvravs ssk me-15 muxli. gansjadobis am saerTo wesis mixedviT

xdeba nebismieri sarCelis (gancxadebis) aRZvra sasamarTloSi, Tu

kanonmdeblobiT sxva ram araa dadgenili. gamonaklisebs am saerTo

wesidan adgenen ssk me-16-24-e muxlebi, romelTa Sesaxeb qvemoT gveqneba

saubari.

saerTo gansjadobis dedaazri mdgomareobs SemdegSi:

sarCeli unda waredginos im raionuli, saolqo Tu avtonomiuri

respublikis sasamarTlos, romlis teritoriaze mopasuxes aqvs

sacxovrebeli adgili. igive wesi vrceldeba iuridiul pirze, romlis

winaaRmdeg aRZruli sarCeli unda waredginos im sasamarTlos, romlis

teritoriaze mas aqvs adgilsamyofeli.

fizikur pirebs SeiZleba hqondeT ramdenime sacxovrebeli bina Tu

saxli, xolo aqedan gamomdinare, ramdenime sacxovrebeli adgili. amitom

SeiZleba wamoiWras sakiTxi: romeli adgili iTvleba mopasuxis

sacxovrebel adgilad?

samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-20 muxlis Tanaxmad, „fizikuri piris

sacxovrebel adgilad miiCneva adgili, romelsac igi Cveulebriv

sacxovrebel adgilad irCevs. pirs SeiZleba hqondes ramdenime

sacxovrebeli adgili“. amJamad saqarTveloSi Caweris nacvlad

SemoRebulia registracia. es imas niSnavs, rom fizikuri piris mimarT

sarCeli aRiZvreba sasamarTloSi mopasuxis saregistracio aRricxvis

adgilis mixedviT.

50 ix. saqarTelos kanoni samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis

Sesaxeb. „saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne“ 2005, #..... muxli ...... 51 ix. „normatiuli aqtebi saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“. Tb. 2002. gv. 170

110

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sasamarTlo ar axdens mopasuxis

sacxovrebeli adgilis dadgenas. mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis

miTiTebis movaleoba ekisreba TviTon mosarCeles (ix. 178-e muxlis „d“

qvepunqti). sarCeli SeiZleba aRiZras arasrulwlovanebis mimarTac.

„arasrulwlovanis sacxovrebel adgilad iTvleba mSoblis uflebis

mqone mSoblebis sacxovrebeli adgili“ (samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-20

muxlis me-2 naw.). es imas niSnavs, rom sarCelebi arasrulwlovanebis

mimarT unda aRiZras sasamarTloSi kanonieri warmomadgenlebis

sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, Tundac arasrulwlovanebi sxvagan

cxovrobdnen. rac Seexeba araqmedunarianad an SezRudulqmedunarianad

aRiarebul pirebs, sarCelebi SeiZleba aRiZras maTi sacxovrebeli

adgilis mixedviT.

rac Seexeba iseT pirebs, romlebic ixdian sasjels an imyofebian

sagamoZiebo izolaciaSi, sarCelebi maT mimarT aRZvris maTi ukanasknel

sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT an qonebis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT.

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mopasuxes ar hqondes sacxovrebeli

adgili. erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT sacxovrebeli adgili“ da

„adgilsamyofeli“. sacxovrebel adgilad miCneuli unda iqnes mopasuxis

registraciis adgili, magram Tu aseTi adgili cnobili araa, maSin

sarCeli SeiZleba Setanili iqnes sasamarTloSi mopasuxis

adgilsamyofelis mixedviT. mxedvelobaSia ara misi moklevadiani yofna

ama Tu im adgilas, aramed sakmaod xangrZlivi droiT misi yofna am

adgilas, rac SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos ama Tu im samuSaos

SesrulebiT, xangrZlivi mivlinebiT, mkurnalobiT da a.S. sakiTxi, Tu

drois ra monakveTia sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom miiRos

sarCeli da ganixilos igi, damokidebulia TviT sasamarTlos

mixedulebaze.

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom sasamarTloSi gansjadobis wesebis

dacviT saqmis warmoebis gaxsnis Semdeg mopasuxem Seicvalos

sacxovrebeli adgili, magram es ver gaxdeba gansjadobis Secvlisa da

sxva sasamarTlosaTvis am saqmis gadacemis safuZveli (ssk 22-e muxli).

amasTan erTad, mxare valdebulia acnobos sasamarTlos Tavisi

misamarTis Secvlis Sesaxeb. Tu ar acnobebs, sasamarTlos mier

gagzavnili uwyeba Zvel misamarTze Cabarebulad CaiTvleba, aqedan

gamomdinare yvela SedegebiT (ssk 76-e muxli).

rogorc avRniSneT sarCelebi iuridiuli pirebis mimarT

sasamarTlos waredgineba am iuridiuli pirebis adgilsamyofelis

mixedviT.

gansjadobis am wesebzea agebuli samoqalaqo kodeqsisa da

mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisi normebi. magaliTad,

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 31-e muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad kavSiris

registraciisaTvis aucilebeli masalebi waredgineba kavSiris

adgilsamyofelis mixedviT arsebul sasamarTlos. amave kodeqsis 32-e

muxlis me-2 nawilis „g“ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad kavSiris Sesaxeb wesdeba

unda Seicavdes „adgilsamyofels (iuridiul misamarTs“). es imas niSnavs,

rom sarCelebi kavSiris (fondis) mimarT waredgineba sasamarTlos maTive

wesdebaSi miTiTebuli misamarTis mixedviT.52 igive wesia damkvidrebuli

„mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-5 TaviT. am muxlis Tanaxmad gancxadeba

52 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, Tb. 1999, gv.

111

reestrSi registraciis Sesaxeb Seitaneba sazogadoebis iuridiuli

misamarTis mixedviT, romelic aucileblad unda iyos miTiTebuli

sazogadoebis wesdebaSi.53

sasarCelo warmoebis gverdiT samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi

awesrigebs udavo warmoebas da gamartivebul warmoebas. udavo warmoebis

wesiT, sasamarTlo ganixilavs saqmeebs saerTo wesiT (ssk 311-e muxli).

amasTan erTad, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi adgens gamonaklisebs am

saerTo wesidan. magaliTad, gancxadeba iuridiuli mniSvnelobis faqtebis

dadgenis Sesaxeb Seitaneba sasamarTloSi ganmcxadeblis sacxovrebeli

adgilis mixedviT, xolo gancxadeba moqalaqis SezRudulqmedunarianad

an qmeduunarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb Setanil unda iqnes sasamarTloSi am

moqalaqis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT (ssk 322-e muxli).

2. gansakuTrebuli gansjadoba. gavrcelebuli da erTxmad

aRiarebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, gansakuTrebuli gansjadoba – es

iseTi gansjadobaa, romelic uSvebs sarCelis aRZvris SesaZleblobas

mxolod erT romelime sasamarTloSi da krZalavs sxva sasamarTloSi

misi aRZvris SesaZleblobas. gansakuTrebuli gansjadobis wesebs

iTvaliswinebs ssk me-16 muxli, romlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad

sarCeli ramdenime mopasuxis mimarT sasamarTlos warudgeba erT-erTi

mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.

ssk me-16 muxlis pirveli nawili, uwinares yovlisa,

iTvaliswinebs mosarCelis interesebs – uadvilebs mas saqmis warmoebas

sasamarTloSi, roca aRZravs sarCels ramdenime mopasuxis mimarT.

ramdenime mopasuxis mimarT sarCelis aRZvra ki SeiZleba gamowveuli

iyos sxvadasxva mizeziT. magaliTad, mosarCelis qonebas an janmrTelobas

erTad miayena ziani ramdenime pirma, romlebic sxvadasxva raionis

(qalaqis) teritoriaze cxovroben. aseT da sxva analogiur SemTxvevebSi

mosarCeles SeuZlia airCios sasamarTlo erT erTi mopasuxis

sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.

gansjadoba erT-erTi mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT

gansxvavdeba alternatiuli gansjadobisagan alternatiuli gansjadobis

dros mosarCeles SeuZlia aRZras sarCeli sasamarTloSi mopasuxis

sacxovrebeli adgilis, misi adgilmdebareobis an misi qonebis

mdebareobis mixedviT, xolo gansjadoba me-16 muxlis pirveli nawilis

mixedviT uflebas aZlevs mosarCeles airCios sasamarTlo mxolod erT-

erTi mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, rac ar cvlis

teritoriuli gansjadobis zogad princips.

ssk me-16 muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedviT xelSekrulebidan

gamomdinare sarCelebi sasamarTlos waredgineba xelSekrulebis

Sesrulebis adgilis an im adgilis mixedviT, sadac xelSekruleba unda

Sesrulebuliyo.

xelSekrulebis an am xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare

valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgilad iTvleba is adgili, romelic am

xelSekrulebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 362-e muxlis

Tanaxmad, Tu Sesrulebis adgili ar aris gansazRvruli, maSin unda

vixelmZRvaneloT valdebulebaTa urTierTobis arsiT. magaliTad,

nagebobis remontis valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgili iqneba is adgili,

sadac es nageboba mdebareobs. Tu Sesrulebis adgili arc TviTon

53 l. Wanturia, T. niniZe, „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis komentari, g-ba „samarTali“, Tb. 2002, gv. 81.

112

xelSekrulebidan da arc misi Sesrulebis arsidan ar gamomdinareobs,

maSin xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis adgili individualurad gansazRvruli

sagnis SemTxvevaSi, iqneba is adgili, sadac es sagani imyofeboda

xelSekrulebis dadebis momentisaTvis, xolo gvareobiT gansazRvruli

sagnis SemTxvevaSi – is adgili, sadac imyofeba movalis sawarmo, xolo

Tu aseTi ar aris, maSin misi sacxovrebeli adgili (iuridiuli

misamarTi).54 magaliTad, agaris Saqris sawarmos warmomadgenlobam dado

xelSekruleba q. foTSi Saqris garkveuli raodenobis miwodebis

Sesaxeb. xelSekrulebiTi valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgilad, Tu es ar

aris gansazRvruli TviTon xelSekrulebaSi, unda CaiTvalos adgili,

sadac mdebareobs agaris Saqris sawarmo, es imas niSnavs, rom sarCeli

unda aRiZras im sasamarTloSi, romlis teritoriaze mdebareobs movale

sawarmo, anu agaris Saqris sawarmo.

ssk me-16 muxlis me-3 nawili gansazRvravs gansjadobas iuridiuli

piris filialis adgilmdebareobis mixedviT. iuridiuli piris filiali

gancalkevebuli qvedanayofia, romelic mdebareobs iuridiuli piris

adgilsamyofelis gareT da axorcielebs im iuridiuli piris funqciebs,

romlis qvedanayofic is aris (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 28-e muxli).

imisaTvis, rom sarCeli aRiZras iuridiuli piris filialis

adgilsamyofelis mixedviT, savaldebuloa erTi piroba: sarCeli unda

gamomdinareobdes iuridiuli piris filialis (da ara TviTon

iuridiuli piris) saqmianobidan.

nebismieri sarCeli, romelic gamomdinareobs kanonismieri an

anderZismieri memkvidreobidan, waredgineba sasamarTlos im sacxovrebeli

adgilis mixedviT, sadac cxovrobda mamkvidrebeli gardacvalebamde. ssk

me-16 muxlis me-4 nawili gansazRvravs gansjadobas im SemTxvevaSic,

roca mamkvidrebeli saqarTvelos moqalaqe iyo da gardacvalebis

momentisaTvis igi sazRvargareT cxovrobda. aseT SemTxvevaSi kanoni

uSvebs alternatiul gansjadobas: sarCeli SeiZleba aRiZras

sasamarTloSi mamkvidreblis ukanaskneli sacxovrebeli adgilis an

samkvidro qonebis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT.

rogorc vxedavT, ssk me-16 muxlis Sinaarsi (am muxls ewodeba

“gansakuTrebuli gansjadoba“) ver pasuxobs mTlianad gansakuTrebuli

gansjadobis cnebis tradiciul da aRiarebul Sinaarss, romlis mixedviT

gansjadoba gansakuTrebulia, Tu kanoni uSvebs sarCelis aRZvras

mxolod erT romelime sasamarTloSi. aseTi gansjadobis nimuSad

gamodgeba magaliTad „saaRsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos

kanonis 32-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad „Tu mesame piri amtkicebs, rom mas

aRsrulebis saganze gaaCnia ufleba, maSin, im sasamarTloSi, romlis

samoqmedo teritoriazec xdeba aRsruleba, mesame pirs SeuZlia aRZras

sarCeli“. amrigad, sarCelebi yadaRisagan qonebis gaTavisuflebis

Sesaxeb SeiZleba aRiZras mxolod im sasamarTloSi, romlis samoqmedo

teritoriaze xdeba aRsruleba.

3. nivTobrivi gansjadoba. rogorc saxelwodebidanac Cans

nivTobrivi gansjadoba – esaa gansjadoba nivTebis adgilsamyofelis

mixedviT. magaliTad, sarCelebi sakuTrebis uflebis, qonebis uflebrivi

datvirTvis an aseTi datvirTvisagan ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, agreTve

qonebis gayofasTan, ganawilebasa da flobasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu dava

54 z. axvlediani, valdebulebaTa samarTali, meore gamocema, Tb. 1999, gv. 46-47.

113

exeba uZrav nivTebs – SeiZleba Setanil iqnes sasamarTloSi nivTebis

adgilsamyofelis mixedviT (ssk me-18 muxli).

nivTobrivi gansjadobis wesiT, e.i. nivTebis adgilsamyofelis

mixedviT, SeiZleba aRiZras sarCeli uZravi nivTis mesakuTris an

mflobelis winaaRmdeg, magaliTad sarCeli sxvisi ukanono

mflobelobidan nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, sarCeli mesakuTris mier

uflebis borotad gamoyenebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb, sarCeli uZravi nivTis

dazianebis an zaralis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb da a.S

4. qonebrivi gansjadoba. sarCeli mopasuxis qonebis

adgilsamoyfelis mimarT SeiZleba aRiZras mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac am mopasuxes ar aqvs sacxovrebeli adgili saqarTveloSi. im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac moTxovna uzrunvelyofilia raime nivTiT, maSin

sarCeli SeiZleba aRiZras am nivTis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT.

moTxovnis „ raime nivTiT uzrunvelyofaSi“ (ssk me-17 muxli),

igulisxmeba materialur samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofis saSualebebi,

magaliTad, girao, ipoTeka, magram ar aris gamoricxuli, jer ar

aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofa da Sesabamisad, sarCelis aRZvra aseTi

mopasuxis yadaRadadebuli qonebis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT. saqme isaa,

rom ssk 192-e muxli iTvaliswinebs gadaudebel SemTxvevaSi sarCelis

uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobas sarCelis aRZvramde.

5. xelSekrulebiTi gansjadoba. xelSekrulebiTi gansjadoba – esaa

gansjadoba mxareTa SeTanxmebiT. aseTi xelSekrulebiTi gansjadoba

gaTvaliswinebulia ssk 21-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT, romlis Tanaxmad

Tu kanoniT araa dadgenili erTmniSvnelovnad gansjadi sasamarTlo,

maSin mxareebs SeuZliaT SeTanxmebis gziT daadginon sasamarTlos

gansjadoba.

kanoni iTvaliswinebs agreTve SeTanxmebis formasac: SeTanxmeba

gansjadobis Sesaxeb unda gaformdes werilobiTi formiT.

amasTan erTad, gansjadobis ori saxis Secvla ar SeiZleba mxareTa

SeTanxmebiT. esaa gvareobiTi (sagnobrivi) da gansakuTrebuli gansjadoba.

mxareTa SeTanxmeba werilobiT SeiZleba Camoyalibdes an TviTon

mxareTa mier werilobiT garigebaSi (magaliTad, werilobiT gaformebul

qiravnobis xelSekrulebaSi), an specialurad gansjadobis Sesaxeb

dadebul SeTanxmebaSi. Tu mxareTa werilobiTi SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad

saqme ganixila sasamarTlom, maSin mxares erTmeva ufleba daasabuTos

Tavisi saCivari zemdgom sasamarTloSi gansjadobis darRvevis motiviT

da moiTxovos gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) gauqmeba im motiviT, rom

saqme aragansjadma sasamarTlom ganixila.

6. ojaxuri davebis gansjadoba. aseTi xasiaTis davebis gansjadobas

eZRvneba ssk specialuri muxli, romlis Tanaxmad sarCeli qorwinebis

Sewyvetis, qorwinebis baTilad cnobis, agreTve sarCeli qorwinebis

arsebobis Tu ararsebobis Sesaxeb – SeiZleba Setanil iqnes

sasamarTloSi meuRleebis erToblivi sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac meuRleebs ar gaaCniaT aseTi erToblivi

sacxovrebeli adgili, maSin sarCeli SeiZleba Setanil iqnes mopasuxis

sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.

Tu Tanamedrove sasamarTlo praqtikas gavecnobiT davinaxavT, rom

arc ise iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac mopasuxes ar gaaCnia sacxovrebeli

adgili saqarTveloSi. ssk me-19 muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad Tu

mopasuxes ar gaaCnia sacxovrebeli adgili saqarTveloSi, maSin sarCeli

114

SeiZleba Setanil iqnes sasamarTloSi mosarCelis sacxovrebeli adgilis

mixedviT.

rogoc vxedavT, kanoni uflebas aZlevs mosarCeles gadauxvios

saerTo gansjadobis wesebs da Seitanos sarCeli ara mopasuxis, aramed

Tavisi sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. saerTo gansjadobis wesidan

aseT gadaxdvevebis daSveba zogjer gamowveulia mosarCelisaTvis

SeRavaTiani pirobebis SeqmniT, bavSvis interesebiT, sxva raionSi an

qalaqSi gamgzavrebis siZneleebiT da a.S.

swored am mosazrebebiTaa nakarnaxevi ssk me-19 muxlis meore

nawilSi Camoyalibebuli wesi, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu mosarCelesTan

cxovroben arasrulwlovani SeiZlebi, rac aZnelebs mis gamocxadebas

sasamarTloSi mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, saqme SeiZleba

mosarCelis TxovniT gairCes sasamarTloSi misi sacxovrebeli adgilis

mixedviT.

mosarCelis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT SeiZleba wardgenil

iqnes sasamarTloSi sarCeli mamobis dadgenis Sesaxeb, alimentis

gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ufleba aRZras sarCeli

Tavisi sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT ar arTmevs uflebas mosarCeles

aRZras sarCeli mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.

7. alternatiuli gansjadoba. alternatiuli gansjadoba – esaa

mosarCelis arCeviT sarCelis aRZvris SesaZlebloba or an met

sasamarTlodan erT-erTSi. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, alternatiuli

gansjadoba – esaa gansjadoba mosarCelis arCeviT.

mosarCelis ufleba airCios sasamarTlo damkvidrebulia ssk me-20

muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlos arCevis ufleba, Tu saqme

ramdenime sasamarTlos gansjadia, ekuTvnis mosarCeles“. am muxlis

analizidan naTlad Cans, rom mosarCeles mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aqvs

arCevanis ufleba, rodesac kanonis Tanaxmad saqme ramdenime sasamarTlos

gansjadia. magaliTad, sarCeli mamobis dadgenis Sesaxeb SeiZleba

wardgenil iqnes rogorc mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, ise

im bavSvis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, romlis mamobis dadgenis

Sesaxeb sarCeliT mimarTaven sasamarTlos. aseve sarCeli alimentis

gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba wardgenil iqnes sasamarTloSi rogorc

mopasuxis, ise mosarCelis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT da a.S.

alternatiuli gansjadobis dros saWiro araa mowinaaRmdege

mxaresTan (mopasuxesTan) winaswari SeTanxmeba. amiT igi gansxvavdeba

mxareTa SeTanxmebiT gansjadobisagan, romlis dros mxareebi

erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebiT irCeven iseT sasamarTlos, romlis gansjadi es

saqme saerTod araa.

III. saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis saerTaSoriso kompetencia

ssk me-11 muxlis me-4 nawilis Tanaxmad sasamarTloebi ganixilaven

saqmeebs, romlebic saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebidan gamomdinareobs,

agreTve im saqmeebs, romlebSic monawileoben ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebi,

moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi, sawarmoebi da organizaciebi.

saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis saerTaSoriso kompetenciis

(gansjadobis) SemTxvevebs, agreTve saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis

gansakuTrebuli saerTaSoriso kompetencias gansazRvravs saqarTvelos

115

kanoni „saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb“ (me-8-20-e muxlebi).

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos

kanoni „saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb“ icnobs mxolod erT

cnebas - kompetencias, anu saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis saerTaSoriso

kompetencias.

saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis es instituti Tavisi

daniSnulebiTa da SinaarsiT ar gansxvavdeba imisagan, rasac saqarTvelos

ssk gansjadobas uwodebs. gansxvaveba maT Soris mxolod masStabebSia:

gansjadoba mowodebulia gansazRvros sasamarTlosadmi uwyebrivad

qvemdebare saqmeebidan saqarTvelos romelma (lagodexis, sagarejos,

goris da a.S.) sasamarTlom unda ganixilos es saqme. igive funqcias

asrulebs „saerTaSoriso kompetencia“, romelic gansazRvravs

sasamarTloebisadmi uwyebrivad qvemdebare saqme anu saerTaSoriso dava

romeli qveynis sasamarTlom unda ganixilos.

es sakiTxebi ganekuTvneba saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo saproceso

samarTals da amitom dawvrilebiT maTze aq ar SevCerdebiT.55

$4. saqmis gadacema erTi sasamarTlodan meoreSi.

ssk 23-e muxli iTvaliswinebs saqmis gadacemas erTi

sasamarTlodan meore (sxva) sasamarTloSi mxolod or SemTxvevaSi: erTi

– Tu mopasauxe, romlis sacxovrebeli adgili winaT ar iyo cnobili

moiTxovs, rom saqme gadaeces sasamarTlos misi sacxovrebeli adgilis

mixedviT da meore – erTi an ramdenime mosamarTlis acilebis gamo amave

sasamarTloSi SeuZlebelia maTi Secvla.

pirvel SemTxvevas mxedvelobaSi aqvs iseTi viTareba, rodesac

Tavdapirvelad ar iyo cnobili mopasuxis adgilsamyofeli da amitom

sarCeli aRiZra misi ukanaskneli sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT,

rogorc amas iTvaliswinebs ssk me-15 muxlis meore nawili, magram

Semdeg, rodesac mopasuxisaTvis cnobili gaxda, rom mis winaaRmdeg

aRZrulia sarCeli sasamarTloSi misi ukanaskneli sacxovrebeli

adgilis mixedviT, moiTxova saqmis gadacema sasamarTlosaTvis Tavisi

amJamindeli sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.

cxadia, rom sasamarTlom unda daakayofilos es moTxovna, magram

Tu mosarCele ar moiTxovs saqmis gadacemas – sasamarTlos SeuZlia

ganixilos saqme da gamoitanos gadawyvetileba, rac ver gaxdeba am

gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis safuZveli. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

imisaTvis rom sasamarTlom saqme gadasces sxva sasamarTlos mopasuxis

amJamindeli sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, saWiroa TviTon am

mopasuxis Txovna amis Sesaxeb.

meore SemTxvevas, rodesac saqme erTi sasamarTlodan meores

gadaecema, mxedvelobaSi aqvs iseTi viTareba, rodesac ramdenime

mosamarTlis acilebis gamo amave sasamarTloSi SeuZlebelia maTi

Secvla.

samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilva acilebuli mosamarTlis monawileobiT

dauSvebelia, xolo Tu mainc moxdeba es imis gamo, rom am sasamarTloSi

araa sxva iseTi mosamarTle, romelic Secvlida mas, es unda Sefasdes

rogorc saqmis ganxilva sasamarTlos arakanonieri Semadgenlobis

55 dawvrilebiT ix. T. liluaSvili. saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali. meore gamocema, Tb. 2004, gv. 125.

116

mier, rac am gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis absoluturi safuZvelia (ssk

394-e muxli). amitom, aseT SemTxvevebSi saqme unda gadaeces sxva

sasamarTlos. saqmis sxva sasamarTloSi gadacemis safuZvels

iTvaliswinebs agreTve ssk 21-e muxlis pirveli nawili, romlis

Tanaxmad Tu ar aris erTmniSvnelovnad dadgenili gansjadi sasamarTlo,

maSin mxareebs SeuZliaT SeTanxmebis gziT daadginon sasamarTlos

gansjadoba.

erTi sasamarTlos mier saqmis sxva sasamarTloSi gadacemis wess

iTvaliswinebs ssk 23-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad Tu gadasacemi saqme

ramdenime sasamarTlos gansjadia, igi gadaecema sasamarTlos mosarCelis

arCeviT. yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb Tu romel

sasamarTlos gadaeces saqme – gadawyvets TviTon sasamarTlo, kerZod: a)

Tu saqmis sxva sasamarTloSi gadacema xdeba mopasuxis sacxovrebeli

adgilis mixedviT, maSin TviTon am sasamarTlos (mosamarTles) gamoaqvs

ganCineba amis Sesaxeb; b) Tu saqmis gadacema xdeba mosamarTlis

(mosamarTleebis) acilebis gamo da misi sxva mosamarTliT Secvla

SeuZlebelia, maSin ganCineba aseTi gadacemis Sesaxeb gamoaqvs

sasamarTlos Tavmjdomares.

sasamarTlos ganCineba saqmis erTi sasamarTlodan meoreSi

gadacemis Sesaxeb ar gasaCivrdeba, magram sasamarTlos ganCineba aseT

gadacemaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana.

$5. gansjadobis wesebis darRvevis Sedegebi

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba moiTxovs, rom

sarCeli (gancxadeba) aRiZras im sasamarTloSi, romlis gansjadic es

saqmea, e.i. gansjadobis wesebis dacviT. amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa

miTiTebuli ssk 186-e muxlSi. am muxlis „n“ punqtis Tanaxmad

sasamarTlo ar miiRebs sarCels Tu „saqme am sasamarTlos gansjadi

araa“.

praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT Zalian mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos isic,

rom Tu sarCelis miRebaze uarisTqma motivirebulia imiT, rom es

sarCeli araa am sasamarTlos gansjadi, mosamarTle valdebulia

miuTiTos Tavis ganCinebaSi, Tu romel sasamarTlos unda mimarTos

mosarCelem (ssk 187-e muxli).

sarCelis miRebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs

ganCineba, romelzec SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana.

ibadeba kiTxva, rogorc unda moiqces sasamarTlo im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac man miiRo sarCeli warmoebaSi da mxolod amis Semdeg, anu

saqmis momzadebis stadiaze, an am saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dros

gairkva, rom sarCeli araa am sasamarTlos gansjadi.

pasuxs am kiTxvaze Seicavs ssk 21-e muxlis me-2 nawili, romlis

Tanaxmad aragansjadi sasamarTlo SeiZleba gansjadi gaxdes im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mopasuxe araa winaaRmdegi, rom saqme ganixilos

aragansjadma sasamarTlom da Tanaxmaa monawileoba miiRos saqmis

ganxilvaSi. amasTan erTad, es muxli moiTxovs, rom mopasuxe

warmodgenili iyo advokatiT, magram Tu mas ar hyavs advokati, maSin

sasamarTlom unda ganumartos mopasuxes, rom aragansjadobis motiviT

gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba ar iqneba gaziarebuli zemdgomi

sasamarTlos mier Tu is ar gamoiyenebs Tavis uflebas ganacxados

117

protesti aragansjadi sasamarTlos mier saqmis ganxilvis winaaRmdeg.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mopasuxe winaaRmdegia saqme ganixilos

aragansjadma sasamarTlom, maSin sasamarTlo sarCels ganuxilvelad

datovebs (ssk 275-e muxlis analogiiT), da Tavis ganCinebaSi amis

Sesaxeb miuTiTebs Tu romel sasamarTlos SeuZlia mimarTos mosarCelem.

praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos isic, rom

zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTlo ar amowmebs pirveli instanciis

sasamarTlos gansjadobas. gansjadobis Semowmebas zemdgomi sasamarTlo

moaxdens mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amis Sesaxeb iqneba mopasuxis

moTxovna. amasTan erTad, aseTi moTxovnis safuZvelze gansjadobis

Semowmebas zemdgomi sasamarTlo moaxdens oridan erT-erTi pirobis

arsebobisas: a) Tu mopasuxem saqmis pirvel instanciaSi ganxilvisas

wamoayena aragansjadobis Sesaxeb moTxovna da sasamarTlom igi ar

daakmayofila an b) mopasuxes aseTi moTxovna pirveli instanciis

sasamarTloSi ar wamouyenebia sapatio mizezis gamo (sssk 377-e muxlis

me-2 nawili).

amrigad, Tu mopasuxe ar aprotestebs aragansjadobas, zemdgomi

instanciis sasamarTlos SeuZlia CaTvalos es dumiliT gamoxatul

Tanxmobad da am motiviT ar gaauqmos gadawyvetileba.

T a v i VI

saqmis warmoeba warmomadgenlis meSveobiT

$1. sasamarTlo warmomadgenlobis cneba da saxeebi

1. dasaSveboba. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba

amkvidrebs princips, romlis Tanaxmad mxareebs (fizikur da iuridiul

pirebs), SeuZliaT saqme awarmoon sasamarTloSi piradad anu

warmomadgenlis gareSe (ssk 93-e muxlis pirveli nawili). es imas

niSnavs, rom Cveni samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba ar

iTvaliswinebs warmomadgenlis meSveobiT saqmis warmoebis

savaldebulobas arc romelime kategoriis saqmeebze da arc romelime

instanciis sasamarTloSi, rogorc amas adgili aqvs zogierTi qveynis

samarTalwarmoebaSi56

56 mag. germaniis, safrangeTis, avstriis kanonmdeblobiT mxareebs SeuZliaT awarmoon samoqalaqo

saqmeebi sasamarTloSi mxolod warmomadgenlis meSveobiT. gamonaklisia daSvebuli mxolod yvelaze

dabali rgolis sasamarTloebSi da isic mxolod zogierTi kategoriis saqmeebze.

118

mxaris davaldebuleba (iZuleba), raTa man aiyvanos advokati

(warmomadgeneli) da sasamarTlos ufleba uari uTxras mas saqmis

warmoebaze Tu aseTi warmomadgeneli ar hyavs – iqneboda

dispoziciurobis principis uxeSi darRveva, romlis Tanaxmad mxareebi

TviTon iReben gadawyvetilebas mimarTon sasamarTlos uflebis

dacvisaTvis da TviTonve irCeven am uflebis dacvis formebsac. aseTi

iZuleba iqneboda agreTve saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxliT

damkvidrebuli uflebis darRveva, romlis Tanaxmad yovel adamians

ufleba aqvs Tavis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad mimarTos

sasamarTlos. amave muxlis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad „dacvis ufleba“

garantirebulia“.

saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb organuli kanonis me-3 muxlis

Tanaxmad „yovel adamians ufleba aqvs Tavis uflebaTa da

TavisuflebaTa dasacavad piradad an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT pirdapir

mimarTos sasamarTlos“.

zemoaRniSnulidan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: ise rogorc

darRveuli an sadavo uflebis dacvisaTvis sasamarTloSi mimarTva aris

fizikur da iuridiul pirTa ufleba da ara movaleoba, aseve daicva

Tavi, miando Seni uflebis dacva sxva pirs, awarmoo sasamarTloSi saqme

am sxva pirTa meSveobiT – aris ufleba da ara movaleoba.

yovelive amas SeiZleba daumatoT isic, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis

709-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli davalebis xelSekruleba, romlis erT-

erT saxesxvaobas ganekuTvneba mxaris (marwmuneblis) mier

warmomadgenelze gacemuli mindobiloba, SeiZleba daidos mxolod am

garigebis monawile mxareTa Tavisufali nebis gamovlenis safuZvelze.57

amrigad, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT mxareebs SeuZliaT saqme

awarmoon sasamarTloSi piradad, magram Tu maT es saWirod miaCniaT

SeuZliaT saqme awarmoon warmomadgenlis meSveobiT.

2. cneba. sasamarTlo warmomadgenloba samoqalaqo saproceso

samarTlis damoukidebeli da uaRresad mniSvnelovani institutia,

romelic warmoadgens fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis kanonieri

interesebis dacvis metad mtkice da efeqtian garantias. misi umTavresi

amocanaa mxareebisaTvis iuridiuli daxmarebis aRmoCena, mxareTa

uflebebisa da urTierTobebis dadgenaSi da garkvevaSi xelisSewyoba maTi

saproceso uflebebis srulyofilad da mizandasaxulad ganxorcieleba.

sasamarTlo warmomadgenloba – esaa piris kanoniT garantirebuli

SesaZlebloba awarmoos saqme sasamarTloSi warmomadgenlis meSveobiT.

sasamarTlo warmomadgeneli aris piri, romelic asrulebs

sasamarTloSi marwmuneblis saxeliT da misi interesebis Sesabamisad

W.Zeiss. Zivilprozessrecht. Tubingen. 1997 s. 61-62. Gerard. Couchez Procedure civilė. paris. 1992, P 95 57 iuridiul literaturaSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, warmomadgenlobiT urTierTobaSi

unda ganvasxvavoT e.w. garegani urTierToba, romelic myardeba warmomadgenelsa da sasamarTlos

Soris da romelic aris saproceso samarTlebrivi normebiT mowesrigebuli urTierToba da Sinagani

urTierToba, romelic myardeba warmomadgenelsa da marwmunebels Soris da regulirdeba materialur

samarTlebrivi normebiT. ix. Гражданский процесе. Под ред. В.А. Мусина, М.А.Чечиной М. 1998, стр. 96. S. qurdaZe das. naSromi, gv. 206. aseTi Sexeduleba gavrcelebulia agreTve germanul da avstriul iuridiul literaturaSi.

ix. Fasching, H.W. Lehrbuch des Osterreichischen zivilprozessrechts. 2 Auslage. Wien, 1990. s 212. sasamarTlo warmomadgenlobiTi urTierTobis dayofa saproceso da materialur anu geragпn da

Sinagan urTierTobebad moklebulia praqtikul mniSvnelobas. saqme isaa, rom nebismieri saproceso

samarTlis instituti Tu urTierToba SeiZleba ganvixiloT aramarto saproceso, aramed materialur

samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiTac.

119

yvela im saproceso moqmedebas, rac gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT da

marwmuneblis mier gacemuli mindobilobiT.

sasamarTlo warmomadgenloba daiSveba uklebliv yvela saqmeze,

romelic sasamarTlos eqvemdebareba uwyebrivad. sxva sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT sasamarTlo warmomadgenloba daiSveba rogorc sasarCelo, ise

udavo (gansakuTrebul da gamartivebuli wesiT saqmeTa warmoebis),

agreTve, administraciul-samarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan warmoSobili

saqmeebis ganxilvis dros.

warmoSobis safuZvlis mixedviT sasamarTlo warmomadgenlobas

yofen Semdeg saxeebad:

a) nebayoflobiTi, anu xelSekrulebiTi warmomadgenloba;

b) iuridiuli piris warmomadgenloba;

g) kanonieri warmomadgenloba.

$2. nebayoflobiTi (xelSekrulebiTi) warmomadgenloba

rogorc es TviTon saxelwodebidanac Cans, nebayoflobiTi

warmomadgenloba warmoiSoba mxareTa nebis safuZvelze (sk 709-e

muxli).58

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs im pirTa wres,

romlebic SeiZleba gamovidnen procesSi nebayoflobiT warmomadgenlebad

agreTve im pirTa wres, romlebic aseT warmomadgenlebad ar SeiZleba

gamovidnen.

nebayoflobiT (xelSekrulebiT) warmomadgenlebad SeiZleba

gamovidnen:

a) advokatebi. advokatebad iwodebian pirebi, romlebic

gawevrianebuli arian advokatTa asociaciaSi, Seyvanili arian advokatTa

erTian siaSi, dadebuli aqvT fici aRmasrulebeli sabWos winaSe da

miRebuli aqvT saadvokato saqmianobis uflebis damadasturebeli mowmoba

(„advokatTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-13 muxli).

b) organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi. organizaciebis

warmomadgenlebad SeuZliaT gamovidnen da xSirad gamodian kidec

iuriskonsultebi an sxva Tanamdebobis pirebi. organizaciis aseT

TanamSromlebs, romlebic ar arian aRWurvili kanoniT an wesdebiT

warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT, sWirdebaT mindobiloba, romelic

damowmebuli unda iyos am organizaciis warmomadgenlobiTi

uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili piris an organos mier (ssk 96-e muxli).

rac Seexeba Tanamdebobis pirebs, romlebic kanoniT an wesdebiT

aRWurvili arian sasamarTloSi warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT,

maT ar sWirdebaT mindobiloba, ris Sesaxebac saubari gveqneba qvemoT.

g) Tanamonawile. rogorc zemoT avRniSneT erT saqmeSi

mosarCelis mxareze, mopasuxis mxareze da orive mxareze erTdroulad

SeiZleba monawileobdes ramdenime piri (ssk 86-e muxli).

Tanamonawileebs SeuZliaT saqmis warmoeba erT-erT Tanamonawiles

58 samoqalaqo kodeqsis 709-e muxli davalebis xelSekrulebis monawileebs uwodebs rwmunebuls, rac

igivea, rasac saproceso kodeqsi uwodebs saproceso warmomadgenels da marwmunebelsb cxadia, rom

aseTi terminologiuri gansxvaveba, rac samoqalaqo procesis TaviseburebiTaa ganpirobebuli, arafers

ar cvlis.

120

miandon. aseT SemTxvevaSi saqmis warmoebis mindoba erT-erTi

TanamonawilisaTvis unda gaformdes kanoniT dadgenili wesiT (ix. gv.).

d) nebismieri qmedunariani piri. fizikuri da iuridiuli piris

warmomadgenlad SeiZleba gamovides nebismieri qmedunariani piri.

qmedunarianad iTvleba yoveli srulwlovani piri, romelic kanoniT

dadgenili wesiT araa aRiarebuli sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli

gadawyvetilebiT qmeduunarod (ssk 322-e da 326-e muxlebi). garda

qmedunarianobisa, aq raime sxva moTxovnebi gaTvaliswinebuli araa. es

imas niSnavs, rom ar moiTxoveba umaRlesi iuridiuli ganaTlebac ki,

rac ase aucilebelia marwmuneblis uflebis warmatebulad dacvisaTvis,

misTvis kvalificiuri daxmarebis aRmoCenisaTvis.

rogorc avRniSneT, ssk Seicavs im pirTa amomwurav CamonaTvals,

romlebic ar SeiZleba iyvnen warmomadgenlebad sasamarTloSi. aseTi

pirebia mosamarTle, gamomZiebeli, prokurori. es imas niSnavs, rom

warmomadgenlisa da mosamarTlis, warmomadgenlisa da prokuroris,

agreTve, warmomadgenlisa da gamomZieblis funqciebis SeTavseba ar

SeiZleba (sssk 95-e muxli). kanoni amomwuravad gansazRvravs iseT

SemTxvevebs, rodesac aq CamoTvlili pirebi, SeiZleba rogorc

gamonaklisi, gamovidnen warmomadgenlebad. kerZod, mosamarTle SeiZleba

gamovides Tavis sasamarTlos warmomadgenlad, roca es sasamarTlo

procesSi gamodis mxared, aseve, prokurori an gamomZiebeli SeiZleba

gamovides Tavisi prokuraturis an momkvlevi organos warmomadgenlad,

roca es prokuratura, an momklvevi organo gamodis procesSi mxared,

agreTve, rodesac es pirebi procesSi gamodian mSoblebad, meurveebad,

mzrunvelebad, e.i. kanonier warmomadgenlebad.

mosamarTlis, prokuroris, gamomZieblis warmomadgenlad ardaSvebis

Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelic ar gasaCivrdeba.

$I. sasamarTlos uari piris warmomadgenlad daSvebaze.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba Seicavs

arakvalificiuri warmomadgenlis procesSi monawileobisagan Tavis

dazRvevis erT metad mniSvnelovan meqanizms: sasamarTlos SeuZlia ar

dauSvas piri, romelic araa advokati, warmomadgenlad, Tu miaCnia, rom

mas ar gaaCnia sakmarisi monacemebi warmoadginos mxare da saTanadod

daicvas misi uflebebi ( sssk 97-e muxli). es wesi emsaxureba mxaris

uflebis realurad dacvis interesebs. Tu sasamarTlosaTvis aSkaraa,

rom mxaris mier warmomadgenlad SerCeuli piri ver daicavs mis

uflebebs, mas ufleba aqvs uari Tqvas am piris warmomadgenlad

daSvebaze.

sasamarTlos mxriv aseTi uaris Tqma SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos

imiT, rom warmomadgenels ar gaaCnia sakmarisi codna da gamocdileba

sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebisaTvis, an kidev imiT, rom igi kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli safuZvlebiT, gamoyvanilia advokatTa erTiani siidan

mis mimarT gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis gamotanis gamo an imis gamo, rom igi

ar akmayofilebs Sesabamis moTxovnebs, rac gaTvaliswinebulia advokatTa

Sesaxeb kanonis me-10 da me-14 muxlebiT da sxv.

uarisTqma warmomadgenlad piris daSvebaze sasamarTlos SeuZlia

mxolod iseTi piris mimarT, romelic araa advokati, radgan ivaraudeba,

121

rom advokatebs gaaCniaT sakmarisi monacemebi awarmoon saqme

sasamarTloSi da daicvan mxaris uflebebi.

piris warmomadgenlad daSvebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos

gamoaqvs ganCineba. aseTi ganCineba sasamarTlom SeiZleba miiRos maSinve,

rogorc ki mas waredgineba piris warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis

damadasturebeli dokumenti, agreTve saqmis warmoebis nebismier

stadiaze. aseTi ganCineba SeiZleba miRebul iqnes mxareTa Setyobinebis

gareSe, xolo Tu aseTi ganCineba miRebulia sasamarTlo sxdomaze, maSin

igi SeiZleba aisaxos sxdomis oqmSi. cxadia, rom aseTi ganCinebis Sesaxeb

unda ecnobos mxares, visi uflebamosilebiTac gamodioda gadayenebuli

warmomadgeneli, agreTve TviT gadayenebuli warmomadgenelic.

amave ganCinebiT mxares unda ganemartos, rom mas SeuZlia TiTon

awarmoos saqme, an miandos saqmis warmoeba sxva warmomadgenels,

risTvisac sasamarTlo uniSnavs mas vadas da afrTxilebs, rom Tu am

vadaSi ar iqneba mis mier SerCeuli sxva warmomadgeneli, sasamarTlo

gaagrZelebs saqmis ganxilvas.

ssk 97-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos ganCinebaze

piris warmomadgenlad daSvebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb, kerZo saCivris

Setana ar daiSveboda. ssk 97-e muxlis am danawesis arakonstituciurad

cnobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi Setanili iqna

sarCeli. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Tavis 2004 wlis 16 Tebervlis

gadawyvetilebiT daakmayofila sarCeli. es imas niSnavs, rom

sasamarTlos ganCineba piris warmomadgenlad daSvebaze uarisTqmis

Sesaxeb SeiZleba gasaCivrdes kerZo saCivriT.59

$3. iuridiuli piris warmomadgenloba

nebayoflobiTi anu xelSekrulebiTi warmomadgenlobisagan unda

ganvasxvavoT iuridiuli piris im xelmZRvanelis warmomadgenloba

sasamarTloSi, romelic Sesabamisi kanoniT, wesdebiT Tu debulebiT

aRWurvilia warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT.

magaliTad, „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 563-e muxlis

Tanaxmad „saaqcio sazogadoebas sasamarTloSi warmoadgenen

direqtorebi“, es imas niSnavs, rom Tu mxared sasamarTloSi gvevlineba

saaqcio sazogadoeba, maSin mis direqtors ar sWirdeba specialuri

mindobiloba. sakmarisia man sasamarTlos warudginos misi direqtorobis

damadasturebeli dokumenti. Tu iuridiul pirs hyavs ara erTi, aramed

ramdenime direqtori an xelmZRvaneli, romlebic aRWurvilia erTnairi

da Tanabari warmomadgenlobiT uflebamosilebiT da maT Soris araa

gamijnuli uflebamosileba, maSin isini valdebulia gascen specialuri

uflebamosileba erT-erT maTganze, Tu surT, rom warmomadgenlobiTi

uflebamosileba sasamarTloSi am erT-erTma maTganma gaswios.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac iuridiuli piris wesdebis Tanaxmad

warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvilia erT-erTi romelime

xelmZRvaneli piri (erT-erTi partniori, erT-erTi direqtori, roca

ramdenime direqtoria), sasamarTlos unda warudginon dokumenti,

romelic adasturebs am piris uflebamosilebas sasamarTloSi

warmomadgenlobaze. aseT dokumentad SeiZleba gamodges wesdeba an

59 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2004 wlis 16 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba

122

amonaweri wesdebidan. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom arc kanonidan da arc

wesdebidan ar Candes naTlad da garkveviT Tu romeli konkretuli

Tanamdebobis piri sargeblobs sasamarTloSi warmomadgenlobiTi

uflebamosilebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi iuridiuli piris nebismierma

Tanamdebobis pirma sasamarTlos unda warudginos am iuridiuli piris

marTvis organos (saerTo krebis, direqtoratis) mindobiloba.

$4. warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis farglebi

1.uflebebi, romlebic avtomaturad eniWeba warmomadgenels.

sakanonmdeblo teqnikis TvalsazrisiT zogjer ufro mizanSewonilia

amomwuravad CamoTvalo is uflebebi, romlebic SeiZleba hqondeT

samarTlebrivi da maT Soris, saproceso samarTlebrivi urTierTobis

monawileebs. zogjer ki piriqiT, ufro mizanSewonilia CamoiTvalos

uflebebi, romlebic ar SeiZleba hqondeT mxareebs. kanonmdebeli xSirad

mimarTavs regulirebis am xerxebs. roca kanoni Seicavs uflebebis

amomwuravad CamonaTvals, igulisxmeba, rom mxares sxva uflebebi ar

gaaCnia, magram, roca kanonmdebeli CamoTvlis, Tu romeli uflebebiT ar

SeuZlia isargeblos mxarem, maSin igulisxmeba, rom yvela sxva

saproceso uflebiT mas SeuZlia isargeblos.60

warmomadgenlis mimarT kanonmdebeli mimarTavs am meore xerxs:

CamoTvlis im uflebebs, romlebic ar SeiZleba hqondes nebayoflobiT

(xelSekrulebiT) warmomadgenels. es imas niSnavs, rom yvela sxva

saproceso uflebiT, romelic gaaCnia mis marwmunebels, anu pirs,

romelsac igi warmoadgens, mas SeuZlia isargeblos.

amrigad, warmomadgenloba avtomaturad, e.i. specialuri miTiTebis

gareSe, uflebas aniWebs warmomadgenels Seasrulos yvela saproceso

moqmedeba, magram mas ar aqvs ufleba uari Tqvas sasarCelo moTxovnaze,

cnos sarCeli, Secvalos sarCelis sagani, daamTavros saqme morigebiT,

gadasces saqme gansaxilvelad kerZo arbitraJs (samediatoro

sasamarTlos), gaasaCivros sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, waradginos

saaaRsrulebo furceli iZulebiTi aRsrulebisaTvis, miiRos

gadawyvetilebiT gansazRvruli qoneba an fuli. yvela aq CamoTvlili

ufleba uSualod ukavSirdeba da gamomdinareobs marwmuneblis

materialur samarTlebrivi uflebis gankargvidan (dispoziciurobis

principidan) da, amitom, kanonmdebeli moiTxovs, rom Tu marwmunebeli

romelime am uflebas aniWebs warmomadgenels, man amis Sesaxeb

specialurad unda aRniSnols mis mier gacemul mindobilobaSi.

aqedan gamomdinare, Tu warmomadgenelma Seasrula iseTi saproceso

moqmedeba, romelic specialur mindobilobas moiTxovs, romelic mas ar

gaaCnia, maSin aseTi moqmedeba araviTar Sedegs ar warmoSobs. magaliTad,

warmomadgenelma cno sarCeli, an uari Tqva sarCelze, an kidev saqme

daamTavra morigebiT da a.S. aseTi moqmedeba ar warmoSobs raime Sedegs,

xolo Tu sasamarTlom daakavSira mas aseTi Sedegi, sasamarTlos

gadawyvetileba (ganCineba) usaTuod unda gauqmdes dainteresebuli piris

moTxovniT. praqtikaSi zogjer gvxvdeba SemTxveva, rodesac

warmomadgeneli saapelacio an sakasacio wesiT asaCivrebs

60 cxadia, kanonmdebeli zogjer mimarTavs am ori xerxis Sexamebulad gamoyenebas, an kidev

Semoifargleba uflebaTa mxolod araamomwuravi (sanimuSo) CamoTvliT, magram es udavod saintereso

problema araa Cveni ganxilvis sagani.

123

gadawyvetilebas, Tumca mindobilobaSi araa miTiTebuli misi aseTi

uflebamosilebis Sesaxeb. aseTi saCivari, rogorc dauSvebeli,

ganuxilvelad unda datovos Sesabamisma zemdgomma sasamarTlom, Tu mas

ar mieca vada xarvezis Sesavsebad. cxadia, rom Tu sasamarTlos mier

daniSnul vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, saCivari ar iqneba

ganxiluli.

dispoziciurobis principidan gamomdinare, uflebebis gankargvis

aseTi mniSvnelobis gamo sasamarTlos evaleba zedmiwevniT yuradRebiT

Seamowmos warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis farglebi, romlebic

specialur mindobilobaSia Camoyalibebuli.

I. warmomadgenlis mier sxva advokatis an TanaSemwis daxmarebis

gamoyeneba.

ssk 98-e muxlis meore nawili uflebas aniWebs warmomadgenels

calkeuli saproceso moqmedebis Sesruleba miandos sxva advokats an

TanaSemwes.

am uflebis ganxorcielebis mizniT, warmomadgenelma aucileblad

unda misces mindobiloba sxva advokats im saproceso moqmedebaze

miTiTebiT, romelic man unda Seasrulos. aseTi moqmedeba iqneba

safuZveli sasamarTlosaTvis, raTa dauSvas igi aRniSnuli saproceso

moqmedebis Sesasruleblad. kanonSi laparakia calkeuli saproceso

moqmedebaze da ara saqmis warmoebaze mTlianad. es imas niSnavs, rom

warmomadgenels SeuZlia miandos sxva advokats calkeuli saproceso

moqmedebis Sesruleba gonivrul farglebSi da amisaTvis Sesabamisi

safuZvlis arsebobisas (magaliTad, avadmyofoba, mivlineba, sxva saqmeze

gadaudebeli saproceso moqmedebis Sesruleba da a.S.).

rac Seexeba advokatis TanaSemwes, aseTi Tanamdeboba marTalia

SemoRebulia „advokatTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-17 muxliT,

magram igi ar daiSveba samarTalwarmoebaSi. mas SeuZlia mxolod

advokatis davalebiT da mis mier xelmowerili da damowmebuli

nebarTviT gaecnos saqmis masalebs.

samagierod „advokatTa Sesaxeb“ kanoniT SemoRebuli iqna advokatis

staJioris Tanamdeboba, romelsac SeuZlia Sesabamisi advokatis

davalebiT ganaxorcielos misi uflebamosilebebi.61

II. warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis gaformeba

warmomadgeneli asrulebs uaRresad mniSvnelovan funqcias.

bevradaa damokidebuli yvela im saproceso saSualebebis Tu meqanizmebis

amoqmedeba, romlebic marwmuneblis interesebis dacvas uzrunvelyofen.

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoebac, rom warmomadgenlis mier am

saproceso saSualebebis gamouyenebloba, an kidev, mis mier ama Tu im

saproceso moqmedebis Seusruleblobis Tu arasaTanadod Sesrulebis

uaryofiTi Sedegebi mxolod marwmunebels daekisreba da ara

warmomadgenels. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba

61 „advokatTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni, Tb. 2003, muxli me-16

124

kvalificiuri warmomadgenlis SerCevas, rac mTlianad marwmunebelzea

damokidebuli. sasamarTlos am SerCevaSi raime rolis Sesruleba ar

SeuZlia, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT ssk 97-e muxliT

gaTvaliswinebul wess, romlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos SeuZlia uari

Tqvas im piris (garda advokatisa), warmomadgenlad daSvebaze, romelsac

ar gaaCnia sakmarisi monacemebi daicvas mxare.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, savsebiT gasagebi unda iyos kanonis

kategoriuli moTxovna warmomadgenlis zustad dadgenili wesiT

gaformebis Sesaxeb. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu warmomadgenlis

uflebamosileba araa gaformebuli am wesis dacviT, sasamarTlo ar

dauSvebs mas warmomadgenlad.

kanonmdeblobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi moTxovna mdgomareobs imaSi,

rom warmomadgenlis uflebamosileba unda Camoyalibdes kanonis

Sesabamisad gacemul da gaformebul mindobilobaSi. advokatis mimarT

igive wess iTvaliswinebs „advokatTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-19 muxli,

romlis Tanaxmad „advokati saadvokato saqmianobas axorcielebs

xelSekrulebis safuZvelze“, xolo amave muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad

advokati, sxva dokumentebTan erTad, sasamarTlos warudgens

mindobilobas rogorc, zemoT avRniSneT, es mindobiloba sxva araferia

Tu ara davalebis xelSekruleba (sk 709-e muxli).

amrigad, pirveli da erT-erTi mTavari moTxovna – esaa saTanado

wesiT damowmebuli mindobiloba, romlis sasamarTloSi wardgenis

movaleoba ekisreba yvelas, romlebic marwmuneblebTan xelSekrulebiT

(SeTanxmebiT) sawyisebze gamodian sasamarTloSi. mxolod advokatebTan

mimarTebaSi es mindobiloba SeiZleba Secvalos orderma.

rogorc aRvniSneT, warmomadgenlis mier sasamarTloSi warsadgeni

mindobiloba unda pasuxobdes garkveul moTxovnebs, kerZod, igi unda

iyos saTanado wesiT gaformebuli da damowmebuli. amasTan erTad, kanoni

gansazRvravs Tu romeli pirobebis arsebobisas da romel organos

SeuZlia daamowmos aseTi mindobiloba.

moqalaqeTa mier gacemuli mindobilobebi unda damowmdes sanotaro

wesiT an im organizaciis mier, sadac muSaobs an swavlobs marwmunebeli,

agreTve, stacionaluri samkurnalo dawesebulebis administraciis mier,

sadac moqalaqe samkurnalod imyofeba, an kidev, Sesabamisi samxedro

nawilis mier, Tu mindobilobas samxedro mosamsaxure gascems. rac

Seexeba pirs, romelic sapatimroSi imyofeba, mis mier gacemul

mindobilobas daamowmebs Sesabamisi sapatimro adgilis administracia.

mindobilobis damowmebis aseTi wesi, uwinares yovlisa, marwmunebelTa

interesebiTaa ganpirobebuli – uadvilebs maT mindobilobis damowmebis

proceduras, magram yvela maTgans sruli ufleba aqvs gverdi auaros

aseT wess da daamowmos mindobiloba sanotaro wesiT.

organizaciis saxeliT gacemul mindobilobebs gascems da

daamowmebs am organizaciis xelmZRvaneli an sxva uflebamosili piri.

zemoT Cven ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom Tu iuridiuli piris

wesdebis Tanaxmad warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvilia

erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli piri, mas SeuZlia gamovides warmomadgenlad

sasamarTloSi mindobilobis gareSe. aseTma xelmZRvanelma pirma

sasamarTlos unda warudginos amonaweri wesdebidan, romliTac

dasturdeba misi sasamarTloSi warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosileba.

125

erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT kanoniT an wesdebiT

warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili pirisa da am

iuridiuli piris TanamSromlis warmomadgenloba sasamarTloSi.

saqme isaa, rom iuridiuli piris (organizaciis) uflebebis

dasacavad sasamarTloSi xSirad gamodian am organizaciis

iuriskonsultebi da sxva TanamSromlebi. maT unda warudginon

sasamarTlos mindobiloba am organizaciis saxeliT, romelsac gascems

warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili Tanamdebobis piri,

xolo Tu aseTi araa, maSin kolegiuri organo, romelic aseTi

uflebiTaa aRWurvili kanoniT an wesdebiT.

„advokatTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-13 muxlis me-4 nawilis Tanaxmad

piri iZens advokatis statuss da iRebs saadvokato saqmianobis uflebis

damadasturebel mowmobas, romliTac igi axorcielebs saadvokato

saqmianobas mxolod ficis dadebis Semdeg. magram, imisaTvis, rom man

gamovides sasamarTloSi warmomadgenlad, man aseve unda gaaformos

mindobiloba warmomadgenelTan (klientTan), xolo sasamarTloSi

waradginos ori dokumenti: a) saadvokato saqmianobis uflebis

damadasturebeli mowmoba da b) warmomadgenlis (klientis) mier masze

gacemuli dokumenti – mindobiloba an orderi“ („advokatTa Sesaxeb“

kanonis me-19 muxli).

yvela sxva piri, romelsac jer kidev ar aqvs advokatis statusi,

valdebulia warudginos sasamarTlos marwmuneblis mier gacemuli

mindobiloba, damowmebuli im wesiT, romlis Sesaxebac zemoT gvqonda

saubari.

aseTia rogorc saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis, ise

saqarTvelos „advokatTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis azri da Sinaarsi am sakiTxSi.

$7. warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta

I. warmomadgenlis uflebamiosilebis Sewyveta marwmuneblis mier.

ise rogorc marwmuneblis ufleba awarmoos saqme sasamarTloSi

warmomadgenlis meSveobiT, mas aseTive ufleba aqvs Seuwyvitos

marwmunebels uflebamosileba. ssk 99-e muxlis Tanaxmad,

marwmunebels ufleba aqvs saqmis warmoebis yvela stadiaze gaauqmos

Tavis mier gacemuli mindobiloba da Sewyvitos warmomadgenlis

uflebamosileba. marwmunebels ar evaleba imis motivireba

(dasabuTeba), Tu ratom Seuwyvita man uflebamosileba

warmomadgenels. erTad-erTi, rac marwmunebels aseT SemTxvevaSi

evaleba – esaa werilobiT acnobos amis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos da

warmomadgenels. im momentidan, roca sasamarTlos werilobiT ecnoba

warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo aRar

dauSvebs mas saproceso moqmedebaTa Sesrulebaze.

Tu aseTi gancxadeba mxarem gaakeTa saqmis sasamarTlo sxdomaze

ganxilvis dros, maSin es gancxadeba Seitaneba sxdomis oqmSi, razec

xeli unda moaweros ganmcxadebelma.

amrigad, warmomadgenlis uflebamosileba Sewyvetilad iTvleba,

roca mxare werilobiT mimarTavs sasamarTlos, an, roca aseTi

gancxadeba gakeTdeba sasamarTlos mosamzadebel an mTavar sxdomaze.

126

aRniSnul uflebas mxare ver gamoiyenebs saqmis ganxilvis

gaWianurebis mizniT. swored am mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobs

kanonmdebeli, rodesac miuTiTebs, rom mxaris iniciativiT

warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta ver gaxdeba saqmis

warmoebis SeCerebis Tu saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis safuZveli, e.i.

saqmis warmoeba da ganxilva unda gagrZeldes da sasamarTlom ar

unda daakmayofilos mxaris Suamdgomloba SeCerebis Tu gadadebis

Sesaxeb (Tu aseTi Suamdgomloba aRiZvris). Tu mas surs aiyvanos sxva

warmomadgeneli, droulad da yovelgvari gaWianurebis gareSe unda

gaakeTos es.

marwmuneblis mier warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta

(ise rogorc saqmis warmoeba warmomadgenlis meSveobiT) aris mxaris

sruli ufleba da sasamarTlom yovelTvis unda daakmayofilos misi

aseTi gancxadeba. warmomadgenels ar aqvs ufleba gaaprotestos

marwmuneblis aseTi moqmedeba.

II. warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta TviT

warmomadgenlis mier.

ise, rogorc marwmunebels, warmomadgenelsac ufleba aqvs

calmxrivad da motivirebis gareSe mimarTos sasamarTlos da

marwmunebels werilobiTi gancxadebiT Tavisi uflebamosilebaze

uarisTqmis Sesaxeb. aseTi uari mas SeuZlia ganacxados sasamarTlos

sxdomazec, rac Seitaneba sxdomis oqmSi.

- Tavis uflebamosilebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb gancxadebis Setana,

an sasamarTlos mosamzadebel Tu mTavar sxdomaze aseTi gancxadebis

gakeTeba jer kidev ar niSnavs uflebamosilebis Sewyvetas. marTalia,

aseTi gancxadeba yovelTvis unda daakmayofilos sasamarTlom, radgan ar

SeiZleba vaiZuloT piri gaswios warmomadgenloba, magram dros, roca

warmomadgenels ufleba aqvs Sewyvitos procesSi monawileoba – niSnavs

sasamarTlo. dros sasamarTlo niSnavs im varaudiT, rom marwmunebelma

TviTon miiRos monawileoba procesSi an aiyvanos axali warmomadgeneli

(ssk me-100 muxli).

gansxvavebiT iseTi SemTxvevisa, roca marwmunebeli ambobs uars

warmomadgenelze, rac ver gaxdeba saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis safuZveli,

Tu uflebamosilebaze uarisTqma keTdeba warmomadgenlis mier

sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze, SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes am sxdomis

gadadeba im droiT, rac saWiro iqneba axali warmomadgenlis

ayvanisaTvis, Tu amis survils gamoTqvams marwmunebeli. Tu am drois

manZilze marwmunebeli ar aiyvans axal warmomadgenels, sasamarTlos

SeuZlia CaTvalos, rom marwmunebeli TviTon piradad awarmoebs saqmes

warmomadgenlis gareSe da ganixilos saqme saerTo wesiT.

III. warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebis Sewyveta mxareTa nebis

gareSe.

zemoT miTiTebuli SemTxvevebi iseTia, rodesac warmomadgenlobiTi

urTierTobis Sewyveta xdeba mxareTa nebiT, magram am urTierTobis

Sewyveta SeiZleba moxdes maTi nebis gareSec.

127

erT aseT SemTxvevaze zemoT gvqonda saubari, kerZod, rodesac

sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba piris warmomadgenlad daSvebaze

uarisTqmis Sesaxeb. cxadia, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi warmomadgenlis

uflebamosileba Sewydeba.

sxva SemTxveva – esaa mxareTa gardacvaleba. cnobilia, rom sk 453-

e muxlis Tanaxmad valdebuleba Sewydeba urTierTobis monawile mxareTa

gardacvalebiT. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu gardaicvala warmomadgeneli,

misi aramarto saproceso uflebamosileba, aramed materialur-

samarTlebrivi valdebuleba gaTvaliswinebuli davalebis xelSekrulebiT

– Sewydeba. cxadia, rom marwmunebels SeuZlia mosTxovos

warmomadgenlis uflebamonacvleebs mis mier gadaxdili honoraris an

misi nawilis ukan dabruneba.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gardaicvala marwmunebeli (an moxda

iuridiuli iuridiuli piris likvidacia) da uflebamonacvleoba

dauSvebelia, maSin Sewydeba saqmis warmoeba (sssk 272-e muxlis „e“

punqti) da, cxadia, masTan erTad warmomadgenlis uflebamosilebac.

magram, Tu uflebamonacvleoba dasaSvebia, maSin saqmis warmoeba

SeCerdeba (sssk 279-e muxlis „a“ punqti). saqmis warmoebis SeCerebasTan

erTad SeCerdeba yvela saproceso moqmedebis Sesruleba da maT Soris

warmomadgenlis saproceso moqmedebebic am saqmeze.

SeCerebuli saqmis ganaxlebasTan erTad ganaxldeba saqmis

ganxilvac (ssk 283-e muxli). Tu uflebamonacvle isurvebs da

gamoxatavs am survils Tavisi gancxadebiT an dumiliT, warmomadgeneli

gaagrZelebs Tavisi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebas, magram

uflebamonacvles SeuZlia uari Tqvas am warmomadgenelze da aiyvanos

sxva warmomadgeneli.

$8. kanonieri waprmomadgenlebi

1. yvela fizikuri da iuridiuli piri aRWurvilia saproceso

uflebaunarianobiT, e.i. unariT hqondes saproceso uflebebi da

movaleobebi. magram yvela pirs ar gaaCnia unari Tavisi moqmedebiT

ganaxorcielos sasamarTloSi Tavisi uflebebi, maT Soris daavalos

saqmis warmoeba warmomadgenels, e.i. yvela pirs ar gaaCnia saproceso

qmedunarianoba. aseT pirTa kategorias ganekuTvnebian qmeduunaro

moqalaqeebi da SezRuduli qmedunarianobis mqone moqalaqeebi (sssk 81-e

muxli), romelTa Sesaxeb saubari gvqonda zemoT.

imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin SeiZleba gamovides sasamarTloSi aseTi

pirebis warmomadgenlebad, izruna TviTon kanonmdebelma. swored amitom

ewodeba aseT warmomadgenlebs kanonieri (kanonismieri) warmomadgenlebi.

amis dasadastureblad SeiZleba moviyvanoT ssk 101-e muxlis pirveli

nawili, romlis Tanaxmad „qmeduunaro moqalaqis agreTve SezRuduli

qmedunarianobis mqone moqalaqis uflebebsa da kanoniT dacul

interesebs sasamarTloSi icaven maTi mSoblebi, mSvileblebi, meurveebi

da mzrunvelebi, romlebic warudgenen sasamarTlos TavianTi

uflebamosilebis damadasturebel dokumentebs“.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 21-e da 22-e muxlebi

iTvaliswineben sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT piris ugzo-ukvlod

dakargulad aRiarebas da piris gamocxadebas gardacvlilad. amis

128

Sesabamisad, ssk 317-e-321-e muxlebi gansazRvraven am kategoriis saqmeTa

ganxilvis wesebs.

ibadeba kiTxva: vin SeiZleba gamovides sasamarTloSi ugzo-ukvlod

dakargulad cnobili moqalaqis, an kidev, im memkvidris warmomadgenlad,

romelsac unda mieRo gardacvlilad gamocxadebuli moqalaqis qoneba?

pasuxs am kiTxvaze Seicavs ssk 101-e muxlis me-3 da me-4 nawilebi:

saqmeSi, romelSiac unda monawileobdes kanoniT dadgenili wesiT ugzo-

ukvlod dakargulad cnobili moqalaqe, mis warmomadgenlad monawileobs

piri, romelsac gadaeca samarTavad ugzo-ukvlod dakarguli piris

qoneba. xolo saqmeSi, romelSiac unda monawileobdes gardacvlilis an

gardacvlilad gamocxadebuli piris memkvidre, Tu memkvidreoba aravis

ar miuRia, maSin aseTi memkvidris warmomadgenlad gamodis samkvidro

qonebis dacvisa da marTvisaTvis daniSnuli piri.

amrigad, kanonieri warmomadgenlebis wres da maTi procesSi

monawileobis pirobebs gansazRvravs uSualod TiTon kanoni.

2. kanonieri warmomadgeneli monawileobs procesSi ara

xelSekrulebis, aramed kanonis ZaliT. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia,

kanonieri warmomadgenlebis uflebamosilebis dadasturebisaTvis,

gansxvavebiT nebayoflobiT (xelSekrulebiT) warmomadgenlobisagan, raime

specialurad gaformebuli mindobilobis warmodgena arc saWiroa da arc

dasaSvebi. kanonierma warmomadgenlebma sasamarTlos unda warmoudginon

imis damadasturebeli dokumenti, rom isini arian kanonieri

warmomadgenlebi, kerZod, pasporti an sxva iseTi oficialuri

dokumenti, romelSic aris Canaweri Svilebis Sesaxeb, Svilad ayvanis

mowmoba, meurveobis Tu mzrunvelobis damadasturebeli dokumenti,

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, romliTac dasturdeba ugzo-ukvlod

dakargulis an gardacvlilad gamocxadebuli piris qonebis samarTavad

gadacema, aragistrirebul qorwinebaSi dabadebuli bavSvis dedis, xolo,

Tu aseTi bavSvis mamoba dadgenilia sasamarTlos wesiT, maSin am faqtis

damadasturebeli dokumenti, rogoric SeiZleba iyos moqalaqeobis

registraciis organos mier gacemuli cnoba, sasamarTlos kanonier

ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetileba an sxva oficialuri cnoba.

3. kanonieri warmomadgenlebi sargebloben farTo saproceso

uflebebiT. kanonieri warmomadgenloba avtomaturad (specialuri

uflebamosilebis gareSe), aniWebs maT uflebas Seasrulon yvela

saproceso moqmedeba, romelTa Sesrulebis ufleba aqvT warmomdgenT,

maT Soris isargeblon ganmkargulebiTi uflebebiT, rogoricaa sarCelis

cnoba, sarCelze uarisTqma, saqmis morigebiT damTavreba, gadawyvetilebis

gasaCivreba da sxva.

amasTan erTad, kanoni Seicavs SezRudvebsac. magaliTad,

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 129-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, meurveobisa

da mzrunvelobis organos winaswari Tanxmobis gareSe meurves ufleba

ar aqvs sameurveo piris saxeliT dados garigeba, xolo mzrunvels –

samzrunvelo piris saxeliT daTanxmdes garigebis dadebaze, romelic

Seexeba qonebis gasxvisebas, dagiravebas, Txovebas, sameurveo da

samzrunvelo piris kuTvnil uflebaze uaris Tqmas da a.S. am

TvalsazrisiT, rig SezRudvebs Seicavs sk 1296-e – 1297-e muxlebi.

aq miTiTebuli muxlebis analizidan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna:

sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos meurvisa da mzrunvelis mier sarCelze

uarisTqma, sarCelis cnoba, Tu saqmis morigebiT damTavreba, Tu ar aris

129

amis Sesaxeb meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organoebis winaswari

Tanxmoba, gamoxatuli werilobiTi formiT.

kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli SezRudvebis farglebs gareT,

rac qmeduunaro da SezRuduli qmedunariani pirebis interesebis

dacvisaTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli, kanonier warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT

Seasrulon yvela saproceso moqmedeba, romelTa Sesrulebis ufleba

aqvT maT warmomdgenT.

4.kanonier warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT saqmis warmoeba

sasamarTloSi miandon advokats, rac ar arTmevs maT uflebas TviTonac

miiRon monawileoba saqmis ganxilvaSi, ssk 101-e muxlis me-5 nawilSi

marTalia miTiTebulia advokatze, magram am muxlis danawesi unda

gavigoT farTod da avRniSnoT, rom maT SeuZliaT saqmis warmoeba

miandon aramarto advokats, aramed nebismier pirs, romelic SeiZleba

gamovides procesSi warmomadgenlad (ssk 94-e muxli).

$7. saproceso warmomadgeneli (mzrunveli)

I. saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvna qmeduunaro mopasuxisaTvis.

saproceso warmomadgeneli (mzrunveli) saqarTvelos saproceso

samarTlis sruliad axali institutia. misi SemoRebis mizania iseTi

qmeduunaro mxaris uflebebisa da interesebis saTanadod dacvis

uzrunvelyofa, romelsac ama Tu im mizeziT ar yavs kanonieri

warmomadgeneli.

saproceso warmomadgenlis (mzrunvelis) daniSvnasa da misi

procesSi monawileobis wess iTvaliswinebs ssk 82-e muxli, romelic

ori nawilisagan Sedgeba.

ssk 82-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad, Tu sarCeli Setanilia

qmeduunaro mxaris winaaRmdeg, romelsac ar yavs kanonieri

warmomadgeneli, sasamarTolo mosarCelis gancxadebis safuZvelze

dauniSnavs mas saproceso warmomadgenels da ganixilavs saqmes, Tu misi

ganuxilveloba zianiT emuqreba mosarCeles.

amrigad, imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom dauniSnos qmeduunaro mxares

saproceso warmomadgeneli (saproceso mzrunveli) da ganixilos saqme,

saWiroa sami pirobis erTdroulad arseboba. erTi piroba – piri unda

iyos qmeduunaro. qmeduunarod iTvleba piri 7-dan 18 wlamde asakisa,

garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisebisa, agreTve qmeduunarod

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT aRiarebuli sruwlovani piri. meore

piroba – unda iyos mosarCelis Suamdgomloba mopasuxisaTvis saproceso

warmomadgenlis daniSvnis Sesaxeb, radgan mas ar yavs kanonieri

warmomadgeneli. mesame piroba – am saqmis ganuxilvelobam SeiZleba ziani

miayenos mosarCeles.

Tu yvela es piroba arsebobs, sasamarTlo dauniSnavs qmeduunaro

mopasuxes saproceso warmomadgenels (mzrunvels), raTa daculi iqnes

misi uflebebi da kanonieri interesebi.

130

sasamarTlo praqtikaSi wamoiWra sakiTxi imis eSsaxeb, SeiZleba Tu

ara saproceso warmomadgeneli daeniSnos iseT pirs, romelic

srulwlovania, araa aRiarebuli sasamarTlos mier, rogorc qmeduunaro,

e.i. iuridiulad qmedunariania, magram aSkarad ver uwevs angariSs Tavis

moqmedebas fsiqikuri mdgomareobis an Wkuasustobis gamo, e.i. faqtiurad

qmeduunaroa. aseT pirs SeiZleba daeniSnos saproceso warmomadgeneli

misi mSoblis, srulwlovani Svilis, meuRlis saxiT an Tu aseTi ar yavs

sxva iseTi piris saxiT, romelsac SeuZlia daicvas am faqtiurad

qmeduunaro piris interesebi sasamarTloSi.

rac Seexeba arasrulwlovans, mis kanonier warmomadgenlad

iTvleba misi mSobeli. saproceso warmomadgeneli mas mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba daeniSnos, roca ar yavs mSobeli.

mopasuxisaTvis saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvnis Sesaxeb

sasamarTlos gamoaqvs motivirebuli ganCineba, romelzec ar SeiZleba

kerZo saCivris Setana. Tu saproceso warmomadgenelis daniSvnis

pirobebi ar arsebobs, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas mis daniSvnaze

uarisTqmisa da sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb ssk 275-e

muxlis analogiiT, romelzec SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana.

II. saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvna qmeduunaro

mosarCelisaTvis

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis mixedviT

sasamarTlom araqmedunariani mxarisagan saerTod ar unda miiRos

sarCeli (sssk 186-e muxlis „v“ punqtze). magram, Tu aseTi piris mier

Semotanili sarCeli miiRo sasamarTlom, mas SeuZlia datovos igi

ganuxilvelad, Tu sasamarTlos mizanSewonilad ar miaCnia dauniSnos mas

saproceso warmomadgeneli (sssk 275-e muxlis „a“ punqti).

amrigad, sasamarTlos SeuZlia ganixilos qmeduunaro piris mier

aRZruli sarCeli Tu arsebobs zemod aRniSnuli pirobebi da

sasamarTlos mizanSewonilad miaCnia am pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT

ganixilos sarCeli.

magaliTad, pirma, romelmac aRZra sarCeli samkvidro qonebidan

konkretuli wilis gamoyofis Sesaxeb ar aRmoCnda srulwlovani da

maSasadame, qmedunariani. kanonieri warmomadgeneli mas ar gaaCnia, xolo

sarCelis ganuxilvelad datoveba zianiT emuqreba aramarto am

arasrulwlovan mosarCeles, aramed, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, mopasuxesac.

aseT da sxva analogiur SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba mizanSewonili iyos

saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvna.

arasrulwlovani mosarCelis mimarT sakiTxi SedarebiT ufro

martivad SeiZleba gadawydes, magram rogor unda moiqces sasamarTlo,

rodesac mosarCele srulwlovania, araa aRiarebuli sasamarTlos mier

arc qmeduunarod da arc SezRudul qmedunarianad, e.i. iuridiulad

qmedunariania, magram faqtiurad aSkarad ver uwevs angariSs Tavis

moqmedebas, anu faqtiurad qmeduunaroa. aseT pirs SeiZleba daeniSnos

saproceso warmomadgeneli misi mSoblis, srulwlovani Svilis, meuRlis

saxiT, an Tu aseTi ar yavs nebismieri sxva piris saxiT, romelsac

SeuZlia daicvas am faqtiurad qmeduunaro piris interesebi. saproceso

warmomadgenels, ise rogorc kanonier warmomadgenels, SeuZlia saqme

awarmoos sasamarTloSi warmomadgenlis (advokatis) meSveobiT.

131

mosarCelisaTvis saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvnis Sesaxeb

sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelzec ar SeiZleba kerZo saCivris

Setana; mosarCelisaTvis saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvnaze

uarisTqmis SemTxvevaSic sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba sarCelis

ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb sssk 275-e muxlis „a“ punqtis

Sesabamisad, romelzec SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana ( ssk 276-e

muxli).

III. saproceso warmomadgenlis uflebebi da movaleobebi

saproceso warmomadgenels (mzrunvels) aqvs igive uflebebi, rac

meurveebsa da mzrunvelebs saerTod, magram erTi aucilebeli pirobis

aRniSvniT: maTi ganmkargulebeli moqmedebebi, rogoricaa sarCelis cnoba,

sarCelis aRiareba, saqmis morigebiT damTavreba TviTon sasamarTlom

unda Seamowmos xom ar arRvevs kanons an qmeduunaro piris interesebs

da mxolod amis Semdeg miiRos Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba (ganCineba).

132

T a v i VII

vadebi samoqalaqo procesSi

$1.saproceso vadebis mniSvneloba da saxeebi

1. mniSvneloba. drois faqtori yovelTvis asrulebda erT-erT

mTavar rols pirTa Soris urTierTobis samarTlebriv mowesrigebaSi.

samarTliT mowesrigebuli urTierTobebidan warmoSobili uflebebi da

movaleobebi yovelTvis arseboben droSi. ufro metic, drois gasvlas

kanoni zogjer ukavSirebs uflebis warmoSobas, xolo zogjer ki

piriqiT – uflebebisa da movaleobebis Sewyvetas. magaliTad, sk 403-e

muxlis Tanaxmad „movale, romelic fuladi Tanxis gadaxdis vadas

gadaacilebs, valdebulia gadacilebuli droisaTvis gadaixados kanoniT

gansazRvruli procenti“. amave kodeqsis 394-e muxlis Tanaxmad movalis

mier vadis gadacilebisas kreditors SeuZlia dauniSnos movales

valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis aucilebeli dro. Tu movale am droSic

ar Seasrulebs valdebulebas, maSin kreditors ufleba aqvs

valdebulebis Sesrulebis nacvlad moiaTxovos zianis anazRaureba.

drois faqtori did rols asrulebs darRveulia Tu sadavo

uflebis dacvis SesaZleblobis daSvebis TvalsazrisiTac.

sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT xandazmulobis instituti

samoqalaqo materialur samarTalSi, romelic cnobilia sasarCelo

xandazmulobis an moTxovnis xandazmulobis saxelwodebiT. am

xandazmulobis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom moTxovnis warmoSobis

momentidan garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg piri kargavs am moTxovnis

iZulebiT sasamarTlo wesiT realizaciis uflebas (sk 128-129-e

muxlebi).

drois faqtori did rols asrulebs samoqalaqo saproceso

samarTalSi: saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT aucilebeli saproceso

moqmedebebi SeiZleba Seasrulos mxareebma mxolod kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebul vadebSi.

ra aris saproceso vada?

saproceso vada aris drois garkveuli monakveTi, romlis

ganmavlobaSi unda Sesruldes esa Tu is saproceso moqmedeba.

vadebis mniSvneloba samoqalaqo procesSi uSualod ukavSirdeba

samoqalaqo saqmeTa sasamarTlo warmoebis (samarTalwarmoebis) miznebsa

da amocanebs. samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebis mizania aramarto im pirTa

uflebebis dacva, romlebic mimarTaven sasamarTlos sarCeliT

(gancxadebiT), aramed am uflebebis droulad da gonivrul vadebSi

dacva.

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrulia am „gonivruli“ vadis

farglebi. ssk 59-e muxlis Tanaxmad samoqalaqo saqmeebs sasamarTloebi

ganixilaven gancxadebis miRebis dRidan araugvianes ori Tvisa, xolo

133

rTuli kategoriis saqmeebze es vada SeiZleba gagrZeldes araumetes 5

Tvisa. es muxli iTvaliswinebs zogierTi kategoriis saqmeebis mimarT

kidev ufro mokle vadebs.

saproceso vadis erT-erTi da mTavari daniSnuleba imaSi

mdgomareobs rom misi meSveobiT sasamarTlom zemoqmedeba moaxdinos

mxareebze, raTa maT daniSnul vadaSi Seasrulon saproceso moqmedeba.

magaliTad, ssk 185-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu mosarCele daniSnul vadaSi

ar Seavsebs sarCelis xarvezs „sasamarTlo sarCels umoZraod datovebs

da mosarCeles daubrunebs“. ufro metic, rom ar iyos vadebi

SeuZlebeli iqneboda sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba. swored am

mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobda kanonmdebeli, roca SemoiRo

gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis vada. am vadis gasvlis Semdeg

gadawyvetileba Sedis kanonier ZalaSi da mogebul mxares SeuZlia

moiTxovos misi iZulebiT aRsruleba.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: rom ar

iyos gansazRvruli dro, romlis ganmavlobaSiac modave mxareebma unda

Seasrulon esa Tu is saproceso moqmedeba – samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilva

saerTod verasdros ver damTavrdeboda, uflebis dacva saerTod ver

ganxorcieldeboda, samarTalwarmoebaSi damkvidrdeboda qaosi da

TviTneboba, marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba mTlianad iqneboda

damokidebuli im mxaris neba-survilze, romlis interesebSi ar Sedis

saqmis droulad ganxilva.

2. saxeebi. imis mixedviT, Tu procesis romeli subieqtisTvisaa

saproceso vada gaTvaliswinebuli, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben:

a) saproceso vadebs, romlebic sasamarTlos saqmianobisaTvisaa

gaTvaliswinebuli, e.i. vadebs, romelTa ganmavlobaSi sasamarTlom unda

Seasrulos esa Tu is moqmedeba, magaliTad, samoqalaqo saqme

sasamarTlom unda ganixilos 2 TveSi, xolo gansakuTrebiT rTuli

saqmeebi – 5 TveSi (sssk 59-e muxli), mosamarTle valdebulia sarCelis

Cabarebidan 5 dReSi gamoitanos ganCineba am sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis

Sesaxeb (sssk 183-e muxli), dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotana

sasamarTlos SeuZlia 14 dRis ganmavlobaSi im dRidan, roca damTavrda

saqmis ganxilva (ssk 257-e muxli) da a.S.

b) saproceso vadebi, romlebic mxareebisTvis, saqmeSi monawile

sxva pirebisTvis, xolo zogjer saqmeSi ar monawile pirebisTvisacaa

gaTvaliswinebuli; magaliTad, ssk 155-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos

mier gamoTxovili nivTieri mtkicebulebebi fizikurma da iuridiulma

pirebma, romlebiTanac aseTi mtkicebulebebi inaxeba, unda warudginon

sasamarTlos daniSnul vadaSi. igive movaleobas iTvaliswinebs agreTve

ssk 136-e muxli werilobiTi mtkicebulebebis gamoTxovis SemTxvevaSi da

sxv. aRniSnuli fizikuri Tu iuridiuli pirebi, marTalia ar arian

procesis monawileebi, magram isini valdebulia Seasrulon sasamarTlos

moTxovna amave sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi.

imis mixedviT, Tu vis mieraa gansazRvruli saproceso moqmedebis

vada, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben kanonier da sasamarTlosmier vadebs.

a) kanonismieri vadebi kanoniTaa gansazRvruli da saproceso

moqmedeba am vadaSi unda Sesruldes. magaliTad, kerZo saCivris Setana,

ssk 416-e muxlis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba ganCinebis gadacemis momentidan 12

dRis ganmavlobaSi. kanoniT zogjer gaTvaliswinebulia kerZo saCivris

Setanis Semcirebuli vadac. magaliTad, ssk 194-e muxlis me-3 nawilis

134

Tanaxmad sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo ganCinebis

gasaCivrebis vada Seadgens xuT dRes. kanoniT gansazvrulia saapelacio

da sakasacio saCivris Setanis vadebi (sssk 369-e da 397-e muxlebi) da

a.S.

kanonismieri vadebis kategorias ganekuTvneba vadebi, romlebic

ganisazRvreba ara raime TariRze miTiTebiT, aramed im garemoebaze

miTiTebiT, romlis dadgomamde an dadgomis Semdegac unda Sesruldes

moqmedeba. magaliTad, mopasuxes ufleba aqvs aRZras Segebebuli sarCeli

saqmis winaswari momzadebis damTavrebamde (sssk 188-e muxli). „am vadis

gaSvebis Semdeg mopasuxes SeuZlia aRZras Segebebuli sarCeli,

sasamarTlo paeqrobis damTavrebamde, Tu sasamarTlo sapatiod miiCnevs

vadis gaSvebas“ (ssk 188-e muxlis me-2 naw.) eqspertizis daniSvnis

SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos SeuZlia SeaCeros saqmiswarmoeba „eqspertizis

damTavrebamde“ (sssk 281-e muxlis „b“ punqti) da a.S.

b) sasamarTlosmieri vadebi – esaa vadebi, romlebic sasamarTlos

mieraa gansazRvruli. sasamarTlos SeuZlia gansazRvros ama Tu im

saproceso moqmedebis SesrulebisaTvis vada, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

aseTi vada araa dadgenili kanoniT. magaliTad, ssk 201-e muxlis

Tanaxmad sasamarTlo gadaugzavnis mopasuxes sarCelisa da sxva

sabuTebis aslebs, dauniSnavs mas vadas werilobiT Seadginos Tavisi

pasuxi sarCelisa da masSi dasmul sakiTxebze da warudginos isini

sasamarTlos. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Semotanili sarCeli xarveziania,

sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas am xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb, risTvisac

dauniSnavs mosarCeles vadas (ssk 185-e muxli). ssk 216-e muxlis me-2

nawilis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlo saqmis ganxilvis gadadebisas daniSnavs

dRes axali sasamarTlo sxdomisaTvis“. amave muxlis me-3 nawilis

Tanaxmad saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis SemTxvevaSi „sasamarTlo daavalebs

mxareebs daniSnul vadaSi warmoadginon werilobiTi da nivTieri

mtkicebulebebi“ da a.S.

$2. saproceso vadis gamoTvla da damTavreba

1. saproceso vadis gamoTvla. saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis

vada SeiZleba ganisazRvros:

a) zusti kalendaruli TariRiT. magaliTad, Tu sasamarTlom

miiRo gadawyvetileba gadaudos mxares sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxda,

maSin sasamarTlom Tavis ganCinebaSi unda miuTiTos zusti kalendaruli

TariRi (magaliTad, 2004 wlis 5 seqtembramde), rodemdec mas gadaedo

am xarjebis gadaxda.

b) im garemoebaze miTiTebiT, romelic unda dadges. magaliTad, Tu

saqmis warmoeba SeCerebulia imis gamo, rom jer unda gadawydes sxva

saqme, romelic sxva sasamarTloSi ganixileba, maSin am saqmis warmoeba

SeiZleba ganaxldes mxolod mas Semdeg, roca kanonier valaSi Seva am

sxva sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba.

g) drois monakveTiT. magaliTad, gancxadebis Setana axlad

aRmoCenil garemoebaTa gamo saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb dauSvebelia

gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan 5 wlis gasvlis Semdeg.

ssk me-60 muxli gansazRvravs, Tu saidan, anu ra droidan unda

daiwyos saproceso vadis gamoTvla, rasac didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba

135

aqvs. magaliTad, kerZo saCivris Setanis vada, garda kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisebisa aris 12 dRe. magram saidan daiwyeba am

12 dRiani vadis gamoTvla?

am 12 dRiani vadis dasawyisia ganCinebis gadacemis momenti, xolo

Tu am ganCinebis gamocxadebas eswreboda kerZo saCivris Setanis uflebis

mqone piri, maSin vadis dasawyisia misi gamocxadebis momenti (416-e

muxli). am muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad kerZo saCivris Setanis 12

dRiani vadis gamoTvla unda daiwyos Sesabamisad ganCinebis gadacemis

meore (Semdgomi) dRidan, an am ganCinebis gamocxadebis meore dRidan. e.i.

Tu ganCineba gadaeca mxares 10 noembers, am ganCinebis gasaCivrebis vadis

dena daaiwyeba 11 noembridan da damTavrdeba 22 noembers. am wesiT unda

moxdes vadebis gamoTvla, roca es vadebi ganisazRvreba wlebiT, TveebiT

an dReebiT.

2. saproceso vadis damTavreba. ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis

Seusrulebloba kanoniT an sasamarTlos mier gansazRvrul vadaSi,

iwvevs am moqmedebis mogvianebiT Sesrulebaze uflebis dakargvas. amitom,

Zalian didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs imis zustad codnas, Tu

saidan iwyeba vadis aTvla da misi damTavreba.

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs wlebiT da

TveebiT gamosaTvleli vadis damTavrebis erTian wess. kerZod, wlebiT

gamosaTvleli vada mTavrdeba vadis ukanaskneli wlis Sesabamis Tvesa da

ricxvSi. magaliTad, ssk 426-e muxlis Tanaxmad gancxadeba

gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobisa da axlad aRmoCenil garemoebaTa gamo

saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb Setanil unda iqnes gadawyvetilebis

kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan 5 wlis gasvlis Semdeg. es imas niSnavs, rom

Tu gadawyvetileba Sevida kanonier ZalaSi 2000 wlis 1 seqtembers,

maSin xuTwliani vadis aTvla, ssk me-60 muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad,

daiwyeba 2 seqtembridan da damTavrdeba 2005 wlis 2 seqtembers.

igive wesi moqmedebs TveebiT gamosaTvleli vadis mimarTac, kerZod,

TveebiT gamosaTvleli vada gasulad CaiTvleba vadis ukanaskneli Tvis

Sesabamis Tvesa da ricxvSi, xolo Tu TveebiT gamosaTvleli vadis

ukanasknel Tves saTanado ricxvi ar aqvs maSin vada damTavrebulad

CaiTvleba am Tvis ukanasknel dRes.

magaliTad, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis sakasacio wesiT

gasaCivrebis vada aris erTi Tve. am vadis aTvla

iwyeba mxarisaTvis gadawyvetilebis gadacemis

momentidan. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu mxares

gadawyvetileba gadaeca 10 maiss, maSin misi

gasaCivrebis erTTviani vada mTavrdeba 11 ivniss,

radgan ssk me-60 muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad

TveebiT gamosaTvleli vada iwyeba im kalendaruli

TariRis (am SemTxvevaSi 10 maisi) Semdgomi dRidan,

romliTac gansazRvrulia misi dasawyisi“. dasawyisi,

rogorc avRniSneT gansazRvrulia gadawyvetilebis

mxarisaTvis gadacemis momentidan, erTTviani vadis

aTvla ki daiwyeba Semdgomi anu am dasawyisi TariRis

meore dRidan.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac TveobiT gamosaTvleli vadis ukanasknel

Tves saTanado ricxvi ar aqvs maSin vada gasulad CaiTvleba am Tvis

ukanasknel dRes.

136

magaliTad, gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis gamo saqmis

ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis Setanis erTTviani

vada iwyeba am gadawyvetilebis mxarisTvis gadacemis

momentidan. Tu vadis aTvla daiwyo 30 ianvars, maSin

vada gasulad CaiTvleba 28 Tebervals, radgan am

Tves Sesabamisi ricxvi ar aqvs.

vadis ukanaskneli dRe gasulad CaiTvleba am bolo dRis 24 saaTis

Semdeg. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu saproceso moqmedeba Sesrulda

saproceso vadis ukanaskneli dRis 24 saaTamde, saproceso moqmedeba

vadaSi Sesrulebulad iTvleba.

magaliTad, saapelacio saCivari Cabarda fostas vadis ukanaskneli

dRis 24 saaTze. saCivari iTvleba vadaSi Setanilad.

saproceso vadis dena ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs. es imas niSnavs,

rom arasamuSao dReebisa Tu dResaswaulebis gamokleba ar xdeba. garda

amisa, Tu vada iwyeba arasamuSao dRes, vadis denac am dRidan iwyeba,

magram, Tu vada gadis arasamuSao dRes, maSin vadis damTavrebis dRed

iTvleba am arasamuSao, Tu sadResaswaulo dRis Semdgomi momdevno

samuSao dRe.

magaliTad, Tu saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis vadis

damTavrebis dRe gadis 2005 wlis 28 noembers,

romelic aris arasamuSao dRe-kvira, maSin vadis

damTavrebis dRed CaiTvleba ara 28 noemberi, aramed

misi momdevno samuSao dRe – 29 noembers (orSabaTi).

$3 saproceso vadis SeCereba, gagrZeleba da aRdgena

1.saproceso vadis SeCereba. saproceso vadis SeCereba uSualodaa

dakavSirebuli da mTlianad damokidebulia saqmis warmoebis SeCerebasTan.

Tu SeCerdeba saqmis warmoeba, SeCerdeba saproceso vadis denac. saqmis

warmoebis SeCereba dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli

safuZvlebiT. magaliTad, ssk 279-e muxlis „g“ punqtis Tanaxmad

sasamarTlo SeaCerebs saqmis warmoebas. Tu am muxlis safuZvelze

sasamarTlom gamoitana ganCineba saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb, maSin

SeCerdeba daumTavrebeli saproceso vadis denac, magram am vadis dena

SeCerdeba ara im dRidan, roca sasamarTlom gamoitana ganCineba saqmis

warmoebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb, aramed im dRidan, roca warmoiSva warmoebis

SeCerebis safuZveli.

rodis ganaxldeba saproceso vadis dena?

saproceso vadis dena kvlav daiwyeba mxolod mas Semdeg, roca

warmoiSoba (aRdgeba, Seicvleba) garemoeba, romelic safuZvlad daedo

warmoebis SeCerebas. magaliTad, sasamarTlom SeaCera saqmis warmoeba

imis gamo, rom mxare imyofeba xangrZliv samsaxurebriv mivlinebaSi.

rogorc ki es mxare dabrundeba mivlinebidan, saproceso vadis dena

daiwyeba, magram sasamarTlom unda miiRos ganCineba SeCerebuli saqmis

warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. aseve, Tu saqmis warmoeba SeCerebuli iyo

imis gamo, rom dainiSna eqspertiza an mxare imyofeba SeiaraRebuli

Zalebis moqmed nawilSi, maSin saproceso vadis dena daiwyeba rogorc ki

miRebuli iqneba eqspertis daskvna an mopasuxe dabrundeba SeiaraRebuli

Zalebis moqmed nawilidan. magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom

137

unda gamoitanos ganCineba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. swored am

ganCinebis gamotanis dRidan ganaxldeba saproceso vadis denac.

amrigad, saproceso vadis dena SeCerda im droidan, roca warmoiSva

saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis safuZveli da ara saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis

Sesaxeb sasamarTlos ganCinebis miRebidan, xolo saproceso vadis dena

ganaxldeba ara im droidan, roca ukve aRar arsebobs safuZveli, ris

gamoc SeCerda warmoeba, aramed im droidan, roca sasamarTlom miiRo

ganCineba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxebb

2. saproceso vadis gagrZeleba da aRdgena. kanoniT dadgenili, an

sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli vadis gasvlis Semdeg saproceso moqmedebis

Sesrulebis ufleba ispoba, rac imas niSnavs, rom mxares an saqmis

monawile sxva pirs aRar SeuZlia saproceso moqmedebis Sesruleba.

amasTan erTad, kanoni uSvebs sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli vadis

gagrZelebis, xolo kanoniT gansazRvruli saproceso vadis aRdgenis

SesaZleblobas.

sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli vadis gagrZeleba dasaSvebia rogorc

dainteresebuli mxaris TxovniT, ise sasamarTlos iniciativiTac. mxaris

Suamdgomloba saproceso vadis aRdgenis Sesaxeb dasabuTebuli unda

iyos, kerZod miTiTebuli unda iyos mizezi, ris gamoc, saproceso

moqmedebis Sesruleba ver xerxdeba daniSnul vadaSi.

saproceso vadis gagrZelebis an aseT gagrZelebaze uaris Tqmis

Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba. Tu aseTi ganCineba ar arsebobs

vada ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos gagrZelebulad. sasamarTlo ganCinebaze

saproceso vadis gagrZelebis Sesaxeb, an aseT gagrZelebaze uarisTqmis

Sesaxeb kerZo saCivris Setana ar SeiZleba.

rogorc aRvniSneT, Tu saproceso vada kanoniTaa dadgenili, maSin

dasaSvebia am vadis aRdgena, garda kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli

akrZalvebisa. kanoniT dadgenili saproceso vadis aRdgena dasaSvebia

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTlo cnobs, rom saproceso

moqmedebis Seusrulebloba gamowveuli iyo sapatio mizeziT (ssk 65-e

muxli).62

kanonismieri saproceso vadis aRdgena sasamarTlos iniciativiT

dauSvebelia. kanonismieri vadis aRdgenis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos SeiZleba

mimarTon mxareebma. gancxadeba saproceso vadis aRdgenis Sesaxeb

sasamarTlos waredgineba werilobiTi formiT, romelSic miTiTebuli

unda iyos mizezebi, romlebmac ganapirobes saproceso moqmedebis vadaze

Seusrulebloba, agreTve maTi damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebi.

magaliTad, Tu mxare miuTiTebs iseT mizezze, rogoricaa avadmyofoba an

mivlineba, man unda warmoadginos amis damadasturebeli Sesabamisi

cnobebi. saproceso vadis gaSvebis sapatio mizezis damtkicebis tvirTi

(movaleoba) mTlianad ekisreba ganmcxadebels, e.i. pirs, romelmac

moiTxova kanonismieri vadis aRdgena.

kanonismieri vadis aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo ar niSnavs

axal vadas saproceso moqmedebis SesrulebisaTvis. swored amitom

62 sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli vadebis mimarT ssk iyenebs termins „vadis gagrZeleba“, xolo

kanonismieri saproceso vadebis mimarT – „vadis aRdgena“. marTalia, vadis gagrZelebis, Tu vadis

aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi vaRwevT erTsa da igive Sedegs – saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis vadis

gadawevas ufro Sors, magram aseT terminologiur gansxvavebas aqvs garkveuli safuZveli:

sasamarTlo araa kanonmdebeli da igi ver Secvlis kanonmdeblis mier daniSnul vadas, mas SeuZlia

mxolod aRadginos es vada.

138

kanonismieri vadis aRdgenis Sesaxeb gancxadebasTan erTad, roca es vada

gaSvebulia, mxares evaleba Seasrulos es saproceso moqmedeba. es imas

niSnavs, rom sasamarTlo ver ganixilavs gancxadebas kanonismieri vadis

aRdgenis Sesaxeb, Tu am gancxadebasTan erTad ar sruldeba Sesabamisi

saproceso moqmedeba.

gadacilebuli saproceso vadis aRdgenaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb

sasamarTlos ganCinebaze SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana.

$4.saproceso vadis gasvlis Sedegebi

saproceso vadebis arsebobas SeiZleba qondes azri da mniSvneloba

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am vadebis gasvlas moyveba garkveuli

Sedegi. aseT Sedegs iTvaliswinebs ssk 63-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad

saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis ufleba gaqarwyldeba kanoniT

dadgenili an sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli vadis gasvlis Semdeg.

saCivari an sabuTebi, romlebic Setanilia saproceso vadis gasvlis

Semdeg, ganuxilvelad darCeba, aseTia Sedegi, romelsac kanoni

ukavSirebs vadis gaSvebas.

amasTan erTad, saproceso vadis gaSvebis Sedegebis ganxilvisas ar

SeiZleba mxedvelobidan gauSvaT Semdegi: vadebi dadgenilia aramarto

mxareebisaTvis, aramed sasamarTlosaTvisac. vadebi SeiZleba daudginos

sasamarTlom saqmeSi ar monawile sxva pirebsac. magaliTad, werilobiTi

an nivTieri mtkicebulebebi SeiZleba inaxebodes iseT fizikur Tu

iuridiul pirebTan, romlebic ar monawileoben saqmis ganxilvaSi.

sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoiTxovos isini am pirebisagan, risTvisac

dauniSnavs maT vadas.

saproceso vadis gaSvebis Sedegebi sxvadasxvanairia imis mixedviT,

Tu vin gauSva es vada. magaliTad, Tu sasamarTlom gauSva samoqalaqo

saqmis ganxilvis vada, igi mainc valdebulia ganixilos saqme, Tu

sasamarTlom misTvis sarCelis gadacemidan 5 dRis ganmavlobaSi ar

gamoitans ganCinebas sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Sesaxeb, igi iTvleba

miRebulad da unda ganixilos man. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

sasamarTlos mier ama Tu im moqmedebis kanoniT dadgenil vadaSi an,

saerTod, gonivrul vadaSi, Seusrulebloba ganixileba rogorc

samsaxurebrivi movaleobis darRveva, romelic SeuZlia gaasaCivros

mxarem da romelsac SeiZleba mohyves disciplinuri devnis aRZvra.

Tu pirma, visTanac inaxeba werilobiTi Tu nivTieri mtkicebuleba,

sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi ar warmoadgina isini, es piri mainc

valdebulia warmoadginos es mtkicebulebebi (ssk 136-e da 156-e

muxlebi).

rac Seexeba mxareebs, Tu isini dadgenil vadaSi ar Seasruleben

saproceso moqmedebas, maSin kargaven am moqmedebis Sesrulebis uflebas.

cxadia, mxedvelobaSia iseTi viTareba, roca sasamarTlom ar gaagrZela

(aRadgina) gasuli saproceso vada kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.

139

T a v i VIII

procesis xarjebi

$1.procesis xarjebis cneba da Sinaarsi

samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilva sasamarTloSi dakavSirebulia garkveul

xarjebTan. am xarjebis udides nawils TviTon saxelmwifo kisrulobs:

dawyebuli mosamarTleTa da sasamarTlos sxva muSakTa xelfasebiTa da

damTavrebuli maTi sxva saxis materialur-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofiT.

ufro metic, zogierT iseT xarjs, rac dakavSirebulia uSualod

konkretuli saqmis ganxilvasTan, saxelmwifo kisrulobs magaliTad,

„saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb“ organuli kanonis me-10 muxlis

Tanaxmad samarTalwarmoeba xorcieldeba saxelmwifo enaze. pirs,

romelmac ar icis saxelmwifo ena mieCineba Tarjimani. „Tarjimnis

140

momsaxureba anazRaurdeba saxelmwifo biujetis xarjze“. ssk 47-e

muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu mxares ar SeuZlia advokatis xarjebis anazRaureba,

sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs moiwvios advokati saxelmwifos xarjze da

a.S. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sasamarTlos moqalaqis qonebrivi

mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT SeuZlia gaaTavisuflos igi sasamarTlo

xarjebis gadaxdisagan.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis aseTi pozicia

pirdapir gamomdinareobs adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis me-6

muxliT damkvidrebuli principebidan.

zemoaRniSnuls isic unda daumatoT, rom TviTon sasamarTlo

xarjebis mcire moculobisaa da mxareebs ar unda warmoeSvaT ramdenadme

seriozuli siZnele misi gadaxdis dros. aseTi viTareba kidev ufro

ganamtkicebs saerTaSoriso paqtebiTa da konvenciebiT ganmtkicebul

princips, romlis Tanaxmad sasamarTloSi mimarTva xelmisawvdomi unda

iyos yvela pirisaTvis.63

procesis xarjebi ori saxisaa: a)sasamarTlo xarjebi da

b)sasamarTlos gareSe xarjebi.

sasamarTlo xarjebis wre amomwuravadaa gansazRvruli kanoniT da

aseT xarjebs miekuTvneba: saxelmwifo baJi, mowmeebis, eqspertebis,

specialistebisaTvis misacemi xarjebi, Tarjimnad mowveuli pirisaTvis

misacemi Tanxebi, adgilobriv daTvalierebaze gaweuli xarjebi,

mopasuxis moZebnis xarjebi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebasTan

dakavSirebuli xarjebi, advokatisaTvis saxelmwifo biujetidan

gadaxdili Tanxebi (ssk 37-e muxlis me-2 naw.).

rac Seexeba sasamarTlos gareSe xarjebs, aseTi xarjebis wre araa

gansazRvruli amomwuravad. kanoni Seicavs mxolod sanimuSo

CamonaTvals, rogoricaa advokatisaTvis gaweuli xarjebi, dakarguli

xelfasi (ganacduri), mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelsayofad gaweuli

xarjebi da sxva.

saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi – esaa xarjebi,

romlebic gadaxdili unda iqnes calkeuli saproceso moqmedebis

SesrulebisaTvis, agreTve im pirebisaTvis, romlebic exmarebian

sasamarTlos marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi (mowmeebi, eqsperti,

specialisti). gansxvaveba saxelmwifo baJisa da saqmis ganxilvasTan

dakavSirebul xarjebs Soris, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saxelmwifo baJi –

esaa savaldebulo gadasaxadi sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvisaTvis, rac

winaswaraa gansazRvruli kanoniT, xolo saqmis ganxilvasTan

dakavSirebuli xarjebi – esaa xarjebi, romlebic unda aunazRauron im

pirebs, romlebic daxmarebas uweven sasamarTlos.

rac Seexeba sasamarTlosgareSe xarjebs, maTi odenoba

ganisazRvreba faqtiurad gaweuli danaxarjebiT. amitom, dainteresebulma

mxarem sasamarTlos unda warudginos faqtiurad gaweuli xarjebis

damadasturebeli mtkicebulebebi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo ver

SeZlebs daakisros Sesabamis mxares am xarjebis anazRaurebis movaleoba.

$2. saxelmwifo baJi

63 adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis me-6 muxliT damkvidrebuli debuleba, romlis

Tanaxmad yvela pirs aqvs damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli sasamarTlos mier misi saqmis

ganxilvis ufleba, anu „sasamarTlos ufleba“, moicavs mis uflebas sasamarTlos

xelmisawvdomobazec.

141

saxelmwifo baJis cnebis zogad ganmartebas Seicavs „saxelmwifo

baJis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis pirveli muxli, romlis Tanaxmad

saxelmwifo baJi – esaa saqarTvelos biujetSi savaldebulo Senatani,

romelsac ixdian fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi saxelmwifos mier maTi

interesebis Sesabamisi iuridiuli moqmedebebis SesrulebisaTvis da

saTanado sabuTebis gacemisaTvis.

saxelmwifo baJis am zogadi ganmartebidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo

baJi sasamarTloSi SeiZleba Semdegnairad ganvmartoT: saxelmwifo baJi

sasamarTloSi – esaa mxareebis mesame pirebis (damoukidebeli

moTxovniT), ganmcxadeblebis Senatanebi, rasac isini ixdian

sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvisaTvis kanoniT gansazRvruli odenobiT da

wesiT.

1. saxelmwifo baJis gadaxdevinebis safuZvlebi.

ssk 38-e muxli Seicavs im moqmedebaTa amomwurav CamonaTvals,

romlebisTvisac gadaixdevineba saxelmwifo baJi, kerZod, saxelmwifo

baJi gadaixdevineba: a)sarCelebze, agreTve gancxadebaze gamartivebuli

wesiT gadaxdis brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb; b)Segebebul sarCelze; g)

mesame piris sarCelze, romelic damoukidebel moTxovnas acxadebs davis

saganze; d)gancxadebaze udavo warmoebis wesiT saqmeTa aRZvris Sesaxeb;

e)sarCelze saxelmwifo samarTlebrivi da administraciul

samarTlebrivi urTierTobebidan warmoSobili davebis Sesaxeb;

v)saapelacio saCivarze; z)sakasacio saCivarze; T)kerZo saCivarze.

saxelmwifo baJi winaswar Seaqvs mosarCeles (momCivans),

sasamarTlos ufleba ar aqvs ganixilos sarCeli, (saCivris) Tu baJi ar

aris gadaxdili (sssk 185-e, 368-e muxlebi). sasamarTlos SeuZlia

ganixilos saqme baJis winaswari gadaxdis gareSe, Tu is gaanTavisuflebs

mxares baJis gadaxdisagan an gadaudebs (gaunawilvadebs) mas baJis

gadaxdas.

2. saxelmwifo baJis odenoba.

arsebobs saxelmwifo baJis odenobis gansazRvris ori meTodi:

martivi da proporciuli. martivi meTodis gamoyenebis dros

kanonmdebeli winaswar gansazRvravs mis odenobas larebiT an TeTriT.

proporciuli meTodis gamoyenebis dros kanonmdebeli saxelmwifo baJis

odenobas gansazRvravs im Tanxebis moculobis procentulad, romelsac

Seadgens sarCelis, gancxadebis Tu saCivris fasi. saqarTvelos

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba, rogorc wesi, mimarTavs

proporciul meTods da adgens Semdegs: sarCelebze da gancxadebebze,

garda gancxadebisa gadaxdis brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb, sadavo sagnis

Rirebulebis 2,5 procents, xolo gancxadebaze davalianebis amoRebis

Sesaxeb brZanebis miRebis Taobaze – 1,5 procents, saapelacio

saCivrisaTvis sadavo sagnis Rirebulebis 3 procents, sakasacio

saCivrisaTvis sadavo sagnis Rirebulebis 4 procents, xolo kerZo

saCivrisaTvis – davis sagnis Rirebulebis 1,5 procents.

3. davis sagnis Rirebulebis gansazRvris wesi. davis sagnis

(sarCelis sagnis) Rirebulebis gansazRvris movaleoba ekisreba

mosarCeles. es imas niSnavs, rom mosarCelem Tavis sarCelSi unda

miuTiTos davis sagnis fasze. es pirdapiraa gaTvaliswinebuli kanoniT

(ssk me-40 muxli) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosarCvele ar Seasrulebs am

142

movaleobas. e.i. ar miuTiTebs davis sagnis fasze, maSin sasamarTlos

SeuZlia datovos sarCeli umoZraod (185-e muxli).

mosamarTles, romelmac unda gadawyvitos sakiTxi sarCelis miRebis

Sesaxeb, ufleba aqvs Seamowmos Seesabameba Tu ara mosarCelis mier

miTiTebuli sarCelis fasi mis namdvil Rirebulebas. Tu mosamarTle

miva im daskvnamde rom mosarCelis mier miTiTebuli fasi ar Seesabameba

sadavo qonebis namdvil Rirebulebas, maSin es fasi TviTon mosamarTlem

unda gansazRvros. Tu davis sagnis (sadavo qonebis) namdvili

Rirebulebis gansazRvra mosamarTlisTvisac Znelia, mas SeuZlia

moiwvios specialisti (ssk 204-e muxli).

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi uSvebs erT sarCelSi ramdenime

sxvadasxva moTxovnis gaerTianebas (ssk 82-e muxli). es sxvadasxva

moTxovnebi cal-calke ki ar unda Sefasdes, aramed unda ganisazRvros

gaerTianebuli moTxovnebis fasi, Sejamebuli moTxovnebis fasi, ris

Sedegad miviRebT am moTxovnebis saerTo fass.

es wesi ar gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTloSi

Semosulia ramdenime erTgvarovani saqme da sasamarTlom mizanSewonilad

cno maTi gaerTianeba erT warmoebad (ssk 182-e muxlis me-4 nawili).

aseT SemTxvevaSi gaerTianebuli sarCelebis Sefaseba cal-calke unda

moxdes.

gacilebiT ufro rTulia araqonebrivi davebis sagnis Rirebulebis

gansazRvra. aseTi sirTule gamowveulia zogadi xasiaTis kriteriumebiT,

romlebiTac unda ixelmZRvanelos sasamarTlom. pirvel rigSi

mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli saqmis moculoba, Sesamowmebel da

Sesafasebel mtkicebulebaTa raodenoba, Sesasrulebel saproceso

moqmedebaTa xasiaTi da Sinaarsi, saqmeSi monawile pirTa raodenoba

(simravle) da a.S.

sarCeli SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos rogorc araqonebrivi, ise misgan

warmoSobili qonebrivi uflebebis dacvisaken. aseT SemTxvevaSi unda

ganisazRvros araqonebrivi davaTa Rirebuleba da qonebrivi davis

Rirebuleba. sabolood ki davis sagnis Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba maT

Soris ufro maRali sagnis RirebulebiT, e.i. Sejameba araqonebrivi

davisa da qonebrivi davebis sagnis Rirebulebisa ar xdeba.

magaliTad, pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxveli cnobebis uaryofis

Sesaxeb araqonebrivi davis sagani, imis gamo, rom dakavSirebulia mraval

werilobiT Tu nivTier mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevasTan mowmeTa

dakiTxvebTan, specialistis miwvevasTan da a.S. sasamarTlom Seafasa 10

000 lariT, xolo am araqonebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobili

qonebrivi dava TviTon mosarCelem gansazRvra 5 000 lariT. davis sagnis

Rirebuleba unda ganisazRvros 10 000 lariT, radgan araqonebrivi davis

sagnis Rirebuleba ufro maRalia, vidre qonebrivisa.

$3. saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi

saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs ganekuTvneba mowmeebis,

eqspertebis, specialistebisaTvis misacemi Tanxebi, Tarjimnad mowveuli

pirebisaTvis misacemi Tanxebi, adgilobriv daTvalierebaze gaweuli

xarjebi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebuli

xarjebi da advokatisaTvis saxelmwifo salarodan gadaxdili Tanxebi.

143

saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi, saxelmwifo baJTan erTad

Seadgens maT erTobliobaSi sasamarTlo xarjebs.

xarjebi, romlebic unda mieceT mowmeebs, eqspertebs,

specialistebs da Tarjimnebs, gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT. yvela am pirs,

romlebic mowodebulni arian daexmaron sasamarTlos marTlmsajulebis

ganxorcielebaSi, ekuTvniT anazRaureba mgzavrobisaTvis, sacxovrebeli

sadgomis daqiravebisaTvis da kvebisaTvis (dRiuri Tanxa), im odenobiT,

rac gansazRvrulia am miznebisaTvis Sesabamisi tarifebiT qveynis SigniT

mivlinebisaTvis. garda amisa, eqspertebi, Tarjimnebi da specialistebi

damatebiT iReben gasamrjelos sasamarTlos davalebiT Sesrulebuli

samuSaosaTvis im odenobiT, rac gansazRvrulia maTsa da sasamarTlos

Soris dadebuli SeTanxmebiT, oRond erTi pirobiT, Tu am samuSaos

Sesruleba ar Sedis maT samsaxurebriv movaleobaSi, risTvisac isini

iReben xelfass (magaliTad, sasamarTlo saeqsperto dawesebulebebis

TanamSromlebi).

45-e muxlis me-2 nawili Seicavs zogad kriteriums, romlis

safuZvelze sasamarTlom unda gansazRvros im gasamrjelos odenoba,

romelic unda mieces eqsperts, specialists Tu Tarjimans.

faqtiurad es kriteriumebi moiTxovs Sesasrulebeli samuSaos

xasiaTisa da sirTulis gaTvaliswinebas, masalebi, romlebic unda

gaanalizos eqspertma an Targmnos Tarjimanma, saboloo angariSSi ki

dro, romelic maT dasWirdebaT davalebis Sesasruleblad. cxadia, rom

Tu eqsperti, specialisti an Tarjimani Tavisi samsaxurebrivi

mdgomareobis gamo valdebulni arian Seasrulon samuSao, romelsac maT

avalebs sasamarTlo, maSin isini ver miiReben gasamrjelos

Sesasrulebeli samuSaosaTvis, magram SeunarCundebaT saSualo xelfasi

sasamarTloSi gamocxadebis mTeli drois manZilze.

mowmeebad gamosaZaxebel pirebs unarCundebaT saSualo xelfasi

samuSao adgilze, magram Tu isini ar arian SromiT urTierTobaSi, anu

umuSevrebia, maSin maT eZlevaT gasamrjelo faqtobrivad daxarjuli

droisa da Sromis anazRaurebis im minimaluri odenobis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rac dadgenilia oficialurad mTeli qveynis masStabiT.

rac Seexeba adgilze daTvalierebas, sasamarTlom unda gansazRvros

am xarjebis odenoba da daakisros misi gadaxda erT-erT an orive

mxares, imis mixedviT Tu visi iniciativiT warmoebs daTvaliereba (sssk

126-e muxli).

rogorc avRniSneT, mopasuxis moZebnis xarjebi ganekuTvneba saqmis

ganxilvisaTvis dakavSirebuli xarjebis kategorias. mopasuxis Zieba

Sinagan saqmeTa organoebis meSveobiT, dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi. erTad-erTi aseTi kanoni, - esaa

„saaRsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb“ kanoni. am kanonis 30-e muxlis

Tanaxmad saqmeebze alimentis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb, sxeulis

dasaxiCrebiT an sxvagvari dazianebiT, agreTve marCenalis sikvdiliT

gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, rodesac movalis

adgilsamyofeli ucnobia, mosamarTles gamoaqvs ganCineba policiis

organoebis meSveobiT movalis Zebnis Sesaxeb. aseTi ganCinebis gamotana

dasaSvebia mxolod mas Semdeg, rodesac sasamarTlom gamoitana

gadawyvetileba zemoaRniSnul saqmeebze sarCelis dakmayofilebis

Sesaxeb da es gadawyvetileba Sevida kanonier ZalaSi, an sasamarTlom

daadgina misi dauyovnebliv aRsruleba.

144

movalis Zebnis xarjebi Tavdapirvelad biujetis saxsrebidan

anazRaurdeba, magram SemdgomSi am xarjebis anazRaureba daekisreba

TviTon mxareebs. xarjebis odenobis gansazRvrisaTvis sasamarTlom unda

moiTxovos Sinagan saqmeTa organoebis angariSi am danaxarjebis Sesaxeb.

gadawyvetilebaTa aRsrulebac dakavSirebulia garkveul xarjebTan,

es xarjebi gaTvaliswinebulia „saaRsrulebo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis

39-e muxliT, romlis Tanaxmad, aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs

miekuTvneba 1. im pirebisaTvis asanazRaurebeli Tanxebi, romelTa

mowvevac aucilebeli iyo karebis an sacavis gaxsnisaTvis (aq

mxeldvelobaSia specialistis mowveva); 2. nivTebis Sesanaxad

gadasaxdeli Tanxebi; 3. xarjebi, romlebic warmoiSva sajaro vaWrobis

gamocxadebisas; 4. xarjebi, romlebic warmoiSva movalis dakavebiT; 5.

auqcionis Catarebis xarjebi. aRsrulebis xarjebi ekisreba movales.

isini amoRebuli unda iqnen aRsasrulebel pretenziasTan erTad.

$4. sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan ganTavisufleba

sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan mxareTa ganTavisufleba

SeiZleba moxdes kanonis ZaliT da sasamarTlos mier. magram arc kanons

da arc sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia mxare gaanTavisuflos iseTi

sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan, romelic meore mxares unda

aunazRaurdes. gadaxdisagan ganTavisufleba SeiZleba mxolod

saxelmwifo biujetis sasargeblod gadasaxdeli Tanxebisagan. aseTi

Tanxebis kategorias, rogorc wesi, ganekuTvneba saxelmwifo baJi.

ssk 46-e muxlis Tanaxmad saxelmwifo biujetis sasargeblod

sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan Tavisufldebian mosarCeleebi

alimentis gadaxdevinebis sarCelebze, danaSauliT miyenebuli

materialuri zianis anazRaurebis sarCelebze, marCenalis sikvdiliT

miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis sarCelebze da a.S. ssk 46-e muxlis

CamonaTvali araa amomwuravi; sasamarTlo xarjebisagan ganTavisuflebis

sxva SemTxvevebs iTvaliswinebs „saxelmwifo baJis Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-

5 muxli, romlis Tanaxmad saxelmwifo baJis gadaxdisagan

Tavisufldebian mosarCeleebi sarCelebze saavtoro uflebebis Sesaxeb,

socialuri dazRvevis organoebi regresul sarCelebze, sabiujeto

dawesebulebebi sarCelebze biujetSi Tanxebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb

saqarTvelos erovnuli banki – yvela sarCelze da a.S. rogorc ukve

avRniSneT mxareebi ganTavisuflebulebi arian sasamarTlo xarjebis

gadaxdisagan saxelmwifo biujetSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom isini ar arian

ganTavisuflebuli iseTi xarjebisagan, romlebic maT unda gadaixadon

erT-erTi mxaris sasargeblod.

2. sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan ganTavisufleba sasamarTlos mier.

garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa, sasamarTlo xarjebisagan

ganTavisufleba SeiZleba moxdes sasamarTlos mierac (ssk 47-e muxli).

sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan sasamarTlom SeiZleba

gaanTavisuflos mxolod fizikuri da ara iuridiuli piri. iuridiuli

piris mimarT dasaSvebia mxolod sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdis

gadadeba, ganawilvadeba, maTi odenobis Semcireba (sssk 47-e muxlis

pirveli nawili). fizikuri piris sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan

145

ganTavisuflebis gawyvetisas sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos

ori garemoeba. pirveli – moqalaqis qonebrivi mdgomareoba, ris gamoc

mas ar aqvs saSualeba gadaixados sasamarTlos xarjebi. am garemoebis

dadasturebis tvirTi ekisreba TviTon am fizikur pirs da meore –

ganTavisufleba SeiZleba mxolod iseTi sasamarTlo xarjebis

gadaxdisagan, romlebic saxelmwifo biujetSi unda Cairicxos. amitom,

mxare ar SeiZleba ganTavisufldes iseTi sasamarTlo xarjebis

gadaxdisagan, romlebic man erT-erTi mxaris sasargeblod unda

gadaixados.

sasamarTlos mier erT-erTi mxaris ganTavisufleba sasamarTlo

xarjebis gadaxdisagan, ar anTavisuflebs meore mxares aseTi xarjebis

gadaxdisagan. es meore mxare valdebulia gaiRos yvela is xarji, rasac

is gaiRebda, rom erT-erTi mxare ar yofiliyo ganTavisuflebuli

xarjebis gadaxdisagan.

magaliTad, sasamarTlom gaanTavisufla mosarCele baJis

gadaxdisagan, magram mosarCelem moigo procesi da is

kidec rom ar yofiliyo ganTavisuflebuli baJis

gadaxdisagan da gadaexada es baJi, sasamarTlos

aramarto am baJis, aramed procesis mTeli xarjebis

gadaxda unda daekisrebia mopasuxisaTvis, radgan

sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxda sabolao angariSSi

unda daekisros wagebul mxares. aseT SemTxvevaSi

mosarCeles ubrundeba mis mier gadaxdili baJic da

mis mier gaweuli sxva xarjebic, Tu amas hqonda

adgili, magram, Tu igi ganTavisuflebuli iyo baJis

gadaxdisagan da gadawyvetileba mis sasargeblod iqna

gamotanili am baJis gadaxda daekisreba mopasuxes

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT.

$5. sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdis gadadeba, ganawilvadeba da maTi

odenobis Semcireba

sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan ganTavisuflebis gverdiT,

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs sasamarTlo

xarjebis gadaxdis gadadebas, ganawilvadebas, e.i. am xarjebis

etapobrivad (nawil-nawil) gadaxdas da Semcirebas. TavisTavad cxadia,

rom sasamarTlos SeuZlia erTdroulad Seamciros xarjebis odenoba da

gadaudos kidec an gaunawilvados am Semcirebuli xarjebis gadaxda.

TiToeuli am sakiTxis gadawyvetisas sasamarTlo xelmZRvanelobs erTi

kriteriumiT – mxareTa qonebrivi mdgomareobiT.

sasamarTlo xarjebis odenobis Semcireba yovelTvis araa

damokidebuli sasamarTlos mixedulebaze. arsebobs kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli konkretuli safuZvlebi, romelTa arsebobis

SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo valdebulia Seamciros sasamarTlo xarjebis

odenoba. kerZod, ssk 49-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo xarjebis

odenoba ganaxevrdeba, Tu mosarCelem uari Tqva sarCelze, mopasuxem cno

sarCeli, mxareebi morigdnen, gamotanilia dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba.

146

$6. sasamarTlo xarjebis ganawileba mxareTa Soris

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba amkvidrebs princips, romlis

Tanaxmad im mxaris mier gaRebuli xarjebis gadaxda, romlis

sasargeblodac iqna gamotanili gadawyvetileba, ekisreba meore mxares,

Tundac es mxare ganTavisuflebuli iyos saxelmwifo biujetSi

sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan.

es imas niSnavs, rom Tu mosarCelem moigo procesi saxelmwifo

baJis (agreTve sxva xarjebis) gadaxda daekisreba mopasuxes, Tumca

mosarCeles baJi ar gadauxdia, radgan igi ganTavisuflebuli iyo misi

gadaxdisagan. magram Tu mosarCeles uari eTqva sarCelis

dakmayofilebaze, e.i. mopasuxem moigo procesi, maSin mopasuxes ver

daekisreba baJis gadaxda. misi gadaxda verc mosarCeles daekisreba,

radgan igi ganTavisuflebuli iyo baJis gadaxdisagan. rac Seexeba sxva

xarjebs, romlebic mopasuxis sasargeblod unda iqnes gadaxdili, maTi

gadaxda mosarCeles daekisreba.

cxadia, rom mxareTa Soris xarjebis ganawileba, erTi mxaris mier

gaweuli xarjebis meore mxareze gadakisreba unda moxdes sarCelis im

moTxovnis proporciulad, romelic daakmayofila an uari uTxra

sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT.

garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba sasamarTlo xarjebis

ganawileba mosarCelis mier sarCelze uaris Tqmisa da mxareTa morigebis

SemTxvevaSi.

sarCelze uarisTqma SeiZleba sxvadasxva motiviT iyos

ganpirobebuli. yvela SemTxvevaSi aseTi uaris Sedegad mopasuxes ar

ekisreba im xarjebis anazRaureba, romelic mosarCelem gaswia.

erTaderTi SemTxveva, rodesac mopasuxes SeiZleba daekisros mosarCelis

mier gaweuli xarjebis anazRaureba – esaa mosarCelis mier sarCelze

uarisTqma im motiviT, rom mopasuxem nebayoflobiT daakmayofila igi

sarCelis aRZvris Semdeg. magram aq aucilebelia erTi piroba;

mosarCelis Txovna, rom es xarjebi da advokatis daxmarebis gamo

gaweuli xarjebis anazRaureba daekisros mopasuxes. Tu aseTi Txovna ar

arsebobs, sasamarTlo Tavisi iniciativiT amas ver gaakeTebs.

mxareTa morigebis SemTxvevaSi, maT SeuZliaT erTmaneTSi

SeTanxmdnen sasamarTlo xarjebis ganawilebis wesze, rac savaldebuloa

sasamarTlosaTvis. Tu mxareebi ar SeTanxmebulan, maSin sasamarTlom

TviTon Tavisi iniciativiT unda gaanawilos mxareTa Soris sasamarTlo

xarjebi.

sarCelze uarisTqmisa Tu mxareTa morigebis gamo sasamarTlos

gamoaqvs ganCineba (272-e da 273-e muxlebi), romelSiac unda Caiweros,

Tu romel mxares ra xarjebi da ra odenobiT unda daekisros.

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mxarem mimarTos sasamarTlos xarjebis

ganawilebis Sesaxeb mas Semdeg, roca sasamarTlom ukve gamoitana

ganCineba, romelSic araferia naTqvami xarjebis ganawilebis Taobaze.

maSin sxva gza araa, sasamarTlom ssk 261-e muxlisa analogiiT unda

gamoitanos damatebiTi ganCineba da gansazRvros Tu romelma mxarem ra

xarjebi unda gaswios.

ssk 53-e muxli gansazRvravs warmomadgenlis daxmarebisaTvis

gaweuli xarjebis anazRaurebas, roca gadawyvetileba gamotanilia im

mxaris sasargeblod, romelmac aseTi xarjebi gaswia. am SemTxvevaSiac

147

moqmedebs wesi, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu sarCeli mTlianad ki ara

nawilobriv iqna dakmayofilebuli, maSin warmomadgenlis daxmarebisaTvis

gaweuli xarjebi daekisreba meore mxares im moTxovnis proporciulad,

rac sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT iqna dakmayofilebuli.

warmomadgenelSi igulisxmeba ara marto advokatebi, aramed

pirebi, romlebic Sesabamisi mindobilobis safuZvelze (94-e muxli)

axorcieleben warmomadgenlobas. aq uwinares yovlisa, mxedvelobaSia,

saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelebuli iuridiuli firmebis

TanamSromlebi, agreTve pirebi, romlebic aseT firmebSi ar iricxebian,

magram mindobilobiT da garkveuli sazRauriT warmomadgenlad gamodian

sasamarTloSi.

kanoni gansazRvravs mxaris mier warmomadgenlis daxmarebisaTvis

gaweuli xarjebis im odenobis maqsimums, romelic SeiZleba daekisros

meore mxares: davis sagnis Rirebulebis 4% (ssk 47 muxlis me-2

nawili). am maqsimumis farglebSi sasamarTlos TviTon SeuZlia Tavisi

mixedulebiT-gonivrul farglebSi, gansazRvros daxmarebisaTvis

gaweuli xarjebis odenoba, romelic meore mxares unda daekisros.

warmomadgenlis daxmarebisaTvis gaweuli xarjebis odenobis

gansazRvris aseTi wesi qmnis am odenobis xelovnurad gazrdis

dabrkolebas, rac saboloo angariSSi icavs im mxaris interesebs,

romelsac am xarjebis anazRaureba unda daekisros.

nebismieri ganCineba, gamotanili sasamarTlo xarjebTan

dakavSirebul sakiTxebze, garda iseTi sakiTxebisa, romlebic procesis

bolos – sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT unda gadawydes, SeiZleba

gasaCivrdes kerZo saCivriT. Tu xarjebis ganawileba gadawyvetilebiTaa

gansazRvruli, maSin mxareebs SeuZliaT es gaasaCivron am

gadawyvetilebasTan erTad.

148

T a v i IX

I.sasamarTlo mtkicebulebaTa ZiriTadi

sakiTxebi

$1. faqtebis damtkicebis aucilebloba.

sasamarTlo mtkicebis cneba.64

yoveli konkretuli samoqalaqo saqmis gadawyveta sasamarTloSi

dakavSirebulia garkveuli faqtebis dadgenasTan. faqtebis dadgenis

aucilebloba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom sasamarTlo ixilavs da wyvets

mxareTa Soris warmoSobil davebs, romlebic samarTlis regulirebuli

urTierTobebidan warmoiSvebian. samarTlebrivi urTierToba ki, rogorc

es cnobilia, SeiZleba aRmocendes, ganviTardes an Sewydes mxolod

iuridiuli faqtebis safuZvelze. e.i. iseTi faqtebis safuZvelze,

romlebsac samarTlis norma ukavSirebs garkveul iuridiul Sedegs.

magaliTad, aRZrulia sarCeli xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare

valdebulebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb. cxadia, unda damtkicdes

xelSekrulebis dadebis faqti, am xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare,

konkretuli valdebulis Sinaarsi (xasiaTi), valdebulebis Sesrulebis

vadis dadgoma da misi nebayoflobiT Seusrulebloba. Tu sarCeli

aRZrulia zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, saWiroa dadgindes zianis

miyenebis faqti, zianis odenoba, zianis mimyeneblis vinaoba, anu

mizezobrivi kavSiri zianis mimyeneblis moqmedebasa da damdgar zians

Soris, zianis mimyeneblis brali.

amrigad, sasamarTlo ver gadawyvets vercerT samoqalaqo saqmes,

Tu man winaswar ar daadgina garkveuli faqtebi. am faqtebis dadgena

xorcieldeba umTavresad damtkicebis gziT, Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebis

gamoyenebiT. am TvalsazrisiT sasamarTlo mtkiceba Semecnebis erT-erTi

saxesxvaobaa, radgan igi xorcieldeba saerTo gnoseologiur

kanonzomierebaTa Sesabamisad. kerZod, saproceso kanonmdeblobiT

ganmtkicebuli debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad sasamarTloSi saqmeTa

64 qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi da, maT Soris samoqalaqo saproceso literaturaSi,

mtkicebulebaTa Teoriiis da praqtikis sakiTxebis gaSuqebis dros farTod gamoiyeneba terminebi da

cnebebi, romlebic jer kidev romis samarTlidan momdinareoben, romlebic aseTive saxiT

SenarCunebulia Tanamedrove evropul da, maT Soris qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi da praqtikaSi. es

terminebia: mtkicebuleba (доказательства, Beweis); mtkiceba anu sasamarTlo mtkiceba

(доказывание,BBeweisfűrung); mtkicebis sagani anu damtkicebis sagani (предемет доказывания, Beweisgegenstasnd): mtkicebis saSualeba (средство доказывания, beweismittel): miTiTebis tvirTi

(бремя утверждения Behaupt - ungslast), zogjer am cnebis aRsaniSnavad iyeneben laTinur termins; Ovus

profereveli; mtkicebis (damtkicebis) tvirTi (бремя доказывания bewaslast), zogjer am cnebis

aRsaniSnavad iyeneben laTinur termins: Onus probandi. am terminebiT visargeblebT Cvenc mtkicebulebis Teoriisa da praqtikis sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas.

ix. iuridiuli telminologia (rusul-qarTuli nawili). Semdgenelebi g. Jvania, d. furcelaZe, p.

qavTaraZe, T. wereTeli. mTavari redaqtori T. wereTeli. Tbilisi, 1963 weli.

149

ganxilvisas unda iqnes dadgenili faqtiuri garemoebebi, emyareba im

debulebas, rom adamianis cnobierebas sinamdvilis Secnobis unari

gaaCnia.

faqtebis damtkicebis procesi sakmaod detalurad regulirdeba

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT. kanonmdeblobiT kerZod,

gansazRvrulia mtkicebis saSualebaTa (mtkicebulebaTa) wre, romlebic

SeiZleba gamoiyenos sasamarTlom faqtobrivi garemoebebis dasadgenad,

am mtkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba da gankuTvnadoba, mtkicebis tvirTis

(movaleobis) ganawileba mxareTa Soris, anu romelma mxarem ra garemoeba

unda daamtkicos, mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevis wesi, mtkicebulebaTa

Sefasebis zogadi wesebi da a.S.

rogorc vxedavT, sasamarTlo mtkicebis procesi – esaa saqmianoba,

romelsac axorcieleben mxareebi da sasamarTlo im farglebSi da wesiT,

romlebic gansazRvrulia kanoniT. magaliTad, mxareebi warudgenen

sasamarTlos mtkicebulebebs im faqtebis dadasturebis mizniT,

romlebzec isini amyareben TavianT moTxovnebs da Sesagebels.

sasamarTlo mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobisa da gankuTvnadobis principebis

moTxovnaTa dacviT iRebs am mtkicebulebebs da afasebs mas Tavisi

Sinagani rwmeniT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sasamarTlo mtkicebis

procesis sxvadasxva monawile sxvadaxsva funqcias asrulebs, magram

yvela maTganis saqmianoba mimarTulia erTi miznisaken – gairkves

simarTle, dadgindes saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone

garemoebebi.

amasTan erTad, faqtebis dadgena, maTi Semecneba, rogorc sworad

miuTiTebs k. baqraZe, SeiZleba orgvari iyos: uSualo da SualobiTi.

uSualo codna dakavSirebulia SegrZnebasTan, aRqmebTan, imasTan, rasac

Cven vxedavT, vismenT, vynosavT, SevexebiT da a.S. aseTia Cveni codna,

magaliTad, imis Sesaxeb, rom „dRes kargi daria“, „haerSi agdebuli qva

Camovarda“, „petre pavles gverdiT zis“ da sxv. uSualo codna eyrdnoba

cocxal ganWvretas, romelic gvaZlevs codnas sinamdvilis movlenebis

garegani, zedapiruli Tvisebis Sesexeb.65

magram, roca ama Tu im movlenis, faqtis, garemoebis dadgena

uSualo Semecnebis gziT SeuZlebelia, maSin mimarTaven e.w. SualobiT

Semecnebas, romlis dros jer winaswar vadgenT garkveul garemoebebs,

xolo Semdeg maTi meSveobiT CvenTvis saintereso sxva garemoebebs.

sasamarTlo Semecnebis formebis TvalsazrisiT saqmis sworad

gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebi SeiZleba or jgufad

davyoT: a) garemoebebi, romlebic ganagrZoben arsebobas sasamarTlos

mier saqmis ganxilvis dros (e.w. awmyos faqtebi) da amitom

SesaZlebelia maTi grZnobadi aRqmis gziT dadgena da b) garemoebani,

romlebsac adgili hqondaT warsulSi da amitom maTi dadgena uSualo

Semecnebis gziT SeuZlebelia. aseTi faqtebi SeiZleba dadgindes mxolod

gaSualebuli gziT, mtkicebulebis gamoyenebiT.

procesualuri kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs am garemoebaTa

dadgenis wess. amasTan, kanonmdebeli mTel rig samarTlebriv

principebTan erTad, mxedvelobaSi iRebs TviT dasadgeni garemoebis

xasiaTs da misi Semecnebis formebis Taviseburebas. magaliTad, Tu

dasadgen garemoebas adgili aqvs amJamad, anu sasamarTloSi saqmis

65 k. baqraZe, logika, T. 1955, gv. 16

150

ganxilvis momentSi da, amasTan erTad, misi grZnobadi aRqma

SesaZlebelia, procesualuri kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs faqtis aseTi

gziT dadgenis SesaZleblobas da wess. kerZod, ssk 120-e muxli

iTvaliswinebs adgilze daTvalierebas, romelsac awarmoebs saqmis

ganmxilveli sasamarTlo. adgilze daTvalierebis Sedegebi Seitaneba

oqmSi, romelsac SeiZleba daerTos daTvalierebis dros Sedgenili an

damowmebuli gegmebi, naxazebi, suraTebi da sxva. sasamarTlos mier

saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis grZnobadi aRqmis gziT

dadgenis dasaSveboba SeiZleba imiT dasabuTdes, rom aseTi aRqmisas

saWiro ar aris logikuri, azrobrivi procesebis Careva, radgan

empiriul safexurze xdeba. faqtis mxolod konstatacia. es faqti

erTnairad aRiqmeba rogorc sasamarTlos mier, ise adgilze

daTvalierebaSi monawile pirebis mier, ris gamoc maT ar SeiZleba

daebadoT eWvi aRqmis adekvaturobaSi aRsaqmel saganTan. rogorc

sworad miuTiTebs d. uznaZe, arasdros adamianis fsiqika ise axlos ar

dgas sinamdvilesTan, rogorc aRqmis SemTxvevaSi, aq sinamdvile pirdapir

moqmedebs Cveenze da aRqmam misi maqsimalurad uSvalo asaxva unda

mogvces.66

amasTan erTad, cnobilia isic, rom grZnobadi aRqmis

SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia, romelic ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia TviT

grZnobis organoebis bunebrivi SesaZleblobebiT. magaliTad, Cven ar

SegviZlia gavigonolT Zlieri magram Cvengan garkveuli manZiliT

daSorebuli xma. SezRudulia agreTve mxedvelobiTi aRqma da a.S.

adamiani, marTalia SezRudulia Tavisi grZnobis organoebis

fiziologiuri sazRvrebiT – wers k. megreliZe – magram amis gamo

savsebiT ar aris SezRuduli Tavis SemecnebaSi. teqnikuri saSualebebis

gamoyenebiT is afarTovebs Tavis aRqmas da Semecnebas dausruleblad,

bunebrivi SesaZleblobebis farglebs iqiT.67

SeuZlia Tu ara sasamarTlos gamoiyenos uSualo aRqmis dros

teqnikuri SesaZleblobebi (mowyobilobebi)? am sakiTxze saubari gveqneba

qvemoT. aq ki saWirod migvaCnia avRniSnoT, rom swored uSualo aRqmis

SesaZleblobebis SezRudalobis gamo Semecnebis mTavari gza azrovnebaa,

rac sinamdvilis gaSualebul asaxvas warmoadgens.

sasamarTlo mtkiceba, saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis

mqone faqtebis dadgenis procesi, swored gaSualebuli asaxvaa

sinamdvilisa.

sasamarTlo warmoebaSi ara marto uSualo Semecneba, aramed

mtkicebis procesi rogorc gaSualebuli Semecneba sakmao sisruliTaa

mowesrigebuli kanoniT. magaliTad, ssk 102-e muxlis Tanaxmad

„TiToeulma mxarem unda daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzec igi amyarebs

Tavis moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels“. rogorc vxedavT, kanoni gansazRvravs

Tu romelma mxarem romeli faqtobrivi garemoebebi unda daamtkicos.

kanoni gansazRvravs agreTve Tu romel mxares ekisreba mtkicebulebaTa

wardgena sasamarTloSi, romeli faqtebi ar saWiroeben damtkicebas,

mtkicebis ra saSualebebi daiSveba da ra ar daiSveba, rogor da ra

wesiT xdeba mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba, Semowmeba da Sefaseba da a.S.

66 d. uznaZe. zogadi fsiqologia. Tb. 1940. gv. 463.

67 k. megreliZe. azrovnebis sociologiis ZiriTadi problemebi. Tb. 1965 w. gv. 218

151


sasamarTlo (saproceso) mtkiceba warmoadgens mtkicebulebaTa

Segrovebis, Semowmebisa da SefasebisaTvis sasamarTlosa da mxareebis

samarTliT, mowesrigebul saqmianobas, romlis mizania saqmis sworad

gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis (faqtebis) dadgena.

am ganmartebidan naTlad Cans, Tu vin aris sasamarTlo mtkicebis

subieqti. sasamarTlo mtkicebis subieqtebad samoqalaqo procesSi

gvevlinebian mxareebi, anu mosarCele, mopasuxe, mesame piri

damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT, mesame piri damoukidebeli

moTxovnis gareSe, Tanamonawileebi, anu TanamosarCeleebi da

Tanamopasuxeebi.

am ganmartebidan naTlad Cans agreTve, Tu ra Sinaarsisaa

sasamarTlo mtkiceba. misi Sinaarsi mTlianad amoiwureba saqmianobiT,

romlis mizania mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba, sasamarTloSi wardgena,

Semowmeba (gamokvleva) da Sefaseba. mtkicebulebaTa sasamarTloSi

wardgena evaleba mxareebs, isini, kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi da

wesiT SeiZleba gamoiTxovos sasamarTlomac, magram mtkicebulebaTa

Sefaseba maTi utyuarobisa da sarwmunoobis TvalsazrisiT SeuZlia

mxolod saqmis ganmxilvel sasamarTlos. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

sasamarTlo mtkicebis subieqti mowodebulia Seasrulos funqcia,

romelic misTvisaa gansazRvruli kanoniT.

bolos, zemoT moyvanili ganmartebidan naTlad Cans, rom mtkicebis

mizniT Sesrulebuli saqmianoba mowesrigebulia samoqalaqo saproceso

kanonmdeblobiT: mtkicebulebaTa warmodgena, Segroveba da Semowmeba,

xorcieldeba kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiT. kanoni gansazRvravs agreTve

mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis mxolod zogad wess radgan Sefaseba efuZneba

azrovnebis obieqtur kanonebs, romlebsac swavlobs logika da romlebic

ar saWiroeben samarTlebriv regulirebas.68

$2. mtkicebis sagani

I. mtkicebis sagnis cneba da gansazRvris kriteriumi

sasamarTlo mtkiceba, rogorc avRniSneT, warmoadgens

sasamarTlosa da mxareTa saqmianobas, romlis mizania saqmis sworad

gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis (faqtebis) dadgena.

maSasadame, imisaTvis, rom ganaxorcielo mtkicebulebiTi saqmianoba

winaswar unda icode romeli faqtebis dadgena – damtkicebis mizniT

anxorcieleb am saqmianobas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, SeuZlebelia

daamtkico Tu ar ici ra unda daamtkico. is, risi damtkiceba –

dadasturebis mizniTac xorcieldeba mtkicebiTi saqmianoba aris

mtkicebis sagani.

68 azrovnebis obieqturi kanonebi, ise rogorc yovelgvari sxva obieqturi kanoni saerTod, ar aris

damokidebuli adamianis nebaze da Segnebaze. iuridiuli kanoni ki piriqiT gamoxatavs sazogadoebis

inetersebs da mTlianad damokidebulia adamianis nebaze da Segnebaze. amasTan erTad, samarTals

SeuZlia zemoqmedeba moaxdinos mxolod adamianis nebaze da Segnebaze, magram mas ar SeuZlia

Secvalos, gardaqmnas gaauqmos obieqturi kanonebi. piriqiT, samarTali unda SemuSavdes am obieqturi

ekonomikuri Tu sxva kanonebis moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT. dawvrilebiT ix. T. liluaSvili.

socialisturi kanonierebis arsi da mniSvneloba.

152

am sakiTxis kidev ufro naTelsayofad SeiZleba SedarebisaTvis

mivmarToT formaluri logikis analogiur instituts, romelsac

dasabuTebis (mtkicebis) Tezis uwodeben. dasabuTebis cnebis cnebis

arsebidan Cans, rom dasabuTeba gulisxmobs garkveul msjelobas, romlis

gamarTleba aris saWiro, SeuZlebelia dasabuTebis warmoeba, Tu winaswar

ar viciT is msjeloba, romlis dasabuTeba gvinda. ai es dasasabuTebuli

debuleba aris dasabuTebis Tezisi, romlis gamarTleba aris saWiro. am

Tezisis WeSmaritobis Tu mcdarobis gamokvleva warmoadgens yoveli

dasabuTebis mizans.69

konkretuli samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilva da gadawyveta yovelTvis

dakavSirebulia iseTi faqtebis dadgenis aucileblobasTan, romlebic

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian rogorc TavianTi xasiaTiTa da SinaarsiT,

ise im SedegebiT, romlebsac maT ukavSirebs kanoni. magaliTad, jer

kidev sarCelis miRebis dros sasamarTlom unda daadginos iseTi

garemoebebis arseboba an ararseboba, romlebsac ukavSirdeba mxolod

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlebrivi Sedegi, rogorcaa magaliTad

sarCelis umoZraod datoveba, sarCelis miReba gansaxilvelad

(dasaSveboba), sarCelis ganuxilvelad datoveba da a.S. aseTi faqtebis

dadgenaze araa damokidebuli saqmis arsebiTad sworad ganxilva da

sworad gadawyveta. isini mxolod samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvis,

samoqalaqo procesis aRmocenebisa da ganviTarebis winapirobebia,

romlebsac sarCelis uflebis winapirobebsac uwodeben. magaliTad,

sasamarTlom jer kidev sasarCelo gancxadebis miRebis dros unda

daadginos eqvemdebareba Tu ara saqme sasamarTlo organoebis ganxilvas

(saqveuwyeboba), xom ar yofila igive sarCeli ganxiluli da

gadawyvetili adre, aris Tu ara es sarCeli am sasamarTlos gansjadi,

qmedunariania Tu ara gancxadebis Semomtani piri. ssk 180-e muxlis

Tanaxmad, aRiarebiTi sarCeli SeiZleba miiRos sasamarTlom

gansaxilvelad, Tu mosarCeles aqvs iuridiuli interesi da a.S..

zemoT CamoTvlil garemoebebs kanoni ukavSirebs mxolod

procesualur samarTlebriv Sedegs, kerZod sarCelis miRebas

gansaxilvelad, Tu arsebobs amisaTvis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela

piroba, an sarCelis miRebaze uarisTqmas, Tu aseTi pirobebi ar arsebobs.

mxolod mas Semdeg, rodesac dadebiTad iqneba gadawyvetili

sarCelis dasaSvebobis sakiTxi da igi miRebuli iqneba warmoebaSi

sasamarTlos mier, wamoiWreba meore sakiTxi – romeli faqtebi unda

iqnes dadgenili imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom SeZlos arsebiTad sworad

gadawyvitos saqme, gamoitanos swori gadawyvetileba.

es faqtebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, sxva sibrtyeze mdebare faqtebia,

romlebsac ukavSirdeba sxva xasiaTisa da Sinaarsis Sedegebi; esenia

materialur samarTlebrivi faqtebi, radgan maT ukavSirdeba materialur-

samarlebrivi Sedegebi, kerZod, mosarCelis materialur-samarTlebrivi

moTxovnis, an mopasuxis materialur-samarTlebrivi Sesageblis

dasabuTebulad cnoba da dakmayofileba, an aseT dasabuTebulobaze da

dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqma, imis mixedviT damtkicda Tu ara am

moTxovnis (Sesageblis) safuZvelSi miTiTebuli faqtebi.70

69 k. baqraZe. logika, Tbilisi, 1953, gv. 447-448.

70 mopasuxis Sesagebeli SeiZleba iyos procesualur samarTlebrivi xasiaTis, romelic mimarTuli

iqneba iqiTken, rom ar aRmocendes da ar ganviTardes procesi. Cven aq mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs

153

garda zemoaRniSnuli faqtebisa, samoqalaqo procesSi saWiroa

dadgindes da dadasturdes agreTve mtkicebulebiTi faqtebi, romelTa

meSveobiT xorcieldeba saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis

mqone faqtebis, anu mTavari, saZiebeli faqtebis arseboba – ararsebobis

damtkiceba. am faqtebs sxvanairad mtkicebulebiT faqtebs

(mtkicebulebebs) uwodeben. magaliTad, mowme adasturebs, rom igi

eswreboda mopasuxis mier sesxis xelSekrulebaze xelmoweras, rom

mosarCelem misi TandaswrebiT miuTvala da gadasca mopasuxes 1000

lari, rom man dainaxa Tu rogor daejaxa mopasuxis avtomanqana quCaSi

dayenebul mosarCelis manqanas da daamsxvria igi da a.S. yvela am da

sxvagvar faqtebs aqvT mtkicebulebiTi mniSvneloba, romlebic

adastureben gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebs,

rogoricaa sesxis xelSekrulebis dadebis faqti, sesxis saxiT

garkveuli odenobis Tanxis gadacemis faqti, zianis miyenebis faqti da

a.S.

magram, sanam mtkicebulebiTi mniSvnelobis faqtebi iqnebodes

gamoyenebuli mTavari (saZiebeli) faqtebis dasadgenad, isini jer TviTon

unda iqnan dadgenili mtkicebis saSualebebiT, rogoricaa mowmis Cveneba,

werilobiTi mtkicebuleba, eqspertis daskvna da a.S.

amrigad, samoqalaqo procesSi dadgenili unda iqnan sami sxvadasxva

xasiaTis, Sinaarsisa da Sedegebis mixedviT faqtebi, rogoricaa:

1. faqtebi, romlebsac ukavSirdeba mxolod procesualur

samarTlebrivi Sedegi (sarCelis miReba warmoebaSi, an aseT miRebaze

uarisTqma);

2. faqtebi, romlebsac ukavSirdeba materialur samarTlebrivi

Sedegi, anu mTavari saZiebeli faqtebi (sarCelis dakmayofileba, an mis

dakmayofilebaze uarisTqma);

3. mtkicebulebiTi faqtebi, romelTa meSveobiT xorcieldeba

mTavari, anu gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtebis damtkiceba –

dadastureba.

pirveli, romelzec unda iqnes gamaxvilebuli yuradReba,

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom am sruliad gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis faqtebis

erTmaneTSi areva, rasac samwuxarod adgili aqvs aramarto sasamarTlo

praqtikaSi, aramed saqarTvelos samoqalaqo procesis sakiTxebisadmi

miZRvnili samecniero-saswavlo literaturaSi, yovlad dauSvebelia da

SeiZleba mZime praqtikuli Secdomebis sababi gaxdes.

ar SeiZleba magaliTad mtkicebulebebi an mtkicebiTi faqtebi

vuwodoT faqtebs, romlebic safuZvlad udevs sasarCelo moTxovnas, anu

sarCelis safuZvlis faqtebs, agreTve, Sesageblis dasabuTebis mizniT

miTiTebul faqtebs. saqme isaa, rom mtkicebulebiT faqtebs,

mtkicebulebebs, sasamarTlo afasebs Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT maTi

utyuarobis (sarwmunobis) TvalsazrisiT. rac Seexeba sarCelis

(Sesageblis) safuZvlis faqtebs, anu mTavar saZiebel faqtebs, maT

sasamarTlo afasebs ara Sinagani rwmeniT, aramed kanonis (materialur

samarTlebrivi normis) safuZvelze. am mTavari faqtebis aseTnair

Sefasebas samarTlebriv Sefasebasac uwodeben. maTi Sefaseba mosamarTlis

Sinagani rwmeniT ueWvelad gadaaqcevda mosamarTles aramarto

materialur samarTlebrivi Sesagebeli, romelic mimarTulia mosarCelis materialuri moTxovnis

gaqarwylebisaken (dawvrilebiT ix. gv. . .)

154

samarTalSemafasebel, aramed samarTalSemoqmed pirad, rac Cveni

kanonmdeblobiT da misi gamoyenebis praqtikiT yovlad dauSvebelia.

meore – rasac agreTve unda mieqces yuradReba, mdgomareobs imaSi,

rom am sxvadasxva xasiaTis faqtebis gaerTianeba erTi saproceso

kategoriis qveS, romelsac mtkicebis sagani ewodeba – praqtikulad

mizanSeuwonelia, saqme isaa, rom Tu mtkicebis sagnis gansazRvrisas

gadamwvet mniSvnelobas mivaniWebT imas, rac unda gairkves da

dadasturdes procesSi saerTod, maSin cxadia mtkicebis saganSi Seva

yvela is faqtobrivi monacemi, romelTa dadgenisa da gamokvlevis

aucileblobac warmoiSveba saqmeTa ganxilvis dros. aseT viTarebaSi

mtkicebis sagnis winaswar zustad gansazRvra SeuZlebeli iqneba, radgan

aravin ar SeiZleba icodes romeli mtkicebulebiTi faqtis

dadasturebis, an romeli procesualur samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis

faqtis garkvevis aucilebloba warmoeSveba saqmis ganxilvis ama Tu im

stadiaze. aseT viTarebaSi mtkicebis sagani, rogorc procesis

damoukidebeli instituti, kargavs yovelgvar praqtikul mniSvnelobas:

igi veRar Seasrulebs misTvis Cveul orientiris rols, romelic

mimarTulebas aZlevs sasamarTlos, Tu saiT unda warmarTos Tavisi

gamokvleva.

amrigad, samoqalaqo procesSi mtkicebis sagania materialur

samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis faqtebi, romlebzec miuTiTeben mxareebi

TavianTi moTxovnebis (Sesageblis) dasabuTeba-gamarTlebis mizniT.

ibadeba praqtikuli kiTxva: ra kriteriumiT unda

ixelmZRvanelos sasamarTlom mtkicebis sagnis gansazRvrisas?

sarCelis aRZvriT mosarCeles surs garkveuli Sedegis, dadgoma

(nivTis mikuTvneba, valis dabruneba, zianis anazRaureba, xelSekrulebis

moSla da a.S.), misi es survili aisaxeba sarCelis im elementSi,

romelsac sarCelis sagani ewodeba. amrigad, sarCelis sagans qmnis

mosarCelis moTxovnis Sinaarsi. magram, mosarCelisaTvis sasurveli

Sedegis dadgoma, misi sasarCelo moTxovnis dakmayofileba SesaZlebelia

mxolod garkveuli faqtebis safuZvelze, romlebsac kanoni ukavSirebs

mosarCelis materialur samarTlebrivi moTxovnis dakmayofilebas.

zustad igive unda iTqvas mopasuxis materialur samarTlebriv

Sesagebelze. vin unda gansazRvros im faqtebis wre, romlebsac

ukavSirdeba mxareTa moTxovnis (Sesageblis) faqtobrivi

dasabuTebuloba?

am sakiTxze dawvrilebiT saubari gveqneba momdevno paragrafSi,

romelic exeba faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTs. aq mxolod avRniSnavT, rom

miuTiTon faqtebze, romlebic asabuTeben mxareTa moTxovnebs da

Sesagebels, aris TviTon mxareTa movaleoba. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda

aRiniSnos isic, rom mxareebs aqvT sruli ufleba miuTiTon nebismier

faqtebze, romlebic maTi azriT asabuTeben moTxovnas (Sesagebels). am

TvalsazrisiT isini arafriT SezRudulni ar arian.

amasTan dakavSirebiT ibadeba kiTxva: Sedis Tu ara mxareTa mier

dasaxelebuli yvela faqti mtkicebis saganSi da maSasadame, sasamarTlom

unda miiRos, Seamowmos da Seafasos yvela am faqtis damtkicebis mizniT

warmodgenili mtkicebuleba?

am kiTxvaze uaryofiTad unda vupasuxoT. mxareTa Tavisufleba

TviTon gansazRvron, Tu romeli faqtebi unda daedos safuZvlad maT

moTxovnebs, ar zRudavs da verc SezRudavs sasamarTlos ar Seitanos

155

mtkicebis saganSi iseTi faqtebi, romlebzec marTalia miuTiTeben

mxareebi, magram sinamdvileSi aranairi mniSvneloba moTxovnis

samarTlebrivi dasabuTebisaTvis ar aqvs. ufro metic, mxareTa mier

miTiTebuli faqtebis samarTlebrivi Sefasebis uflebamosileba mxolod

sasamarTlos aqvs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sasamarTlo aramarto

uflebamosilia, aramed movalecaa mxareTa mier miTiTebul faqtebs

misces samarTlebrivi Sefaseba (kvalifikacia) im TvalsazrisiT, Tu

ramdenad SeuZliaT am faqtebs mxareTa moTxovnis (Sesageblis)

dasabuTeba iuridiulad.

amrigad, araa gamoricxuli mxareebma TavianTi moTxovnebis Tu

Sesageblis dasabuTebisaTvis miuTiTon iseT faqtebze da garemoebebze,

romlebsac sinamdvileSi aranairi mniSvneloba maTi dasabuTebisaTvis ar

gaaCniaT.

magaliTad: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos sarCeliT da moiTxova

mopasuxe b-anisagan sexis saxiT micemuli Tanxis –

10,000 laris ukan dabruneba. am moTxovnas a-ni

asabuTebs imiT, rom asesxa b-anis aRniSnuli Tanxa

garkveuli droiT, ukve dadga es dro, magram

miuxedavad araerTgzis gafrTxilebisa mopasuxe ar

asrulebs Tavis valdebulebas – ar abrunebs sesxs

ukan. amasTan erTad, a-nim miuTiTa, rom igi

Cavardnilia mZime ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi, ris

dasadasturebladac Suamdgomlobs sasamarTlos winaSe

gamouZaxos da dakiTxos mis mier dasaxelebuli

mowmeebi.

cxadia, sasamarTlom ar unda Seitanos mtkicebis saganSi da

maSasadame, ar unda gamouZaxos da dakiTxos mowmeebs im faqtis

dasadastureblad rom mosarCele a-ni marTla imyofeba mZime ekonomikur

mdgomareobaSi. saqme isaa, rom valdebulebis Sesruleba araa

damokidebuli kreditoris ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. valdebuleba unda

Sesruldes Tu igi namdvilad arsebobs, miuxedavad kreditoris

ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa. amitom, am faqtis dadgenas ar aqvs

mniSvneloba am saqmeze swori gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas.

aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: sasamarTlom

konkretul saqmeze mtkicebis sagnis gansazRvris dros unda

ixelmZRvanelos mxareTa mier sarCelisa da Sesageblis dasabuTebisaTvis

miTiTebuli faqtebiT, magram Tu am faqtebs Soris arian iseTebic,

romlebsac kanonis Tanaxmad ar aqvT mniSvneloba am mxareTa moTxovnebis

Tu Sesageblis samarTlebrivi dasabuTebisaTvis, e.i. Tu es faqtebi

iuridiulad ver amarTleben am moTxovnebs –sasamarTlom ar unda

Seitanos es faqtebi mtkicebis saganSi da unda miiRos mtkicebulebebi

maT dasadastureblad.

rogorc vxedavT, mxareTa mier daSvebuli Secdoma faqtebis

miTiTebis dros, rac konkretulad imaSi gamoixata rom miuTiTes iseT

faqtebze, romlebic ver daasabuTeben iuridiulad moTxovnas

(Sesagebels), SeuZlia da unda gamoasworos sasamarTlom: mtkicebis

saganSi man unda Seitanos mxareTa mier miTiTebuli mxolod iseTi

faqtebi, romlebic samarTlebrivad asabuTeben mxareTa moTxovnebs

(Sesagebels).

156

cxadia, rom Tu sasamarTlom mxareTa mier miTiTebul faqtebs ver

misca swori iuridiuli Sefaseba, amas SeiZleba mohyves arsebiTad

araswori gadawyvetilebis gamotana.

marTlac, sasamarTlos mier faqtis araswori iuridiuli Sefaseba,

SeiZleba gamoixatos imiT, rom sasamarTlom samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba

mianiWa faqts, romelsac sinamdvileSi ar aqvs saqmisaTvis mniSvneloba

(samarTlebrivad umniSvnelo faqti). an kidev, sasamarTlom

samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba ar mianiWa mxareTa mier wamoyenebul iseT

faqts, romelsac sinamdvileSi aqvs mniSvneloba gadawyvetilebisaTvis.

orive saxis Secdomis SemTxvevaSi mosalodnelia mxolod araswori

gadawyvetilebis gamotana. magram, Tu gadawyvetileba mainc aRmoCnda

swori, es SeiZleba bednier SemTxvevas mivaweroT: arc iuridiuli

mecniereba da arc iuridiuli praqtika ar SeiZleba iyos SemTxveviTobis

momxre.71

meore xasiaTis Secdoma, romelic SeiZleba dauSvan mxareebma

SeiZleba gamoixatos imiT, rom maT ar miuTiTes yvela im faqtiur

garemoebaze, romelsac aqvs mniSvneloba saqmisaTvis, swori

gadawyvetilebis gamotanisaTvis.

mxareTa mier daSvebul am Secdomas sasamarTlo ver gamoasworebs:

sasamarTlo ver „gaamdidrebs“, ver Seavsebs mxareTa mier miTiTebul

faqtebs, radgan mxolod mxareebs SeuZliaT gansazRvron Tu romeli

faqtebi unda daedos safuZvlad maT moaTxovnebs (ssk me-4 muxli).

PzemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna

mtkicebis sagnis gansazRvris kriteriumis Sesaxeb: mtkicebis saganSi

Sedian mxareTa mier miTiTebuli faqtebi, romlebic sasamarTlos

SexedulebiT samarTlebrivad asabuTeben (amarTleben) maT moTxovnebsa da

Sesagebels.

kriteriumi, romliTac unda ixelmZRvanelos sasamarTlom

imisaTvis, rom sworad gansazRvros mxareTa mier miTiTebuli faqtebidan,

Tu romeli amarTlebs samarTlebrivad mxareTa moTxovnebs (Sesagebels)

da romeli araa, - esaa sarCelis sagani (mosarCelis moTxovnis

Sinaarsi), mopasuxis Sesagebeli da materialur samarTlebrivi norma,

romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, Tu miTiTebuli faqtebidan

romels SeuZlia daasabuTos es moTxovnebi da Sesagebeli.

II. faqtebi, romlebic ar saWiroeben damtkicebas.

mxareTa mier miTiTebuli faqtebidan, sasamarTlom am faqtebis

samarTlebrivi Sefasebis Sedegad unda gamoyos iseTi faqtebi, romlebsac

aqvT mniSvneloba saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis. rogorc avRniSneT,

mxolod aseTi faqtebi Sedian mtkicebis saganSi da, maSasadame mxolod

maT mimarT unda Segrovdes mtkicebulebebi. magram, mtkicebis sagnis

gansazRvris mimarT sasamarTlos saqmianoba amiT ar mTavrdeba. man

71 aRniSnuli Secdomebis Tavidan acilebas bevrad Seuwyobs xels rCevebi da rekomendaciebi, romlebic

Camoyalibebulia h.boelingisa da l. Wanturias zemoT dasaxelebul wignSi. es wigni gvTavazobs

naTlad da gasagebad Camoyalibebul meTodebs, Tu rogor unda dalagdes da damuSavdes mxareebis mier

miTiTebuli faqtebi, ra moTxovnebs unda pasuxobdes mxareTa mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi, raTa

miiRos, Seamowmos da Seafasos isini sasamarTlom, rogor da ra wesiT unda Seafasos sasamarTlom

faqtebi, Seadginos samarTlebrivi daskvna da Camoayalibos gadawyvetilebis proeqti da a.S. h.

boulingi, l. Wanturia, dasax. wigni, gv. 3-84.

157

samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani da mtkicebis saganSi Semavali faqtebidan

unda gamijnos iseTebi, romlebic kanonis Tanaxmad ar saWiroeben

damtkicebas. aseTi faqtebis kategorias miekuTvneba sayovelTaod

cnobili faqtebi da preidiciulad dadgenili faqtebi (sssk 106-e

muxli).

a)sayovelTaod cnobili faqtebi – es iseTi faqtebia, romlebsac

sasamarTlo aseTad miiCnevs (sssk 106-e muxlis „a“ punqti). imisaTvis,

rom faqti sayovelTaod cnobilad iqnes miCneuli araa aucilebeli, rom

am faqtis Sesaxeb mTelma kacobriobam icodes. faqtis Sesaxeb SeiZleba

cnobil iyos respublikis an qalaqis Tu raionis masStabiT. mTavaria,

rom am faqtis Sesaxeb icodes aramarto saqmis ganmxilvelma

sasamarTlom, aramed adamianTa farTo wrem;

Tu faqtis Sesaxeb cnobilia mxolod raionis (qalaqis) masStabiT

sasamarTlom unda miuTiTos amis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaSi, raTa

zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTlom SeZlos faqtis sayovelTaod cnobilad

aRiarebis sisworis Semowmeba.

b) preidicialurad dadgenilia faqtebi – es iseTi faqtebia,

romlebic dadgenilia sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli

gadawyvetilebiT, Tu am saqmeSi igive mxareebi monawileoben.72

preidicialurad dadgenili faqtebi ukavSirdeba rogorc

samoqalaqo saqmeze gamotanil gadawyvetilebas, ise sisxlis samarTlis

saqmeze gamotanil gadawyvetilebas, oRond preidiciulobis farglebi

gansxvavebulia. kerZod, faqtebi, romlebic dadgenilia erT samoqalaqo

saqmeze sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT aRar

saWiroeben damtkicebas Tu sxva samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvisas igive

mxareebi monawileobenb magram rac Seexeba sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze

gamotanil ganaCens, misi preidiciuloba mTlianad amoiwureba ori

faqtiT: hqonda Tu ara moqmedebas adgili (magaliTad, zianis miyenebas)

da Caidina Tu ara es moqmedeba pirma, romlis moqmedebis samoqalaqo

samarTlebriv Sedegebis Sesaxeb saqmes ixilavs sasamarTlo (magaliTad,

am piris mier zianis anazRaurebas).

rogorc ukve avRniSneT, saqarTvelos ssk-si mxolod am ori

faqtis mimarT Seicavs miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom isini ar saWiroeben

damtkicebas. rac Seexeba udavo faqtebs da prezumfciebs, am faqtebis

mimarT kodeqsi ar Seicavs aseTive miTiTebas. magram es imas ar niSnavs,

rom aRniSnuli faqtebi saWiroeben damtkicebas.

g) udavo faqtebi. iuridiul literaturaSi farTod

gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad mtkicebis saganSi Sedian mxolod

sadavo faqtebi, anu faqtebi, romlebzec mxareebi davoben.73

udavo faqtebi – es iseTi faqtebia, romelTa Sesaxeb mxareebi ar

davoben. magram Tu mxare ar davobs mowinaaRmdege mxaris mier

miTiTebuli faqtis arseboba – ararsebobis Sesaxeb, maSasadame igi

aRiarebs am faqts (magaliTad, xelSekrulebis dadebis faqts).

saqarTvelos ssk-si efuZneba koncevfias, romlis Tanaxmad faqtis

aRiareba aris erT-erTi mtkicebuleba, ris gamoc igi moTavsebulia ssk-

is im karSi, romelic eZRvneba „sasamarTlo mtkicebulebebs“. faqtis

72 preiudicia (preiudicium ) laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs winaswar gadawyvetas.

73 W. Lüke. Zivilpozessrecht. Münchem, 1999. s 209 Х.. Шак. Международное гражданское

процессуальное право. Перевод с немецкого. М. 2001, стр. 324.

158

aRiareba rogorc mtkicebuleba, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba sarCelis

aRiarebisagan (ssk me-3 muxli). sarCelis aRiareba dispoziciurobis

principis erT-erTi gamovlinebaa, romelic Tavis mxriv materialuri

samarTlis fundamenturi pricipis – piradi avtonomiis anareklia, misi

msgavsi rolis Semsrulebelia procesSi: mxareebi ToTnve gankargaven

TavianT uflebebs, TviTon iwyeben saqmis warmoebas sasamarTloSi,

TviTon gansazRvraven davis sagans, TviTonve SeuZliaT morigdnen, uari

Tqvan sarCelze, cnon sarCeli da a.S. (ssk me-3 muxli).

rac Seexeba faqtis aRiarebas, is ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc

uflebis Tavisuflad gankargvis aqti. faqtis aRiareba SeiZleba

emyarebodes mxaris rwmenas am faqtis arsebobis Sesaxeb. amiT SeiZleba

iyos ganpirobebuli ssk 133-e muxlis danawesi imis Sesaxeb, rom mxares

SeuZlia gaaqarwylos (ukuagdos) Tavisi aRiareba, Tu daamtkicebs, rom

es aRiareba iyo Secdomis Sedegi da ganpirobebuli iyo iseTi

garemoebiT, romelic cnobili gaxda misTvis aRiarebis Semdeg. magram

mTavari aq isicaa, rom mxarem SeiZleba aRiaros faqti (magaliTad,

xelSekrulebis dadebis faqti), magram ar aRiaros sarCeli.

amrigad, udavo faqtebi – eseni faqtis (da ara sarCelis)

aRiarebis erT-erTi saxesxvaobaa. udavo faqtebs ukavSirdeba

absoluturad iseTive Sedegebi, rogoric mxaris mier faqtis aRiarebas.

isini mxolod imiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, rom erT SemTxvevaSi

saqme gvaqvs zepir an werilobiT gamoTqmul aRiarebasTan, xolo meore

SemTxvevaSi dumiliT gamoTqmul aRiarebasTan („dumili Tanxmobis

niSania“). Tumca aqve unda avRniSnoT, rom praqtikaSi TiTqmis ver

SevxvdebiT SemTxvevas, roca mxare mxolod dumiliT Semoifarglos da

zepirad ar ganacxados, rom igi ar uaryofs ama Tu im faqts

(magaliTad, xelSekrulebis dadebas, zianis miyenebas, nivTis miRebas da

a.S.), magram sxva faqtobrivi garemoebebis gamo ar cnobs sasarCelo

moTxovnas.

amrigad, saqarTvelos ssk-is Sesabamisadac ar unda Segrovdes

mtkicebulebebi udavo faqtebis mimarT, radgan isini, ise rogorc

zepirad Tu werilobiT gancxadebuli aRiareba, iTvlebian dadgenilad

(damtkicebulad) da swored amis gamo aRar saWiroeben damatebiTi

mtkicebulebebis Segrovebas.

d) prezumfciebi. iuridiul literaturaSi farTodaa agreTve

gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom damtkicebas ar saWiroeben

e.w. preziumirebuli, anu navaraudevi faqtebi.

prezumfciebis arsisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT saubari

gveqneba qvemoT. aq mizanSewonilad migvaCnia avRniSnoT Semdegi:

a)prezumfcia warmoadgens varauds ama Tu im faqtis arsebobis

Sesaxeb. aseTi varaudi ki, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxolod

garkveuli faqtebis safuZvelze, romlebic winaswar cnobilia an unda

dadgindes. magaliTad, moZrav nivTze faqtobrivi batonobis faqti

warmoSobs sakuTrebis varauds, sxv sityvebiT rom vTqvaT mflobeli

ivaraudeba mesakuTred. sajaro reestrSi registraciis faqti, Tu ra

Tqma unda aseTi registracia dadasturdeba, warmoSobs sakuTrebis

varauds. aseve Tu dadasturdeba, rom mosarCelis qoneba daaziana

mopasuxem, warmoiSoba am faqtis safuZvelze varaudi, rom mopasuxes

miuZRvis brali zianis miyenebaSi da a.S. am varaudebis gasaqarwyleblad

mowinaaRmdege mxarem unda daamtkicos, rom sadavo nivTis mesakure aris

159

ara is piri,vis sasaargebloTac moqmedebs varaudi,aramed TviTon, rom

mas ar miuZRvis brali zianis miyenebaSi da a.S.

absoluturad igive wesebs emorCileba mxareTa Soris mtkicebis

tvirTis ganawileba, romlis mixedviT saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis

mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis nawili ivaraudeba mopasuxis sasargeblod

da amitom isini unda daamtkicos mosarCelem, xolo Tu mosarCele

daamtkicebs am faqtebs,maSin warmoiSoba gadawyvetilebisaTvis

mniSvnelobis mqone sxva faqtebis arsebobis varaudi mis sasargeblod da,

amitom maT gasaqarwyleblad mopasuxem unda daamtkicos garkveuli

faqtebi.

yovelive es mxolod imaze SeiZleba miuTiTebdes, rom

prezumfciebis meSveobiT kanonmdebeli anawilebs mtkicebis tvirTs

mxareTa Soris da igi aris mtkicebis tvirTis gamoxatvis erT-erTi

yvelaze srulyofili da yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli forma. magaliTad,

ssk 158-e muxlis Tanaxmad „ivaraudeba, rom nivTis mflobeli aris misi

mesakuTre“. sakuTrebis am prezumfciidan gamomdinare, Tu vinme aRZravs

sarCels sxvisi ukanono mflobelobidan nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb (sk

172-e muxli), maSin mosarCelem unda daamtkicos, rom igi aris am sadavo

nivTis mesakuTre, radgan mopasuxe, e.i. piri, romelic faqtiurad flobs

nivTs, am faqtiuri mflobelobis safuZvelze ivaraudeba, rom aris

sadavo nivTis mesakuTre da mas ar sWirdeba, amitom, daamtkicos, rom

namdvilad aris mesakuTre. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosarCele daamtkicebs

rom igi aris sadavo nivTis mesakuTre, maSin mopasuxes (faqtiur

mflobels) SeuZlia, imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aicdinos misTvis

araxelsayreli gadawyvetilebis gamotana, daamtkicos, rom am sadavo

nivTs flobs marTlzomierad (ssk 162-e muxli).

amrigad, prezumfciebis anu preziumirebuli (navaraudevi)

faqtebis mikuTvneba iseTi faqtebisaTvis, romlebic ar saWiroeben

damtkicebas – arasworia (ix. $ ).

$3. faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi (onus proferendi)

am sakiTxs nawilobriv ukve SevexeT, rodesac vixilavdiT

mtkicebis sagnis sakiTxs. aq Cven mizanSewonilad migvaCnia ganvixiloT

Semdegi sakiTxebi: 1. aris Tu ara faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi movaleoba,

Tu es aris mxolod ufleba, romelic mxares SeuZlia ar Seasrulos: 2.

vis ekisreba faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi, anu procesis romeli monawilea

faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTis subieqtebi 3. ra iuridiuli Sedegi

SeiZleba mohyves faqtebze miTiTebis tvirTis Seusruleblobas?

1. aris Tu ara faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi movaleoba. am

sakiTxis gasarkvevad mizanSewonilad migvaCnia mokled SevexoT

saqarTvelos 1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT damkvidrebul

zogierT debulebas: am kodeqsis 134-e muxlis Tanaxmad mosarCelem Tavis

sasarCelo gancxadebaSi unda miuTiTos garemoebani, romlebzec igi

amyarebs Tavis moTxovnas, agreTve mtkicebulebani, romlebic adastureben

am garemoebebs.

am muxlis analizi savsebiT sakrisia imisaTvis, rom gavakeToT

daskvna: faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi, romelic mxareebs ekisrebodaT,

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo saqarTvelos 1964 wlis kodeqsiTac.

160

amasTan erTad, 1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis me-11

muxlis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlo movalea ar dasjerdes warmodgenil

masalebsa da axsna-ganmartebebs da miiRos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli

yvela zoma, raTa yovelmxriv, srulad da obieqturad gamoarkvios saqmis

namdvili garemoebani da mxareTa ufleba-movaleobani. sxva sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, sasamarTlom Tavisi iniciativiT unda Seitanos mtkicebis saganSi

iseTi garemoebebic, romlebzec mxareebi ratomRac ar miuTiTeben, magram

asabuTeben (amarTleben) mxareTa moTxovnebs da Sesagebels da amitom,

aqvT mniSvneloba saqmis arsebiTad sworad gadawyvetisaTvis. sasamarTlo

praqtika mtkiced da ganuxrelad atarebda am moTxovnebs.

aseT pirobebSi, cxadia, savsebiT swori iyo Cvens mier

Camoyalibebuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi,

rogorc movaleoba, romlis Seusruleblobas SeiZleba mohyves

mxarisaTvis araxelsayreli Sedegi, sabWoTa samoqalaqo procesSi ar

arsebobda.74

saqarTvelos 1997 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, rogorc

ukve avRniSneT, agebulia SejibrebiTobis principze. am principis

Sesabamisad „mxareebi TviTonve gansazRvraven, Tu romeli faqtebi unda

daedos safuZvlad maT moTxovnebs an romeli mtkicebulebebiT unda

iqnes dadasturebuli es faqtebi“ (ssk me-4 muxli).

savsebiT cxadia, rom mxareebma TviTonve unda miuTiTon, Tu

romeli faqtebis safuZvelze ayeneben TavianT moTxovnebs, Tu Sesagebels.

es wesi SejibrebiTobis principis erT-erTi konkretuli gamovlinebaa.

magram SeiZleb Tu ara faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi ganvixiloT rogorc

movaleoba?

qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba, romlis

Tanaxmad faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTi gulisxmobs, rom mxare

uflebamosilia gamoxatos Tavisi mosazreba gansazRvrul faqtebTan

dakavSirebiT, Tu mas surs Tavisi uflebebis dacva. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi mis mimarT iZuleba ar gamoiyeneba, Tumca igi wamgebian

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. am movaleobebs, romelTa Sesruleba iZulebiT

ar xdeba, e.i. savaldebulo ar aris, magram maTi ugulebelyofa xSirad

movaleobis subieqts araxelsayrel pirobebSi ayenebs, uwodeben

fakultatur movaleobebs. saproceso samarTalSi amgvar fakultatur

movaleobebs ganekuTvneba miTiTebis tvirTi.75

savsebiT sworad miuTiTeben avtorebi, rom kanonmdebloba marTlac

ar iTvaliswinebs iseT RonisZiebebs Tu saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiT

SeiZleboda gveiZulebina mxare mieTiTebina faqtebze Tavis moTxovnis

dasabuTeba-gamarTlebis mizniT. aseTi iZuleba gamoricxulia, magram ar

aris gamoricxuli da, piriqiT, igulisxmeba, rom Tu mxare ar

iaqtiurebs da ar miuTiTebs faqtebze Tavisi moTxovnis (Sesageblis)

dasabuTebis mizniT, man SeiZleba waagos procesi. procesis wagebis

saSiSroeba, misTvis araxelsayreli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis

saSiSroeba ubiZgebs mxares, aiZulebs mas iyos aqtiuri, miuTiTos yvela

im faqtiur garemoebaze romlebic faqtobrivad da iuridiulad

gaamarTleben mis moTxovnas (Sesagebels).

74 T. liluaSvili, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali. Tb. 1992 w. gv. 126.

75 hain boelingi, lado Wanturia. samoqalaqo saqmeebze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis

meTodika. Tb. 2003 w. gv. 30-31

161

amrigad, iuridiuli valdebuleba am cnebis klasikuri da

tradiciuli gagebiT, aq namdvilad ar gvaqvs, magram movaleoba, romlis

Seusruleblobas SeiZleba moyves araxelsayreli Sedegi am movale

subieqtisaTvis, aq namdvilad gvaqvs.

mtkicebis sagani ama Tu im konkretul saqmeze ganisazRvreba im

faqtebiT, romlebzec miuTiTeben mxareebi. Tu romeli faqtebi daudon

safuZvlad TavianT moTxovnebs – gansazRvraven TviTon mxareebi. magram,

niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom yvela im faqtis mimarT, romlebzec

miuTiTeben mxareebi, gamoTxovili unda iqnes mtkicebuleba, anu yvela am

faqtis mimarT wardgenili mtkicebuleba unda miiRos Tu ara

sasamarTlom da Seafasos igi?

mxareebi, ssk me-4 muxlis Tanaxmad sruliad Tavisufalni arian

miuTiTon nebismier faqtze. es maTi uflebaa, magram maT mier

miTiTebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebis samarTlebrivi Sefaseba, e.i. imis

dadgena da garkveva, Tu ramdenad asabuTeben es faqtebi iuridiulad

mxareTa moTxovnebs da Sesagebels – es ukve sasamarTlos prerogativaa.

aqedan gamomdinare, Tu mxaris mier miTiTebuli faqti an faqtebi ver

amarTleben, an ver asabuTeben iuridiulad moTxovnas (Sesagebels),

sasamarTlom arc unda Seitanos aseTi faqti mtkicebis saganSi da arc

unda miiRos am faqtis dasadastureblad mtkicebuleba.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: faqtebis

miTiTebis tvirTi Sesrulebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxolod im

pirobiT, Tu mxareebi TavianTi moTxovnis (Sesageblis) dasabuTebis

mizniT uTiTeben samarTlebrivi mniSvnelovan faqtebze. aris Tu ara

mxareTa mier miTiTebuli faqtebi samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani, Tu

umniSvnelo, wyvets sasamarTlo.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT (gv. 170) mxareTa mier miTiTebuli

faqtebis araswor iuridiul Sefasebas SeiZleba mZime Secdoma moyves.

faqtis araswori iuridiuli Sefaseba SeiZleba SemdegSi gamoixatos:

sasamarTlom samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba mianiWa faqts, romelsac

sinamdvileSi ar aqvs am saqmisaTvis mniSvneloba, an kidev, sasamarTlom

samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba ar mianiWa mxareTa mier miTiTebul iseT

faqts, romelsac sinamdvileSi aqvs mniSvneloba am saqmis sworad

gadawyvetisaTvis.

$II. faqtebis damtkicebis tvirTi (onus probandi)

1. damtkicebis tvirTis cneba. mtkicebis sagans mWidrod

ukavSirdeba meore mniSvnelovani instituti – damtkicebis tvirTi. es

gasagebicaa: mas Semdeg, rac sasamarTlom gansazRvra saqmis sworad

gadawyvetisaTvis samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani faqtebis wre, gamoyo am

wridan faqtebi, romlebzec ar davoben (aRiareben) mxareebi,

sayovelTaod cnobili faqtebi da preidiciulad dadgenili faqtebi, e.i.

mas Semdeg, rac sasamarTlom gansazRvra dasamtkicebel garemoebaTa wre

anu mtkicebis sagani mis winaSe wamoiWreba sxva sakiTxebi, kerZod: ra

wesiT unda damtkicdes mtkicebis saganSi Semavali sadao faqtebi?

romel mxares ekisreba maTi damtkicebis tvirTi ? ra moqmedeba unda

Seasrulos mxarem damtkicebis tvirTis (movaleobis)

gansaxorcieleblad? da a.S.

162

pirvel rigSi unda aRvniSnoT, rom is rac iTqva zemoT faqtebis

miTiTebis tvirTze rogorc fakultatur movaleobaze – mTlianad exeba

da ganekuTvneba damtkicebis tvirTsac, anu damtkicebis tvirTic aris

mxaris movaleoba Seasrulos garkveuli moqmedeba.

sanqcia am movaleobis SeusruleblobisaTvis mdgomareobs imaSi,

rom mxares, romelmac es movaleoba ar Seasrula, daekisre faqtis

daumtkiceblobis materialur samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT

araxelsayreli Sedegi: uaris Tqma sarCelis dakmayofilebaze, Tu

mosarCelem ver daamtkica gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqti, an

sarCelis dakmayofileba, Tu mopasuxem ver daamtkica sarCelis

winaaRmdeg mis mier miTiTebuli Sesageblis safuZveli.

magram, konkretulad ra moqmedeba unda Seasrulos damtkicebis

tvirTis (movaleobis) subieqtma, raTa mas ar daekisros faqtis

daumtkiceblobis araxelsayreli Sedegi?

pirveli, rac unda gaakeTos mxarem damtkicebis movaleobis

Sesasruleblad – esaa mtkicebulebaTa warmodgena sasamarTloSi im

faqtis dadgenis mizniT, romlis damtkicebis movaleobac mas ekisreba.

magram, mtkicebulebis warmodgena jer kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom

mxarem ukve Seasrula Tavisi movaleoba da mas aRar emuqreba faqtis

daumtkiceblobis araxelsayreli Sedegebi. saqme isaa, rom mxaris mier

warmodgenili mtkicebuleba jer erTi unda pasuxobdes mtkicebulebaTa

gankuTvnadobisa da dasaSvebobis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli principebis

moTxovnebs. Tu am moTxovnebs pasuxobs sasamarTlo miiRebs am

mtkicebulebebs. meorec, warmodgenili mtkicebuleba iseT kavSirSi unda

iyos dasadgen garemoebasTan, rom SeiZlebodes am garemoebis arseboba –

ararsebobis Sesaxeb utyuari daskvnis gakeTeba. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb

Seasrula Tu ara mxarem masze dakisrebuli damtkicebis movaleoba

sabolood unda gadawydes sasamarTlos mier, radgan sasamarTlo afasebs

mtkicebulebebs Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT, aqedan gamomdinare, faqti

damtkicebulad (dadgenilad) CaiTvleba, Tu sasamarTlo CaTvlis mas

aseTad, Tu sasamarTlo darwmundeba am faqtis arsebobaSi.

sasamarTlosaTvis aseTi rwmenis Seqmna im pirTa movaleobaa, romlebsac

damtkicebis movaleoba ekisrebaT. gamodis, rom mxareTa mtkicebiTi

saqmianobis saboloo mizani – esaa sasamarTlos darwmuneba saqmis

sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebis arsebobaSi.


damtkicebis tvirTi – esaa samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi saqmis

sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtebis damtkicebis movaleobis

dakisreba mxareebze, romlis Sesruleba uzrunvelyofilia materialur

samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT araxelsayreli gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT

im mxaris mimarT, romelmac es movaleoba ar (ver) Seasrula.76

76 germanul samoqalaqo saproceso literaturaSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben obieqtur da

subieqtur damtkicebis tvirTs. obieqturi damtkicebis tvirTi gansazRvravs, Tu romel mxares

ekisreba es tvirTi da, maSasadame, romel mxares daekisreba araxelsayreli Sedegi, Tu ver

damtkicdeba gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqti, subieqturi damtkicebis tvirTi ki

gansazRvravs romel mxares ekisreba mtkicebulebis wardgenis movaleoba. L. Rosenberg, s schwab /Gotbwald/, dasax. naSromi, gv. 670. Хаймо щак dasax. naSromi, gv. 329-332 Cveni azriT, obieqturi da subieqturi damtkicebis tvirTis gamijvnisaTvis ar arsebobs

sakmao safuZveli. mtkicebuleba faqtis dasadastureblad unda warmoadginos im mxarem, romelsac

ekisreba am faqtis damtkicebis tvirTi. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es faqti SeiZleba dadasturdes

mowinaaRmdege mxaris mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebiTac. sasamarTlo cxadia, gamoiyenebs nebismier

163

$5. damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis mniSvneloba

1. damtkicebis tvirTis subieqtebi.

samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileoben mosamarTleebi,

mxareebi, mesame pirebi, Tanamonawileebi (TanamosarCeleebi,

Tanamopasuxeebi). warmoadgenen Tu ara isini damtkicebis tvirTis

subieqtebs, anu ekisrebaT Tu ara maT mtkicebis saganSi Semavali sadavo

faqtebis damtkicebis movaleoba?

sasamarTlos (mosamarTlis) Sesaxeb Cven ukve avRniSneT, rom igi

movalea samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesis dacviT

miiRos mxaris mier warmodgenili mtkicebuleba, Seamowmos da Seafasos

igi. mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba, Semowmeba da Sefaseba warmoadgens

mtkicebulebiT saqmianobas da Sedian sasamarTlo mtkicebis cnebis

SinaarsSi. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo aris mtkicebis, rogorc

saproceso saqmianobis subieqti.

magram sasamarTlo ar aris da arc SeiZleba iyos damtkicebis

tvirTis (movaleobis) subieqti. sasamarTlos mier miRebuli

gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala, cxadia, ar vrceldeba TviTon

sasamarTloze. maSasadame, sasamarTloze ar SeiZleba gavrceldes faqtis

daumtkiceblobis araxelsayreli materialur samarTlebrivi Sedegebi.

sasamarTlos winaSe faqtis damtkicebis arc aucilebloba da arc am

aucileblobiT ganpirobebuli movaleoba ar arsebobs.77

damtkicebis tvirTis subieqtebi SeiZleba iyvnen saqmeSi monawile

is pirebi, romlebzec SeiZleba gavrceldes faqtis daumtkiceblobis

araxelsayreli Sedegebi, anu gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala. aseTi

pirebia uwinares yovlisa, mxareebi da Tanamonawileebi, kerZod,

mosarCele, mopasuxe, TanamosarCele, Tanamopasuxe. damtkicebis tvirTis

subieqtebia agreTve mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT,

agreTve mesame piri damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe, radgan,

Tu igi ver daexmareba mxares moigos procesi, SemdgomSi mis winaaRmdeg

aRZrul regresuli sarCelis ganxilvis dros mas ufleba aRar eqneba

daamtkicos faqtebi, romelTa daumtkiceblobis gamo im mxarem, romlis

mxardasaWeradac monawileobda mesame piri procesSi, waago es procesi.

rac Seexeba kanonier warmomadgenlebs, rogoricaa mSoblebi,

mSvileblebi, meurveebi, mzrunvelebi, isini mowodebulni arian daicvan

sasamarTlos mier qmeduunarod an SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebuli

pirebis, agreTve mcirewlovnebisa da arasrulwlovnebis uflebebi.

amitom, isini warmoadgenen damtkicebis tvirTis subieqtebs. igive unda

iTqvas im pirze, romelsac samarTavad gadaeca ugzo-ukvlod dakarguli

piris qoneba, agreTve samkvidro qonebis dacvisa da marTvisaTvis

daniSnuli piri, roca memkvidreoba ar miuRia gardacvlili an

gardacvlilad gamocxadebuli piris memkvidres (ssk 101-e muxli).

rac Seexeba nebayoflobiT warmomadgenlebs, isini asruleben

saproceso moqmedebas marwmuneblis saxeliTa da interesebisaTvis.

mtkicebulebas, romlebic warmodgenilia sasamarTloSi. magram, es ar cvlis damtkicebis tvirTis

iuridiul bunebas. 77 samZebro principze agebuli samoqalaqo procesSi sasamarTlos zogjer ganixilavdnen rogorc

damtkicebis tvirTis subieqts.

164

damtkicebis tvirTis subieqtebi swored es marwmuneblebia da ara maTi

warmomadgenlebi.

II. mniSvneloba

samoqalaqo samarTlis procesSi ar aris winaswari mokvlevisa da

gamoZiebis organoebi. amitom, damtkicebis tvirTis dakisreba saqmeSi

monawile erT romelime pirze ar iqneboda mizanSewonili arc faqtis

dadgenisa da arc samarTlianobis TvalsazrisiT. verc mosarCele, verc

mopasuxe da verc TviT sasamarTloc ki, calke aRebuli ver SeZlebs

yvela im garemoebis damtkicebas, romelTa gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba

samoqalaqo saqmis sworad gadawyveta. swored am mosazrebidan

gamomdinare samoqalaqo samarTlis procesSi odiTganve warmoebs

damtkicebis tvirTis mxareTa Soris ganawileba.

am mosazrebas efuZneba ssk 102-e muxlis pirveli nawili, romlis

Tanaxmad „TiToeulma mxarem unda daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzedac

igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels“.

rogorc vxedavT, samoqalaqo procesSi, mtkicebis saganSi Semavali

garemoebebidan erTi nawili unda daamtkicos mosarCelem, xolo meore

nawili – mopasuxem.

amasTan erTad, damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis ZaliT erTi mxare,

romelmac sruliad garkveuli faqtebi unda daamtkicos Tavisufldeba

im faqtebis dadgenisagan, romelic meore mxarem unda daamtkicos. es

imas niSnavs, rom mosarCele Tavisufldeba im faqtebis dadgenisagan,

romelic mopasuxem unda daamtkicos da piriqiT, mopasuxe Tavisufldeba

im faqtebis dadgenisagan, romlebic mosarCelem unda daamtkicos.

amrigad mtkicebis tvirTis mxareTa Soris ganawilebis instituti

miuTiTebs aramarto imaze, Tu romelma mxarem ra faqtebi unda

daadginos, aramed imazec, Tu romeli faqtebis dadgenis movaleobisagan

Tavisufldeba esa Tu is mxare. aqedan gamomdinare, mxareTa Soris

damtkicebis tvirTis ganawileba mxareTa Tanasworuflebianobis

principis konkretuli gamovlinebaa samoqalaqo procesSi.

iuridiul literaturaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba,

romlis Tanaxmad damtkicebis tvirTi mniSvnelobas iZens iseT

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ver xerxdeba gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis

mqone faqtis dadgena-damtkiceba. mniSvneloba ar aqvs imas, Tu romeli

mxaris mier warmodgenil mtkicebulebis safuZvelze sasamarTlom

CaTvala faqti damtkicebulad. magram, rodesac faqti ver iqna

damtkicebuli, maSin sasamarTlom unda gansazRvros, Tu romel mxares

ekisreboda am faqtis damtkicebis tvirTi da ise gamoitanos Sesabamisi

gadawyvetileba.78

aq Camoyalibebul mosazrebaSi araferi araa mcdari, magram, araa

srulad gansazRvruli damtkicebis tvirTis mxareTa Soris ganawilebis

mniSvneloba, romlis Sesaxebac zemoT gvqonda saubari da aq saWirod

migvaCnia kidev erTxel gavimeroT: mxareTa Soris damtkicebis tvirTis

ganawilebis instituti stimuls aZlevs mxareTa aqtiurobas moiZion da

warudginon sasamarTlos mtkicebulebebi im faqtebis dasamtkiceblad

78 h. boelingi, l. Wanturia. dasax. naSromi, gv 63.

165

(dasadgenad) romelTa damtkicebis movaleoba maTi ekisreba. aseTia

mtkicebulebis tvirTis ganawilebis saproceso samarTlebrivi

mniSvneloba.

amasTani erTad, mxareTa Soris damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis

instituts aqvs aramarto saproceso samarTlebrivi, aramed materialur

samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobac, rac mdgomareobs imaSi, rom faqtis

daumtkiceblobas araxelsayreli Sedegebi unda daekisros im mxares,

romelsac am faqtis damtkiceba evaleboda. araxelsayreli

gadawyvetilebis gamotanis muqara warmoadgens faqtors, romelic

uzrunvelyofs mxareTa aqtiurobas warmoudginon sasamarTlos Sesabamisi

mtkicebulebebi, daamtkicon Sesabamisi faqtebi.

$6. damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis safuZvlebi

prezumfciis mniSvneloba samoqalaqo procesSi

damtkicebis tvirTis mxareTa Soris ganawilebis mniSvnelobidan

gamomdinare savsebiT cxadia, rom Secdomas am tvirTis ganawilebaSi, anu

gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtis damtkicebis tvirTis

dakisrebas im mxareze, romelsac sinamdvileSi ar ekisreba misi

damtkiceba, SeiZleba moyves araswori da usamarTlo gadawyvetilebis

gamotana. damtkicebis tvirTis mxareTa Soris sworad ganawilebis aseTi

mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba aixsnas naSromebis simravle, romlebic am

problemas eZRvneba. wamoyenebuli iqna mravali Teoria, safuZvlebi,

kriteriumi, romelTa momarjvebiT, rogorc amas maTi avtorebi

gvTavazoben, SeiZleboda damtkicebis tvirTis sworad ganawileba

mxareTa Soris.79

damtkicebis tvirTis problema araa mxolod samoqalaqo saproceso

samarTlis problema. es problema dgas, magaliTad, sisxlis samarTlis

procesSic. kerZod, saqarTvelos konstituciis me-40 muxlis Tanaxmad

„adamiani udanaSaulod iTvleba, vidre misi damnaSaveoba ar damtkicdeba

kanoniT dadgenili wesiT da kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos

gamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT“.

rogorc vxedavT, am muxliT damkvidrebulia udanaSaulobis

prezumfcia. am prezumfciidan gamomdinare „arvin ar aris valdebuli

amtkicos Tavisi udanaSauloba. braldebis mtkicebis movaleoba ekisreba

bralmdebels“ (me-40 muxlis me-2 nawili).

amrigad, udanaSaulobis prezumfciis procesualuri mniSvneloba

mTlianad amoiwureba damtkicebis tvirTis dakisrebiT: raxan yoveli

adamiani igulisxmeba udanaSaulod, maSin is, vinc mas debs brals

danaSaulis CadenaSi, movalea daamtkicos es braleuloba. es savsebiT

gasagebi da cxadia: piri, romelsac deben brals danaSaulis CadenaSi,

isedac igulisxmeba rogorc arabraleuli da udanaSaulo, mas ar

sWirdeba amtkicos is, rac isedac, e.i. damtkicebis gareSe, igulisxmeba

(iTvleba, ivaraudeba).

prezumfciebi samoqalaqo samarTalSiac moqmedeben, magram aq ar

gvaqvs winaswari gamoZiebis organoebi da ar gvyavs bralmdebeli da

79 ix. T. liluaSvili. mtkicebis sagani da tvirTi sabWoTa samoqalaqo samarTlis procesSi (rusul

enaze). Tb. 1957 weli

166

braldebuli. aseTma mdgomareobam ganapiroba prezumfciebis gamoyenebis

Taviseburebani samoqalaqo procesSi.

ise rogorc sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, samoqalaqo procesSic,

prezumfciebis procesualuri mniSvneloba mxareTa Soris mtkicebis

tvirTis ganawilebiT amoiwureba. Tavisebureba sisxlis samarTlis

procesTan SedarebiT ganpirobebulia imiT, rom samoqalaqo procesSi

aris ori Tavisi interesebiT erTmaneTisadmi dapirispirebuli mxare –

mosarCele da mopasuxe da ar aris arc bralmdebeli da arc

braldebuli, agreTve winaswari gamoZiebis organoebi.

amitom, bunebrivia, nawili mtkicebis saganSi Semavali sadavo

faqtebisa ivaraudeba mosarCelis sasargeblod, nawili ki mopasuxis

sasargeblod. faqtebi, romlebic ivaraudeba mopasuxis sasargeblod,

unda daamtkicos mosarCelem (rac imasac niSnavs, rom mopasuxe

Tavisufalia am faqtebis damtkicebisagan), xolo faqtebi, romlebic

ivaraudeba mosarCelis sasargeblod, unda daamtkicos mopasuxem (rac

imasac niSnavs, rom mosarCele Tavisufalia am faqtebis damtkicebisagan).

absoluturad imave wesebs emorCileba mxareTa Soris damtkicebis

tvirTis ganawileba. am SemTxvevaSiac gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis

mqone faqtebis nawili ivaraudeba mopasuxis sasargeblod da, amitom,

isini unda daamtkicos mosarCelem, xolo Tu mosarCele daamtkicebs am

faqtebs, maSin warmoiSoba gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone sxva

faqtebis arsebobis varaudi mis sasargeblod da amitom, maT

gasaqarwyleblad (uarsayofad) mopasuxem unda daamtkicos garkveuli

faqtebi.

es imas niSnavs, rom prezumfciebi samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi

damtkicebisagan ki ar aTavisuflebs mxares, aramed warmoadgens

dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis wess.

ama Tu im faqtis damtkicebis tvirTisagan ganTavisufleba warmoadgens

ara mizezs, aramed am tvirTis ganawilebis Sedegs.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, prezumfciebis meSveobiT kanonmdebeli

anawilebs damtkicebis tvirTs mxareTa Soris da mtkicebis tvirTis

gamoxatvis sxva formebs Soris, romlebsac icnobs materialuri

samarTali, prezumfciebi yvelaze srulyofili da praqtikulad

xelmisawvdomi formaa.80

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, cxadia isic, rom prezumfciebi ar

SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc gamonaklisi damtkicebis tvirTis mxareTa

Soris ganawilebis saerTo wesidan, rogorc amas gvTavazobs farTod

gavrcelebuli da gabatonebuli Sexeduleba. aseTi Sexeduleba aramarto

usworoa, aramed did uxerxulobasac qmnis: gamodis, rom samoqalaqo

materialuri samarTali da saerTod kerZo samarTali, mxolod imiTaa

dainteresebuli, rom Camoayalibos gamonaklisebi damtkicebis tvirTis

ganawilebis saerTo wesidan.

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom samoqalaqo samarTalma ar icis

prezumfciebis, anu mxareTa Soris damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis

80 samoqalaqo samarTlis kanonmdebloba icnobs damtkicebis tvirTis gamoxatvis sxva formebsac,

magaliTad, sk 1012-e muxlis Tanaxmad, „uxarisxo produqciiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis

pasuxismgeblobisas mtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba dazaralebuls“. ibadeba kiTxva: romeli faqtebi unda

daamtkicos dazaralebulma? faqtebi, romlebic iwveven produqciis mwarmoeblis pasuxismgeblobas,

Tu faqtebi, romlebic ar aTavisufleben mas aseTi pasuxismgeblobisagan? (sk 1009-e muxli). am

sakiTxis gadawyvetisaTvis saWiroa sk 1009-e da 1011-e muxlebis analizi. prezumfciebis dros aseTi

rTuli analizi saWiro araa.

167

dasrulebuli sistema. rig SemTxvevaSi kanoni ar Seicavs pirdapir

miTiTebas imaze Tu romeli faqtebis arsebobis safuZvelze, an romeli

faqtebis damtkicebis safuZvelze warmoiSoba varaudi (prezumfcia)

gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone sxva faqtebis arseboba –

ararsebobis Sesaxeb. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, zogjer kanoni ar

Seicavs pirdapir miTiTebas imis Taobaze, Tu romelma mxarem

konkretulad ra faqtebi unda daadginos.

aseTi viTareba gvikarnaxebs gavarkvioT Tu ra mosazrebiT

SeiZleboda exelmZRvanela kanonmdebels im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

ayalibebda prezumfciebs, anu gansazRvravda romelma mxarem

gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone romeli faqti unda

daamtkicos.

im normebis analizi, romlebic Seicaven prezumfciebs, anu

mxareTa Soris damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis wesebs, safuZvels

gvaZlevs gavakeToT daskvna, rom kanonmdebeli calkeul SemTxvevebSi

sxvadasxva mosazrebebiT xelmZRvanelobs.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebeli xelmZRvanelobs im mosazrebiT,

Tu romeli mxarisaTvis ufro advili da mosaxerxebeli iqneba ama Tu im

faqtis damtkiceba-dadastureba da romeli mxarisaTvis misi damtkiceba

saerTod SeuZlebeli iqneba.

aqedan gamomdinare, mtkicebulebaTa warmodgenis movaleobas

mtkicebis saganSi Semavali faqtis dasadgenad, kanonmdebeli akisrebs im

mxares, romlisTvisac es ufro advili da mosaxerxebelia. magaliTad,

daamtkicos xelSekrulebiTi urTierTobis warmoSobis faqti (vTqvaT,

sesxis micemis faqti), gacilebiT ufro advilia mosarCelisaTvis

(gamsesxeblisaTvis), vidre mopasuxisaTvis daamtkicos, rom

xelSekrulebiTi urTierTobis warmoSobis faqts adgili ar hqonia.

magram imis damtkiceba, rom xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebuleba

mopasuxem Seasrula (vTqvaT, daabruna sesxi), gacilebiT ufro advilia

TviT mopasuxisaTvis, vidre mosarCelisaTvis imis damtkiceba, rom

mopasuxes ar Seusrulebia xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebuleba

(magaliTad ar daubrunebia vali).

xelSekrulebiT urTierTobebidan warmoSobili valdebulebis

SeusruleblobiT gamowveul sarCelebSi mosarCelem unda daamtkicos,

anu mas ekisreba damtkicebis tvirTi im faqtebisa, rom aseTi

urTierToba arsebobs, dadga am xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare

valdebulebis Sesrulebis dro, xolo Tu mopasuxe ar cnobs aseTi

urTierTobis warmoSobas, man unda daamtkicos faqtebi, romlebic

kanonis Tanaxmad abrkoleben urTierTobis warmoSobas (magaliTad,

garigeba ewinaaRmdegeba sajaro wesrigs an zneobis normebs (sk 54-e

muxli) an kidev, igi dadebulia nebarTvis gareSe, roca kanoni aseT

nebarTvs moiTxovs (sk 59-e muxli da a.S.). SeiZleba mopasuxem ar

uaryos da ar gailaSqros xelSekrulebiTi urTierTobis warmoSobis

winaaRmdeg, magram wamoayenos Sesagebeli, rom mosarCelis mier misTvis

gadacemuli nivTi ar aris nivTobrivad unaklo (sk 487-e muxli). nivTis

nivTobrivad naklovanebis faqtis damtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba mopasuxes.

sxva SemTxvevebSi kanonmdebeli xelmZRvanelobs sazogadoebis

realuri sinamdvilisa da realuri urTierTobis ganzogadebuli

daskvnebiT, sinamdvilis mudmivad ganmeorebadi faqtebiT. Sesabamisad

kanonmdebeli TviTon gansazRvravs Tu romeli faqtebis arsebobisas

168

SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna sxva faqtebis arseboba-ararasebobis Sesaxeb.

magaliTad, sk 1007-e muxlis Tanaxmad samedicino dawesebulebaSi

mkurnalobisas piris janmrTelobisaTvis miyenebuli ziani unda

anazRaurdes saerTo safuZvlebiT. „zianis mimyenebeli Tavisufldeba

pasuxismgeblobisagan, Tu daamtkicebs, rom zianis dadgomaSi mas brali

ar miuZRvis“. rogorc vxedavT, pirma, romelic mimarTavs sasamarTlos

janmrTelobis dazianebiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, unda

daamtkicos misi janmrTelobis dazianebis faqti, mizezobrivi kavSiri

ziansa da samedicino dawesebulebis moqmedebas Soris da zianis odenoba.

es piri, e.i. mosarCele, araa valdebuli daamtkicos, rom samedicino

dawesebulebas miuZRvis brali zianis miyenebaSi, radgan misi brali

ivaraudeba, magram kanoni uSvebs SesaZleblobas am varaudis

gaqarwylebisaTvis da aZlevs SesaZleblobas samedicino dawesebulebas

(mopasuxes) daamtkicos Tavisi arabraleuloba. Tu mopasuxe

daamtkicebs Tavis arabraleulobas, igi ganTavisufldeba

pasuxismgeblobisagan, magram Tu mopasuxe – samedicino dawesebuleba,

ver daamtkicebs Tavis arabraleulobas, maSin amoqmeddeba bralis

prezumfcia (varaudi) da samedicino dawesebulebas daekisreba zianis

anazRaureba.

amrigad, mosarCele movalea daamtkicos faqtebi, romelTa

safuZvelze SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna gadawyvetilebisaTvis

mniSvnelobis mqone sxva faqtebis arsebobis varaudis Sesaxeb, xolo im

faqtebis damtkicebis tvirTi, romlebic aseT varauds gaaqarwyleben –

dakisrebuli aqvs mopasuxes. saboloo angariSSi ki aseTi mdgomareoba

iqmneba: mtkicebis sagnis, anu gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovani

faqtebis wridan erTi nawili unda daamtkicos mosarCelem, xolo meore

nawili – mopasuxem. magram aseT mdgomareobas viRebT saboloo angariSSi.

ise ki faqtebis damtkicebas iwyebs mosarCele, romelmac unda

daamtkicos mis mier mopasuxisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnis faqtobrivi

safuZveli. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mosarCele daamtkicebs am

faqtebs, mopasuxeze gadadis damtkicebis tvirTi. magaliTad

vindikaciuri sarCelis ganxilvis dros, e.i. rodesac aRZrulia sarCeli

sxvisi ukanono mflobelobidan nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, mopasuxes

winaswar arafris damtkitceba ar sWirdeba, piriqiT, mosarCelem unda

daamtkicos, rom igi aris sadavo nivTis mesakuTre, radgan „ivaraudeba,

rom nivTis mflobeli (mopasuxe – T.l.) aris misi mesakuTre“ (ssk 158-e

muxli). mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosarCele – vindikatori

daamtkicebs, rom igi aris sadavo nivTis mesakuTre da amiT gaaqarwylebs

zemod dasaxelebul varauds, maSin mopasuxeze gadadis misi Sesageblis

faqtobrivi safuZvlis damtkicebis tvirTi. kerZod, Tu mas surs, rom

Tavidan aicilos nivTis ukan dabruneba, unda daamtkicos, rom mas aqvs

am nivTis flobis kanonieri ufleba.

rogorc vxedavT, mopasuxis sasargeblod varaudi warmoiSva

faqtebis yovelgvari winaswari damtkicebis gareSe, ris gamoc

mosarCelem unda daamtkicos garkveuli faqtebi, xolo Tu mosarCele

daamtkicebs am faqtebs, maSin warmoiSoba varaudi sxva faqtis (faqtebis)

arsebobis (ararsebobis) Sesaxeb da maTi damtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba

mopasuxes.

sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli mxarisaTvis ufro advilia

daamtkicos esa Tu is faqti, agreTve, romeli faqtebis damtkicebis

169

safuZvelze warmoiSoba varaudi (prezumfcia) gadawyvetilebisaTvis

mniSvnelobis mqone sxva faqtebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, gansazRvrulia

kanoniT, xolo zogierT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo praqtikiT. yovelive es

uzrunvelyofs konkretuli samoqalaqo saqmis gadawyvetisas mxareTa

Soris damtkicebis tvirTis zust, Seucdomel da erTgvarovan

ganawilebas, iZleva imis mtkice garantias, rom Tavidan aviciloT

araerTgvarovneba damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis dros.

kidev erTxel xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, faqtis dadgenis mizniT

sasamarTlosTvis mniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tu romelma mxarem warmoadgina es

mtkicebuleba, magram es ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos yovelTvis, roca

mtkicebulebas warmoudgens sasamarTlos ara is mxare, romelsac misi

warmodgena ar evaleboda, damtkicebis tvirTi am mxareze gadadis. ra

Tqma unda ara. sasamarTlos mier mtkicebulebis gamoTxova an misi miReba

iseTi mxarisaTvis, romelsac aseTi faqtis damtkicebis movaleoba ar

ekisreba, ar anTavisuflebs Sesabamis mxares movaleobisagan daamtkicos

faqti. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mtkicebulebaTa gamoTxova an maTi

sasamarTloSi wardgena ara im mxarisgan, visac maTi warmodgena ar

ekisreba, mxareTa Soris damtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebaSi arafers ar

cvlis, faqtis damtkicebis movaleoba mainc ekisreba im mxares, visac

kanonis Tanaxmad ekisreba es.

erTad-erT gamonaklis am TvalsazrisiT, warmoadgens ssk 136-e

muxlis me-5 nawili da 157-e muxli, romelTa Tanaxmad Tu werilobiTi

an nivTieri mtkicebulebis wardgenaze uars ambobs erT-erTi mxare,

romelic ar uaryofs rom mtkicebuleba mis xelTaa, an Tu am

mtkicebulebaTa wardgenaze uars sasamarTlo arasapatiod miiCnevs, mas

SeuZlia aRniSnul mtkicebulebaTa gamoTxovaze Suamdgomlobis

aRmZvreli piri gaanTavisuflos im faqtis damtkicebis movaleobisagan,

romelic am mtkicebulebiT unda daedasturebina da aseTi movaleoba

gadaakisros mxares, romelic uars ambobs mis xelT arsebuli

mtkicebulebis wardgenaze.

aq miTiTebul SemTxvevaSi faqtis damtkicebis tvirTi gadadis im

mxaridan, romelsac evaleboda misi damtkiceba, meore mxareze. aqedan

gamomdinare, am faqtis daumtkiceblobis araxelsayreli Sedegebi

daekisreba ara im mxares, romelsac ekisreboda misi damtkicebis

movaleoba, aramed mowinaaRmdege mxares. damtkicebis tvirTis aseTi

gadasvlis mizania mtkicebulebaTa wardgenis uzrunvelyofa im

mxarisagan, romelTanac inaxeba werilobiTi Tu nivTieri mtkicebuleba,

magram misTvis araa xelsayreli maTi sasamarTloSi wardgena, radgan

faqti, romelsac es mtkicebulebebi adastureben mowinaaRmdege

mxarisaTvis aris sargeblobis momtani.

$7. mtkicebulebis cneba samoqalaqo procesSi

rogorc avRniSneT, konkretuli saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis

sasamarTlom winaswar unda daadginos mtkicebis sagnis anu

gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebi. es faqtebi, warsulis

faqtebia, e.i. iseTi faqtebia, romlebsac adgili hqondaT warsulSi da

amitom uSualo aRqmis gziT maTi dadgena SeuZlebelia, garda zogierTi

iSviaTi gamonaklisisa. radgan saqme gvaqvs iseT faqtTan, romelsac

adgili hqonda warsulSi, SeiZleba aseT faqtebs istoriuli faqtebi

170

vuwodoT, maTi dadgena ise, rogorc adgili hqondaT warsulSi,

SesaZlebelia mxolod mtkicebulebebis meSveobiT, mtkicebulebebis

gamoyenebiT.

ufro naTeli warmodgena rom Segveqmnas mizanSewonilad migvaCnia

gavavloT zogierTi paraleli, kerZod, sasamarTlo ar aris erTad-erTi

organo, sadac mtkicebulebebs iyeneben. mtkicebulebebs iyeneben yvelgan,

sadac saWiroa warsulis raime faqtis dadgena, maT Soris mecnieruli

kvlevis dros da, agreTve, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic. gansxvaveba mxolod

isaa, rom jer erTi, miznebia sxvadasxva. mecnierebi faqts adgenen raime

Teoriis Sesamowmeblad an raime kanonzomierebis gasarkvevad da

SesamuSaveblad. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi faqts vadgenT raime

cxovrebiseuli sakiTxis gadasawyvetad da a.S. sasamarTlo ki faqts

adgens marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis miznebisaTvis, konkretuli

saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis. meorec, gansxvaveba isicaa, rom sasamarTlo

mtkicebulebebs ayenebs kanoniT zustad gansazRvruli wesiT, maSin,

rodesac mecnieri TviTon irCevs faqtis dadgenis meTods, xolo

yofacxovrebaSi TviTon moqalaqe gansazRvravs misTvis saintereso

faqtebis dadgenis wesebsac da gzebsac.

mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebis, Semowmebis, gamokvlevisa da Sefasebis

saproceso forma anu saproceso kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli wesi,

rogorc Cans ganapirobebs imas, rom marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis

miznebisaTvis gamoyenebul mtkicebulebebs sasamarTlo mtkicebulebebs

uwodeben.

ra aris sasamarTlo mtkicebuleba?

saqarTvelos 1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 51-e

muxli Seicavda mtkicebulebaTa legalur ganmartebas. am muxlis

Tanaxmad mtkicebulebebia yovelgvari faqtobrivi monacemi, romelTa

safuZvelze sasamarTlo daadgens saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone

garemoebebs. es monacemebi dadgindeba mxareTa axsna-ganmartebiT, mowmeTa

CvenebiT, eqspertis daskvniT, werilobiTi da nivTieri mtkicebulebebiT,

romlebsac kanoni uwodebs ara mtkicebulebebs, aramed mtkicebis

saSualebebs.

amrigad, 1964 wlis ssk 51-e muxli mtkicebulebebs uwodebda

faqtiur monacemebs, xolo riTac am monacemebis dadgena SeiZleboda –

mtkicebis saSualebebs.

miuxedavad, mtkicebulebaTa legaluri anu kanonismieri

ganmartebisa, iuridiul literaturaSi TiTqmis yvela avtori, romelic

am problemas exeboda, cdilobda Tavisi origanaluri, an, yovel

SemTxvevaSi raRaciT sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli ganmarteba SemoeTavazebina.

amasTan erTad, kanonmdeblis msgavsad yvela avtori erTmaneTisgan

mijnavda faqtobriv monacemebs da mtkicebis saSualebebs.

Cven migvaCnda, rom aseTi gamijvna dauSvebelia, an yovel

SemTxvevaSi es mxolod garkveuli pirobiT SeiZleba.

saqme isaa, rom faqtobrivi monacemebi (cnobebi, informaciebi),

mtkicebulebad SeiZleba iwodebodnen mxolod imitom, rom maTi

meSveobiT SeiZleba CvenTvis saintereso sxva faqtis dadgena. am

TvalsazrisiT isini mtkicebis saSualebebia. meores mxriv, is rac

mtkicebis saSualebad iwodeba (magaliTad, mowmis Cveneba, eqspertis

daskvna da a.S.). sinamdvileSi sxva araferia Tu ara mtkicebuleba. aqedan

gamomdinare, vakeTebdiT daskvnas, rom marTalia kanoni (1964 wlis ssk

171

51-e muxli) mxareTa axsna-ganmartebas, mowmis Cvenebas, eqspertis

daskvnas da a.S. uwodebs ara mtkicebulebas, aramed mtkicebis

saSualebas, magram eseni sxva araferia Tu ara mtkicebulebebi. gana

SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom mtkicebulebebi araa mtkicebis saSualebebi,

xolo mtkicebis saSualebebi araa mtkicebulebebi?

aqedan gamomdinare, vakeTebdiT daskvnas, rom mtkicebulebebi da

mtkicebis saSualebebi identuri cnebebia da erTmaneTisagan maTi

gamijvnas SeiZleba seriozuli gaugebroba mohyves.81

saqarTvelos 1997 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi aRar

mijnavs erTmaneTisagan faqtobriv monacemebs, rogorc mtkicebulebebs da

mtkicebis saSualebebs, rogoricaa mxareTa axsna-ganmarteba, mowmis

Cveneba da a.S.

aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: samoqalaqo

procesSi mtkicebulebebia kanoniT gansaRzvruli mtkicebis saSualebebi,

romelTa gamoyenebiT sasamarTlos SeuZlia daadginos saqmis sworad

gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtiuri garemoebebi.

kanoni amomwuravad gansazRvravs mtkicebulebaTa anu mtkicebis

saSualebaTa saxeebs, esenia: mxareTa (mesame pirTa) axsna-ganmarteba,

mowmeTa Cveneba, werilobiTi mtkicebuleba, nivTieri mtkicebuleba,

eqspertis daskvna (ssk 102-e muxlis me-3 nawili.

mxareebs SeuZliaT warudginon sasamarTlos mxolod aq

CamoTvlili mtkicebuleba, xolo sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia gamoiTxovos,

miiRos an Seamowmos da Seafasos sxva saxis mtkicebuleba. ufro metic,

zogjer kanonma SeiZleba ar dauSvas aq CamoTvlili romelime

mtkicebuleba ama Tu im faqtis dadgenis mizniT.

$9. mtkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba da gankuTvnoba.

1. dasaSveboba. samoqalaqao saproceso kanonmdeblobiT

gaTvaliswinebuli nebismieri mtkicebuleba dasaSvebia da mxares SeuZlia

warudginos sasamarTlos isini Tavisi moTxovnis (Sesageblis)

faqtobrivi safuZvlis arsebobis damtkicebis mizniT. aseTia dasaSvebobis

procesualuri principi, azri da Sinaarsi.

magram am zogadi wesidan arsebobs gamonaklisi, romlis Tanaxmad

saqmis garemoebani, anu faqtebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs mxareTa

moTxovnas (Sesagebels) da „romlebic kanonis Tanaxmad unda

dadasturdes garkveuli saxis mtkicebulebebiT, ar SeiZleba

dadasturdes sxva mtkicebulebebiT“.

magaliTad, sk 183-e muxlis Tanaxmad uZravi nivTis SesaZenad

aucilebelia sanotaro wesiT damowmebuli sabuTi da SemZenis

registracia sajaro reestrSi. aqedan gamomdinare, uZravi nivTis SeZenis

faqtis dadasturebisaTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod

werilobiTi mtkicebuleba. amave kodeqsis 593-e muxlis Tanaxmad, miwis

ijaris xelSekruleba unda daidos werilobiTi formiT. „Tu es forma

ar aris daculi, maSin ivaraudeba, rom xelSekruleba dadebulia

ganusazRvreli vadiT“. aqedan gamomdinare, mxare, romelic miuTiTebs,

rom xelSekruleba dadebulia garkveuli vadiT, man unda warudginos

81 Cveni moxseneba dabeWdilia: „Новое в гражданском и в гражданско – процесуалъном законодателъстве......“ Труды научной сессии ВИЮН. москва 1962 г. стр. 190-192. ix. agreTve: saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali. Tb. 1992 w. gv. 137-138

172

sasamarTlos werilobiTi xelSekruleba. sxva saxis mtkicebulebebiT am

faqtis dadastureba dauSvebelia.

2. gankuTvnadoba. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT es umniSvnelovanesi

principi mowodebulia Tavidan agvacilos saqmeebis gadatvirTva iseTi

masalebiT, romlebsac araviTari mniSvneloba am saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis

ar aqvT. saqmeSi iseTi mtkicebulebebis Tu sxva masalebis Setana,

romlebsac araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvT, iqneboda aramarto drois

unayofo xarjva, aramed gadawyvetilebaTa dasabuTebulobis Semowmebas

zemdgomi sasamarTloebis mier.

mtkicebulebaTa gankuTvnadobis principi damkvidrebulia ssk 104-e

muxliT, romlis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlo ar miiRebs, ar gamoiTxovs an

saqmidan amoiRebs mtkicebulebebs, romlebsac saqmisaTvis mniSvneloba

ar aqvT. aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom unda miiRos mxolod iseTi

mtkicebuleba, romelic exeba saqmes, romelsac SeuZlia daadasturos

saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone romelime garemoeba.

mtkicebulebaTa gankuTvnadobis principis konkretuli gamovlinebaa

wesi, romlis Tanaxmad werilobiTi sabuTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb

Suamdgomlobis aRmZvreli piri valdebulia miuTiTos Tu romeli

garemoebis dadgena SeiZleba am mtkicebulebiT (134-e muxlis me-3

nawili), igive wesia Camoyalibebuli sxva saxis mtkicebulebaTa mimarT

(140-e muxlis me-3 nawili).

erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT mtkicebulebaTa gankuTvnadoba da

mtkicebulebaTa utyuaroba (sarwmunoba). mtkicebulebaTa gankuTvnadoba

uzrunvelyofs saWiro da saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone

mtkicebulebebis Segrovebas, zedmeti da gamousadegari mtkicebulebebis

Segrovebaze da Semowmebaze drois fuWad xarjvis Tavidan acilebas:

gankuTvnadia mxolod iseTi mtkicebuleba, romelic mimarTulia

saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone ama Tu im garemoebis dadasturebisaken.

sxva sakiTxia, rom gankuTvnadi da sworad miRebuli mtkicebuleba

SemdgomSi Semowmebisa da Sefasebis Sedegad ar aRmoCnda utyuari da

sarwmuno. aseT mtkicebulebebs sasamarTlo ver daeyrdnoba ara imitom,

rom isini araa gankuTvnadi, aramed imitom, rom isini araa sarwmuno da

utyuari.

sasamarTlos SeuZlia amoiRos saqmidan SecdomiT miRebuli

aragankuTvnadi mtkicebuleba, magram is ver amoiRebs saqmidan iseT

mtkicebulebas, romelic gankuTvnadia, magram araa sarwmuno.

mtkicebulebaTa, Tu sxva masalaTa miRebaze, gamoTxovaze an

SecdomiT miRebuli mtkicebulebebis saqmidan amoRebis Taobaze

sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelSic miTiTebuli unda iyos faqtze,

romlis dasadasturebladac isini iyo warmodgenili, magram romelic

sinamdvileSi ara mimarTuli am faqtis dadasturebisaken. magaliTad,

sasamarTlom ar miiRo an saqmidan amoiRo mravalricxovani cnobebi,

rekomendaciebi, daxasiaTebebi, romlebic marTalia dadebiTad axasiaTeben

mxaris pirovnebas, magram araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvT vTqvaT, im

sakiTxis gadawyvetisaTvis daakisros Tu ara am mxares valis gadaxda,

zianis anazRaureba mowinaaRmdege mxaris sasargeblod, ris Sesaxebac

mimdinareobs dava sasamarTloSi.

$19. mtkicebulebaTa Sefaseba

173

mtkicebulebaTa Sefaseba sasamarTlos SemecnebiTi saqmianobis erT-

erTi umniSvnelovanesi etapia. mas Semdeg, rac Segrovilia

mtkicebulebebi, saWiroa maTi Semowmeba da Sefaseba.

vin SeiZleba iyos mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis subieqti, anu vis

SeuZlia Seafasos saqmeSi arsebuli mtkicebulebebi?

mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis aucilebloba wamoiWreba mas Semdeg,

rodesac sasamarTlo am mtkicebulebaTa gankuTvnadobisa da dasaSvebobis

principebis moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT miiRebs (dauSvebs) warmodgenil

mtkicebulebas. mtkicebulebaTa daSvebisa da maTi miRebis sakiTxs wyvets

mxolod sasamarTlo.

mas Semdeg, rodesac sasamarTlom dauSva mtkicebuleba da daurTo

igi saqmes, saWiroa am mtkicebulebis Sefaseba. magram, sanam uSualod

mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis kriteriumze SevCerdebodeT sagangebod unda

SevCerdeT praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT erT metad mniSvnelovan sakiTxze:

ssk 105-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlosaTvis araviTar

mtkicebulebas ar aqvs winaswar dadgenili Zala“. es imas niSnavs, rom

arcerT mtkicebulebas ar gaaCnia erTmaneTis mimarT raime upiratesoba.

magaliTad, eqspertis daskvnas ar gaaCnia raime upiratesoba sxva

mtkicebulebebTan SedarebiT, magaliTad mowmis CvenebasTan SedarebiT

(rasac, samwuxarod praqtikaSi zogjer aqvs adgili), werilobiT

mtkicebulebas ar gaaCnia raime upiratesoba nivTier mtkicebulebebTan

SedarebiT da a.S.82

saqarTvelos ssk-si agebulia mtkicebulebaTa Tavisufali Sefasebis

sayovelTaod aRiarebul principze, romlis Tanaxmad mxareTa mier

warmodgenili da sasamarTlos mier Segrovili mtkicebulebebis Zala da

utyuaroba ganisazRvreba uSualod sasamarTlos mier.

mtkicebulebaTa sarwmunobis, Tu arasarwmunobis, utyuarobis Tu

siyalbis Sesaxeb TavianTi mosazreba SeiZleba gamoTqvan mxareebma da

procesis sxva monawileebma. maT mosazrebas udavod aqvs mniSvneloba

mtkicebulebaTa yovelmxriv da srulyofilad SefasebisaTvis. magram,

mtkicebulebebs sabolod afasebs sasamarTlo, rac imas SeiZleba

niSnavdes, rom samoqalaqo procesSi mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis erTad-

erTi subieqti aris sasamarTlo.

rogor da ra wesiT afasebs mtkicebulebebs sasamarTlo?

saqarTvelos 1964 wlis ssk 53-e muxlis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlo

xelmZRvanelobs ra kanoniTa da socialisturi marTlSegnebiT, afasebs

mtkicebulebebs Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT“.

rogorc vxedavT, mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis dros sasamarTlos

unda exelmZRvanela kanoniT da sociaplisturi marTlSegnebiT. es

aramarto zRudavda mtkicebulebaTa Tavisufali Sefasebis princips,

aramed garkveul winaswarSemuSavebul da savaldebulo mimarTulebas

aZlevda sasamarTlos, romelsac SeeZlo gavlena moexdina mis Sinagan

rwmenaze, kerZod utyuarad da sarwmunod mieCnia mtkicebuleba

(gamomdinare socialisturi marTlSegnebidan), romelic sinamdvileSi ar

iyo aseTi.

82 mtkicebulebaTa formaluri Sefasebis epoqa, roca ama Tu im mtkicebulebis mtkicebiTi Zala da

mniSvneloba ganisazRvreboda ara mosamarTlis mier, aramed kanoniT (magaliTad ori da meti mowmis

Cveneba ufro sandoa, vidre erTisa, aristokratis Cveneba ufro sandoa, vidre glexisa da a.S.) didi

xania warsuls Cabarda.

174

amitom, savsebiT samarTlianad kanonmdebelma ar gaiziara

mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis aseTi SezRudva da 1997 wlis ssk-i aRar

Seicavs am debulebas.

ssk 105-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad „sasamarTlo afasebs

mtkicebulebebs Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT. amrigad, Sinagani rwmena,

romelic Tavisufalia yovelgvari garegani zemoqmedebisagan, warmoadgens

samoqalaqo procesSi mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis erTaderT kriteriums.

cxadia, rom Sinagani rwmena ar niSnavs TviTnebobas. TviTneboba da

kerZod ki sasamarTlos TviTneboba, warmoadgens obieqtur safuZvels

moklebul, dausabuTebel da gaumarTlebel pozicias, romelic TviT

sasamarTlos pirad simpaTiebsa da survilebs emyareba. sasamarTlos

Sinagani rwmena – es Sefasebis Sinagani, subieqturi kriteriumia,

romelic yovelTvis unda emyarebodes garkveul obieqtur monacemebs,

yovelTvis unda iyos dasabuTebuli am obieqturi monacemebiT anu imiT,

Tu saidan da rogor Camouyalibda sasamarTlos aseTi Sinagani rwmena

mtkicebulebis utyuarobis Tu misi siyalbis Sesaxeb. aq SeiZleba saWiro

iyos kvlav gavimeoroT, rom mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis procesSi

sasamarTlos Sinagani rwmena vllindeba sasamarTlos TavisuflebaSi

Seafasos isini raime formaluri niSnebis gareSe da rom mtkicebulebaTa

Sefasebis dros igi araa SezRuduli raime garegani ZalebiT da kanoniT

dawesebuli SezRudvebiT.

amasTan erTad, mtkicebulebaTa Sefaseba, ise rogorc yovelgvari

Sefaseba, warmoadgens azrobriv process da aseTi Sefasebis dros

sasamarTlom unda ixelmZRvanelos logikis kanonebiT, romelic

gvaswavlis sworad azrovnebas. sworad azrovnebis logikuri kanonebis

samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba (regulireba) arc SesaZlebelia da arc

dasaSvebi: obieqturi kanonebi imitom arian obieqturi, rom isini

yovelgvari subieqturi Carevisa da, miT umetes, samarTlebrivi

mowesrigeba-regulirebis gareSe moqmedeben.

amasTan erTad, saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs

mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis zogad wesebs, romlebsac saproceso wesebi

SeiZleba vuwodoT. es wesebi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:

1. mtkicebulebebs afasebs uSualod saqmis ganmxilveli

sasamarTlo pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo, romelic ixilavs saqmes,

valdebulia uSualod gamoikvlios mtkicebulebebi. Tu saqmis zepiri

ganxilvis dros moxda mosamarTlis acileba, ris gamoc saqmis ganxilva

gadaido, maSin am saqmis ganxilva Tavidan unda daiwyos (ssk 216-e

muxlis pirveli nawili).

2. mxareebs unda mieceT SesaZlebloba gamoTqvan TavianTi mosazreba

saqmeSi arsebuli mtkicebulebebis Sesaxeb, xolo Tu aseTi mtkicebuleba

warmodgenili iqna mxaris mier da igi miRebuli iqna sasamarTlos mier

saqmis zepiri ganxilvis dros, maSin misi Sinaarsi unda gamoqveyndes am

sxdomaze, an igi unda waredginos mxareebs gasacnobad

(dasaTvaliereblad).

3. mxareebs ufleba avqT SekiTxvebi miscen mowmeebs, eqspertebs,

specialistebs, agreTve erTmaneTs.

4. mtkicebulebebs sasamarTlo afasebs maT erTobliobaSi, rac imas

niSnavs, rom ar SeiZleba sasamarTlo dakmayofildes mtkicebulebaTa

izolirebulad SefasebiT. es imas ar niSnavs, rom mas ar SeuZlia

izolirebulad Sefaseba, raTa gaarkvios xom ar aris saWiro damatebiTi

175

mtkicebulebebis warmodgena, magram saboloo Sefasebis dros

mtkicebulebebi maT erTobliobaSi unda Sefasdes.

5. Tu mtkicebulebaTa erTobliobaSi Sefasebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba,

rom maT Soris arsebobs winaaRmdegoba, sasamarTlo valdebulia axsnas,

riTaa ganpirobebuli aseTi winaaRmdegobis arseboba.

6. mtkicebulebebs sasamarTlo afasebs yovelmxriv, srulad da

obieqturad. aq uwinares yoflisa igulisxmeba mtkicebulebaTa Sefaseba

maTi utyuarobis TvalsazrisiT, risTvisac saWiroa am mtkicebulebaTa

yovelmxrivi Semowmeba, maTi dapirispireba saqmeSi arsebul sxva

mtkicebulebebTan da, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sasamarTlos

sruli miukerZoebloba mtkicebulebaTa Semowmeba-Sefasebis dros.

aseTia mokled mtkicebulebaTa sasamarTlos mier Sefasebis

ZiriTadi wesebi, romlebsac SeiZleba vuwodoT mtkicebulebaTa

Sefasebis saproceso wesebi.

bolos unda aRiniSnos, rom mosamarTlis Sinagani rwmeniT

mtkicebulebaTa Sefaseba ar niSnavs sruliad uangariSgebo daskvnebis

uflebas, sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi unda miuTiTos

mosazrebebze, ris gamoc, zogierTi mtkicebuleba cno utyuarad, xolo

sxvebi arasarwmunod.

kanonis aseT danawess aqvs sxvadasxvagvari mniSvneloba, magram erT-

erTi mTavari mniSvneloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom zemdgom instanciis

sasamarTlos, kerZod saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seamowmos

gadawyvetilebis faqtobrivi dasabuTebuloba, rac SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu

gadawyvetilebaSi ar iqneba miTiTebuli ra mosazrebiT gaiziara saqmis

pirveli instanciiT ganmxilvelma sasamarTlom esa Tu is mtkicebuleba,

an ratom uaryo saqmeSi arsebuli sxva mtkicebuleba.

$ 10. mtkicebulebaTa saxeebi

I. mxareTa (mesame pirTa) axsna-ganmarteba. faqtis aRiareba.

1. mxaris axsna-ganmarteba rogorc mtkicebuleba. mxare - esaa piri,

romelic sadavo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis uSualo monawilea. amitom,

man yvelaze kargad unda icodes im garemoebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebsac aqvT

mniSvneloba saqmisaTvis. am mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobs kanonmdebeli,

rodesac mxareTa axsna-ganmartebas Tvlis mtkicebulebad, mtkicebis erT-

erT damoukidebel da mniSvnelovan saSualebad (sssk 102-e muxli).

amave dros, mxareebi da mesame pirebi saqmis SedegiT

dainteresebulia pirebia. am garemoebam ki SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos

maTi axsna-ganmartebis sisworesa da utyuarobaze. magram, aseTi viTareba

mxareTa axsna-ganmartebas ki ar arTmevs mtkicebulebiT Zalas da

mniSvnelobas, aramed avalebs sasamarTlos gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT

Seafasos mxaris Cveneba. mxaris yoveli ganmarteba faqtebis Sesaxeb,

romelic gakeTebulia mis sasargeblod, magaliTad, mopasuxis ganmarteba

imis Sesaxeb, rom man Seasrula valdebuleba mosarCelis winaSe,

marTalia aris mtkicebuleba, magram arasakmarisi mtkicebuleba, romelic

moiTxovs dadasturebas sxva mtkicebulebis meSveobiT.

erTmaneTisagan unda gavmijnoT mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis is nawili,

romelic moTxovnis Camoyalibebas dazustebas, Tu dakonkretebas

emsaxureba da axsna-ganmartebis is nawili, romelic saqmis faqtiur

176

garemoebas Seexeba. mtkicebulebas warmoadgens mxaris axsna-ganmartebis

mxolod is nawili, romelic saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis

mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebis arseboba-ararsebobas adasturebs.

imisdamiuxedavad, Tu ra formiTaa warmodgenili mxareTa axsna-ganmarteba

–werilobiT Tu zepiri formiT, mtkicebulebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs

mxolod axsna-ganmartebis im nawils, romelic Seicavs miTiTebas

faqtebis Sesaxeb.

aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTloebSi farTod gavrcelebuli

praqtika, romlis mixedviT axsna-ganmartebas saqmis faqtiuri

garemoebebis Sesaxeb aZlevs ara uSualod mxare, romelic eswreba saqmis

ganxilvas, aramed misi warmomadgeneli ar Seesabameba kanons.

warmomadgenels farTo saproceso uflebebi aqvs. mas SeuZlia

gaanalizos saqmis masalebi, gamoTqvas Tavisi mosazrebebi saqmeSi

arsebuli mtkicebulebebis utyuarobis Sesaxeb, imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli

kanoni unda iqnes gamoyenebuli da rogori gadawyvetileba unda iqnes

gamotanili da a.S. magram mas ar SeuZlia SeiTavsos mxaris rogorc

mtkicebulebis wyaros funqcia, ise rogorc ar SeuZlia SeiTavsos

mowmis an eqspertis funqcia. ufro metic, igi ar SeiZleba daikiTxos

rogorc mowme, iseTi garemoebis Sesaxeb, romlebic misTvis cnobili

gaxda warmomadgenlis movaleobis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT (ssk 141-e

muxli).

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba sakmao

sisruliT gansazRvravs mxareebisagan axsna-ganmartebis miRebis wesebs,

maT Soris mxaris mier mowinaaRdege mxarisaTvis, agreTve mosamarTlis

mier mxarisaTvis SekiTxvebis micemis wesebs (ssk 127-e, 128-e muxlebi).

Zalian mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom kanonmdebloba krZalavs axsna-

ganmartebis miRebas iseTi pirebisagan, romlebsac Tavisi fizikuri an

fsiqikuri naklis gamo ar SeuZlia sworad aRiqvas faqtebi, agreTve

sasuliero pirisagan iseT garemoebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic mas gaandves

aRsarebis dros, agreTve Tanamdebobis pirisagan, iseT garemoebebze,

romelTa Sesaxeb saidumloebis dacva mis samsaburebriv movaleobaSi

Sedis (ssk 129-e muxli).

2.faqtis aRiareba. faqtis aRiareba-esaa mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis

erT-erTi saxesxvaoba, mtkicebuleba, romelsac zogjer mtkicebulebaTa

mefesac ki uwodebdnen. aRiarebis, rogorc mtkicebulebis Tavisebureba

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom am mtkicebulebiT xdeba iseTi faqtis

dadastureba, romelzec meore mxare amyarebs Tavis moTxovnas an

Sesagebels. maSasadame, faqts, romelic unda daedasturebina erT mxares,

adasturebs mowinaaRmdege mxare. swored amitom, aRiareba rogorc

mtkicebuleba iTvleba utyuar mtkicebulebad, radgan igi gakeTebulia

mowinaaRmdege mxaris sasargeblod da amRiareblis interesebis

sawinaaRmdegod.

am mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobs kanonmdebeli, rodesac amkvidrebs

wess, romlis Tanaxmad erTi mxaris mier iseTi garemoebis dadastureba,

romelzec meore mxare amyarebs Tavis moTxovnas Tu Sesagebels,

sasamarTlom SeiZleba sakmaris mtkicebulebad CaTvalos da safuZvlad

daudos Tavis gadawyvetilebas (ssk 131-e muxli).

sasamarTlo praqtikaSi xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac mxare Tavis

aRiarebas garkveul daTqmas ukeTebs, magaliTad, mxare aRiarebs, rom

marTlac isesxa gakveuli Tanxa mosarCelisagan, magram gadauxada kidec

177

es Tanxa. aq mxaris axsna-ganmartebis is nawili, romelic mowinaaRmdege

mxaris sasargeblodaa, kerZod rom marTlac aiRo sesxi mosarCelisagan,

aris aRiareba, radgan igi gakeTebulia mowinaaRmdege mxaris

sasargeblod; rac Seexeba axsna-ganmartebis im nawils, romelic Tavis

sasargeblodaa gakeTebuli, kerZod, rom daubruna nasesxebi Tanxa

mosarCeles, igi araa aRiareba, radgan gakeTebulia amRiareblis

sasargeblod. am faqts sWirdeba dadastureba sxva mtkicebulebebiT.83

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs aRiarebis

formas. aRiareba mxares SeuZlia gaakeTos werilobiTi an zepiri

formiT. zepiri formiT mxaris aRiareba SeiZleba gakeTdes mosamzadebel

an mTavar sxdomaze, am sxdomis oqmSi aucilebeli SetaniT.

mxares, romelmac aRiara saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone esa Tu is

faqti (garemoeba), ufleba aqvs Semdgom gaaqarwylos (uaryos) es

aRiareba oRond kanoni gansazRvravs amisaTvis aucilebel pirobebs. es

pirobebia: a)aRiarebis gaqarwyleba dasaSvebia gadawyvetilebis

gamotanamde. gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg sasamarTlo, bunebrivia,

veRarc ganixilavs aRiarebis gaqarwylebis sakiTxs da veRarc Secvlis

Tavis gadawyvetilebas. es imas niSnavs, rom saapelacio sasamarTloSi

aRar SeiZleba aRiarebis gaqarwylebis sakiTxi daisvas. saapelacio

sasamarTlos SeuZlia ganixilos es sakiTxi, Tu saapelacio

sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde iqneba dayenebuli mxaris

mier da man uxeSi gaufrTxileblobis gamo ar dasva es sakiTxi pirveli

instanciis sasamarTlos winaSe. b) mxarem, romelic moiTxovs mis mier

gakeTebuli aRiarebis gaqarwylebas, unda daamtkicos (damtkicebis

tvirTi) Semdegi faqtebi: 1) aRiareba iyo Secdomis Sedegi; magaliTad,

gamnaTxovrebelma aRZra sarCeli mopasuxis mimarT naTxovari nivTis ukan

dabrunebis Sesaxeb. mopasuxem (monaTxovrem) aRiara, rom man marTla

inaTxovra sadavo nivTi, magram uvadod da amitom araa valdebuli

daubrunos igi mosarCeles. Semdeg mopasuxem daazusta, rom faqtis aseTi

aRiareba iyo Secdoma, radgan man nivTi saCuqrad miiRo da ara

naTxovrobiT. Secdoma gamowveuli iyo misi iuridiuli gaunaTleblobiT.

2) mas daemuqra mowinaaRmdege mxare samsaxuridan daTxovniT an mis

Sesaxeb iseTi cnobebis gavrcelebiT, romelic laxavs mis pativsa da

Rirsebas (fsiqikuri zemoqmedeba); 3) an kidev, mas scemes da daemuqrnen

fizikuri ganadgurebiT (fizikuri zemoqmedeba).

amrigad, faqtis aRiareba unda gamoxatavdes amRiareblis

Tavisufal nebas da Tu amRiarebeli daamtkicebs, rom aseTi neba

sinamdvileSi gamoricxuli iyo – aRiareba gaqarwyldeba.

II. werilobiTi mtkicebuleba

SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom werilobiTi

mtkicebulebebi, sxva saxis mtkicebulebebs Soris yvelaze frTod

gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo procesSi, konkretul saqmeTa ganxilva-

gadawyvetis dros. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom gadawyvetilebisaTvis

83 faqtis aRiareba unda ganvasxvavoT sarCelis aRiarebisagan. sarCelis aRiareba-esaa mxaris mier

Tavisi materialur samarTlebrivi uflebis gankargvis aqti. sarCelis aRiarebis dros mxare cnobs

sasarCelo moTxovnis marTlzomierebas da aseT SemTxvevaSi mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba, Semowmeba da

Sefaseba aRaraa saWiro. sasamarTlom unda daakmayofilos sarCeli (dawvrilebiT ix. gv. . . . ).

178

mniSvnelovani zogierTi faqtis dadgena dasaSvebia mxolod werilobiTi

mtkicebulebis gamoyenebiT.

ssk 134-e muxlis Tanaxmad werilobiT mtkicebulebas warmoadgens

aqtebi, sabuTebi, saqmiani da piradi xasiaTis werilebi, romlebic

Seicavs cnobebs saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovan garemoebaTa Sesaxebb

werilobiTi mtkicebulebis am gansazRvrebaSi sworadaa miTiTebuli imis

Sesaxeb, rom igi unda Seicavdes cnobebs saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovan

garemoebebze. magram, aseTive cnobebs Seicaven sxva mtkicebulebebic,

rogoricaa nivTieri mtkicebuleba da eqspertis daskvna. miuxedavad

amisa, werilobiTi mtkicebuleba gansxvavdeba nivTieri mtkicebulebisagan

imiT, rom werilobiTi mtkicebuleba werilobiTi niSnebis gamoyenebiT

Seicavs cnobebs dasamtkicebel anu saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovan garemoebaTa

Sesaxeb, xolo nivTieri mtkicebuleba aseT cnobebs Seicavs Tavisi

TvisebiT an xarisxiT (ix. gv. . .). werilobiTi niSnebis gamoyenebiT

Seicavs cnobebs saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis Sesaxeb

eqspertis daskvnac. miuxedavad amisa, eqspertis daskvna ar warmoadgens

werilobiT mtkicebulebas, radgan igi Sedgenilia sasamarTlos mier

daniSnuli da specialuri codniT aRWurvili piris mier. rac Seexeba

werilobiT mtkicebulebas igi, rogorc wesi, Sedgenilia sasamarTloSi

saqmis warmoebis gaxsnamde da, maSasadame, sasamarTlos miTiTebis gareSe,

xolo werilobiTi mtkicebulebis avtorTan sasamarTlos saproceso

samarTliT mowesrigebuli raime urTierToba ar aqvs.

amrigad, werilobiTi mtkicebulebebi iseTi sagnebia, romlebSic

werilobiTi Tu sxva amgvari niSnebis saSualebiT Camoyalibebulia

azrebi Tu ideebi, romlebic Seicaven cnobebs gadawyvetilebisaTvis

mniSvnelovan garemoebebze. azrebi SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos aramarto

werilobiTi niSnebiT, aramed cifrebiT, sanoto niSnebiT, SifrebiT,

stenografiuli niSnebiT da a.S. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

mtkicebuleba rom werilobiTs mivakuTvnoT, jer-erTi, mTavaria

Sinaarsobrivi mxare: igi Tavisi SinaarsiT (da ara TvisebiT an xarisxiT)

unda gvawvdides saWiro cnobebs da meore, am cnobebs unda viRebdeT

wakiTxviT (amokiTxviT).

Tavisi Sinaarsis mixedviT werilobiT mtkicebulebebs yofen

ganmkargulebel da Sematyobinebel (cnobebis momwodebel) werilobiT

mtkicebulebebad. ganmkargulebel werilobiT mtkicebulebad miCneulia

iseTi dokumentebi, romlebSiac gamoxatulia nebiTi aqti, mimarTuli

iuridiuli urTierTobis warmoSobis, Secvlis an Sewyvetisaken

(magaliTad, garigeba, administraciis brZaneba da a.S.). Semtyobinebel

werilobiT mtkicebulebad miCneulia iseTi dokumentebi, romlebic

mxolod adastureben ama Tu im faqts, rogoricaa magaliTad, saqmiani da

piradi xasiaTis werilebi. sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT piradi

xasiaTis werili, romelic adasturebs gadawyvetilebisaTvis

mniSvnelovan iseT faqts, rogoricaa raime valdebulebis arseboba,

magaliTad, sesxis faqts. arc ise iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac

araregistrirebul qorwinebaSi dabadebuli bavSvis dedas sasamarTloSi

miaqvs bavSvis faqtiuri mamis werilebi, romlebSic igi aRiarebs am

bavSvis mamobas da a.S.

Tavisi formis mixedviT ganasxvaveben ubralo anu martiv da

kvalificiur werilobiT mtkicebulebebs. kvalificiuri werilobiTi

mtkicebulebebi Seicaven faqtis oficialur dadasturebas. magaliTad,

179

notarialurad gaformebuli werilobiTi xelSekruleba. sk 183-e muxlis

Tanaxmad uZravi nivTis SeZena unda moxdes sanotaro wesiT damowmebuli

sabuTiT. es imas niSnavs, rom uZravi nivTis SeZenis dasadastureblad

SeiZleba wardgenil iqnes sasamarTloSi mxolod notarialurad

damowmebuli sabuTi. ubralo (martivi) werilobiTi dokumentebi ar

saWiroeben aseT damowmebas. sakmarisia, rom dokumenti an masze

xelmowera Sedgenili iyos an xels awerdes mxare. magaliTad, sk 69-e

muxlis Tanaxmad martivi werilobiTi formis arsebobisas garigebis

namdvilobisaTvis sakmarisia garigebaSi monawile mxareTa xelmowera.

warmoSobis xerxis anu wyaros xasiaTis mixedviT ganasxvaveben

dedan (original) dokumentebsa da am dokumentebis pirebs anu aslebs.

iseT pirobebSi, rodesac teqnikis ganviTarebam miaRwia arnaxul

masStabebs da dokumentis gayalbeba TiTqmis araviTar siZneles ar

warmoadgens, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens werilobiTi sabuTebis

dednis saxiT wardgena sasamarTloSi, rasac moiTxovs ssk 135-e muxli.

mxare SeiZleba ganTavisufldes dedani sabuTis wardgenisagan mxolod

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu daamtkicebs, rom aseTi sabuTis wardgena SeuZlebelia

imis gamo, rom igi ganadgurda xanZris gamo an sxva raime stiqiuri

ubedurebis Sedegad da sxva.

subieqtebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben oficialur da araoficialur

werilobiT sabuTebs. oficialuria iseTi sabuTebi, romlebic Sedgenilia

saxelmwifo organizaciebis, sajaro iuridiuli pirebis Tu Sesabamisi

Tanamdebobis pirebis mier, agreTve kerZo iuridiuli pirebisa da maTi

Tanamdebobis pirebis mier. araoficialuria werilobiTi sabuTebi

gacemuli fizikuri pirebis mier.

werilobiT mtkicebulebas sasamarTlos warudgenen mxareebi. maT

SeuZliaT sTxovon sasamarTlos im werilobiTi sabuTebis gamoTxova,

romelTa miReba TviTon ver SeZles. iuridiuli pirebi Tu moqalaqeebi

valdebulni arian miawodon sasamarTlos gamoTxovili werilobiTi

masalebi. am valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis iuridiuli piris

Sesabamisi Tanamdebobis piri, visi braliTac ar moxda sasamarTlos mier

gamoTxovili werilobiTi sabuTis gadmogzavna, an fizikuri piri,

SeiZleba dajarimdes, rac ar aTavisuflebs maT am werilobiTi sabuTebis

wardgenisagan (ssk 136-e muxli).

dainteresebul mxares SeuZlia ganacxados, rom werilobiTi

sabuTi yalbia. aseT SemTxvevaSi, mxares, romelmac igi warmoadgina

SeuZlia sTxovos sasamarTlos am sadavo sabuTis mtkicebulebebidan

amoricxvis Sesaxeb. Tu mowinaaRmdege mxare winaaRmdegia aseTi

amoricxvis, maSin sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos sabuTis namdviloba,

risTvisac SeuZlia daniSnos eqspertiza. magaliTad, mosarCelem

warmoadgina nasyidobis xelSekruleba, magram meore mxarem ganacxada,

rom yalbia da misi saxeliT xelmowera am xelSekrulebaze sinamdvileSi

ar ekuTvnis mas. am faqtis dasadastureblad sasamarTlos SeuZlia

daniSnos eqspertiza. Tu damtkicdeba, rom xelSekruleba yalbia,

sasamarTlo amoricxavs mas saqmeSi arsebuli mtkicebulebebidan,

gamoitans dasabuTebul ganCinebas da am xelSekrulebas eqspertis

daskvnasTan erTad gadascems sagamoZiebo organoebs (ssk 137-e muxli).

erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT mtkicebulebis saxiT

sasamarTloSi warmodgenili dokumentis siyalbis sakiTxis ganxilva,

rac mimarTulia am dokumentis mtkicebulebiTi mniSvnelobis

180

gaqarwylebisaken da sarCelebi dokumentis siyalbis dadgenis Sesaxeb,

romelTa ganxilvis Sedegad sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ara ganCineba, aramed

gadawyvetileba (ssk 180-e muxli).

sasamarTloSi wardgenili dedani sabuTebi gadawyvetilebis

kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg SeiZleba daubrundes (Tu amas

moiTxovs) misi warmdgen pirs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo valdebulia

gadaiRos aslebi, daamowmos mosamarTlem da Seinaxos sasamarTloSi.

III. mowmis Cveneba.

1. mowmis Cvenebis cneba. mowmis Cveneba erT-erTi yvelaze farTod

gamoyenebuli mtkicebulebaa samoqalaqo procesSi. mowmis meSveobiT

dasturdeba mravali faqti, romlis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda saqmis

arsebiTad sworad gadawyveta.

kanonmdeblobis analizidan gamomdinare, mowmes Semdegi moTxovnebi

waeyeneba:

a) mowmed SeiZleba iyos yoveli piri, romlisTvisac cnobilia

raime garemoeba saqmis Sesaxeb. amitom, mowmis dabarebis Sesaxeb

Suamdgomlobis aRmZvreli piri movalea miuTiTos, saqmisaTvis

mniSvnelobis mqone romeli garemoebis dadastureba SeuZlia mowmes. Tu

aRmoCndeba, rom faqtebs, romelTa dadasturebisTvis mxare

Suamdgomlobs mowmis gamoZaxebaze, ar aqvT saqmisaTvis mniSvneloba

sasamarTlos SeuZlia uari Tqvas mis gamoZaxebaze da dakiTxvaze (ssk

140-e muxli).

b) mowmed SeiZleba iyos piri, romelsac Seswevs unari sworad

aRiqvas faqtebi da misces maT Sesaxeb swori Cveneba (ssk 141-e muxlis

pirveli nawili).

g) mowmed SeiZleba iyos piri, romelic ar aris iuridiulad

dainteresebuli saqmis SedegiT. aq mxedvelobaSia iuridiuli interesi

anu iseTi interesi, romelic gaaCnia mosarCeles da mopasuxes,

romlebisTvisac saqmeze gamotanil gadawyvetilebas SeuZlia garkveuli

sargeblobis motana. Tu pirs aqvs iuridiuli interesi, is unda Caebas

procesSi rogorc erT-erTi mxare (TanamosarCele, Tanamopasuxe) an

mesame piri sxva sakiTxia, rodesac mowme dainteresebulia SedegiT

mxareebis mimarT megobruli, naTesauri Tu sxva damokidebulebis gamo.

aseTi araiuridiuli daintereseba ar arTmevs pirs uflebas dakiTxuli

iqnes mowmed. misi aseTi interesi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes misi

Cvenebis Sefasebis dros.

amrigad, mowme samoqalaqo procesSi sasamarTlos mier saqmis

garemoebebis Sesaxeb Cvenebis misaRebad gamoZaxebuli piria, romelsac

Seswevs unari sworad aRiqvas faqtebi da misces maT Sesaxeb swori

Cveneba.

ramdenadac mowme TviTon uSualod aRiqvams faqtebs, igi ar

SeiZleba Seicvalos sxva piriT. amasTan erTad, mowmem SeiZleba misces

Cveneba iseT faqtobriv garemoebebze, romelTa Sesaxeb uSualod ki ara,

aramed sxvebisgan gaigo. aseT SemTxvevaSi mowmem unda miuTiTos Tu

visgan miiRo cnobebi. mowmis Cveneba, romlis wyaro cnobili ar aris,

mtkicebulebad ver gamodgeba.

amrigad, mowmis Cveneba – esaa sasamarTloSi mowmed gamoZaxebuli

da kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiT dakiTxul iuridiulad dauinteresebeli

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piris cnobebi saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone

faqtobrvi garemoebebis Sesaxeb.

2. Cvenebis micemaze uarisTqmis ufleba. kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs

im pirTa wres, romlebic ar SeiZleba dakiTxul iqnen rogorc mowme.

cxadia, rom Tu aseTi pirebi gamoZaxebuli iqnebian, maT SeuZliaT uari

Tqvan Cvenebis micemaze.

aseTi pirebis kategorias ganekuTvnebian:

a) piri, romelsac ar SeuZlia sworad aRiqvas faqtebi Tavisi

fizikuri an fsiqikuri naklis gamo; aseTi piri rogorc zemoT

avRniSneT, saerToT arc SeiZleba gamoZaxebuli iqnes mowmed, magram Tu

igi gamoZaxebuli iyo, sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos misgan Cveneba;

b) sasuliero piri-im garemoebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic mas gaandes

aRsarebis dros; rac Seexeba sxva garemoebebs, maT Sesaxeb sasuliero

piri SeiZleba daikiTxos;

g) warmomadgenlebi samoqalaqo saqmeebze da damcvelebi sisxlis

samarTlis saqmeebze – iseTi garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic

maTTvis cnobili gaxda warmomadgenlis an damcvelis movaleobis

Sesrulebisas (sssk 141-e muxli).

Tu aq CamoTvlili pirebi gamoZaxebuli iqnebia mowmeebad zemoT

miTiTebul garemoebebze Cvenebis misacemad, maT SeuZliaT uari Tqvas

aseTi Cvenebis micemaze.

amasTan erTad, kanoni gansazRvravs im pirTa wres, romlebsac

SeuZliaT uari Tqvan Cvenebis micemaze nebismieri faqtis arseboba-

ararsebobis Sesaxeb. aseT pirTa kategorias ganekuTvnebian:

a)mxareTa meuRleebi; b) axlo naTesavebi (Svilebi, SviliSvilebi,

Zmebi, debi, mSoblebi, mSvileblebi, Svilobilebi, mzrunvelebi,

meurveebi, bebiebi, babuebi); g) pirebi, romlebic TavianTi samsaxurebrivi

mdgomareobis gamo valdebuli arian daicvan saidumloeba. es imas

niSnavs, rom „g“ punqtSi miTiTebuli pirebi sxva faqtebis Sesaxeb

SeiZleba daikiTxon (ssk 142-e muxli).

aq CamoTvlil pirebs ufleba aqvT ar miscen Cveneba mxolod im

pirobiT, Tu es gamoiwvevs mis an axlo naTesavis mimarT sisxlis

samarTlis saqmis aRZvras, an miayenebs maT qonebriv zians. magaliTad,

axlo naTesav mowmes ufleba aqvs ar misces Cveneba imis Sesaxeb, rom

xanZari gamowveuli iyo misi mSoblis uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT, rasac

moyva mosarCelis qonebis ganadgureba.

kanoni Seicavs iseTi SemTxvevis amomwurav CamonaTvals, rodesac

Tumca arsebobs Cvenebis micmaze uaris Tqmis ufleba, magram piri mainc

valdebulia misces Cveneba. aseTi valdebuleba warmoiSoba a) Tu saWiroa

dadasturdes garigeba, romlis dadebisas igi miwveuli iyo mowmed.

magaliTad, dasamowmebelia aqti, romlis erT-erTi monawile aris yru-

munji, brma, wera-kiTxvis armcodne (ix. „sanotaro moqmedebaTa wesis

Sesaxeb“ instruqcia, me-20 muxli); b) saWiroa gairkves ojaxis wevris

dabadebis, daqorwinebis an gardacvalebis sakiTxebi; g) Tu piri ama Tu

im samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobisas moqmedebda rogorc

warmomadgeneli. magaliTad, sk 103-e muxlis Tanaxmad garigeba SeiZleba

daidos warmomadgenlis meSveobiTac. roca garigebas debs warmomadgeneli

davalebis (mindobilobis) safuZvelze, maSin es warmomadgeneli, kidec

rom sargeblobdes Cvenebis micemaze uarisTqmis uflebiT, mainc

182

valdebulia misces Cveneba am garigebis dadebasTan dakavSirebul

sakiTxebze.

Cvenebis micemaze uarisTqmis uflebis damtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba

pirs, romelic aseT uflebaze akeTebs gancxadebas. magaliTad, Tu mowmed

dasaxelebuli piri acxadebs, rom igi romelime mxaris axlo naTesavia,

unda warudginos sasamarTlos amis damadasturebeli dokumenti da a.S.

mowmes, rogorc saproceso urTierTobis monawiles, aqvs uflebebi

da movaleobebi.

mowmis uflebebia: misces Cveneba mSobliur enaze, miiRos

sasamarTloSi gamocxadebisaTvis gaweuli mgzavrobisa da sacxovrebeli

sadgomis daqiravebis xarjebi, dRiuri Tanxa, SeunarCundeT saSualo

xelfasi, xolo Tu isini ar arian SromiT urTierTobaSi, maSin maT

Cveulebrivi saqmianobidan mocdenisaTvis eZlevaT gasamrjelo

faqtobrivad daxarjuli droisa da Sromis anazRaurebis minimaluri

odenobis gaTvaliswinebiT (ssk 45-e muxli).

mowmis movaleobebia: a) gamocxaddes sasamarTloSi daniSnul dros

da b) misces swori Cveneba. am movaleobaTa Sesruleba uzrunvelyofilia

aramato samoqalaqo saproceso sanqciiT, rogoricaa dajarimeba 10

lariT an iZulebiT (policiis organoebis meSveobiT) moyvana, aramed

sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobiT, cru Cvenebis micemisaTvis an

Cvenebis micemaze uarisTqmisaTvis (sisaxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 370-e,

371-e muxlebi).

3. mowmis dakiTxvis wesi. samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba

iTvaliswinebs mowmeTa dakiTxvis wess, romelic SemuSavebulia

fsiqologiuri mecnierebis miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

es wesi zogadad SemdegSi mdgomareobs:

a) yoveli mowme calke unda daikiTxos. mowmeebi, romlebsac jer

ar miuciaT Cveneba, ar unda iyvnen sasamarTlo sxdomis darbazSi, xolo

dakiTxuli mowmeebi rCebian darbazSi saqmis ganxilvis damTavrebamde

(ssk 148-e muxlis pirveli nawili);

mowmeTa dakiTxvis aseT wess SeiZleba is mniSvneloba hqondes, rom

ar moaxdinon gavlena erTmaneTze Cvenebis micemisas, xolo dakiTxuli

mowmis sxdomis darbazSi yofnas SeiZleba is mniSvneloba hqondes, rom

SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes misi ganmeorebiT dakiTxva an sxva mowmeebTan

dapirispireba (ssk 149-e muxli).

b) dakiTxvis dawyebis win sasamarTlom unda gaarkvios mowmis

pirovneba. es aucilebelia ara marto imisaTvis, rom icodes

sasamarTlom da mxareebma vis dakiTxvas apireben, aramed SeimuSaos am

mowmis dakiTxvis taqtika. kerZod, mowmis damokidebulebis garkvevas

mxareebTan (megobroba, erToblivad raime saqmianobis warmarTva da a.S.),

aqvs mniSvneloba sasamarTlos mier misi Cvenebis Sefasebis dros;

g) mowmes unda mieces sruli SesaZlebloba Tavisufali TxrobiT

gadmosces yvelaferi, rac man icis saqmis garemoebebis Sesaxeb. mxolod

mas Semdeg, roca mowme Tavisufali TxrobiT gadmoscems imas rac icis,

amis Semdeg SeiZleba mieces mas SekiTxvebi.

SekiTxvebis micemis aucilebloba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom

Tavisufali TxorobiT gadmocemuli Cveneba, rogorc wesi, araa

yovelTvis sruli. am xarvezis Sevsebas emsaxureba SekiTxvebis micema.84

84 ix. d. uznaZe. zogadi fsiqologia, Tbilisi, 1940, gv. 323-328.

183

sasamarTlom ganuxrelad unda daicvas SekiTxvebis micemis kanoniT

dadgenili rigiToba, romlis mixedviT pirvelad SekiTxvas aZlevs mxare,

romlis iniciativiTac daibares mowme, an am mxaris warmomadgeneli. amis

Semdeg sasamarTlos nebarTviT SekiTxva SeiZleba misces saqmis monawile

sxva pirebma.

SekiTxvebis micemis rigiToba ar vrceldeba sasamarTloze;

mosamarTles SeuZlia SekiTxva misces dakiTxvis yvela momentSi. mas

SeuZlia agreTve moxsnas nebismieri SekiTxva, romelic ar emsaxureba

saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovani garemoebis garkvevas, an, Tu SekiTxva

STamagonebel zegavlenas axdens mowmeze, rac fsiqologiuri mecnierebis

monacemebiT dauSvebelia.

e) mowme unda daikiTxos sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze (ssk 147-e

muxli).

gamonaklisi am wesidan, e.i. mowmis dakiTxva misi adgilsamyofelis

mixedviT, dasaSvebia, Tu avadmyofobis, invalidobis an sxva sapatio

mizeziT mas ar SeuZlia gamocxaddes sasamarTloSi, an kidev, dasakiTxia

mravali mowme, romlebic erT adgilas cxovroben da maTi sasamarTloSi

gamocxadeba did xarjebs moiTxovs.

mowmis dakiTxva misi adgilsamyofelis mixedviT unda moxdes

mxareTa SetyobinebiT da im wesebis dacviT, rac kanoniTaa gansazRvruli.

v)mowmis dakiTxva SeiZleba moxdes sasamarTlo davalebis wesiTac

(ssk 107-108-e muxlebi). es imas niSnavs, rom mowme, romelic sxva

qalaqSi, raionSi an sxva qveyanaSi cxovrobs (muSaobs), SeiZleba

sasamarTlos davalebiT daikiTxos im sasamarTlos mier, romlisTvisac

teritoriulad es ufro mosaxerxebelia. mowmis dakiTxvis oqmi unda

gadaegzavnos im sasamarTlos, romlis davalebiTac daikiTxa mowme.85

T) samoqalaqo saprocso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs erT

mniSvnelovan siaxles: mowmis mier ficis dadebas (ssk 153-e muxli).

imisaTvis, rom mowmes mieces ficis dadebis SesaZlebloba ori

garemoebis erTdroulad arsebobaa aucilebeli: erTi - mowmis Cvenebas

unda hqondes gadamwyveti mniSvneloba davis gadawyvetisaTvis. magaliTad,

mowmis Cvenebazea damokidebuli sarCelis dakmayofileba, an mis

dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqma da meore – ficis dadebas sasamarTlo

mizanSewonilad CaTvlis. magaliTad, mowmis Cvenebas imis Sesaxeb, rom

misi TandaswrebiT mopasuxem miuTvala sesxad aRebuli Tanxa mosarCeles,

aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba saqmisaTvis. amitom, Tu sasamarTlos es

mizanSewonilad miaCnia, am mowmes SeiZleba mosTxovos ficis dadeba.

fsiqologiis mecnierebis monacemebiT TviTon faqti piris mowmis

saxiT sasamarTlSi gamoZaxebisa STamagonebel zegavlenas axdens am pirze.

miT umetes aseTi zegavlena Zlierdeba, roca mowmes afrTxileben

sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb. magram, roca mas RmerTis

winaSec aficeben, ar aris gamoricxuli aseTma pirma saerTod

ganacxados, rom araferi saqmis garemoebebis Sesaxeb ar icis da amitom

verc miscems maT Sesaxeb raime Cvenebas. amitom, ficis dadebis momenti,

Tu amas sasamarTlo mizanSewonilad CaTvlis, unda moxdes mxolod

Cvenebis micemis Semdeg da im wesiT, rogorc es ssk 153-e muxlis me-5

nawilSia Camoyalibebuli.

85 „saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 62-e muxli. agreTve, minskis

konvencia „samoqalaqo, saojaxo da sisxlis saqmeebze samarTlebrivi daxmarebisa da samarTlebriv

urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb“ (me-6 muxli).

184

religiuri, Tu arareligiuri ficis dadeba, an kidev Tavisi

rwmenis gamo, ficis dadebaze uarisqma ar aTavisuflebs sasamarTlos

Seafasos mowmis Cveneba Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT. ficiT dadasturebuli

mowmis Cveneba sasamarTlom SeiZleba sarwmunod miiCnios. swored am

mosazrebiT SeiZleboda exelmZRvanela kanonmdebels, roca ssk 153-e

muxlis me-4 nawiliT miuTiTa imis Sesaxeb, rom sasamarTlom auxsnas

mowmes ficis dadebis win „winaswar ganzraxulad daficebis gziT yalbi

Cvenebis micemiT gamowveuli sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis

Sesaxeb“.

amrigad, kanonmdebeli ar gamoricxavs yalbi Cvenebis ficis

meSveobiT dadasturebis SesaZleblobas. es imas niSnavs, rom

sasamarTlom unda Seafasos mowmis Cveneba misi utyuarobis

TvalsazrisiT yvela SemTxvevaSi, gamonaklisis gareSe.

aseTia mowmis dakiTxvisa da misgan Cvenebis miRebis ZiriTadi

wesebi. am wesebis dacva aucilebelia, raTa mowmis Cvenebas mieces

mtkicebulebiTi mniSvneloba.

IV. nivTieri mtkicebuleba

1.cneba. ssk 154-e muxlis pirveli nawili Seicavs nivTieri

mtkicebulebebis kanonismier (legalur) ganmartebas: nivTieri

mtkicebulebebia nivTebi, romlebic Tavisi xarisxiT, TvisebebiT an

arsebobiT warmoadgenen saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis

dadgenis saSualebas.

am ganmartebiT kidev erTxel gamoikveTa gansxvaveba, romelic

arsebobs nivTier mtkicebulebasa da werilobiT mtkicebulebas Soris.

werilobiTia yoveli sagani, romelic masze gamoxatuli niSnebiT da maTi

amokiTxvis saSualebiT Seicavs cnobebs faqtebis Sesaxeb, xolo

nivTieria sagnebi, romlebic Tavisi TvisebiT, xarisxiT, mdebareobiT da

a.S. gvawvdis aseT cnobebs. magaliTad, romelime werilobiTi dokumenti

SeiZleba werilobiTi ki ara, aramed nivTieri mtkicebuleba iyos, Tu

gvainteresebs am dokumentis ara Sinaarsi, aramed misi Tviseba, kerZod

is, rom igi gayalbebulia (yalbia blanki, Stampi, beWedi masze,

amoSlilia (gadafxekilia) xelmowera da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi es

dokumenti iqneba nivTieri mtkicebuleba. zogjer nivTieri mtkicebuleba

cnobebs gvawvdis Tavisi xarisxiT, magaliTad, rodesac sadavoa

Sesyiduli (gadacemuli) nivTis xarisxi (sk 488-e muxli).

nivTier mtkicebulebebs sasamarTlos warudgenen mxareebi. mxarem

SeiZleba sTxovos sasamarTlos TviTon gamoiTxovos nivTieri

mtkicebuleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu man uSualod ver SeZlo misi

miReba im pirisagan, romelTanac es mtkicebuleba inaxeba. mxare, romelic

Txovs sasamarTlos miiRos misgan nivTieri mtkicebuleba an gamoiTxovos

igi, valdebulia miuTiTos Tu saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis romeli

garemoebis dadastureba SeiZleba am mtkicebulebiT. im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac garemoebas (faqts), romlis dasadasturebladac mxare

Suamdgomlobs nivTieri mtkicebulebis gamoTxovaze an miRebaze, ar aqvs

mniSvneloba saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis, sasamarTlom uari unda

uTxras am mxares mis miRebaze da gamoTxovaze.

nebismieri fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piri, nebismieri Tanamdebobis

piri valdebulia gadaugzavnos sasamarTlos mis mier gamoTxovili

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nivTieri mtkicebuleba amave sasamarTlos mier dadgenil vadaSi. am

valdebulebis Sesruleba uzrunvelyofilia sanqciiT, rogoricaa

dajarimeba pirvelad 10 lariT. dajarimeba SeiZleba moqalaqis, an im

Tanamdebobis piris, visi braliTac ar gadaigzavna nivTieri mtkicebuleba.

Tu nivTieri mtkicebuleba ganmaorebiT dajarimebis Semdegac ar iqneba

gadagzavnili, maSin sasamarTlo amoiRebs maT policiis meSveobiT an

moaxdens maT daTvalierebas adgilze (ssk 159-e muxli).

sul sxva xasiaTis Sedegebs iwvevs sasamarTlos mier gamoTxovili

nivTieri mtkicebulebis warudgenloba mxaris mier. Tu nivTieri

mtkicebulebis wardgenaze uars ambobs erT-erTi mxare romelic ar

uaryofs, rom es mtkicebuleba mis xelTaa, maSin sasamarTlos SeuZlia

nivTieri mtkicebulebis gamoTxovaze Suamdgomlobis aRmZvreli piri

gaaTavisuflos im faqtis damtkicebis tvirTisagan, romelic am

mtkicebulebiT unda daedasturebina da aseTi tvirTi gadaakisros

mxares, romelic uars ambobs mis xelT arsebuli nivTieri

mtkicebulebis wardgenaze.

nivTier mtkicebulebebs, ise rogorc nebismier sxva mtkicebulebas,

sasamarTlo afasebs Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT. amisaTvis, uwinares

yovlisa, saWiroa, rom man daaTvalieros es mtkicebulebebi. Tu isini,

maTi moculobis gamo ver iqnebian warmodgenili sasamarTloSi, maSin

sasamarTlom isini unda daaTvalieros adgilze. adgilze daTvalierebas

sasamarTlo awarmoebs kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT (ix. gv. . . . ).

cxadia, rom mxareebs SeuZliaT aramarto daaTvalieron warmodgenili

nivTieri mtkicebulebebi, aramed gamoTqvan TavianTi mosazrebebi maT

Sesaxeb, rac daexmareba sasamarTlos am mtkicebulebebis SefasebaSi.

mxareebs SeuZliaT sTxovon sasamarTlos nivTier mtkicebulebaTa

Semowmebis mizniT daniSnos eqspertiza. eqspertizis daniSvna am mizniT

SeuZlia sasamarTlosac Tavisi iniciativiT.

nivTieri mtkicebuleba inaxeba saqmeSi an sasamarTlos Sesanax

kameraSi, xolo Tu maTi sasamarTloSi mitana SeuZlebelia, maSin isini

inaxeba adgilze. aseT SemTxvevaSi isini dawvrilebiT unda aRiweros da

miRebuli iqnes zomebi maTi ucvlelad SenaxvisaTvis. Tu Senaxva

SeuZlebelia sasamarTlo moaxdens maT realizacias da Semosul Tanxas

Caricxavs sasamarTlos sadepozito angariSze.

nivTebi, romlebic warmodgenili iyo rogorc mtkicebululebebi,

daubrundeba mis warmomdgen pirs, an im mxares, romelsac sasamarTlom

miakuTvna ufleba am nivTze.

rogorc wesi, nivTieri mtkicebulebebis dabruneba xdeba mxolod

mas Semdeg, rodesac gadawyvetileba Seva kanonier ZalaSi. cxadia,

mxedvelobaSia iseTi nivTebi, romlebic SeiZleba iyos moqalaqeTa

mflobelobaSi. Tu iseTi nivTebia, romlebic ar SeiZleba iyos maT

mflobelobaSi, an SeiZleba, magram amisaTvis specialuri nebarTvaa

saWiro, maSin es nivTebi gadaecema Sesabamis organoebs. magaliTad, Tu

nivTieri mtkicebulebebis saxiT warmodgenili iyo sanadiro Tofi,

romlis specialuri nebarTva mxares ar gaaCnda, igi gadaecema policiis

organoebs.

rogorc gamonaklisi, nivTebi SeiZleba daubrundes mis warmomdgen

pirs gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlamde ori pirobis

erTdroulad arsebobisas: erTi – Tu aris nivTieri mtkicebulebebis

mflobelis an warmomadgenlis Suamdgomloba da meore – Tu

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sasamarTlos azriT nivTebis dabruneba ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqmis

ganxilvis interesebs. xels ar SeuSlis saqmis sworad gadawyvetas.

V. eqspertis daskvna

1. specialuri codnis raoba. sasamarTlo Semecnebis procesSi,

kerZod, saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis

dadgenis dros SeiZleba Segvxvdes iseTi faqtebi, romelTa damtkiceba

da dadastureba Cveulebrivi meTodebiTa da cnobili saSualebebiT

SeuZlebelia. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlosaTvis didi daxmarebis gaweva

SeuZlia mecnierul-teqnikur progress. mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi

mravalmxriv zegavlenas axdens sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis sxvadasxva

sferoze. am zegavlenis gareSe ar darCenila sasamarTlo Semecnebac.

mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis zegavlena sasamarTlo Semecnebaze

sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT vlindeba. erT-erTi aseTi mimarTulebaa

mecnierul-teqnikuri miRwevebis danergva sasamarTlo praqtikaSi

saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtiuri garemoebebis dadgenisa da

mtkicebulebaTa dafiqsirebis mizniT.

arsebobs mecnierul-teqnikuri miRwevebis marTlmsajulebis

miznebisaTvis gamoyenebis sxvadasxva formebi, romelTa Soris

gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs sasamarTlo eqspertizas. ssk 162-e

muxlis Tanaxmad Tu saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT wamoiWra iseTi

sakiTxi, romlis ganmarteba specialur codnas moiTxovs, sasamarTlos,

mxareTa TxovniT an Tavisi iniciativiT SeuZlia daniSnos eqspertiza.

ra aris specialuri codna?

kanoni, romelic uSvebs specialuri codnis gamoyenebis

SesaZleblobas, ar gansazRvravs am cnebis Sinaarss.

uwinares yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom yovelgvari codna, romelic

samarTlebriv sferos ganekuTvneba, ar SeiZleba specialur codnas

mivakuTvnoT. amave dros, ara yoveli codna, romelic samarTlebrivs ar

ganekuTvneba, aris specialuri codna. saqme isaa, rom ama Tu im sakiTxis

gadawyvetisas, an ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebisas

sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs isargeblos ara marto Tavisi profesiuli

gamocdilebiT, aramed adamianebis empiriuli dakvirvebis safuZvelze

SemuSavebuli da sayovelTaod cnobili ganzogadebebiT, agreTve im

wesebiTa da normebiT, romlebic SemuSavda cxovrebis mier da romlebic

asaxaven Cveni sazogadoebis moralur Sexedulebebsa da rwmenas.

socialuri Tanacxovrebisa da moralis moTxovnebi ar warmoadgenen

samarTlebriv normebs, magram maT aqvT mniSvneloba samoqalaqo

samarTlebriv urTierTobisa da maTi monawileTa SefasebisaTvis. aq

sakmarisi iqneba avRniSnoT, rom sk 54-e muxlis Tanaxmad garigeba

baTilia ara marto im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac igi arRvevs kanoniT

dadgenil wessa da akrZalvebs, an rodesac igi ewinaaRmdegeba sajaro

wesrigs, aramed, rodesac igi ewinaaRmdegeba zneobis normebs.

TavisTavad cxadia, rom socialuri Tanacxovrebis moralis an

sxva socialuri normebis codna ar miekuTvneba specialuri codnis

sferos. mosamarTleebma, rogorc Tavisi sazogadoebis wevrebma, unda

icodnen es normebi da kargadac unda erkveodnen masSi. eqspertizis

daniSvna aseT sakiTxebze, magaliTad, xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba garigeba

zneobis normebs, dauSvebelia.

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samoqalaqo procesualuri samarTlis TvalsazrisiT specialuri

codna – es iseTi codnaa, romelic scildeba samarTlebrivi codnis,

adamianebis empiriuli dakvirvebis Sedegad SemuSavebul sayovelTaod

cnobil ganzogadebebisa da im wesebisa da normebis farglebs, romlebic

asaxaven sazogadoebis moralur Tu sxva Sexedulebas da rwmenas.

2. eqspertizis daniSvna. rogorc ukve avRniSneT, eqspertiza

SeiZleba dainiSnos rogorc mxareTa TxovniT, ise sasamarTlos

iniciativiT. eqspertiza unda dainiSnos saqmis momzadebis stadiaze (ssk

103-e muxlis „a“ punqti). mogvianebiT, e.i. saqmis momzadebis damTavrebis

Semdeg, roca ukve daniSnulia sasamarTlos mTavari sxdoma, sasamarTlo

daniSnavs eqspertizas, Tu misi droulad daniSvna ver moxerxda sapatio

mizezis gamo. damoukideblad imisa, Tu rodis, an saqmis warmoebis

romel stadiaze iniSneba eqspertiza, sasamarTlo yovelTvis atyobinebs

mxareebs, raTa maT SeZlon gamoTqvan TavianTi mosazreba eqspertad

SerCeuli pirisa da im sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, romlebzec saWiroa eqspertis

daskvna. cxadia, rom maTi gamoucxadebloba ver daabrkolebs eqspertizis

daniSvnas.

sasamarTlos ganCineba eqspertizis daniSvnis Sesaxeb unda

Seicavdes Semdegi Sinaarsis miTiTebebs:

a) specialuri saeqsperto dawesebulebas, romelsac miendo

eqspertis gamoyofa da eqspertizis Catareba;

b) eqspertad daniSnuli piris vinaobas, Tu eqspertiza tardeba

araspecialur sasamarTlo saeqsperto dawesebulebaSi;

g) im faqtebis zust da srul CamonaTvals, romelTa arsebobis,

Tu ararsebobis Sesaxeb saWiroa eqspertizis daskvna;

d) im masalebis CamonaTvals, romlebic waredgina eqsperts

gamosarkvevad.

iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac eqspertizis Catareba mindobili aqvs

specialur sasamarTlo saeqsperto dawesebulebis eqsperts, sasamarTlo

ugzavnis Tavis ganCinebas eqspertizis daniSvnis Sesaxeb am dawesebulebis

xelmZRvanels, romelic, Tavis mxriv eqspertizis Catarebas miandobs am

dawesebulebis erT-erT an ramdenime eqsperts. saeqsperto dawesebulebis

xelmZRvaneli ganumartavs eqsperts saproceso kanonmdeblobiT misTvis

gaTvaliswinebul uflebebsa da movaleobebs (ssk 168-e muxli). mas

Semdeg, rodesac mxarisaTvis cnobili gaxda Tu vis miendo eqspertizis

Catareba, mas SeuZlia ganacxados acileba am eqspertis mimarT. acilebis

sakiTxs ganixilavs sasamarTlo (ssk 34-e muxli).

mas Semdeg, rac specialurma saeqsperto dawesebulebis

xelmZRvanelma eqspertizis Catareba miando mis erT-erT TanamSromels

(eqsperts), saproceso urTierToba myardeba sasamarTlosa da am

eqsperts Soris. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu am eqsperts surs miiRos

damatebiTi masalebi eqspertizis CatarebisaTvis an sxva nebismier

sakiTxze, man unda mimarTos uSualod sasamarTlos. mxedvelobaSia

misaRebi is garemoeba, rom eqspertizas atarebs ara iuridiuli piri –

specialuri saeqsperto dawesebuleba, aramed eqsperti-fizikuri piri,

romelic pasuxismgebelia eqspertizis CatarebisaTvis da miukerZoebeli

da swori daskvnis micemisaTvis.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac eqspertiza ar tardeba specialuri

saeqsperto dawesebulebis mier, maSin pirs eqspertad niSnavs uSualod

sasamarTlo, romelic gadascems mas saWiro masalebs, ganumartavs

188

ufleba-movaleobebs da afrTxilebs pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb daskvnis

micemaze uarisTqmis Tu Segnebulad yalbi daskvnis micemisaTvis (ssk

167-e muxli).

ssk 163-e da 164-e muxlebis Tanaxmad, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi

eqspertizis Casatareblad sasamarTlo niSnavs ramdenime eqsperts.

ramdenime eqspertis daniSvnis aucilebloba SeiZleba warmoiSvas mxolod

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTlosaTvis saintereso sakiTxis

gasarkvevad saWiroa specialuri codna mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi,

codnis sxvadasxva sferoebSi. aseT eqspertizas kompleqsur eqspertizas

uwodeben.

eqspertis daskvnis utyuarobis, misi obieqturobisa da sisworis

uzrunvelyofis mizniT samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba

iTvaliswinebs eqspertis mier ficis dadebas. ficis dadeba SeiZleba

moxdes eqspertizis Catarebamde an mis Semdeg. dros, Tu rodis moxdes

ficis dadeba gansazRvravs sasamarTlo. zogadad, ficis Sinaars

gansazRvravs kanoni (ssk 175-e muxli). am kanonis Tanaxmad ficis

Sinaarsi SeiZleba ase gamoiyurebodes: „vficav Cavatare (an Cavataro)

eqspertiza Cemi codnisa da sindisis Sesabamisad“.

specialuri sasamarTlo saeqsperto dawesebulebis eqspertebs

SeiZleba micemuli hqondeT saerTo fici, ris gamoc, aRaraa saWiro

yoveli calkeuli eqspertizis Catarebisas dadon fici.

Tu eqsperti uars ambobs ficis dadebaze, maSin mosamarTle

mimarTavs eqsperts „adasturebT Tu ara sasamarTlos winaSe

pasuxismgeblobis mTeli SegnebiT, rom Tqven mieciT daskvna Cveni

codnisa da rwmenis mixedviT“. eqsperti pasuxobs „diax vadastureb“.

3. eqspertizis CatarebisaTvis saWiro masalebis Segroveba.

eqspertizis CatarebisaTvis saWiro masalebs sasamarTlos warudgenen

mxareebi. am masalebis gamoTxova SeuZlia agreTve sasamarTlosac Tavisi

iniciativiT. eqsperts ufleba ar aqvs TviTon Seagrovos aseTi masalebi.

eqsperts SeuZlia mxolod sTxovos sasamarTlos damatebiTi masalebis

wardgena. eqspertma SeiZleba miiRos misTvis saWiro masalebi mxolod

sasamarTlos meSveobiT. Tavisi iniciativiT eqsperts ufleba ar aqvs

Seagrovos aseTi masalebi.

ssk 169-e muxlis me-2 nawili Seicavs erT metad mniSvnelovan

siaxles: Tu eqspertizis CatarebisaTvis saWiroa mowmis Cveneba,

sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamouZaxos da dakiTxos igi eqspertis

TandaswrebiT. am wesiT dakiTxuli mowme ar Tavisufldeba sasamarTlo

sxdomaze gamocxadebisagan da zepir ganxilvaze ganmeorebiT

dakiTxvisagan.

4. eqspertis daskvna da misi Sefaseba sasamarTlos mier.

specialuri codniT aRWurili piri, romelic eqspertad daniSna

sasamarTlom, atarebs gamokvlevas (eqspertizas) im sakiTxebis garkvevis

mizniT, romlebic ainteresebs sasamarTlos. gamokvlevis Sedegebi

aisaxeba eqspertis daskvnaSi, romelic unda Sedges werilobiTi formiT

da am formiT Sedgenili daskvna waredgineba sasamarTlos (ssk 170-e

muxli).

amrigad, samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis TvalsazrisiT,

eqspertis daskvna – esaa mtkicebis damoukidebeli saSualeba, romelic

Sedgenilia sasamarTlos mier eqspertad daniSnuli specialistis mier

189

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT Catarebuli

gamokvlevis Sedegad.

am ganmartebidan gamomdinare, eqspertis daskvnad, rogorc

damoukidebeli saxis mtkicebis saSualeba, ver miviCnevT daskvnebs,

romlebic TviTon mxareebis uSualo davalebiT Seadgina Sesabamisma

specialistebma, an kidev, uwyebrivi eqspertebis daskvnebs, romlebic

Sedgenilia maTi samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebis gamo. yvela

aseTi daskvna SeiZleba miiRos sasamarTlom rogorc werilobiTi

mtkicebuleba da Seafasos rogorc aseTi.

eqspertis daskvna SeiZleba iyos kategoriuli – roca eqsperti,

erTmniSvnelovnad (calsaxad) pasuxobs mis winaSe dasmul sakiTxebze,

savaraudo – roca eqsperti ar gamoricxavs sakiTxis sxvanairad

gadawyvetis SesaZleblobas da. bolos, sakiTxis gadawyvetis

SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb.

eqspertis daskvnis Sefaseba iwyeba eqspertis daskvnis SemowmebiT.

mxareebi da maTi warmomadgenlebi eqspertis daskvnis Semowmebis mizniT

jer mas adareben saqmeSi arsebul mtkicebulebebs. aseTi Sedarebis

mizania imis garkveva, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba da ra TanafardobaSia

eqspertis daskvna saqmeSi arsebul sxva mtkicebulebebTan. Tu eqspertis

daskvna upirispirdeba sxva mtkicebulebebs, gansakuTrebiT ki iseT

mtkicebulebebs, romlis utyuaroba ar unda iwvevdes eWvs, maSin ukve

wamoiWreba mravali sakiTxi, romelic SeiZleba gairkves eqspertisaTvis

SekiTxvebis micemiT. eqspertis winaSe SeiZleba daisvas kiTxvebi misi

daskvnis ganmartebis Sesaxeb da imis Taobaze Tu ra meTodis gamoyenebiT

gaakeTa man aseTi daskvna. SekiTxvebis micemis kanoniT gansazRvruli

rigiToba (ssk 171-e muxli), unda daicvas sasamarTlom.

eqspertis daskvna warmoadgens damoukidebel mtkicebis saSualebas

(mtkicebulebas). maSasadame, igi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes saqmisaTvis

mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis dasadgenad, magram vidre am mizniT

iqnebodes gamoyenebuli, eqspertis daskvna unda Seafasos sasamarTlom

Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT (ssk 105-e muxli).

eqspertis daskvnis sisworisa da dasabuTebulobis mniSvnelovani

garantiaa eqspertis daniSvnisa da Catarebis saproceso formis (wesis)

dacvab amitom, sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos xom ar iyo es forma

darRveuli.

eqspertis daskvnis sisworis mniSvnelovani garantiaa eqspertis

mecnieruli kompetenturoba. amitom sasamarTlom kidev erTxel unda

Seamowmos misi kompetenturoba.

xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom eqspertis daskvnis uaryofis sababi

SeiZleba gaxdes saproceso formis ara yovelgvari darRveva, aramed misi

iseTi darRveva, romelsac SeeZlo gavlena moexdina eqspertis daskvnis

sisworeze da dasabuTebulobaze. magaliTad, Tu aRmoCndeba, rom daskvna

Seadgina eqspertma, romelic dainteresebulia saqmis SedegiT, an

arakompetenturma pirma, romelsac ar gaaCnia saTanado specialuri

codna da gamocdileba, an kidev, eqspertma gamoikvlia arasaTanado da

uxarisxo obieqti da a.S. maSin eqspertis daskvna ar SeiZleba miviCnioT

rogorc swori da dasabuTebuli.

eqspertis daniSvnisa da Catarebis saproceso formis (wesis) dacva

jer kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom eqspertis daskvna dasabuTebulia.

eqspertis daskvnis SefasebisaTvis sasamarTlom unda Seafasos is

190

winamZRvrebi, faqtobrivi da mecnieruli monacemebi, romlebic

safuZvlad udevs am daskvnas.

aseTi Sefaseba sakmaod rTulia mosamarTlisaTvis, vinaidan igi araa

aRWurvili im specialuri codniT, romliTac aRWurvilia Sesafasebeli

daskvnis avtori-eqsperti.

amitom, Tu eqspertis daskvna ewinaaRmdegeba saqmeSi arsebul sxva

mtkicebulebebs da am winaaRmdegobis moxsna sasamarTlos (mosamarTles)

ar ZaluZms, maSin mas SeuZlia daniSnos ganmeorebiTi eqspertiza (ssk

173-e muxli).

ganmeorebiTi eqspertiza, romlis Catareba unda miendos sxva

eqsperts, SeiZleba dainiSnos or SemTxvevaSi: erTi - roca sasamarTlos

azriT eqspertis daskvna araa dasabuTebuli da meore - roca

eqspertebis daskvna ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs. mxedvelobaSia iseTi

SemTxvevebi, rodesac eqspertizis daskvna mindobili hqonda ramdenime

eqsperts, romlebic ar eTanxmebian erTmaneTs da amitom Seadgines cal-

calke daskvnebi, an kidev, miRebuli iqna ganmeorebiT daniSnuli

eqspertis daskvna, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba pirveladi eqspertis daskvnas.

amrigad, ganmeorebiTi eqspertiza warmoadgens eqspertis daskvnis

Semowmebisa da Sefasebis erT-erT saSualebas.

$11. adgilze daTvaliereba

adre moqmedi samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT adgilze

daTvaliereba moTavsebuli iyo meqevsmete TavSi „samoqalaqo saqmis

ganxilva sasamarTloSi“ (186-e muxli). amJamad moqmedi samoqalaqo

saproceso kodeqsis mixedviT adgilze daTvaliarebas eZRvneba calke

Tavi da igi moTavsebulia mesame karSi, romelic sasamarTlo

mtkicebulebebs exeba.

adgilze daTvalierebis momwesrigebeli normebis aseTi ganlageba

araa SemTxveviTi: 1997 wlis ssk-i mtkicebulebaTa daTvalierebas da maT

Soris am mtkicebulebaTa adgilze daTvalierebas uSualod sasamarTlos

mier ganixilavs ori mniSvnelobiT, rogorc mtkicebulebaTa Semowmebis

(gamokvlevis) saSualebas da rogorc sasamarTlos mier uSualo

Semecnebis gziT saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis dadgenis

saSualebas.86

aqve xazgasmiT unda avRniSnoT, daTvalierebis buneba da mizani ar

icvleba imis mixedviT Tu sad tardeba es daTvaliereba – sasamarTloSi,

Tu dasaTvalierebeli obieqtis samyofel adgilze.

adgilze daTvaliereba SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes, rodesac nivTieri

Tu werilobiTi mtkicebulebebis wardgena sasamarTloSi SeuZlebelia.

mtkicebulebaTa sasamarTloSi wardgenis SeuZlebloba an siZnele

SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos sxvadasxva mizeziT. magaliTad, Tu

aRZrulia sarCeli naTesebis dazianebiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis

Sesaxeb, cxadia, rom miwis nakveTis sasamarTloSi wardgena SeuZlebelia,

an kidev, Tu dasadgenia didi odenobiT tvirTis dazianebis faqti,

romelTa wardgena sasamarTloSi Znelia an did xarjebTan aris

dakavSirebuli, sasamarTlos SeuZlia daadginos adgilze daTvaliereba.

86 zemoT (ix. gv. . . ) Cven ukve avRniSneT, rom saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone

garemoebebi, anu mtkicebis saganSi Semavali faqtebi, sasamarTlom SeiZleba daadginos aramarto

mtkicebulebebis gamoyenebiT, aramed am faqtebisa da garemoebebis uSualo Semecnebis gziTac.

191

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs adgilze

daTvalierebis aramarto SesaZleblobas, aramed gansazRvravs aseTi

daTvalierebis wesebsac.

kerZod, adgilze daTvaliereba SeiZleba moxdes, rogorc mxareTa

SuamdgomlobiT, ise sasamarTlos iniciativiT.

mxareTa Suamdgomloba (gancxadeba) adgilze daTvalierebis Sesaxeb

motivirebuli unda iyos, e.i. masSi miTiTebuli unda iyos, Tu ra

mizeziTaa ganpirobebuli adgilze daTvalierebis aucilebloba.

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis azris mixedviT adgilze

daTvaliereba unda moxdes saqmis momzadebis stadiaze (ssk 203-e muxlis

„e“ punqti). mxareTa mier dagvianebiT aRZruli Suamdgomlobebi adgilze

daTvalierebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlom ar unda daakmayofilos, Tu ar

arsebobs sapatio mizezi, ris gamoc, droulad ar iqna aRZruli aseTi

Suamdgomloba (ssk 215-e muxli).

adgilze daTvalierebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba,

damoukideblad imisa, mxareTa SuamdgomlobiT, Tu sasamarTlos

iniciativiT xdeba es.

adgilze daTvalierebis Sesaxeb ecnobebaT mxareebs da maT

warmomadgenlebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT mosamarTlis yuradReba miaqcion

dasaTvalierebeli nivTebis Tu werilobiTi masalebis ama Tu im

Tvisebaze, niSnebze, xarisxze da sxva. miuxedavad maTi daTvalierebaSi

monawileobis aseTi mniSvnelobisa, Tu isini ar gamocxaddebian daniSnul

dros, es xels ver SeuSlis daTvalierebas.

adgilze daTvalierebaSi monawileobis misaRebad sasamarTlom

SeiZleba gamouZaxos mowmeebsac, Tu maT SeuZliaT daxmareba aRmouCinon

sasamarTlos daTvalierebis srulyofilad CatarebaSi.

sasamarTlos ganCinebaze adgilze daTvalierebis Sesaxeb ar

SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana, magram ganCinebaze adgilze

daTvalierebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana.

adgilze daTvalierebas, rogorc wesi, atarebs erTpirovnulad

mosamarTle, xolo Tu saqmes kolegiuri Semadgenloba ixilavs, maSin

igi SeiZleba Caataros Semadgenlobis erT-erTma mosamarTlem, am

sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris gadawyvetilebiT.

adgilze daTvalierebaSi SeiZleba monawileoba miiRos

specialistma, ris Sesaxebac sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba. specialisti

unda ganvasxvavoT eqspertisagan. specialisti ar atarebs gamokvlevas, ar

wers daskvnas, misi mTavari funqciaa daxmareba aRmouCinos mosamarTles,

miapyros misi yuradReba ama Tu im garemoebaze, Seadginos naxazebi,

moaxdinos foto gadaRebebi, urCios sasamarTlos, rom man daniSnos

eqspertiza da a.S. misi rCevebi da konsultaciebi Seitaneba

daTvalierebis oqmSi, romelic gamoyenebuli iqneba saqmis mTavar

sxdomaze ganxilvis dros.87 Tu adgilze daTvalierebas awarmoebs

kolegiuri sasamarTlos mTeli Semadgenloba, magram Tu daTvalierebas

87 daTvalierebaSi monawile specialistis aseTi funqciis gamo, Cvens procesSi ar wamoiWreba sakiTxi

warmoadgens Tu ara daTvaliereba, romelSic eqsperti monawileobs mosamarTlesTan erTad,

imavdroulad eqspertizas, Tu es mainc daTvalierebaa, rogorc es sakiTxi miRebulia germanul

samoqalaqo saproceso literaturaSi. ix. O.Jauernig. Zivilprozessrecht. München 1993 s. 195. rogor avRniSneT, Cvens procesSi daTvalierebaSi monawileobs ara eqsperti, aramed

specialisti, romelsac ar gaaCnia eqspertis funqcia. ufro metic, Tu mas saWirod miaCnia, SeuZlia

urCios mosamarTles daniSnos eqspertiza.

192

atarebs erTpirovnulad mosamarTle maSin es mosamarTle iRebs

ganCinebas specialistis mowvevis Sesaxeb.

daTvalierebis dros oqmis Sedgena savaldebuloa da igi unda

pasuxobdes kanonis moTxovnebs (ssk 125-e muxli). daTvalierebis oqmi

aris mtkicebis saSualeba, romelic emyareba mosamarTlis maRal

avtoritets. cxadia, rom oqmi srulyofilad unda Sedges da

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces masSi daTvalierebis Sedegebis

zustad, naTlad da amomwuravad asaxvas. daTvalierebis SedegebSi

igulisxmeba faqtebi da garemoebebi, romlebsac mniSvneloba aqvT am

konkretuli saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis da romlebic dadasturebulad

CaTvala sasamarTlom daTvalierebis safuZvelze.

Tu daTvaliereba dakavSirebulia xarjebTan, es xarjebi unda

dafaros im mxarem, visi TxovniTac xdeba daTvaliereba, magram Tu igi

sasamarTlos iniciativiT xdeba, maSin am xarjebs orive mxare ixdis.

$12. mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa.

1. mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis cneba da mizani. mtkicebulebaTa

uzrunvelyofis safuZveli miTiTebulia kanonSi: yovelTvis, roca

arsebobs saSiSroeba, rom saWiro mtkicebulebebis wardgena

sasamarTloSi SeuZlebeli an Zneli iqneba, dainteresebul pirs SeuZlia

sTxovos sasamarTlos am mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa (ssk 109-e

muxli).

mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis aucilebloba SeiZleba sxvadasxva

mizeziT iyos ganpirobebuli, rogoricaa magaliTad, mowmis avadmyofoba,

misi xangrZlivad wasvla mivlinebaSi, samuSaod sxva qveyanaSi wasvla,

nivTier mtkicebulebaTa malfuWadoba da a.S.

mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa unda ganvasxvavoT sarCelis

uzrunvelyofisagan. sarCelis uzrunvelyofis mizania momavali

gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofa (191-e muxli).

mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis mizania saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis

mniSvnelobis mqone faqtis dadgenis uzrunvelyofa.

amrigad, mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa- esaa saproceso moqmedeba,

romelsac asrulebs sasamarTlo an erTpirovnulad mosamarTle im

mizniT, raTa kanoniT dadgenili wesiT daamagros mtkicebulebebi

samoqalaqo saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dros maTi gamoyenebisaTvis.

mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa dasaSvebia sasamarTloSi saqmis

aRZvris Semdeg da sasamarTloSi saqmis aRZvramdec.

Tu mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa warmoebs sasamarTloSi

sarCelis Setanis Semdeg, maSin aseTi uzrunvelyofa SeiZleba

ganxorcieldes saqmis momzadebis stadiaze. dainteresebulma mxarem

SeiZleba sTxovos sasamarTlos mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb

momzadebis stadiaze. araa gamoricxuli, rom es sakiTxi daisvas mTavar

sxdomazec saqmis sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze arsebiTad ganxilvis

dros, sasamarTlo isedac valdebulia Seamowmos da Seafasos

mtkicebulebebi. (ssk 111-e muxli), magram aseT SemTxvevaSi mxarem unda

daamtkicos, rom momzadebis stadiaze mas ar hqonda saSualeba

uzrunvelyofis sakiTxi daeyenebina, e.i. mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis

sakiTxis dauyenebloba sapatio mizeziT iyo ganpirobebuli (ssk 215-e

muxli).

193

mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofas sasamarTloSi saqmis aRZvramde

axdens im raionis an olqis mosamarTle, romlis teritoriaze unda

Sesruldes saproceso moqmedeba uzrunvelyofis mizniT (magaliTad

mowmis dakiTxva, nivTier mtkicebulebaTa daTvaliereba da a.S.).

sarCelis aRZvris Semdeg mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis mizniT

Sekrebili masalebi gadaegzavneba saqmis ganmxilvel sasamarTlos.

2. gancxadeba mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb. garda yvela

im monacemisa, romelsac unda Seicavdes sasamarTlosadmi mimarTuli

nebismieri gancxadeba (Suamdgomloba), gancxadeba mtkicebulebaTa

uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, ra formiTac ar unda iyos igi gakeTebuli,

motivirebuli unda iyos, raTa sasamarTlos SeeZlos gadawyvitos

uzrunvelsayofi mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobisa da gankuTvnadobis sakiTxi

(ssk 102-e muxlis me-3 nawili da 104-e muxli).

ganmcxadebelma kerZod, unda miuTiTos:

a) ara marto mtkicebulebaze, romlis uzrunvelyofasac moiTxovs,

aramed sad imyofeba an sad mdebareobs es mtkicebuleba;

b) mtkicebulebaTa gamoTxova saerTod da, miT ufro,

mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa dasaSvebia mxolod im pirobiT, Tu am

mtkicebulebiT SeiZleba dadasturdes saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone

garemoeba, e.i. garemoeba, romelic asabuTebs mosarCelis moTxovnas an

mopasuxis Sesagebels.

aqedan gamomdinare, im garemoebaze miTiTeba, romlis

dadasturebisTvisac saWiroa uzrunvelyofa - warmoadgens gancxadebis

ganxilvis winapirobas.

g) mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis mizniT Sesasrulebeli

RonisZiebebis gasatareblad ar kmara mxolod is, rom mtkicebulebas

aqvs mniSvneloba saqmisaTvis. aucilebelia agreTve arsebobdes realuri

saSiSroeba, rom am mtkicebulebis wardgena an gamoyeneba mogvianebiT

Zneli an SeuZlebeli gaxdeba. Tu aseTi saSiSroeba ar arsebobs,

sasamarTlom uari unda Tqvas mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofaze.

d) mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis mizniT Sesasrulebeli

saproceso moqmedeba unda ganxorcieldes samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobiT

dadgenili wesiT (ssk 13-e muxlis me-2 nawili).

zogjer ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlom unda

Seatyobinos mxareebs. swored amitomaa, rom gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli

iyos mxareebi da maTi misamarTebi, magram Tu uzrunvelyofa sarCelis

aRZvramde unda ganxorcieldes, maSin gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos

mxare da misi misamarTi, romlis winaaRmdegac mosarCele apirebs

sarCelis aRZvras.

mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis mizniT sasamarTlom SeiZleba

Seasrulos sxvadasxva moqmedeba, kerZod, dakiTxos mowme, daTvalieros

nivTieri mtkicebuleba, daniSnos eqsperti da sxva. yvela es saproceso

moqmedeba unda Sesruldes kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, romelic arsebobs

mowmis dakiTxvisaTvis, adgilze daTvalierebisaTvis, eqspertis

daniSvnisaTvis da a.S.

mxareebs unda ecnoboT mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis dro da

adgili, magram maTi gamoucxadebloba ver daabrkolebs uzrunvelyofis

mizniT Sesabamisi saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebas. gadaudebel

SemTxvevebSi mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa SeiZleba moxdes mxareTa

Seutyobinebladac. gadaudebeli SeiZleba iyos iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac

194

uzrunvelyofas moiTxovs malfuWadi nivTieri mtkicebuleba, mowmis

mZime daavadebiT gamowveuli krizisuli mdgomareoba da sxva.

3. xarjebis anazRaurebis wesi. rogorc wesi mtkicebulebaTa

uzrunvelyofa dakavSirebulia xarjebTan. xarjebis odenoba SeiZleba

sxvadasxva iyos imis mixedviT Tu ra xasiaTis saproceso moqmedeba unda

Sesruldes. igulisxmeba mgzavrobis xarjebi, foto gadaRebebisa da

naxazebis Sedgenis xarjebi, specialistisaTvis misacemi Tanxebi, Tu igi

monawileobda uzrunvelyofaSi da a.S.

mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelsayofad gaweuli xarjebis odenobas

winaswar gansazRvravs sasamarTlo, romelic SeiZleba ar aRmoCndes

zusti. dazustebuli xarjebi ganisazRvreba uzrunvelyofis

RonisZiebebis Catarebis Semdeg. sabolood, am xarjebisa da saerTod,

sasamarTlo xarjebis ganawileba mxareTa Soris unda moxdes saqmis

arsebiTad gadawyvetisas (ssk 53-e muxli).

mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs

ganCineba ssk 113-e da 119-e muxlebi), romelic ar gasaCivrdeba. rac

Seexeba ganCinebas mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb am

ganCinebaze SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana.

195

nakveTi meore

T a v i X

sasarCelo warmoeba $1. sarCelis cneba

I. sarCeli rogorc saproceso samarTlis instituti

ra aris sarCeli?

sasamarTlo arsebobs imisaTvis rom daicvas piris, e.i. fizikuri an

iuridiuli piris darRveuli Tu sadavod gamxdari ufleba da kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli interesi. uflebis sasamarTlo wesiT dacva

uzrunvelyofilia yoveli pirisaTvis, magram imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom

gaxsnas saqmis warmoeba da Seudges saqmis ganxilvas, saWiroa, rom pirma

mimarTos sasamarTlos uflebis dacvis Sesaxeb gancxadebiT (TxovniT,

SuamdgomlobiT).

es imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTlo Tavisi iniciativiT ver daiwyebs

saqmis warmoebas, ver ganaxorcielebs ama Tu im piris uflebis dacvas.

saqmis warmoebas sasamarTloSi iwyeben dainteresebuli pirebi, sarCelis

an gancxadebis Setanis gziT. isini gansazRvraven davis sagans da

TviTonve iReben gadawyvetilebas sarCelis (gancxadebis) Setanis Sesaxeb“

(ssk me-3 muxli). aseTia dispoziciurobis principis moqmedebis erT-erTi

praqtikuli da mTavari Sedegi.

rogorc vxedavT sasamarTlos saqmianobis aRZvra, saqmis warmoeba

sasamarTloSi iwyeba sarCelis an gancxadebis SetaniT. rogorc wesi,

sarCeliT mimarTaven sasamarTlos, rodesac aris dava uflebis Sesaxeb,

xolo gancxadebiT sasamarTlos mimarTaven, rodesac ar aris dava da ar

aris modave mxareebi, saWiroa mxolod iuridiuli faqtis dadgena, ris

Sesaxebac dawvrilebiT saubari gveqneba qvemoT.

amrigad, im pirs, romelsac surs meore pirisagan raimes (nivTis,

fuladi Tanxis) mikuTvneba an misgan raime moqmedebis Sesruleba an

aseTi moqmedebis Sesrulebisagan Tvis Sekaveba, an kidev, uflebis Tu

samarTlebrivi urTierTobis arseboba-ararsebobis dadgena an aseTi

urTierTobis Secvla-gardaqmna, man unda mimarTos sasamarTlos

sarCeliT.

196

sarCeli rogorc samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis instituti -

esaa uflebis dacvis Sesaxeb piris Suamdgomloba sasamarTlosadmi, raTa

man ganixilos am sarCelSi mopasuxis winaaRmdeg wayenebuli moTxovna

da gamoitanos amis Taobaze Tavisi gadawyvetileba.88

II. sarCelis elementebi

1. sarCelis elementebis mniSvneloba

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis me-3 da me-4

muxlebis, agreTve amave kodeqsis 83-e muxlis me-2 da me-3 nawilebisa da

178-e muxlebis analizi (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT), srul safuZvels

gvaZlevs gavakeToT daskvna, rom sarCeli ori elementisagan Sedgeba: a)

sarCelis sagani da sarCelis safuZveli.

sarCelis TiToeul am elements aqvs mravalmxrivi praqtikuli

mniSvneloba, romelic SemdegSi mdgomareobs:

a) am elementebis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia mxolod sarCelis

individualizacia msgavsad imisa, Tu rogor xdeba pirovnebis

individualizacia misi saxelisa da gvaris mixedviT. sarCelis

elementebis sworad garkvevis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli erTi sarCelis

sxva sarCelebisagan gamijvna, imis gansazRvra xom ar aris aRZruli igive

sarCeli, romelic adre iyo ganxiluli. cnobilia, rom ssk 186-e muxlis

Tanaxmad sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos sarCeli Tu igive sarCeli adre

iyo aRZruli da mis mimarT gamotanilia gadawyvetileba. b) sasamarTlo

movalea ganixilos sarCeli im moTxovnis farglebSi, romelic

Camoyalibebulia sarCelSi da im faqtebis mimarT, romlebic safuZvlad

daudo Tavis moTxovnas mosarCelem. aRsaniSnavia, rom ssk 248-e muxlis

Tanaxmad „sasamarTlos ufleba ar aqvs miakuTvnos Tavisi

gadawyvetilebiT mxares is, rac mas ar uTxovia, an imaze meti vidre is

moiTxovda“. g) dasaSvebia mxolod sarCelis erT-erTi elementis -

sagnis an safuZvlis Secvla. sarCelis am erT-erTi elementis Secvla ki

SeuZlia mxolod da mxolod mosarCeles kanoniT dadgenili wesiT (ssk

83-e muxlis me-2 da me-3 nawilebi).

d) bolos sarCelis elementebs mniSvneloba aqvs mopasuxisaTvis.

Tanasworobis principidan gamomdinare man unda icodes ra moTxovnas

88 iuridiul literaturaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan

unda ganvasxvavoT sarCeli saproceso samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT da sarCeli materialur-

samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT. am Sexedulebis sapirispirod gamoiTqva mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom

sarCeli erTiani cnebaa da mas mxolod ori mxare aqvs - saproceso samarTlebrivi - e.i.

sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva SuamdgomlobiT, raTa man daicvas sadavo ufleba da materialur-

samarTlebrivi - anu mosarCelis materialur samarTlebrivi moTxovna mopasuxisadmi (dawvrilebiT ix.

„Советский гражданский процес“ МГУ, М, 1979, стр. 106). Cven am Sexedulebebs ar viziarebT (ix. Cveni „saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali“ Tb.

1992 w. gv.92). jer erTi, zemoT moyvanili Sexedulebebi erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegeba: erTsac da

meoresac sarCeli saproceso samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, anu sarCelis saproceso samarTlebrivi

mxare, aseve sarCeli materialur samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT anu sarCelis materialur

samarTlebrivi mxare - absoluturad erTnairad esmiT. meorec, is, rasac uwodeben sarCels

materialur-samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, anu sarCelis materialur samarTlebriv mxares (sadavo

samarTlebrivi moTxovna mopasuxisadmi) mTlianad emTxveva sarCelis erT-erT elements, romelsac

sarCelis sagani ewodeba (ix. qvemoT).

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sarCeli, marTalia saproceso samarTlis institutia, magram igi ar

arsebobs im uflebaze miTiTebis gareSe, romlis dacvasac mosarCele moiTxovs, e.i. mopasuxisadmi

wayenebuli moTxovnis gareSe.

197

uyeneben da ris safuZvelze, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ver moemzadeba Tavis

dasacavad.

2. sarCelis sagani

ra aris sarCelis sagani?

sarCelis sagnis cnebis Sinaarsis gansazRvrisas SeiZleba

vixelmZRvaneloT saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT.

ssk 178-e muxlis pirveli nawilis „e“ punqtis Tanaxmad sarCelSi

aRniSnuli unda iyos: „mosarCelis moTxovna“. amave kodeqsis 182-e

muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad mosarCeles SeuZlia erT sarCelSi

gaaerTianos „ramdenime moTxovna erTi da imave mopasuxis mimarT“. amave

muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad „ramdenime mopasuxis mimarT wardgenili

moTxovnebis miRebisas“ sasamarTlos SeuZlia calke warmoebad gamoyos

erTi an ramdenime moTxovna.

am muxlebis analizi srul safuZvels gvaZlevs vakeToT daskvna,

rom mikuTvnebiT sarCelebSi sarCelis sagani - esaa mosarCelis

materialur-samarTlebrivi moTxovna mopasuxisadmi, romelic unda

ganixilos sasamarTlom da romlis mimarT man unda gamoitanos Tavisi

gadawyvetileba.89

amrigad, sarCelis sagans warmoadgens mosarCelis moTxovnis

Sinaarsi da ara am moTxovnis materialuri obieqti. magaliTad,

mosarCele moiTxovs mopasuxisagan sesxad gadacemuli Tanxis dabrunebas,

lizingis sagnis dabrunebas miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas, nivTis

dabrunebas mopasuxis ukanono mflobelobidan da a.S. sarCelis sagani

iqneba ara am moTxovnaTa materialuri obieqti, magaliTad, avtomanqana,

roiali, saxli, fuli da a.S. aramed valis dabruneba, nivTis dabruneba,

zianis anazRaureba, alimentis gadaxdevineba da a.S.

sarCelis sagnis Sesaxeb aseTi mosazreba mTlianad emyareba

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobas, romlis Tanaxmad

sarCelis Secvlad ar CaiTvleba mosarCelis mier sasarCelo moTxovnebis

odenobis Semcireba, an erTi nivTis nacvlad meore nivTis mikuTvneba

misTvis, anda am nivTis Rirebulebis anazRaureba“ (ssk 83-e muxlis me-4

nawili). sarCelis sagnis Secvlad ar miiCneva agreTve sasarCelo

moTxovnebis odenobis gadideba (ssk 83-e muxlis me-2 nawili), Tumca

aseTi gadadebis SemTxvevaSi unda ecnobos mopasuxes.90

rac Seexeba aRiarebiT da gardaqmniT sarCelebs, aq sarCelis sagani

xasiaTdeba garkveuli TaviseburebebiT.

ssk 180-e muxlis Tanaxmad, (romlis saxelwodebaa „aRiarebiTi

sarCeli“) „sarCeli SeiZleba aRiZras uflebis Tu samarTlebrivi

89 zogjer kanoni xmarobs termins: „davis sagani“ (magaliTad, ssk me-40-42 muxlebi, 381-e muxli da

sxva); davis sagania is, razec davoben mxareebi da ris gamoc aRZrulia sarCeli, anu sarCelis sagani.

es imas niSnavs, rom davis sagani da sarCelis sagani igiveobrivi (identuri) cnebebia. 90 iuridiul literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sarCelis sagani esaa sadavo

samarTlebrivi urTierToba, an kidev, mosarCelis ufleba, romlis Sesaxebac is moiTxovs

gadawyvetilebis gamotanas da a.S. (ix. А.А. Доброволскии, С.А. Иванова Основные проблемы исковои формы зашиты права. Изд-ва МГУ, М. 1979. стр. 33-34). am SexedulebaTa logikur ganviTarebas miyvevarT sarCelis sagnis iseT gansazRvramde, romlis

Sesaxebac Cven zemoT gvqonda saubari. amitom, Cven aq ver vxedavT raime Secdomas, mas mxars ar

uWerT mxolod imitom, rom misi gamoyeneba praqtikas uqmnis garkveul uxerxulobas da sirTuleebs.

198

urTierTobis arseboba-ararsebobis dadgenis, dokumentebis namdvilobis

aRiarebis an dokumentis siyalbis dadgenis Sesaxeb“.

aq ukve gansazRvrulia aRiarebiTi sarCelis sagani: mosarCelis

ufleba (magaliTad sakuTrebis ufleba raime nivTze), samarTlebrivi

urTierToba (magaliTad, winare xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli

samarTlebrivi urTierTobis arsebobis aRiareba), dokumentis namdviloba

an siyalbe (magaliTad, dabadebis mowmobis siyalbis dadgena).

rac Seexeba gardaqmniTi sarCelebis, aq sarCelis sagnaT gvevlineba

mosarCelis moTxovna erTi (ukve arsebuli) urTierTobis, meore sxva

urTierTobad gardaqmnis Sesaxeb (magaliTad, saerTo sakuTrebidan wilis

gamoyofa), ris Sesaxebac dawvrilebiT ixileT qvemoT.

amrigad, damoukideblad imisa, Tu romeli sarCelis saxesTan gvaqvs

saqme, sarCelis sagans yovelTvis warmoadgens mosarCelis materialur

samarTlebrivi moTxovnis Sinaarsi, rac xSirad dakavSirebulia

mopasuxis mier ama Tu im moqmedebis Sesrulebaze an aseTi moqmedebis

Sesrulebisagan Tavis Sekavebaze (nivTis dabruneba, zianis anazRaureba,

alimentis gadaxdevineba, samuSaoze aRdgena da a.S), raime uflebis Tu

samarTlebrivi urTierTobis arseboba-ararsebobis aRiarebasTan, an kidev,

aseTi urTierTobis gardaqmnasTan.

ras niSnavs mosarCelis „materialur samarTlebrivi moTxovna

mopasuxisadmi“?

sasamarTlo mowodebulia ganixilos mxolod iseTi moTxovnebi,

romlebic materialuri samarTliT (samoqalaqo, Sromis, samewarmeo da

a.S) samarTliT mowesrigebuli urTierTobidan warmoiSvebian. magaliTad,

moTxovna mopasuxis binidan gamosaxlebis Sesaxeb (binis ganTavisuflebis

Sesaxeb), qonebis dazianebis gamo zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, an kidev,

samuSaoze aRdgenis Sesaxeb da sxva, imitom iwodeba materialur

samarTlebriv moTxovnebad, rom isini warmoiSvebian materialuri

samoqalaqo an Sromis samarTliT (da ara saproceso samarTliT)

mowesrigebuli urTierTobebidan.

xSirad, materialur samarTlebrivi moTxovnas moixseneben

winsarTiT - „sadavo“ („sadavo materialur samarTlebrivi moTxovna“). es

absoluturad sworia, magram araa aucilebeli, radgan sasamarTlosadmi

mimarTva sarCeliT ukve gulisxmobs davas mxareebs Soris, ukve

gulisxmobs imas, rom mopasuxe nebayoflobiT ar asrulebs raime

moqmedebas mosarCelis sasargeblod.

3. sarCelis safuZveli

ssk 178-e muxlis „v“ punqtis Tanaxmad sarCelSi aRniSnuli unda

iyos „garemoebebi, romlebzedac mosarCele amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebs“.

amave kodeqsis 102-e muxlis Tanaxmad ki TiToeulma mxarem unda

daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzec igi amyarebs Tvis moTxovnas da

Sesagebels.

rogorc vxedavT, mosarCeles ar SeuZlia Semoifarglos mxolod

da mxolod Tavisi moTxovnis CamoyalibebiT. man unda miuTiTos agreTve

im garemoebebze, romlebsac es moTxovna emyareba da, maSasadame,

romlebsac SeuZliaT faqtobrivad daasabuTon (gaamarTlon) es moTxovna.

rogorc avRniSneT, mosarCelis sasarCelo moTxovna aris

materialur-samarTlebrivi xasiaTis moTxovna. es imas niSnavs, rom igi

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SeiZleba dasabuTdes mxolod iuridiuli xasiaTis faqtebiT (faqtiuri

garemoebebiT). iuridiuli faqtebi - es iseTi faqtebia, romlebsac

samarTlis norma, (am SemTxvevaSi ki materialuri samarTlis norma)

ukavSirebs garkveul Sedegs, kerZod iseT Sedegs, romlis dadgomac

surs mosarCeles. magaliTad, Tu mosarCele moiTxovs mopasuxisagan

Tanxis dabrunebas romelic sesxad hqonda micemuli, maSin man unda

miuTiTos sarCelis safuZvelSi, rom mxareebs Soris dadebuli iyo

sesxis xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliTac mopasuxem Tavis droze miiRo

sesxad garkveuli Tanxa, romelic unda daebrunebia ukan amave

xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul vadaSi da rom es vada uve dadga,

magram mopasuxe ar abrunebs vals. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 623-e da 626-e

muxlebis Tanaxmad sesxis gadacema, misi dabrunebis vadis dadgoma da am

vadaSi misi daubrunebloba - es iseTi faqtebia, romlebic asabuTeben

(amarTleben) mosarCelis moTxovnas gasesxebuli Tanxis dabrunebis

Sesaxeb.

rogorc uve aRvniSneT, faqtebis miTiTebis (gadmocemis) tvirTi

ekisrebaT mxareebs. mxareebma TviTonve unda gansazRvron, Tu romeli

faqtebi unda daedos safuZvlaT maT moTxovnebs (ssk me-4 muxli).

cxadia, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mosarCele SeiZleba Secdes da ver an

ar miuTiTos yvela im faqtze, romelic sinamdvileSi asabuTeben mis

moTxovnas. ar aris gamoricxuli isic, rom sarCelis safuZvelSi mis

mier miTiTebul faqtebs sinamdvileSi ar aqvs raime mniSvneloba misi

moTxovnis dasabuTeba-gamarTlebisaTvis. dRes moqmedi samoqalaqo

saproceso kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicebuli dispoziciurobisa da

SejibrebiTobis principebidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo ver Seavsebs am

xarvezs, ver gamoasworebs am naklovanebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

sasamarTlo ver daudebs safuZvlad Tavis gadawyvetilebs iseT faqtebs,

romlebzec mxareebi ar miuTiTeben. erTad-erTi rac SeuZlia gaakeTos

sasamarTlom esaa is, rom gamokiTxos mosarCeles, miiRos misgan axsna-

ganmarteba faqtiuri garemoebebis Sesaxeb da am gziT daazustos

sarCelis safuZvelSi miTiTebuli faqtebi. mosarCeles yovelTvis aqvs

ufleba daazustos, Seavsos, daakonkretos da saerTod Secvalos

sarCelis safuZveli.

4. sarCelis Secvla

sarCelis ganxilvis procesSi SeiZleba wamoiWras sarCelis

Secvlis aucilebloba.

rogoria sarCelis Secvlis farglebi?

ssk 83-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad mosarCeles ufleba aqvs

Secvalos sarCelis safuZveli an sagani.

amrigad, mosarCeles SeuZlia Secvalos sarCelis erT-erTi

elementi - an sagani, an safuZveli, magram ara orive elementi

erTdroulad.

ratom?

zemoT Cven avRniSneT, rom sarCeli ori elementisagan Sedgeba:

sarCelis sagnisagan da sarCelis safuZvlisagan. avRniSneT isic, rom

sarCelis elementebis meSveobiT xdeba sarCelis individualizireba, misi

igiveobriobis dadgena, misi gansxvaveba da gamijvna sxva sarCelebisagan,

rasac uaRresad didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs: Tu ar gvecodineba

200

ra kriteriumebiT unda gavmijnoT sarCelebi erTimeorisagan, SeiZleba

moxdes erTi da igive sarCelis orjer da metad ganxilva da maT mimarT

sxvadasxva Sinaarsis da urTierTsawinaaRmdego gadawyvetilebaTa

gamotana.

aqedan gamomdinare, Tu sarCeli ori elementisagan Sedgeba, maSin am

orive elementis Secvla faqtiurad gamoiwvevs ara sarCelis Secvlas,

ara masSi cvlilebebis Setanas, aramed sarCelis „gamocvlas“, ufro

zustad rom vTqvaT, Tavdapirvel sarCelze uarisTqmas da axali

sarCelis Semotanas (aRZvras).

mxare ar aris SeboWili da mas SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos

kanoniT dadgenili wesiT axali da axali sarCelebiT, magram mas ar

SeuZlia sarCelis Secvlis niRbiT warmoadginos axali sarCeli.

SesaZlebelia Tu ara sarCelis sagnis Secvla ise, rom ar gaxdes

saWiro sarCelis safuZvlis Secvla? savsebiT SesaZlebelia.

magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 487-e muxlis Tanaxmad

„gamyidvelma myidvels unda gadasces nivTobrivi da uflebrivi

naklisagan Tavisufali nivTi“. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRmoCndeba, rom

gayiduli nivTi naklis mqonea, maSin myidvels warmoeSveba sxvadasxva

xasiaTisa da Sinaarsis moTxovnis ufleba gamyidvelis mimarT, xolo

gamyidvels am uflebis Sesabamisi movaleobebi. kerZod, samoqalaqo

kodeqsis 490-e, 491-e, 492-e, 494-e muxlebis Tanaxmad myidvels

SeuZlia aRZras sarCeli gamyidvelis mimarT da moiTxovos naklis mqone

nivTis gamosworeba, misi Secvla unaklo nivTiT, xelSekrulebis moSla,

fasis Semcireba da a.S. Tu nivTis myidveli (mosarCele) moiTxvos am

nivTis gamyidvelisagan (mopasuxe) vTqvaT, nivTis naklis gamosworebas im

safuZvliT, rom mas gamyidvelma gadasca nivTobrivad naklis mqone nivTi,

mas SeZlia Secvalos es moTxovna anu sarCelis sagani, sxva moTxovniT,

vTqvaT nivTis fasis Semcirebis moTxovniT, ise rom ar Secvalos

sarCelis safuZveli, anu nasyidobis xelSekrulebiT gadacemuli nivTis

naklovaneba (misi Seusabamoba SeTanxmebul xarisxTan an Cvveulebrivi

sargeblobisaTvis misi gamousadegoba).

mTel rig SemTxvevebSi saqme gvaqvs sapirispiro SemTxvevasTan: da

erTsa imave Sedegs kanoni ukavSirebs sxvadasxva faqts.

magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 562-e muxlis Tanaxmad

sacxovrebeli sadgomis qiravnobis xelSekruleba SeiZleba Sewydes

(samarTlebrivi Sedegi) sxvadasxva faqtiuri garemoebebis safuZvelze,

vTqvaT sacxovrebeli sadgomi sWirdeba uSvalod TviTon gamqiravebels

an axlo naTesavs, an kidev, damqiravebelma Tavisi saxelSekrulebo

valdebuleba daarRvia da a.S.

amis Sesabamisad, Tu gamqiravebeli mosarCele moiTxovs qiravnobis

xelSekrulebis Sewyvetas (sarCelis sagani) im safuZvliT, rom bina

Wirdeba axlo naTesavisaTvis (sarCelis safuZveli), mas SeuZlia

Secvalos sarCelis safuZveli ise rom ar Secvalos Tavdapirveli

moTxovna (sarCelis sagani) da moiTxovos xelSekrulebis Sewyveta im

safuZvliT, rom damqiravebeli (mopasuxe) uars ambobs gadaixados

gazrdili qira, rac bazarze arsebul binis qiras Seesabameba (sk 562-e

muxlis „g“ punqti).

rogorc vxedavT, sarCelis safuZvlis Secvla aq miTiTebuli

faqtiuri garemoebiT, an kidev sxva iseTi garemoebebiT, romlebic

201

gaTvaliswinebulia sk 562-e muxliT, ar iwvevs sarCelis sagnis Secvlas

da amitom savsebiT dasaSvebia.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs

sarCelis Secvlis wess, romelic zustad unda daicvas sasamarTlom.

kerZod, sarCelis sagnis an safuZvlis Secvla, mosarCeles SeuZlia

saqmis winaswari sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis momzadebis stadiaze - mis

damTavrebamde. saqmis winaswari momzadebis stadia mTavrdeba

sasamarTlos ganCinebiT am saqmis sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze

ganxilvis daniSvnis Sesaxeb (ssk 207-e muxli). am ganCinebis gamotanis

Semdeg, rac, rogorc avRniSneT, imis mauwyebelia, rom damTavrda saqmis

momzadeba, sarCelis safuZvlis an sagnis Secvla dasaSvebia mxolod

erTi pirobiT - Tu amis Tanaxma iqneba mopasuxe. Tu mopasuxe Tanaxma ar

iqneba sasamarTlom unda ganixilos sarCeli Tavdapirveli moTxovnisa

(sagnisa) da safuZvlis mimarT.

mosarCelem SeiZleba ar Secvalos sarCelis sagani magram gaadidos

(gazardos) moTxovnis farglebi, magaliTad moiTxovda 1000 lars da

gazarda es moTxovna 2000 lariT, moiTxovda mxolod roials da

gaadida es moTxovna wignebis karadiT da a.S. aseve, moiTxovda

avtomanqanas exla moiTxovs mis Rirebulebas da a.S.

yovelive es (garda sarCelis sagnis an safuZvlis Secvlisa),

rogoricaa sasarCelo moTxovnis odenobis gadideba Tu Semcireba, erTi

nivTis nacvlad meore nivTis mikuTvneba an am nivTis Rirebulebis

anazRaureba, SeiZleba ganxorcieldes procesis nebismier stadiaze _

saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde da mopasuxis Tanxmobis gareSe.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas sarCelis safuZvelze. ssk 83-e muxlis me-4

nawilis Tanaxmad sarCelis Secvlad ar CaiTvleba mosarCelis mier

sarCelis safuZvelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebis dazusteba, dakonkreteba

da damateba. es imas niSnavs, rom sarCelSi Tavdapirvelad miTiTebuli

faqtobrivi garemoebebi ar icvleba, isini rCeba ucvlelad da maT kvlav

ekisrebaT sasarCelo moTxovnis dasabuTeba-gamarTlebis funqcia.

dasaSvebia mxolod maTi dakonkreteba. magaliTad, mosarCeles romelic

moiTxovs qiravnobis xelSekrulebis Sewyvetas im safuZvliT, rom

damqiravebeli uars ambobs binis qiris gazrdili odenobiT gadaxdaze,

SeuZlia daazustos es garemoeba da miuTiTos, rom amJamad arsebul

pirobebSi garkveuli faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT gaizarda binis qiris

odenoba. mosarCeles SeuZlia agreTve damatebiT miuTiTos iseT

garemoebaze, romelsac kanoni ukavSirebs misTvis sasurvel Sedegs.

$2. sarCelis saxeebi (sarCelebis saproceso

samarTlebrivi klasifikacia)

sarCelebis klasifikacia, anu maTi dayofa saxeebad sxvadasxva

niSnis mixedviT xdeba. magaliTad, Tu sarCelebis dayofas materialur-

samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT vaxdenT, maSin yofen calkeuli

institutebis mixedviT, rogoricaa sanivTo sarCelebi, maT Soris

vindikaciuri sarCelebi anu sarCelebi nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb sxvisi

ukanono mflobelobidan, negatoruli sarCelebi, anu sarCelebi nivTiT

sargeblobis xelisSeSlis aRkveTis Sesaxeb, valdebulebiTi sarCelebi,

sarCelebi zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, sabinao sarCelebi, saojaxo

samarTlebrivi urTierobidan gamomdinare sarCelebi, saalimento

202

sarCelebi da a.S. sarCelebis dayofa warmoebs agreTve samarTlis

calkeuli dargebis mixedviT, rogoricaa samoqalaqo, Sromis, samewarmeo,

administraciuli da a.S. sarCelebis materialur-samarTlebrivi niSnis

mixedviT dayofas aqvs garkeuli praqtikuli mniSvneloba ori

TvalsazrisiT: pirveli - saproceso samarTlebrivi kanonmdebloba

gansazRvravs Taviseburebebs, romlebic maTi ganxilva-gadawyvetisaTvis

SeiZleba iyos saWiro, Tu amis aucileblba arsebobs. magaliTad, ssk-si

iTvaliswinebs saojaxo saqmeTa ganxilvis Taviseburebebs (ssk 352-e

muxlebi). meore - sarCelebis materialur samarTlebrivi niSniT dayofas

aqvs garkveuli mniSvneloba sasamarTlo praqtikis ganzogadebis mizniT,

raTa ufro zustad ganisazRvros calkeuli kategoriiis saqmeTa

mixedviT praqtikis mdgomareoba, romeli kategoriis saqmeebi (saojaxo,

sabinao, savtoro, Sromis da sxva) Warboben da ra aris amis mizezi, ra

RonisZiebebi SeiZleba daisaxos samarTaldarRvevaTa profilaqtikis, Tu

samarTalwarmoebis Semdgomi srulyofis mizniT da a.S.

amasTan erTad, samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas iZens sarCelebis klasifikacia samoqalaqo saproceso

TvalsazrisiT. am TvalsazrisiT sarCelebis dayofa saxeebad warmoebs

sasarCelo moTxovnis Sinaarsis mixedviT, imis mixedviT, Tu ras

moiTxovs mosarCele - raimes mikuTvnebas mopasuxisagan, raimes cnobas

(aRiarebas), Tu mopasuxesTan misi urTierTobis Secvlas an Sewyvetas.

sarCelebis dayofa saproceso samarTlebrivi niSnis mixedviT

moicavs uflebis dacvis yvela saxes da aseT dayofas aqvs mravalmxrivi

praqtikuli mniSvneloba rogorc mtkicebis sagnis zustad da srulad

gansazRvrisaTvis, ise sarCelis individualizaciisaTvis - erTi sarCelis

meorisagan gamijvnisaTvis.

ganvixiloT samoqalaqo saproceso niSniT dayofili sarCelebi

cal-calke.

1. mikuTvnebiTi sarCelebi

sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi sruli safuZvels gvaZlevs

gavakeToT daskvna, rom mikuTvnebiTi sarCelebi, romlebsac zogjer

aRsrulebiT sarCelebsac uwodeben, yvelaze metadaa gavrcelebuli da am

saxis sarCelebis gamoyenebas uflebis dasacavad yvelaze xSirad

mimarTaven fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi.

rogorc TviT saxelwodebidanac Cans mikuTvnebiTi sarCelebi - es

iseTi sarCelebia, romliTac mosarCele moiTxovs mopasuxisagan raimes

mikuTvnebas, an ufro zustad, raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas an am

moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekavebas. magaliTad, mosarCele moiTxovs

mopasuxisagan ama Tu im nivTis dabrunebas, miyenebuli zianis

anazRaurebas, Dvalis dabrunebas, lizingis sagnis dabrunebas, binis

ganTavisuflebas, alimentis gadaxdas, samuSaoze aRdgenas da a.S.

rogorc avRniSneT, aseT sarCelebs zogjer uwodeben aRsrulebiT

sarCelebs. saqme isaa, rom Tu aseTi mikuTvnebiTi sarCelebi

dakmayofildeba da sasamarTlo gamoitans gadawyvetilebas, romelic Seva

kanonier ZalaSi, mosarCeles SeuZlia moiTxovos am gadawyvetilebis

iZulebiTi aRsruleba da saaRsrulebo furclis gamowera. amitom

mikuTvnebiT sarCelebs SeiZleba vuwodoT agreTve aRsrulebiTi

sarCelic.

203

rogorc vxedavT, mikuTvnebiTi sarCelebis sagania mosarClis

moTxovna mopasuxisadmi, rom man Seasrulos mosarCelis sasargeblod

garkeuli moqmedeba an Tavi Seikavos aseTi moqmedebis Sesrulebisagan. es

aris mosarCelis materialur samarTlebrivi moTxovna, romelsac igi

sasamarTlos meSveobiT uyenebs mopasuxes. rogorc amis Sesaxeb zemoTac

miuTiTeT, moTxovnis materialur samarTlebrivi xasiaTi ganpirobebulia

imiT, rom mxolod materialuri samarTali gansazRvravs Tu rodis da

ra SemTxveaSi SeiZleba daekisros mopasuxes raime moqmedebis Sesruleba,

vTqvaT valis dabruneba, nivTis gadacema, zianis anazRaureba da a.S.

imisaTvis, rom daevalos mopasuxes raime moqmedebis Sesruleba mas unda

warmoeSvas, materialuri samarTlis ZaliT, aseTi movaleoba. magaliTad,

Tu mosarCele moiTxovs gasesxebuli Tanxis dabrunebas, amisaTvis ar

kmara, rom arsebobdes sesxis urTierToba, rom mosarCelem marTla

asesxa garkveuli Tanxa mopasuxes. saWiroa da aucilebelia agreTve

isic, rom ukve dadga valis dabrunebis vada, rac xelSekrulebiTaa

gaTvaliswinebuli da mopasuxe ar abrunebs am vals, e.i. arRvevs

xelSekrulebiT nakisr valdebulebas. an kidev, ukve dadga qiravnobis

sagnis dabrunebis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli vada da mopasuxe ar

abrunebs am sagans, an kidev, mopasuxem miayena ziani mosarCelis qonebas

da ar anazRaurebs am zians nebayoflobiT da a.S.

maSasadame, mikuTvnebiTi (aRsrulebiTi) sarCelebis

dakmayofilebisaTvis ar kmara mxolod mxareTa Soris urTierTobis

arsebobis dadastureba, aramed aucilebelia agreve am urTierTobidan

gamomdinare uflebis darRveva. swored rom uflebis darRveva warmoSobs

am uflebis iZulebiTi ganxorcielebisa da uflebis damrRvevis

movaleobas Seasrulos garkveuli moqmedeba.91

aqedan gamomdinare, mikuTvnebiT sarCelebSi kidec rom dadasturdes

urTierTobis arseboba, magaliTad, sesxis, qiravnobis, lizingis,

nasyidobis urTierTobebis warmoSoba da arseboba, mikuTvnebiTi sarCeli

mainc ver iqneba dakmayofilebuli, Tu ar dadasturda am urTierTobidan

gamomdinare uflebis darRveva da mowinaaRmdege mxaris mier movaleobis

Seusrulebloba. SesaZlebelia Tu ara am mxriv raime gamonaklisi? aseTi

gamonaklisi SesaZlebelia. magaliTad Cveni ssk 181-e muxlis Tanaxmad

dasaSvebia sarCeli valdebulebis momavalSi Sesrulebis Sesaxeb. es imas

niSnavs, rom sasarCelo moTxovnis Sesrulebis vada jer ar damdgara da,

maSasadame, mosarCelis ufleba jer ar darRveula, radgan mopasuxe jer

araa valdebuli aseTi moTxovna Seasrulos. miuxedavad amisa, mopasuxes

mainc SeiZleba daekisros raime moqmedebis Sesruleba oRond erTi

aucilebeli pirobiT, Tu „viTarebis mixedviT gamarTlebulia SiSi imis

Taobaze, rom movale Tavs aaridebs valdebulebis droulad

Sesrulebas“.

magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli sasamarTloSi da moiTxova b-

anisagan valis dabruneba 100000 laris odenobiT,

Tumca jer ar damdgara misi dabrunebis vada. Tavisi

sasarCelo moTxovna a-nim imiT daasabuTa, rom b-anim

daiwyo Tavisi qonebis gasxviseba, gaxda igi

91 esaa uflebis iseTi mdgomareoba, romelsac zogierTi procesualisti uwodebs sarCelis uflebas

materialur samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, ris Sesaxebac zemoT gvqonda saubari. Cveni azriT, esaa

mikuTvnebiTi sarCelis erT-erTi elementi - sagani, romelic aseTi saxis sarCelebSi mosarCelis

moTxovnis Sinaarsis gamomxatvelia

204

gadaxdisuunaro, xolo Sepirebuli uzrunvelyofa

saerTod ver warmoadgina. (sk 367-e muxli).

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mosarCelis ufleba jer ar darRveula,

magram arsebobs realuri saSiSroeba, rom igi momavalSi dairRveva.

unda aRiniSnos, rom mikuTvnebiTi sarCelebis dakmayofileba aseT

pirobebSi dasaSvebia mxolod da mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli

pirobebis arsebobisas, am pirobebis zustad da utyuarad

dadasturebisas.

2. aRiarebiTi sarCelebi

zog SemTxvevaSi mosarCelis moTxovna mdgomareobs mopasuxis mxriv

ara raime moqmedebis SesrulebaSi an am moqmedebis Sesrulebisagan Tavis

SekavebaSi, aramed imaSi, rom sasamarTlom cnos, aRiaros Tavisi

gadawyvetilebiT ama Tu im samarTlebrivi urTierTobis arseboba an

ararseboba, ama Tu im dokumentis siyalbe an misi namdviloba. aseTi

sarCelebi gamijnulia sxva sarCelebisagan da maT uwodeben aRiarebiT

sarCelebs an kidev, dadgeniT sarCelebs.

aRiarebiTi sarCelebi SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi (pozitiuri) da

uarfofiTi (negatiuri). dadebiTi aRiarebiTi sarCeli mimarTulia raime

konkretuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis an raime uflebis arsebobis

dadgenisaken, agreTve romelime dokumentis namdvilobis

dadasturebisaken. magaliTad, sarCeli nivTiT sargeblobis uflebis

aRiarebis (dadgenis) Sesaxeb, mamobis dadgenis Sesaxeb, Tanaavtorad

cnobis Sesaxeb da a.S. warmoadgenen dadebiT (pozitiur) aRiarebiT

sarCelebs. magram sarCelebi ama Tu im urTierTobis ararsebobis Sesaxeb,

xelSekrulebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb, dokumentis siyalbis Sesaxeb da

a.S. warmoadgenen uaryofiT (negatiur) aRiarebiT sarCelebs.

saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba

negatiuri aRiarebiTi sarCelebi ama Tu im garigebis maT Soris anderZis

baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb, Tumca aseTi sarCelebis miRebis winapirobebi

yovelTvis ar gvaqvs (ix. qvemoT).

aRiarebiTi sarCelebi yovelTvis gulisxmoben modave mxareebs.

amitom, aseT sarCelebSi yovelTvis gvyavs ori modave mxare - mosarCele

da mopasuxe. amiT igi gansxvavdeba udavo warmoebis wesiT iuridiuli

faqtis dadgenisagan (saerTod udavo warmoebisagan), romlis dros gvyavs

mxolod erTi mxare - ganmcxadebeli. magram, Tu udavo warmoebis dros

wamoiWra dava, maSin sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos saqmis udavo wesiT

warmoeba da urCios mxareebs aRZran sarCeli (ix. gv.......)

aRiarebiTi sarCelis miRebisaTvis saWiroa yvela is dadebiTi Tu

uaryofiTi winapirobebi, romlebic miTiTebulia ssk 186-e muxlSi da

romlebic yvela saxis sarCelebs exeba. amasTan erTad, aRiarebiT

sarCelebs waeyenebaT kidev erTi damatebiTi winapiroba - iuridiuli

interesi. es imas niSnavs, rom kidec rom arsebobdes sarCelis aRZvris

anu sarCelis miRebis yvela winapiroba, magram ar arsebobs iuridiuli

interesi, mosarCeles uari unda eTqvas aRiarebiTi sarCelis miRebaze

(daSvebaze) da ganxilvaze.

gansxvavebiT mikuTvnebiTi (aRsrulebiTi) sarCelebisa, romlebic

mimarTulia darRveuli uflebis dacvisaken, aRiarebiTi sarCelebis dros

205

mosarCelis ufleba jer kidev araa darRveuli, magram arsebobs misi

momavalSi darRvevis saSiSroeba, radgan viRac edaveba mas am uflebaSi.

aqedan gamomdinare, iuridiuli interesis arsebobisaTvis, romelic

warmoadgens aRiarebiTi sarCelis miRebisa da ganxilvis winapirobas -

saWiroa:

1. arsebobdes dava mxareTa Soris uflebisa Tu samarTlebrivi

urTierTobis Sesaxeb, e.i. mopasuxe unda ecilebodes (edavebodes)

mosarCeles uflebaSi (magaliTad, sakuTrebis uflebaSi, moTxovnis

uflebaSi da a.S);

2. aseTi dava unda qmnides am uflebis momavalSi darRvevis

realur saSiSroebas;

3. aRiarebiTi sarCelis gadawyveta, davis gadawyvetis saukeTeso

saSualeba unda iyos, anu am gadawyvetilebas sruliad garkeuli

sargebloba unda mohqondes mosarCelisaTvis; is unda qmnides uflebis

Tu urTierTobis gansazRvrulobas, rac dairRva mxareTa Soris

wamoWrili davis gamo;

4. aRiarebiTi sarCeli dauSvebelia, Tu ukve SesaZlebelia sarCeli

TviT valdebulebis Sesrulebis Taobaze, e.i. Tu SesaZlebelia aRiZras

mikuTvnebiTi (aRsrulebiTi) sarCeli.

aRiarebiTi sarCelis safuZveli mTlianad ganpirobebulia aseTi

sarCelebis sagniT anu mosarCelis moTxovnis SinaarsiT. aqedan

gamomdinare, Tu, magaliTad, mosarCele moiTxovs, rom sasamarTlom

daadginos (aRiaros) Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT ama Tu im garigebis

arseboba an ama Tu im dokumentis namdviloba, maSin aseTi pozitiuri

aRiarebiTi sarCelis safuZveli iqneba faqtebi, romlebsac kanoni

ukavSirebs samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSobas, dokumentis

namdvilobas (uflebawarmomSobi faqtebi). magram, Tu mosarCelis

moTxovna mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sasamarTlom aRiaros Tavisi

gadawyvetilebiT uflebis an urTierTobis ararseboba, maSin aseTi

aRiarebiTi sarCelis safuZveli iqneba faqtebi, romlebic abrkoleben

samarTlebrivi urTierTobis (uflebis) warmoSobas, rogoricaa

magaliTad motyueba, Zaladoba, Zalauflebis borotad gamoyeneba,

qmeduunaroba da a.S. (uflebadamabrkolebeli faqtebi).

rogorc vxedavT, uflebis darRvevis faqti ar Sedis aRiarebiTi

sarCelis safuZvelSi, radgan mosarCele aseTi sarCeliT ar moiTxovs

mopasuxisagan raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas. misi mizania mxolod is, rom

sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT aRiaros urTierTobis (uflebis)

arseboba an ararseboba, dokumentis namdviloba an siyalbe.

aRiarebiT sarCelebis mimarT gamotanil sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebebs garkveuloba da sizuste SeaqvT mxareTa

urTierTobebSi, amitom maTi mniSvneloba am urTierTobaTa sworad

warmarTvaSi Zalian didia. amasTan erTad, aRiarebiT sarCelebs didi

mniSvneloba aqvT uflebis darRvevis profilaqtikisaTvis.

3. gardaqmniTi sarCelebi

rogorc TviT saxelwodebidanac es kargad Cans, gardaqmniTi

sarCelebi - esaa sarCelebi, romlebic mimarTulia arsebuli

urTierTobis gardaqmnisaken. arsebuli urTierTobis gardaqmna ki

SesaZlebelia am urTierTobis SecvliT an SewyvetiT. ise rogorc

206

urTierTobis warmoSoba, ise misi Secvla an Sewyveta SeiZleba moxdes

mxolod iuridiuli faqtebis safuZvelze. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

faqtebs, romlebsac kanoni ukavSirebs iuridiuli urTierTobis

warmoSobas, Secvlas an Sewyvetas ewodebaT iuridiuli faqtebi.

magaliTad, nebismieri garigeba, vTqvaT nasyidobis xelSekrulebis dadeba,

aris iuridiuli faqti, romelic warmoSobs nasyidobis samarTlebriv

urTierTobas, romlis ZaliT am urTierTobis erTi mxare - myidveli,

valdebulia gadasces meore mxares - gamyidvels garkveuli Tanxa,

xolo es meore mxare - gamyidveli, valdebulia gadasces myidvels nivTi

(nasyidobis obieqti). ise rogorc urTierTobis warmoSoba, am

urTierTobis Secvla da Sewyvetac, rogorc wesi, pirTa nebis

safuZvelze xdeba. magaliTad, urTierToba Sewydeba am urTierTobidan

gamomdinare valdebulebebis SesrulebiT (sk 428-e muxli). pirTa nebis

gamovleniT xdeba agreTve urTierTobis Secvlac. magaliTad, saziaro

ufleba SeiZleba gauqmdes am uflebis monawileTa SeTanxmebiT (sk 961-e

muxli).

zogjer kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi,

urTierToba SeiZleba Sewydes am urTierTobis monawile erT-erTi piris

calmxrivi nebis gamovleniTac. magaliTad, davalebis xelSekruleba

SeiZleba Sewydes mxareTa SeTanxmebiT, magram misi Sewyveta dasaSvebia

calmxrivadac - erT-erTi mxaris mier (sk 720-e muxli). igive wess

iTvaliswinebs ssk 99-e muxlis Tanaxmad marwmunebels ufleba aqvs

saqmis warmoebis yvela stadiaze gaauqmos Tavis mier gacemuli

mindobiloba da Sewyvetis warmomdagenlis uflebamosileba. igive ufleba

calmxrivad Sewyvitos mindobiloba da uari Tqvas Tavis

uflebamosilebaze (ssk me-100 muxli). rogorc ukve avRniSneT, arsebuli

urTierTobis Secvla an Sewyveta calmxrivad, am urTierTobis erT-erTi

monawilis mier, dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebul

SemTxvevebSi, rac Zalzed iSviaTad xdeba.

rogorc wesi, arsebuli urTierTobis gardaqmna, misi Secvla an

Sewyveta, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT dasaSvebia mxolod mxareTa

SeTanxmebiT, magram Tu aseTi SeTaxmeba ver iqneba miRweuli,

dainteresebul pirs (mxares) SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos.

magaliTad, sk 1124-e muxlis Tanaxmad moqalaqeobrivi mdgomareobis

registraciis organoSi (mmro) ganqorwineba daiSveba „im meuRleebs

Soris urTierTTanxmobiT, romelTac ar hyavT arasrulwlovani Svilebi

da SeaqvT erToblivi gancxadeba ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb“. amave kodeqsis

1126-e muxlis Tanaxmad „Tu meuRleTa Soris aris dava, an meuRleebs

hyavT arasrulwlovani Svilebi, ganqorwinebis saqmes ganixilavs

sasamarTlo“. aseT saqmeebs sasamarTlo ganixilavs sasarCelo wesiT (sk

1127-e muxli). cxadia, rom Tu sasamarTlo gamoitans gadawyvetilebas

ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb, mxareTa Soris qorwineba Sewydeba am

gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze mmro-Si ganqorwinebis registraciis

momentidan (sk 1132-e muxli).

ufleba SeiZleba erToblivad ekuTvnodes ramdenime pirs (sk 953-e

muxli). TiToeuli mowiles euTvnis Tanabari wili, Tu sxva ram ar aris

dadgenili (sk 954-e muxli). amasTan erTad, TiToeul mowiles SeuZlia

moiTxovos saziaro uflebis gauqmeba. aseTi gauqmeba dasaSvebia im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Tu mowileebi Tanaxmani iqnebian. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, e.i. rodesac mowileebi araa Tanaxma saziaro uflebis

207

gauqmebaze, maSin dainteresebul pirs (mowiles) SeuZlia mimarTos

sasamarTlos. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT wilis gamoyofisa da

saziaro uflebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, arsebuli saziaro urTierToba da

aqedan gamomdinare saziaro ufleba gardaiqmneba individualur uflebad

- saziaro uflebis saganze individualur sakuTrebad.

gardaqmniTi sarCelebi gansxvavdebian mikuTvnebiTi sarCelebisagan

imiT, rom mosarCeleebi ar moiTxoven mopasuxeebisagan raime konkretuli

moqmedebis Sesrulebas an aseTi moqmedebis Sesrulebisagan Tavis

Sekavebas. gardaqmniTi sarCelebiT mosarCeleebs surT miaRwion arsebuli

urTierTobis Secvlas an Sewyvetas, rac man ver SeZlo meore mxaresTan

SeTanxmebiT, e.i. sasamarTlos gareSe.

gardaqmniTi sarCelebis aRZvris aucilebloba SeiZleba

ganpirobebuli iyos imiTac, rom arsebuli urTierTobis gardaqmna misi

SecvliT an SewyvetiT, zogjer mxolod sasamarTlos meSveobiTaa

SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, sk 1205-e muxlis Tanaxmad mSoblis uflebis

CaomrTmeva, rogorc ukiduresi RonisZieba „SeiZleba mxolod

sasamarTlos wesiT“. amave kodeqsis 1209-e muxlis Tanaxmad „mSoblis

uflebis aRdgena SeiZleba mxolod sasamarTlo wesiT“.

gardaqmniTi sarCelebi gansxvavdebian agreTve aRiarebiTi

sarCelebisagan imiT, rom aRiarebiT sarCelebis moTxovnis Sinaarsi

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sasamarTlom cnos, daadginos esa Tu is ufleba

an samarTlebrivi urTierToba. gardaqmniTi sarCeliT mosarCele

moiTxovs arsebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis Secvlas an Sewyvetas.

gardaqmniTi sarCelebi, anu konstitutiuri sarCelebi, rogorc mas

zogjer uwodeben, dasaSvebia mxolod im pirobiT, Tu kanoni

iTvaliswinebs urTierTobis Sewyvetis an Secvlis SesaZleblobas. es

imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTlos SeuZlia Sewyvitos an Secvalos

urTierToba, Tu dadasturdeba faqtebi, romlebsac kanoni aseT Secvlas

(Sewyvetas) ukavSirebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo uars etyvis

mosarCeles sarCelis dakmayofilebaze. magaliTad, mSoblebs SeiZleba

CamoerTvaT mSoblis ufleba mxolod im pirobiT, Tu dadasturdeba ssk

1205-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli faqtebi, kerZod „Tu gamoirkveva, rom

isini (an erT-erTi maTgani) sistematurad arideben Tavs Svilebis

aRzrdis movaleobis Sesrulebas, an borotad iyeneben mSoblis uflebas

- sastikad epyrobian Svilebs, mavne gavlenas axdenen maTze“.... da a.S.92

$3. sarCelis ufleba. sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis pirobebi

1. sarCelis uflebis cneba. sarCeli Cveni TvalsazrisiT aris

saproceso samarTlis instituti (ix. zemoT, gv..........) Sesabamisad

sarCelis uflebac wminda saproceso samarTlis institutia, romlis

Sinaarsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom nebismier dainteresebul pirs SeuZlia

92 gardaqmniTi sarCelebi, rogorc sarCelebis erT-erTi damoukidebeli saxesxvaoba, araa aRiarebuli

yvela procesualistis mier, isini Tvlian, rom es sarCelebi sinamdvileSi aRiarebiTi sarCelebia. ix.

a. kobaxiZe. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali, Tbilisi 2003, gv...

aseT mosazrebas adre Cvenc viziarebdiT. ix. „saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali“. Tb.

1992, gv. 96

208

mimarTos sasamarTlos Tavisi darRveuli uflebis (interesis)

dasacavad.

sasamarTloSi mimarTvis ufleba gaTvaliswinebulia uwinares

yovlisa, saqarTvelos konstituciiT, romlis mixedviT yovel adamians

ufleba aqvs Tavis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad mimarTos

sasamarTlos (42-e muxli). es ufleba vrceldeba agreTve iuridiul

pirebze (45-e muxli).

saqarTvelos konstituciis am danawesis Sesabamisad saqarTvelos

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsma daamkvidra wesi, romlis Tanaxmad

yoveli pirisaTvis uzrunvelyofilia uflebis sasamarTlo wesiT dacva

da rom saqmis ganxilvas sasamarTlo Seudgeba im piris gancxadebiT,

romelic mimarTavs mas Tavisi uflebis an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli

interesebis dasacavad (ssk me-2 muxli). amave kodeqsis me-3 muxlis

Tanaxmad, mxareebi iwyeben saqmis warmoebas sasamarTloSi sarCelis

(gancxadebis) Setanis gziT.

amrigad, sarCeli warmoadgens uflebis dacvis saproceso

saSualebas, xolo sarCeliT sasamarTloSi mimarTva SeuZlia yovel

dainteresebul pirs.

rogorc saproceso samarTlis instituti, sarCelis ufleba - esaa

yoveli dainteresebuli piris kanoniT garantirebuli SesaZlebloba

mimarTos sasamarTlos Tavisi darRveuli an sadavo uflebis dasacavad.93

2. sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis wina pirobebi. ufleba mimarTos

sasamarTlos sarCeliT, aqvs yovel dainteresebul pirs. am

TvalsazrisiT sarCelis ufleba mTlianad emTxveva saproceso

uflebaunarianobas. magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom sasamarTloSi

wardgenili (aRZruli) yoveli sarCeli unda aucileblad miiRos

sasamarTlom da ganixilos igi.

imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom miiRos da ganixilos sarCeli saWiroa

garkveuli, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi (winamZRvrebi), romlebic

sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebs (winamZRvrebs) warmoadgens.94

sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebs sxvadasxva niSnis

mixedviT ajgufeben. magaliTad, imis mixedviT, Tu romeli kategoriis

saqmeebis mimarT gamoiyenebian, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben saerTo da

specialur pirobebs (winamZRvrebs), imis mixedviT Tu rogori xasiaTisaa

93 farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben sarCelis uflebas

saproceso samarTlebrivi da materialur samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT. sarCelis ufleba materialur

samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT - esaa sarCelis, ufro zustad, sasarCelo moTxovnis dakmayofilebis

ufleba.

sarCelis uflebis, rogorc saproceso institutis, realizaciisaTvis da sarCelis uflebis,

rogorc materialuri samarTlis institutis - realizaciisaTvis sruliad gansxvavebuli pirobebia

saWiro, magram mTavari da ZiriTadi isaa, rom sarCelis ufleba saproceso TvalsazrisiT araa

dakavSirebuli sarCelis uflebasTan materialuri TvalsazrisiT; sasamarTlom unda miiRos da

ganixilos sarCeli, damoukideblad imisa dasabuTebulia Tu ara igi faqtobrivad da iuridiulad,

rac SeiZleba gairkves mxolod am sarCelis arsebiTad ganxilvis Sedegad, procesis bolos,

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT. 94 iuridiul literaturaSi am pirobebs sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT moixsenieben, rogoricaa

magaliTad „sarCelis uflebis winapirobebi“ (предпосылки права на иск), sarCelis aRZvris

winapirobebi“ (предпосылки права на “предявление иска“) „procesis winapirobebi“ (die Prozessvoraussetzungen) „sarCelis dasaSvebobis winapirobebi“ ( die Zulassigkeit der klage) da a.S. rogorc avRniSneT, sarCelis uleba aqvs nebismier saproceso uflebaunarianobiT aRWurvil pirs,

magram sasamarTlom rom miiRos dainteresebuli piris mier warmodgenili sarCeli warmoebaSi,

amisaTvis saWiroa garkveuli, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi. amitom, Cven maT vuwodebT

sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebs.

209

TviTon es winapirobebi, erTmaneTisagan gamoyofen dadebiT da uaryofiT

winapirobebs.95

farTodaa gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviT sarCelis

warmoebaSi miRebis pirobebi unda dajgufdes imis mixedviT, Tu vis an

ras ganekuTvneba es pirobebi.

am niSnis mixedviT procesis winapirobebs sam jgufad yofen.

pirvel jgufs miakuTvneben winapirobebs, romlebic sasamarTlos

ganekuTvneba (magaliTad, uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba, gansjadoba da a.S.)

meore jgufs miakuTvneben iseT pirobebs, romlebic mxareebs ganekuTvneba

(magaliTad, qmedunarianoba), xolo mesame jgufs miakuTvneben

winapirobebs, romlebic davis sagans ganekuTvneba (magaliTad, sarCelis

sagnis Rirebuleba).96

sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebis klasifikacia

zemoddasaxelebuli niSnis mixedviT, savsebiT SesaZlebelia da

dasaSvebia. sakiTxi mxolod mdgomareobs imaSi, romeli ufro

mizanSewonilia praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT.


sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebi CamoTvlilia ssk 186-e

muxlSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom es winapirobebi ar SeiZleba miviCnioT

amomwuravad. ssk-is sxva muxlebSi SevxvdebiT iseT garemoebebze

miTiTebas, romlebic abrkoleben sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebas, magaliTad,

mosarCelem ar Seavso sarCelis xarvezi, romelzec miuTiTa

sasamarTlom, an kidev, ar gadaixada saxelmwifo baJi. aseT SemTxvevaSi

sarCeli umoZraod unda datovos sasamarTlom (ssk 185-e muxli).

faqtiurad esaa sarCelis miRebaze uarisTqma. amitom, yvela am

winapirobis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia, radgan sarCelis miRebaze

uaris Tqma iseTi safuZvliT, romelic kanoniT araa gaTvaliswinebuli,

unda dakvalificirdes, rogorc marTlmsajulebaze uaris Tqma, rac

piris erT-erTi ZiriTadi uflebis uxeSad darRveva iqneba.

amrigad, nebismier fizikur, Tu iuridiul pirs aqvs ufleba

mimarTos sasamarTlos uflebis dasacavad, magram aseTi mimarTvisaTvis

arsebobs kanoniT dadgenili wesi da pirobebi, romelTa sruli

gaTvaliswinebiT unda moxdes uflebis dacva.

rogoria sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebi?

1. sarCelis sasamarTloebisadmi uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba.

dawvrilebiT sakiTxi uwyebrivi qvemdebareobisa (saqveuwyebobisa)

da misi darRvevis Sedegebis Sesaxeb ganxiluli gvaqvs am wignis me-IV

Tavis pirvel paragrafSi. aq mokled aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom

sasamarTlo ver ganixilavs sarCels, Tu misi ganxilva ar Sedis saerTo

sasamarTloebis kompetenciaSi (ssk me-11 muxlis me-2 nawili). aseT

SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas sarCelis miRebaze

uarisTqmis Sesaxeb, xolo, Tu sasamarTlom SecdomiT miiRo sarCeli da

mxolod amis Semdeg gairkva, rom igi uwyebrivad ar eqvemdebareba

sasamarTlos, maSin sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas saqmis warmoebis

Sewyvetis Sesaxeb (ssk 272-e muxlis „a“ qvepunqti).

2. saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis saerTaSoriso kompetencia.

95 Гражданское процесуалное право. Под ред. М.С. Шакарян. И. 2004, стр, 294, a. kobaxiZe. samoqalaqo saproceso samarTali. Tb. 2003, gv. 294. 96 procesis winapirobaTa aseTi dajgufeba farTodaa aRiarebuli germanul iuridiul

literaturaSi.Rosenberg, /Schwab/, Gottwald. dasax. naSromi, gv. 536. O.Jauernig. dasax.naSromi, gv. 115

210

saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlebrivi davebi, anu davebi, romlebic

warmoiSva ucxouri elementiT datvirTuli urTierTobidan, SeiZleba

ganixilon saqarTvelos sasamarTloebma Tu aseTi davebi ganekuTvneba maT

kompetencias.

saqarTvelos kanoni „saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb“

Seicavs miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom „saqarTvelos sasamarTloebs aqvT

saerTaSoriso kompetencia, Tu mopasuxes saqarTveloSi aqvs

sacxovrebeli adgili, rezidencia an Cveulebrivi adgilsamyofeli“. (sks

kanonis me-8 muxli). saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis saerTaSoriso

kompetenciis es zogadi danawesi dakonkretebulia sks kanonis me-9-20

muxlebSi.97

3. sarCelis gansjadoba am sasamarTlosadmi.

dawvrilebiT sakiTxi gansjadobisa da misi darRvevis Sedegebis

Sesaxeb ganxilulia am wignis IV Tavis me-2-5 paragrafSi. aq SeiZleba

kvlav miuTiToT imis Sesaxeb, rom ssk III Tavis me-13-24 muxlebi

eZRvneba gansjadobas. cxadia, rom sasamarTlom unda ixelmZRvanelos

gansjadobis sakiTxis garkvevisas am TavSi Camoyalibebuli wesebiT. unda

aRiniSnos isic, rom gansjadobis darRveviT saqmis ganxilva ar

warmoadgens gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis udavo safuZvels. ufro metic

Tu mopasuxes pirvel instanciaSi saqmis ganxilvisas ar wamouyenebia

gansjadobis sakiTxi. rogorc es miTiTebulia ssk 377-e muxlis me-5

punqtSi, moTxovna gansjadobis Semowmebis Sesaxeb „dasaSvebia, Tu igi

saqmis pirvel instanciaSi ganxilvisas iyo wamoyenebuli mopasuxis mier,

an Tu arsebobs sapatio mizezi, ris gamoc aseTi moTxovna ver iqna wina

instanciaSi wamoyenebuli“.

4. sarCelis Sinaarsis Sesabamisoba kanonis moTxovnebTan.

dawvrilebiT sarCelis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb saubari gveqneba qvemoT

(ix.....$.....gv.....). aq avRniSnavT imis Sesaxeb, rom, Tu sarCeli ar pasuxobs

kanonis moTxovnebs, anu ar Seicavs yvela im savaldebulo rekvizits,

rasac iTvaliswinebs kanoni (ssk 178-e muxli), maSin sasamarTlos

gamoaqvs ganCineba xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb da niSnavs vadas amisaTvis.

Tu daniSnul vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, sasamarTlos gamoaqvs

ganCineba sarCelis umoZraod datovebis Sesaxeb (ssk 185-e muxli). aseT

SemTxvevaSi sarCeli ubrundeba ukan mosarCeles.

5. mosarCelis saproceso uflebaunarianoba.

samoqalaqo saproceso uflebaunarianoba - esaa piris unari

hqondes saproceso uflebebi da movaleobebi. fizikuri piris saproceso

uflebaunarianoba warmoiSoba dabadebis momentidan da Sewydeba misi

gardacvalebiT. rac Seexeba iuridiul pirebs maTi saproceso

uflebaunarianoba warmoiSoba registraciis momentidan da Sewydeba misi

likvidaciis registraciis momentidan (ssk me-80 muxli). vinaidan

fizikur pirTa uflebaunarianobis SezRudvas an CamorTmevas

kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs praqtikulad sakiTxi aseT pirTa

uflebaunarianobis Semowmebis Sesaxeb ar dgeba. rac Seexeba iuridiul

pirebs, maTi saproceso uflebaunarianobisaTvis saWiroa registracia

kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT. amitom, Tu mxared - mosarCeled an

mopasuxed warmodgenilia iuridiuli piri, sasamarTlo valdebulia

97 dawvrilebiT saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis saerTaSoriso kompetenciis Sesaxeb ix. T.liluaSvili.

saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali. Tb. 2004, gv. 125

211

Seamowmos registraciis faqti (uflebaunarianobis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT

ix. Tavi IV.

6. mxareTa saproceso qmedunarianoba.

qmedunarianoba - esaa piris unari Tavisi moqmedebiT ganaxorcielos

sasamarTloSi saproceso uflebebi da Seasrulos saproceso

movaleobebi, agreTve daavalos saqmis warmoeba warmomadgenels (ssk 81-e

muxli). fizikuri piris qmedunarianoba warmoiSoba 18 wlis asakidan, e.i.

srulwlovnebidan, xolo iuridiuli piris qmedunarianoba -

registraciis momentidan. kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs agreTve

srulwlovan fizikur pirTa qmedunarianobis SezRudvis da maTi

qmeduunarod gamocxadebis SesaZleblobas. kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs

agreTve fizikur pirTa qmedunarianobis warmoSobas 18 wlis asaks

miRwevamde, Tu arsebobs kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi.

aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seamowmos fizikur da

iuridiul pirTa saproceso qmedunarianoba rogorc mxareTa TxovniT,

ise Tavisi iniciativT. Tu aseTi Semowmebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom

mxare araa qmedunariani an imis gamo, rom mas jer ar miuRwevia

srulwlovanebamde, an imis gamo, rom Tumca srulwlovania, magram

aRiarebulia sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT qmeduunarod, mosamarTle ar

miiRebs sarCels. rac Seexeba iuridiul pirebs, maT unda daadasturon

registraciis faqti. (dawvrilebiT saproceso qmedunaroianobis Sesaxeb

ix. Tavi IV.

7. sarCelis aRZvra sxva pirTa uflebebis dasacavad uflebamosili

piris mier.

or SemTxvevaSi sarCeliT dainteresebul pirTa uflebebis

dasacavad SeuZliaT mimarTon ara uSvalod am dainteresebulma pirebma,

aramed sxva pirebma.

erT SemTxvevaSi esenia meurveebi, mzrunvelebi da

kanonieriwarmomadgenlebi (dawvrilebiT ix. Tavi.$........ gv....). meore

SemTxvevaSi esenia nebayoflobiTi warmomadgenlebi. rogorc cnobilia

mxareebs SeuZliaT awarmoon saqme sasamarTloSi piradad an

warmoadgenlis meSveobiT (dawvrilebiT ix. Tavi ..$.......gv.....).

arauflebamosil pirad iTvleba iseTi piri, romelic mimarTavs

sasamarTlos sarCeliT sxva pirTa uflebis dasacavad, magram ar

warmoadgens am sxva piris arc kanonier warmomadgenels da arc

nebayoflobiT warmomadgenels anu warmomadgenels mindobilobis

safuZvelze (ix. gv.....).

8. am an sxva sasamarTloSi igive sarCelis ararseboba.

sarCelis igiveobriobis dadgenisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs

misi elementebis, anu misi sagnisa da safuZvlis igiveobas. es imas

niSnavs, rom Tu sarCelis sagani (moTxovnis Sinaarsi) da sarCelis

safuZveli (faqtebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs am moTxovnas) erTi da

igivea da igi aRZrulia igive mosarCelis mier imave mopasuxis

winaaRmdeg - es igive sarCelia, romelic arafriT ar gansxvavdeba sxva

aseTive da ufro adre aRZruli sarCelisagan.

erTi da igive sarCelis sxvadasxva, an igive sasamarTloSi

ganxilvis SesaZleblobis daSveba niSnavs erTsa da imave sarCelis mimarT

sxvadasxva Sinaarsis an urTierTsawinaaRmdego sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebis arsebobis daSvebas, rac yovlad dauSvebelia da

gamoiwvevs gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis SeuZleblobas.

212

amitom, Tu or an met sasamarTloSi Setanilia erTi da igive

sarCeli, saqme unda ganixilos im sasamarTlom, romelmac yvelaze adre

miiRo an romelSic yvelaze adre miRebulad iTvleba sarCeli (ssk 183-e

muxli).

Tu sasamarTlom yovelive amis Sesaxeb Seityo ara sarCelis

warmoebaSi miRebis etapze, aramed misi miRebis Semdeg maSin man unda

gamoitanos ganCineba sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb (ssk

275-e muxlis „e“ punqti).

9. saarbitraJo SeTanxmebis arseboba.

mxareTa Soris dadebul SeTanxmebas davis kerZo arbitraJisaTvis

anu samediatoro sasamarTlosaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb aqvs iuridiuli

Zala rogorc TviTon mxareebisaTvis, ise sasamarTlosaTvis. amitom,

aseTi SeTanxmebis (xelSekrulebis) arsebobisas sasamarTlos ufleba ar

aqvs miiRos da ganixilos sarCeli, xolo Tu SecdomiT miiRo _

Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba (ssk 272-e muxlis „v“ punqti).

10. igive sarCelis mimarT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis an saqmis

warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb ganCinebis ararseboba.

pirvel rigSi mxedvelobaSia sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba igive

sarCelze, rac efuZneba akrZalvas, romlis mixedviT gadawyvetilebis

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi mxareebs aRar SeuZliaT xelaxla ganacxadon

sasamarTloSi igive sarCeli (ssk 266-e muxli).

aseTive Sedegi ukavSirdeba sasamarTlo ganCinebas saqmis warmoebis

Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, imis gamo, rom mosarCelem uari Tqva sarCelze,

mopasuxem cno sarCeli, an kidev mxareebi morigdnen.

Tu igive sarCelis mimarT gadawyvetilebis an ganCinebis arsebobis

Sesaxeb sasamarTlo Seityobs sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Semdeg, maSin

man unda Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba (ssk 272-e muxlis „b“ punqti).

11. uflebis dacvis iuridiuli interesi aRiarebiT sarCelebSi.

iuridiuli interesi, rogorc sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis

winapiroba gaTvaliswinebulia mxolod aRiarebiTi sarCelebis mimarT

(ssk 180-e muxli). es imas niSnavs, rom Tu mosarCeles ar aqvs

iuridiuli interesi, e.i. gadawyvetilebas aseT sarCelze aranairi

sargeblobis motana ar SeuZlia mosarCelisaTvis, an, Tu aRiarebiTi

sarCelis gadawyveta araa davis gadawyvetis saukeTeso saSualeba da

mxares SeuZlia aRZras mikuTvnebiTi sarCeli mis nacvlad, sasamarTlom

ar unda miiRos da ganixilos aseTi sarCeli. (dawvrilebiT ix. am Tavis

$2).

sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis aq CamoTvlili winapirobebis garda

kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs agreTve damatebiT winapirobebs Segebebuli

sarCelebis warmoebaSi miRebisaTvis, ris Sesaxebac dawvrilebiT saubari

gveqneba qvemoT (ix. Tavi IX. $2, gv.....).

aseTia mokled sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebi. Tu

romelime winapiroba ar arsebobs, sasamarTlo ar miiRebs sarCels

warmoebaSi, xolo Tu SecdomiT miiRebs imis gamo, rom romelime

winapirobis ararseboba gamovlinda sarCelis miRebis Semdeg, sasamarTlo

Sewyvets saqmis warmoebas an sarCels ganuxilvelad datovebs, imis

mixedviT, Tu romeli winapirobis ararseboba gamovlindeba (ssk 272-e da

275-e muxlebi). sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis da saqmis warmoebis

Sewyvetis ganCinebiT warmoeba am saqmeze mTavrdeba, ris Sesaxebac

dawvrilebiT ixileT gv.....

213

$4. sarCelis forma da Sinaarsi

I. sarCelis forma

sarCelis rogorc forma, ise Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba kanoniT. es

imas niSnavs, rom pirs SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos nebismieri

SuamdgomlobiT, raTa man ganixilos da gadawyvitos dava, romelic

wamoiWra massa da mopasuxes Soris, magram aseTi mimarTva dasaSvebia

kanoniT gansazRvruli formiT.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT sarCeli

Sedgenili unda iyos werilobiTi formiT (ssk 177-e muxli). zepiri

formiT sarCelis an Segebebuli sarCelis wardgenisa da misi gaformebis

wesebs Cveni kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs. maSasadame, zepiri formiT

sarCelis wardgena dauSvebelia.98

II. sarCelis Sinaarsi

formasTan erTad, kanoniT gansazRvrulia sarCelis Sinaarsi, anu

moTxovnebi, romlebsac unda pasuxobdes werilobiTi formiT Sedgenili

sarCeli. es imas niSnavs, rom sarCelis Sinaarsis Camoyalibeba araa

damokidebuli mosarCelis mixedulebaze. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

mosarCeles aramarto SeuZlia, aramed TviTonve unda gansazRvros davis

sagani da misi safuZvlebi, magram kanoni avalebs mas Tu rogor da ra

TanmimdevrobiT unda asaxos yovelive es sarCelSi.

kanoni iTvaliswinebs sarCelis savaldebulo da arasavaldebulo

rekvizitebs.

1. garda im rekvizitebisa, romlebic saerToa sasamarTloSi

mimarTvis yoveli formisaTvis, sarCelSi savaldebuloa miTiTebuli iyos

mosarCelis moTxovna (sarCelis sagani). es uaRresad mniSvnelovani da

principuli xasiaTis miTiTebaa. saqme isaa, rom sasamarTlo ixilavs

sarCels da gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba swored am sasarCelo moTxovnis

farglebSi, romlebsac sasamarTlo verc Secvlis da verc gaafarTovebs.

dispoziciurobis principidan gamomdinare, sasarCelo moTxovnis Secvlis

an gafarTovebis ufleba mxolod mosarCles aqvs.

aqedan gamomadinare cxadia, sarCelSi naTlad, garkveviT da

amomwuravad unda iyos miTiTebuli, Tu ras moiTxovs mosarCele

mopasuxisagan. Tu es moTxovna araa srulyofilad Camoyalibebuli - es

aris xarvezi, romelic unda Seavsos mosarCelem. sasamarTlom Tavisi

ganCinebiT unda dauniSnos mas vada am xarvezis Sesavsebad.

2. sarCelSi miTiTebuli unda iyos garemoebebi, romlebzec

mosarCele amyarebs Tavis moTxovnas. es garemoebebi erTobliobaSi

Seadgenen mtkicebis sagans. sasamarTlo aqac SeboWilia: SejibrebiTobis

principidan gamomdinare mxareebma TviTon unda gansazRvron Tu romeli

faqtebi unda daudon safuZvlad TavianT moTxovnebs Tu Sesagebels (ssk

me-4 muxli). sasarCelo moTxovnis dasabuTebisaTvis, misi iuridiuli

gamarTlebisaTvis sarCelSi miTiTebuli faqtebi, warmoadgenen im

iuridiul faqtebs, romlebic qmnian sarCelis safuZvels.

mtkicebulebaTa Sekreba, Semowmeba da Sefaseba sasamarTlom unda

98 aRsaniSnavia, rom werilobiTi forma araa sarCelis erTad-erTi forma. zogierTi qveynis

kanonmdebloba uSvebs sarCelis zepiri formiT sasamarTloSi mimarTvis SesaZleblobas. magaliTad,

germaniis saubno sasamarTloebSi (amtsgerixtSi) sarCeli SeiZleba aRiZras zepiri formiTac, rac

aisaxeba am sasamarTlos oqmSi. W. Lüke. dasax. naSromi, gv. 109.

214

awarmoos sarCelis safuZvelSi miTiTebuli faqtiuri garemoebebis

mimarT. sasamarTlos SeuZlia ar Sekribos mtkicebulebebi iseTi

faqtebis mimarT, romlebzec marTalia miuTiTebs mosarCele, magram maT

ar aqvT mniSvneloba saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare cxadia,M sarCelSi naTlad da

garkvevis unda iyos miTiTebuli garemoebebze, romlebzec mosarCele

afuZnebs Tavis moTxovnebs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi man unda misces

mosarCeles vada xarvezis Sesavsebad (ssk 185-e muxli).

3. sarCelSi miTiTebuli unda iyos mtkicebulebebze, romlebsac

SeuZliaT daadasturon mosarCelis mier sarCelis safuZvelSi

miTiTebuli faqtebi. mtkicebulebebze miTiTebac savaldebuloa, Tu aseTi

miTiTeba araa, maSin sasamarTlom unda misces mosarCeles vada xarvezis

Sesavsebad.

mosarCeles ar evaleba sadavo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis

iuridiuli kvalifikacia. es imas niSnavs, rom mosarCele araa

valdebuli miuTiTos sarCelSi kanonebze da iuridiulad daasabuTos

Tavisi sasarCelo moTxovna.

aseTia mokled kanonis miTiTebis Sesabamisad Sedgenili da

Camoyalibebuli sasarCelo gancxadebis Sinaarsi.

sarCelSi SeiZleba Camoyalibdes agreTve mosarCelis moTxovnebi

sasamarTlosadmi (da ara mopasuxisamdi) imis Sesaxeb, rom man daavalos

mopasuxes warmoadginos mtkicebulebebi, romlebic masTan inaxeba, misces

miTiTeba Sesabamis dawesebulebebs, raTa warudginon sasamarTlos

saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone werilobiTi Tu nivTieri mtkicebulebebi,

droulad Seatyobinos da gamoiZaxos mowmeebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT

daadasturon sarCelSi aRniSnuli garemoebebi da a.S.

sarCelSi am arasavaldebulo rekvizitebze miTiTeba Zalze

sasurvelia da xels Seuwyobs saqmis droulad ganxilva-gadawyvetas,

rac mTlianad Seesabameba mosarCelis interesebs. magram maTze

miuTiTebloba ver gaxdeba xarvezis Sevsebisa, Tu sarCelis umoZraod

datovebis sababi.

bolos unda aRiniSnos, rom sarCels xels awers mosarCele, magram

Tu sarCels xels awers misi warmomadgeneli (advokati), maSin man unda

daurTos sarCels mindobiloba, xolo advokatma kidev damatebiT

saadvokato saqmianobis uflebis damadasturebeli mowmoba („advokatTa

Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-19 muxli).

III. sarCelis xarvezis cneba da Sevsebis wesi

sarCelis xarvezi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT: 1. xarvezi,

romelic uSvalod sarCelis Sinaarss Seexeba da 2. xarvezi, romelic

misi sasamarTloSi wardgenis wesidan gamomdinareobs.

1. sarCeli xarvezianad iTvleba, Tu igi ar pasuxobs kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs, magaliTad ar aris dasaxelebuli mopasuxe,

anu piri romlis winaaRmdegac aRZrulia sarCeli, an kidev, mopasuxe

Tumca dasaxelebulia, magram araa miTiTebuli misi misamarTi Tu

adgilsamyofeli, araa Camoyalibebuli mosarCelis moTxovna

mopasuxisadmi, araa miTiTebuli faqtebze, romlebic safuZvlad udevs am

moTxovnas da a.S.

215

rogorc vxedavT, sarCeli xarvezianad iTvleba, roca igi ar

Seicavs ama Tu im savaldebulo rekvizits, an imdenad bundovania, rom

gaugebaria misi azri da Sinaarsi.

2. meore jgufi sarCelis xarvezianobisa moicavs iseT

naklovanebebs, romlebic uSvalod sarCelis Sinaarsidan ar

gamomdinareobs, magram gamowveuli arian sarCelis wardgenis wesebidan

gadaxveviT.

magaliTad, sarCeli da masze TandarTuli sabuTi araa wardgenili

imdeni asliT, ramdenic mopasuxe (ssk 179-e muxli), sarCels ar erTvis

saxelmwifo baJis gadaxdis qviTari (ssk 179-e muxli).

mosamarTle, sarCelis misTvis Cabarebidan xuTi dRis ganmavlobaSi,

yuradRebiT unda gaecnos sarCels im TvalsazrisiT pasuxobs Tu ara igi

kanonis moTxovnebs da xom ar aqvs mas xarvezi (ssk 185-e muxli).

xarvezis arseboba ar aZlevs mosamarTles uflebas uari uTxras

mosarCeles sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebaze. man unda gamoitanos ganCineba

xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb, romelSic amomwuravad unda iyos miTiTebuli

Tu ra xarvezi gaaCnia sarCels da ra vadaSi unda aRmoifxvras es

xarvezi. xarvezis SevsebisaTvis vadas gansazRvravs sasamarTlo imis

mixedviT, Tu ra moqmedeba unda Seasrulos mosarCelem da ra vada iqneba

amisaTvis saWiro.

ganCineba xarvezis Sesaxeb SeiZleba Cabardes mosarCeles uSvalod

sasamarTloSi, an gadaegzavnos mas ssk 70-78-e muxlebiT dadgenili

wesiT.

IV. sarCelis umoZraod datoveba.

saproceso moqmedebis Sesruleba sasamarTlos mier daniSnul

vadaSi (sasamarTlosmieri vada) savaldebuloa ise, rogorc aseTi

moqmedebis Sesruleba kanoniT gansazRvrul vadaSi (kanonismieri vada).

es imas niSnavs, rom mosarCelem unda gamoasworos sasamarTlos

ganCinebaSi miTiTebuli xarvezi amave ganCinebaSi miTiTebul vadaSi.

rogorc ki xarvezis Sevsebis vada amoiwureba, Tu xarvezi am

vadaSi ar iyo Sevsebuli, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas sarCelis

umoZraod datovebisa da misi mosarCelisaTvis dabZrunebis Sesaxeb. es

ganCineba, sarCeli da masze TandarTuli masalebi unda Cabardes da

daubrundes mosarCeles an uSvalod sasamarTloSi, an ssk 70-78-e

muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT.

am ganCinebaze SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana 12 dRis

ganmavlobaSi. vadis aTvla iwyeba: a) Tu sarCelis umoZraod datovebis

Sesaxeb ganCinebis gamocxadebas eswreboda mosarCele - gamocxadebis

momentidan; b) xolo Tu ar eswreboda, im dRidan roca mas Cabarda

ganCineba uSvalod sasamarTloSi an 70-78-e muxleiT dadgenili wesiT

(ssk 416-e muxli).

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ganCineba sarCelis umoZraod datovebis

Sesaxeb gauqmdeba, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas „sarCelis warmoebaSi

miRebis Sesaxeb“, magram, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mosamarTle ucvlelad

tovebs ganCinebas sarCelis umoZraod datovebis Sesaxeb, mosarCeles

ubrundeba sarCelic, masze TandarTuli dokumentebic da saxelmwifo

baJic (Tu igi Setanili iyo).

216

$5. sarCelis uzrunvelyofa

I. cneba

sarCelis uzrunvelofa - esaa gadawyvetilebis realurad

aRsrulebisaTvis mosalodneli dabrkolebis Tavidan acileba,

mopasuxisaTvis Tavisi qonebis an fuladi saxsrebis gankargvis uflebis

SezRudvis gziT.

gancxadeba sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb SeiZleba Seitanos

aramarto mosarCelem, aramed mesame pirma damoukidebeli moTxovniT,

agreTve mopasuxem mxolod im pirobiT, Tu man aRZra Segebebuli sarCeli

da moiTxovs mis uzrunvelyofas.

II. sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb gancxadebis Sinaarsi.

sarCelis uzrunvelyofa sasamarTlos iniciativiT dauSvebelia.

amitom, sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos SeZlia mimarTos

dainteresebulma pirma.

gancxadeba sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb garda yvela saxis

gancxadebisaTvis saWiro rekvizitebisa, unda Seicavdes:

1. miTiTebas im faqtobriv garemoebebze, romelTa gamo

uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebis miuRebloba gaarTulebs an SeuZlebels

gaxdis gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebas;

2. miTiTebas mowinaaRmdege mxaris im qonebaze an fulad saxsrebze

(angariSebze bankSi da sxva), romelTa mimarT unda moxdes

uzrunvelyofa;

3. miTiTebas uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebze, romelTa gatarebac

ganmcxadebels miaCnia mizanSewonilad da gamarTlebulad.

III. uzrunvelyofis faqtobrivi safuZvlis damtkicebis tvirTi.

rogorc vxedavT, mosarCeles evaleba miuTiTos Tavis gancxadebaSi

im konkretul garemoebebze (faqtebze) romlebic adastureben varauds,

rom uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebis miuRebloba gaaZnelebs an SeZlebels

gaxdis gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebas.

cxadia, rom am garemoebebze mxolod miTiTeba ar kmara. mosarCelem

unda daamtkicos kidec am garemoebebis arseboba, radgan mas ekisreba

maTi damtkicebis tvirTi im zogadi principidan gamomdinare, romlis

Tanaxmad „TiToeulma mxarem unda daamtkicos is garemoebani, romlebzec

igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebsa da Sesagebels (ssk 102-e muxli).

magaliTad, im mizniT, raTa Tavidan aicilos valis dabruneba,

mopasuxem daiwyo Tavisi qonebis (Zvirfasi nivTebis, binis) fiqtiuri

gaCuqeba an sxva gziT gasxviseba, fuladi saxsrebis gamotana bankebidan

da gadamalva da a.S.

aseTi da sxva amgvari faqtobrivi garemoebebi, romlebic qmnian

varauds, rom momavalSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba SeiZleba

garTuldes an SeuZlebeli gaxdes, unda daamtkicos mosarCelem anu im

pirma, vinc uzrunvelyofas moiTxovs. miT ufro, sasamarTlo

praqtikidan cnobilia iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebis iZulebiTi aRsrulebis droisaTvis mopasuxes ukve

gaCuqebuli, an gayiduli aqvs mTeli Tavisi qoneba da aRmasrulebeli

iZulebulia Seadginos uqonlobis aqti. saaRsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb

kanonis 35-e muxlis „b“ punqtis Tanaxmad saaRsrulebo sabuTi

217

ubrundeba kreditors Tu movales ar gaaCnia qoneba an Semosavali,

romlidanac SeiZleba moxdes gadaxdevineba.

aseTi saSiSroeba moixsneba mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi, kerZod, Tu

moxda sadavo sagnis gasxviseba (gayidva) an moTxovnis daTmoba.

saqme isaa, rom Tu araa gatarebuli sarCelis uzrunvelyofis

RonisZiebebi, mxareebs ufleba aqvT gayidon, gaaCuqon davis sagani, an

daTmon moTxovna. magram sadavo sagnis gasxvisebis pirobebSiac mxared

rCeba is piri, vinc gaasxvisa davis sagani, anu piri, romelic iqneboda

mxared procesSi, mas rom davis sagnis gasxviseba ar moexdina. sadavo

sagnis SemZens, an im pirs, visac moTxovna dauTmes, SeuZlia Caebas

procesSi im mxaris nacvlad, romelmac gaasxvisa davis sagani an daTmo

moTxovna, oRond erTi pirobiT, Tu mowinaaRmdege mxare Tanaxma iqneba

amaze. aseTi Tanxmobis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi sadavo sagnis SemZens

SeuZlia Caebas procesSi mesame pirad damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe,

romelmac anda daexmaros mxares saqmis mis sasargeblod gadawyvetaSi,

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas SeiZleba daevalos davis sagnis mogebuli

mxarisaTvis dabruneba.99

IV. jer ar aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofa

sarCelis aRZramde sasamarTloSi sarCelis uzrunvelyofa, anu jer

ar aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofa mniSvnelovani da arsebiTi xasiaTis

siaxlea kanonmdeblobaSi.

gancxadeba jer ar aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb

SeiZleba Setanil iqnes sasamarTloSi mxolod „gadaudebel SemTxvevaSi“

(ssk 192-e muxli).

gadaudebeli SemTxveva SeiZleba sxvadasxva garemoebiT iyos

gamowveuli, rogoricaa magaliTad, qonebis mosalodneli gayidva,

gaCuqeba, xSirad fiqtiuri gasxviseba, gadamalva da a.S. magram, ra

garemoebiTac ar unda iyos gamowveuli, ganmcxadebelma unda daamtkicos

jer ar aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofis gadaudebloba.

jer ar aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofisas mowinaaRmdege mxares

SeuZlia iSuamdgomlos sasamarTlos winaSe, raTa man daniSnos vada,

romlis ganmavlobaSi, Tu ganmcxadebeli ar aRZravs sarCels, gamoitanos

ganCineba sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb.

imisaTvis, rom mowinaaRmdege mxarem SeZlos am uflebis droulad

realizacia, mizanSewonili iqneba jer ar aRZruli sarCelis

uzrunvelyofis sakiTxi ganxilul iqnas mowinaaRmdege mxaris

SetyobinebiT, yvela SemTxvevaSi, mowinaaRmdege mxares, rogorc ki

Seityobs jer ar aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, SeuZlia

mimarTos sasamarTlos, rom man dauniSnos ganmcxadebels sarCelis

aRZvris vada da, rom, Tu am vadaSi ar iqneba aRZruli sasamarTlom

gaauqmos mis mier daniSnuli uzrunvelyofis RonisZieba.

99 gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis subieqturi farglebi vrceldeba mxolod saqmeSi monawile

mxareebze. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis moqmedeba mesame pirebze, romlebic ar monawileoben

procesSi, SeiZleba gavrceldes mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, kerZod Tu davis sagani gaiyida an

gadaeca mesame pirs.

ix. Волъфганг Голасовски. Окончптелъность судебных решеный и пересмотр по немецкому праву. „Законная сила судебных решении и их пересмотр “. сб. 1-ой кавказской конференции судей. 2002. стр. 68-69

218

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ganmcxadebeli ar aRZravs sarCels

daniSnul vadaSi, an aRZravs magram waagebs process, mas daekisreba im

zaralis anazRaureba, rac miadga mowinaaRmdege mxares jer ar aRZruli

sarCelis uzrunvelyofiT (ssk 199-e muxlis me-2 naw.).

V. ganCineba sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb

sarCelis uzrunvelyofis procesi - esaa daCqarebuli (swrafi)

procesi. es iqedan Cans, rom gancxadebas sarCelis uzrunvelyofis

Sesaxeb sasamarTlo ganixilavs misi Setanis dResve da mopasuxisaTvis

Seutyobineblad (ssk 193-e muxli). aseve dauyonebliv xdeba

uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo ganCinebis aRsrulebac, rac

xorcieldeba im wesiT, rogorc xdeba gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba (ssk

195-e muxli). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sasamarTlom unda gasces

saaRsrulebo furceli uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb ganCinebis

gamotanisTanave, romelic gadaecema mxares saaRsrulebo biuroSi

warsadgenad. ganCineba aseve dauyonebliv egzavneba agreTve mowinaaRmdege

mxares, romelsac SeuZlia gaasaCivros es ganCineba.

garda saerTo monacemebisa, romlebsac unda Seicavdes ganCineba

sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb ganCineba unda Seicavdes : a)

uzrunvelyofis romeli konkretuli RonisZieba gaatara sasamarTlom; b)

im qonebis adgilmdebareobaze miTiTebas da mis individualur niSnebs,

romelTa mimarTac gatarda RonisZiebaK g) TiToeuli nivTis srul da

zust saxelwodebas, maT wonas da sxva parametrebs da a.S.

sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebaTa wres gansazRvravs ssk 198-e

muxli. sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli RonisZieba unda iqnes

gamoyenebuli wyvets sasamarTlo,. am sakiTxis gadawyvetisas sasamarTlom

mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos sasarCelo moTxovnis xasiaTi da Sinaarsi.

magaliTad, Tu aRZrulia sarCeli nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, maSin

sarCelis uzrunvelsayofad sasamarTlom SeiZleba gamoiyenos yadaRa,

romelic SezRudavs mopasuxes, misi gankargvis (gayidvis, gaCuqebis)

uflebamosilebas. magram, Tu sarCeli aRZrulia raime nawarmoebis an

gamogonebis Tanaavtorad cnobis Sesaxeb, uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebad

SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes am nawarmoebis Tu gamogonebis gamoqveynebis

da danergvis akrZalva.

sarCelis uzrunvelyofis kanonSi CamoTvlili RonisZiebebi Tumca

farToa, magram araa amomwuravi (ssk 198-e muxli). sasamarTlos SeuZlia

sxva RonisZiebebis gamoyenebac, an erTdroulad ramdenime RonisZiebis

gamoyeneba.

VI. sarCelis uzrunvelyofiT gamowveuli zaralis anazRaureba

(mopasuxis interesebis dacva).

cxadia, rom sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis gatarebma, miT

umetes, Tu aseTi RonisZiebiT izRudeba mopasuxis uflebamosileba

gankargos Tavisi qoneba an fuladi saxsrebi - SeiZleba garkveuli ziani

miayenos mas.

kanonisa da sasamarTlos winaSe mxareTa Tanasworobis

konstituciuri principi vlindeba am SemTxvevaSic: kanoni erTnairad

icavs aramarto mosarCelis, aramed mopasuxis angariSgasawev

219

interesebsac. amitom pirs, romelic sarCelis uzrunvelyofas moiTxovs

SeiZleba garkveuli, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis arsebobisas,

daekisros im mosalodneli zaralis anazRaurebis uzrunvelyofa, rac

SeiZleba miadges mopasuxes sarCelis uzrunvelyofiT.

ssk 199-e muxli iTvaliswinebs mopasuxis interesebis dacvis or

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul samarTlebriv saSualebas:

erTi - esaa mosarCelis mier im zaralis anazRaureba, romelic

miadga mopauxes sarCelis uzrunvelyofiT. zaralis anazRaureba

mopasuxes SeuZlia Semdegi faqtobrivi garemoebebis arsebobisas: 1.

mosarCeles uari eTqa uzrunvelyofili sarCelis dakmayofilebaze anu

man waago procesi, an kidev, uzrunvelyofili iyo jer ar aRZruli

sarCeli (ssk 192-e muxli), magram Semdgom man ar aRZra es sarCeli

sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi, ris gamoc uzrunvelyofis

RonisZieba gauqmda; 2. sarCelis uzrunvelyofiT mopasuxes namdvilad

miadga ziani, romlis odenoba unda daamtkicos mopasuxem.

sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebis gatarebiT gamowveuli

zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos sarCeliT unda mimarTos

mopasuxem.

meore - esaa mopasuxisaTvis mosalodneli zianis anaRzaurebis

uzrunvelyofa (ssk 199-e muxli). es imas niSnavs, rom Tu mosarCele

moiTxovs sarCelis uzrunvelyofas, mopasuxes SeuZlia moiTxovos

sarCelis uzrunvelyofiT misTvis mosalodneli zianis ara anazRaureba,

aramed anazRaurebis uzrunvelyofa. SeiZleba aseT viTarebas vuwodoT

sapasuxo uzrunvelyofa, romelic unda ganxorcieldes ssk 57-e muxliT

dadgenili wesiT. am muxlis Tanaxmad sapasuxo uzrunvelyofa unda

ganxorcieldes mosarCelis mier fuladi Tanxis an fasiani qaRaldis

dadebiT. amasTan erTad, sasamarTlom SeiZleba SeRavaTiani pirobebiT

dauSvas sxva saSualebebic, rogoricaa magaliTad sakredito

dawesebulebis mier gacemuli Tavdeboba (ssk 57-e muxli).

rogorc vxevdavT, sarCelis uzrunvelyofiT uzrunvelyofilia

mosarCelis interesebis dacva, xolo zianis anazRaureba, rac miadga

mopasuxes sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebis gatarebiT,

uzrunvelyofilia mopasuxis interesebis dacva.

sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba,

romelic unda pasuxobdes ssk 194-e muxlis moTxovnebs.

sarCelis uzrunvelyofiT mopasuxisaTvis mosalodneli zianis

anazRaurebis mizniT mosarCelis mier fuladi Tanxis an fasiani

qaRaldebis sasamarTlos sadepozito angariSze Semotanis Sesaxeb -

sasamarTlos gamoaqvs agreTve ganCineba.

Tu sasamarTlom daadgina mopasuxisaTvis mosalodneli zianis

anazRaureba (sapasuxo uzrunvelyofa), magram mosarCele ar asrulebs am

dadgenilebas (ar Semoaqvs Tanxa an fasiani qaRaldebi da a.S.), maSin

mizanSewonilia sarCelis uzrunvelyofis RonisZieba gauqmdes.

ganCineba sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, an kidev ganCineba

sapasuxo uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, yovelTvis unda gauqmdes, roca aRaraa

safuZveli, ris gamoc es ganCinebebi iyo miRebuli.

220

Tavi XI

mopasuxis sarCelisagan Tavdacvis

saSualebebi

$1. Tavdacvis saSualebaTa saxeebi

mxareTa Tanaswrobisa da SejibrebiTobis principis gaSuqebis dros

(gv....). avRniSneT, rom mxareebi samoqalaqo procesSi sargebloben

Tanaswori saproceso uflebebiT, kerZod, nebismier dainteresebul pirs

ufleba aqvs mimarTos sasamarTlos sarCeliT Tavisi uflebis dasacavad,

xolo pirs, romlis winaaRmdegac aRZrulia sarCeli, SeuZlia daicvas

Tavi am sarCelisagan. mxareTa es uflebebi maTi saproceso

Tanasworobisa da SejibrebiTobis principebis konkretuli gamovlinebaa.

amasTan erTad, sarCelis aRZvra da am sarCelisgan Tavis dacva

mimdinareobs kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiTa da saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba

iTvaliswinebs mopasuxis Tavdacvis saproceso saSualebebs da amasTan

erTad gansazRvravs am saSualebaTa gamoyenebis saproceso normebs

(saproceso wesebs). aseTi saSualebebia: I.sarCelis uaryofa (arcnoba);

II. saproceso Sesagebeli; III. materialur samarTlebrivi Sesagebeli;

ganvixiloT es saSualebebi cal-calke.

I. sarCelis uaryofa (arcnoba)

221

mopasuxes SeuZlia ar cnos sarCeli mTlianad an faqtebi,

romlebic safuZvlad udevs am sarCels. aseT SemTxvevaSi mas SeuZlia

Tavi daicvas imiT, rom ubralod uaryos sarCeli, an is faqtebi,

romlebsac igi emyareba. es SeiZleba iyos umotivo uaryofa, rasac

zogjer uwodeben sarCelis uaryofas.

sarCelis uaryofa TavisTavad da damoukideblad arafers ar

adasturebs, magram aseT uaryofas aqvs sruliad garkveuli saproceso

mniSvneloba. aseTi uaryofis gamo faqtebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs

sarCels, iZens sadavo faqtebis Tvisebas, romlebsac ar cnobs mopasuxe

da amitom isini Sedian mtkicebis saganSi da mosarCeles evaleba

daamtkicos maTi arseboba, Tu ararseboba. rom ara mopasuxis mier am

faqtebis uaryofa, rac, Tavis mxriv, gauTanabrdeboda mis mier am

faqtebis aRiarebas mosarCele ganTavisufleboda am faqtebis damtkicebis

tvirTisagan.

amrigad, im faqtiuri garemoebebis uaryofa, romlebic safuZvlad

udevs sarCels, anu mopasuxis winaaRmdeg aRZrul sasarCelo moTxovnas,

aris Tavdacvis erT-erTi saSualeba da igi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc

Sesagebeli farTo gagebiT, romelic aseT uaryofasac moicavs.

magram, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis

mixedviT Sesagebeli - esaa sarCelisagan mopasuxis Tavdacvis iseTi

saSualeba, romelic Tavis mxriv TviTon emyareba samarTlebrivad

mniSvnelovan faqtebs, anu faqtebs, romlebsac kanoni ukavSirebs

sarCelis ganxilvaze uarisTqmas, procesis Sewyvetas, sasarCelo

moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmas da a.S.

aseTi Sesagebeli igulisxmeba ssk me-4 muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad

mxareebi sargebloben Tanabari uflebebiTa da SesaZleblobebiT

daasabuTon TavianTi moTxovnebi, uaryon an gaaqarwylon meore mxaris

mier wamoyenebuli moTxovnebi, mosazrebebi, Tu mtkicebulebebi.

aseTi Sesagebeli igulisxmeba ssk 102-e muxlSi, romlis mixedviT

TiToeulma mxarem unda daamtkicos garemoebebi, romlebzedac igi

amyarebs Tavis moTxovnebs da Sesagebels.

imis mixedviT, Tu ra Sedegis miRweva surs mopasuxes, anu, Tu ra

Sedegi ukavSirdeba mopasuxis mier Tavis SesagebelSi miTiTebul faqtebs

_ erTmaneTisagan ganaxsvaveben procesualur da materialur-

samarTlebriv Sesagebels.

II. procesualuri Sesagebeli

zemoT (gv.) Cven ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom sarCelis

warmoebaSi miRebisaTvis, anu procesis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebisaTvis,

aucilebelia garkveuli winapirobebis arseboba.

am winapirobebis ararsebobisas procesi SeiZleba Sewydes, sarCeli

ganuxilvelad darCes an saqmis warmoeba SeCerdes.

magaliTad, praqtikaSi arc ise iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac

mopasuxe Tavis SesagebelSi miuTiTebs, rom sarCeli, romelic aRZrulia

ukve ganxiluli iyo adre da arsebobs mis mimarT kanonier ZalaSi

Sesuli gadawyvetileba. Tu mosarCele daadasturebs am faqts da

sasamarTlos warudgens Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebis asls - sasamarTlo

Sewyvets saqmis warmoebas (ssk 272-e muxlis „b“ punqti).

222

zogjer faqts, romelsac saproceso samarTlis norma ukavSirebs

mopasuxisaTvis xelsayrel Sedegs, aqvs upirobo anu absoluturi

mniSvneloba. magaliTad, Tu mopasuxe Tavis SesagebelSi miuTiTebs iseT

faqtebze, rogoricaa saqmis arasaqveuwyeboba anu miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb,

rom saqme ar eqvemdebareba saerTo sasamarTloebs da rom am saqmis

ganxilva sxva uwyebis kompetenciaSi Sedis - sasamarTlom unda

Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba. aseTi saqmis ganxilva da mis mimarT

gadawyvetilebis gamotana warmoadgens am gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis

absolutur safuZvels

aris agreTve iseTi saproceso Sesageblebi, romlebsac ar aqvT

absoluturi xasiaTi. aseTebs uwodeben procesis warmoSobisa da

ganviTarebis SefardebiT pirobebs. aviRoT magaliTad gansjadoba. ssk 21-

e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos SeuZlia ganixilos misi aragansjadi

saqme, Tu mopasuxe amis winaaRmdegi ar aris an, Tu mas miecema

ganmarteba imis Sesaxeb, rom ufleba aqvs wamoayenos Sesagebeli

aragansjadobis winaaRmdeg da miuxedavad amisa aseT Sesagebels ar

wamoayenebs.

nebismieri piroba, romelic sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis

winapirobadaa cnobili, SeiZleba gaxdes saproceso xasiaTis Sesageblis

faqtobrivi safuZveli.

Tavis mxriv, mopasuxis saproceso Sesagebels, imis mixedviT, Tu

romeli faqti udevs mas sauZvlad, SeiZleba sxvadasxva saproceso

Sedegi daukavSirdes. magaliTad, Tu mopasuxe uTiTebs Tavis SesagebelSi,

rom mosarCele qmeduunaroa, an kidev, sxva sasamarTlos warmoebaSia

igive saqme da yovelive es dadasturdeba, sasamarTlos SeuZlia sarCeli

ganuxilvelad datovos (ssk 275-e muxli), magram, Tu mopasuxe Tavis

SesagebelSi miuTiTebs, rom es saqme erTxel ukve gadawyvetilia

kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT, sasamarTlo Sewyvets saqmis

warmoebas (272-e muxli).

procesualuri Sesagebeli SeiZleba iseT faqts emyarebodes,

romelic Tu dadasturdeba iwvevs ara sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebas

an saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetas, aramed saqmis warmoebis SeCerebas.

magaliTad: mopasuxe iuridiuli piris Sesagebeli imis Sesaxeb, rom

mimdinareobs an ukve ganxorcielda am iuridiuli piris

reorganizacia, an kidev, Sesagebeli imis Sesaxeb, rom am

saqmis ganxilva SeuZlebelia sxva saqmis gadawyvetamde,

romelic ganxilul unda iqnes sisxlis samarTlis

wesiT da sxva, iwvevs saqmis warmoebis SeCerebas (ssk

279-e muxli)

rogorc vxedavT, procesualuri Sesagebeli araa mimarTuli

uSvalod arc sasarCelo moTxovnebis da arc am moTxovnebis safuZvelSi

miTiTeuli faqtebis winaaRmdeg, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, igi araa

mimarTuli sarCelis winaamdeg arsebiTad.

procesualuri Sesagebeli - esaa mopasuxis mier iseT faqtobriv

garemoebebze miTiTeba, romlebsac samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis

normebi ukavSireben sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebaze uarisTqmas, saqmis

warmoebis Sewyvetas, sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebas an kidev, saqmis

warmoebis droebiT SeCerebas.

rogorc wesi, sarCelis warmoebSi miRebis yvela absoluturi

winapirobis Semowmeba sasamarTlos iniciativiT xdeba, magram es

223

srulebiT ar uSlis xels mopasuxes, mas sruli ufleba da

SesaZlebloba aqvs waradginos saproceso Sesagebeli da sasamarTlos

yuradReba miaqcios iseT garemoebebze, romlebic miuTiTeben procesis

warmoSobis, ganviTarebisa da gagrZelebis aramarTlzomierebaze.

III. materialur samarTlebrivi Sesagebeli

materialur samarTlebrivi Sesagebeli - esaa sarCelisagan

mopasuxis Tavdacvis saSualeba iseT faqtebze miTiTebiT, romlebsac

materialuri samarTali ukavSirebs mosarCelis mier mopasuxis

winaaRmdeg wayenebuli moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmas. amrigad,

igi mimarTulia sarCelis winaaRmdeg arsebiTad.

magaliTad: mosarCele moiTxovs mopasuxisagan miyenebuli zianis

anazRaurebas, an xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebis

Sesrulebas (qiris gadaxdas, sesxad aRebuli Tanxis

dabrunebas, naTxovari nivTis darunebas da a.S.).

mopasuxes SeuZlia Tavis Sesagebels safuZvlad daudos

iseTi faqtebi, romlebic gamoiwveven sarCelze

uarisTqmas, kerZod mas SeuZlia miuTiTos, rom

valdebuleba man Seasrula, e.i. ziani aanazRaura, nivTi

daabruna, vali gadaixada da a.S. sxva sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT valdebuleba marTlac arsebobda, magram igi

Sesrulebulia. Tu mopasuxe daamtkicebs am faqts,

sasamarTlo uars etyvis mosarCeles sarCelis

dakmayofilebaze, radgan valdebuleba Sewydeba

kreditoris sasargeblod valdebulebis SesrulebiT (sk

427-e muxli).

magram Sesagebeli, romelic emyareba Sesrulebas Zalzed iSviaTia

ise rogorc iSviaTia sarCelebi Sesrulebuli valdebulebis moTxovniT.

ufro xSiria Sesagebeli, romelic uSvalodaa mimarTuli sasarCelo

moTxovnis winaaRmdeg.

magaliTad: mosarCele moiTxovs mopasuxis binidan gamosaxlebas da

binis ganTavisuflebas im motiviT, rom es bina anderZiT

dautova misma axlo naTesavma (bebiam), mopasuxem am

sarCelis winaaRmdeg warmoadgina Sesagebeli, romelsac

safuZvlad daudo iuridiuli faqti imis Sesaxeb, rom

igi aris anderZis damtoveblis Svili, daibada da

mudmivad cxovrobs sadavo binaSi, e.i. faqtobrivad

daeufla samkvidro qonebas, xolo dedamisi (anderZis

damtovebeli) anderZis datovebis droisaTvis iyo

suliT daavadebuli da ar SeeZlo sworad aReqva

realuri viTareba, ris gamoc anderZi baTilad unda

iqnes cnobili (sk 58-e muxlis me-3 nawili).

arc ise iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac mopasuxe ar uaryofs

sasarCelo moTxovnis arsebobas an mosarCelis uflebas, romlis

dacvasac igi moiTxovs, magram Tavis SesagebelSi miuTiTebs, rom jer ar

damdgara am moTxovnis, Tu uflebis iZulebiT ganxorcielebis dro.

magaliTad: mosarCelem moiTxova mopasuxisagan sesxad micemuli

valis dabruneba. mopasuxe ar uaryofs, rom man

marTlac isesxa mosarCelisagan fuli, magram Tvis

224

Sesagebels safuZvlad udebs faqts, imis Sesaxeb, rom

sesxis xelSekrulebiT daTqmuli iyo valis

dabrunebis vada, romelic jer ar damdgara (sk 361-e

muxlis me-2 naw. da 626-e muxlis me-3 nawili).

praqtikaSi arc ise iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac mopasuxeTa

Sesegebeli mimarTulia mosarCelis moTxovnis gaqarwylebisaken.

magaliTad: mosarCele moiTxovs mopasuxisagan ama Tu im

valdebulebis Sesrulebas (valis dabrunebas, nivTis

gadacemas, zianis anazRaurebas da a.S.) mopasuxem

Tavis Sesagebels sasarCelo moTxovnis winaaRmdeg

safuZvlad daudo xandazmulobis vadis gasvla (sk

128-e muxli).

mopasuxe zogjer ar uaryofs sarCelis safuZvelSi miTiTebul

faqtebs, magram miuTiTebs iseT faqtebze, romlebic aTavisufleben mas

pasuxismgeblobisagan.

magaliTad: mosarCele moiTxovs uxarisxo produqtiT gamowveuli

zianis anazRaurebas. mopasuxe ar uaryofs, rom

produqcias aqvs nakli, magram Tavis SesagebelSi

miuTiTebs, rom nakli, romelic am produqts aqvs

sarealizaciod misi gatanisas Seesabameboda im dros

moqmed normebs (sk 1009-e muxlis pirveli nawilis

„d“ punqti).

praqtikaSi sakmaod sSiria, rodesac mopasuxeebi TavianTi

SesagebliT miuTiTeben pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel garemoebebze.

magaliTad: araswori mkurnalobiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis

Sesaxeb sarCelis sawinaaRmdegod mopasuxem waradgina

Sesagebeli imis Sesaxeb, rom mas ar miuZRvis brali

zianis dadgomaSi (sk 1007-e muxli).

cxadia, rom Sesageblis wardgena mopasuxis mier ar kmara

imisaTvis, rom mosarCeles uari eTqvas sarCelis dakmayofilebaze.

saWiroa agreTve, rom SesagebelSi miTiTebuli faqtebi, anu faqtebi

romlebic safuZvlad udevs Sesagebels, damtkicdes mtkicebulebaTa

gamoyenebiT da kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.

ibadeba kiTxva: unda moeTxovos Tu ara mopasuxes mis mier

SesagebelSi miTiTebuli nebismieri faqtis damtkiceba?

aq moqmedebs igive principi, romelic moqmedebs sarCelis

safuZvelSi miTiTebuli faqtebis mimarT: damtkicebas saWiroeben

SesagebelSi miTiTebuli mxolod is faqtobrivi garemoebebi, romlebsac

kanoni ukavSirebs sasarCelo moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmas.

iseTi faqtebis mimarT, romlebsac Tumca emyareba mopasuxis Sesagebeli,

magram maT kanoni ar ukavSirebs aseT Sedegs, sasamarTlom ar unda

miiRos, Seamowmos da Seafasos mtkicebulebebi.

magaliTad: pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTaviuflebis mizniT

gadamzidveli Tavis SesagebelSi miuTiTebs, rom

tvirTis dazianeba gamowveuli iyo gadazidvisaTvis

gamoyenebuli satransporto saSualebis nakliT (sk

686-e muxlis me-3 naw.)

sasamarTlom ar unda daadginos es faqti, radgan

mas ar aqvs mniSvneloba gadamzidvelis

pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebisaTvis.

225

SeiZleba moviyvanoT kidev erTi magaliTi: movale

Tavis SesagebelSi miuTiTebs, rom igi unda

ganTavisufldes pasuxismgeblobisagan zianis

miyenebisaTvis, radgan mxareebi winaswar iyvnen

SeTanxmebuli zianis anazRaurebisagan misi

ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb.

sasamarTlom arc es faqti ar unda daadginos,

radgan mas ar aqvs mniSvneloba zianis

anazRaurebisagan movalis ganTavisuflebisaTvis (sk

395-e muxlis me-2 naw.).

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba aseTi daskvna gavakeToT :

mtkicebis saganSi Sedis da, maSasadame, unda damtkicdes SesagebelSi

miTiTebuli mxolod iseTi faqtebi, romlebsac aqvT samarTlebrivi

mniSvneloba am Sesageblis dasabuTebisaTvis, misi iuridiuli

gamarTlebisaTvis.

gansxvavebiT saproceso Sesageblisa, materialur samarTlebrivi

Sesagebeli TviTon mopasuxem unda warmoadginos. man unda miuTiTos

faqtebze, romlebic abrkoleben uflebis warmoSobas, romlis dacvasac

mosarCele moiTxovs, aqarwyleben am uflebas, aCereben uflebis

iZulebiT ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas da da.S.100 TviTon sasamarTlos

ar aqvs ufleba Tavisi iniciativiT wamoayenos faqtebi („aRZras

Sesagebeli“), romlebmac SeiZleba gamoiwvios sarCelze uarisTqma.101

gamonakliss am TvalsazrisiT warmoadgenen faqtebi, romlebic

miuTiTeben imaze, rom garigeba arRvevs kanoniT dadgenil akrZalvebs,

ewinaaRmdegeba sajaro wesrigs an zneobas, dadebulia qmeduunaro piris

mier.102 cxadia, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom unda gamoiCinos

gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile, raTa misma iniciativam ar gamoiwvios

dispoziciurobisa da SejibrebiTobis principebis darRveva, mxareTa

uflebebis Selaxva.

sasamarTlos iniciativis farglebis gansazRvris kriteriumi

SeiZleba iyos erTi: kanonismieri akrZalvebis darRveva, garigebaTa

baTiloba kanonis ZaliT da Secilebis gareSe.

IV. mosarCelis sapasuxo Sesagebeli.

100 iuridiul literaturaSi zogjer mopasuxis materialur samarTlebriv Sesagebels ajgufeben imis

mixedviT, Tu ra Sedegs iwvevs igi. am Sedegebis mixedviT gamoyofen uflebadamabrkolebel,

uflebagamaqarwylebel da uflebaSemwyvet Sesagebels.

Cven migvaCnia, rom praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs imis naTlad da garkveviT dadgenas aqvs, Tu ara

SesagebelSi miTiTebul faqts samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba am Sesageblis dasabuTebisaTvis. arian Tu

ara es faqtebi uflebadamabrkolebeli, uflebagamqarwylebeli da a.S. esaa Sedegi samarTlebrivi

Sefasebisa da ara mizezi. amitom, samarTlebrivi normis moSveliebis gareSe Sesageblebis aseT

kategoriebad dayofa praqtikulad naklebad dagvexmareba.

101 aSkarad ar Seesabameba kanons farTod gavrcelebuli praqtika, rodesac saqarTvelos

sasamarTloebs gamoaqvT gadawyvetilebebi sarCelis dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb moTxovnis

xandazmulobis gamo, maSin rodesac arc mopasuxes da arc saqmeSi monawile sxva pirs aseTi

Sesagebeli ar wamouyenebia, dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ix. h.boelingi, l.Wanturia. dasax. naSromi gv.

170 102 literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom materialuri Sesageblebi or jguad SeiZleba

daiyos: a) Sesagebeli, romelic SeuZlia warmoadginos mopasuxem da b) Sesagebeli, romelic

sasamarTlosac SeuZlia warmoadginos, rodesac garigeba arRvevs kanonismier akrZalvebs an dadebulia

qmeduunaro mxaris mier. ix. h.boelingi, l. Wanturia dasax. naSromi, gv. 170

226

Sesagebeli yovelTvis asocirdeba mopasuxesTan, anu roca

vlaparakobT Sesagebelze, vgulisxmobT mopasuxes. es absoluturad

logikuria: mosarCele aRZravs sarCels mopasuxis winaaRmdeg da, Tu

mopasuxes surs Tavi daicvas am sarCelisagan, mas SeuZlia Seagebos

mosarCeles Tvisi iaraRi, romelsac Sesagebeli ewodeba.

mosarCeles, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia mopasuxis Sesagebels

daupirispiros Tavisi Sesagebeli. amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli

ssk 202-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad mosarCeles ufleba aqvs warudginos

mosamarTles damatebiTi mtkicebulebebi, agreTve „werilobiT acnobos

mas Tavisi mosazrebebi mopasuxis werilobiTi pasuxis Taobaze“,.

mosarCeles, ise rogorc mopasuxes, SeuZlia ar cnos da uaryos

mopasuxis mier SesagebelSi miTiTebuli faqtebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi

mopasuxes evaleba daamtkicos mis mier Sesageblis safuZvelSi

miTiTebuli faqtebi.

mopasuxis Sesageblis gaqarwylebis mizniT mosarCelem SeiZleba

Tavis sapasuxo SesagebelSi miuTiTos faqtebze, romlebsac materialur

samarTlebrivi norma ukavSirebs mopasuxis Sesageblis mniSvnelobis

dakargvas (gauqmebas).

magaliTad: mopasuxe Tavis SesagebelSi miuTiTebs, rom man gaqviTa

mosarCelis moTxovna (sk 443-e muxli). mopasuxis am

Sesagebels mosarCelem daupirispira sapasuxo

Sesagebeli imis Sesaxeb, rom moTxovnaTa gaqviTva

winaswar SeTanxmebiT iyo gamoricxuli (sk 447-e

muxli)

kidev erTi magaliTi: gamqiravebelma aRZra sarCeli da moiTxova

damqiraveblisagan daTqmuli qiris gadaxda.

damqiravebelma waradgina Sesagebeli,

romelsac safuZvlad daudo is garemoeba,

rom daqiravebul nivTs aqvs nakli, ris

gamoc qira unda Semcirdes.

mosarCelem Tavis sapasuxo SesagebelSi

miuTiTa, rom xelSekrulebis dadebisas

damqiraveblisaTvis cnobili iyo nivTis

nakli, ris gamoc mas arc ganucxadebia

Tavisi pretenzia. amitom mas ar aqvs

ufleba moiTxovos qiris Semcireba (sk

538-e muxli).

cxadia, rom mopasuxis analogiurad „mosarCeles SeuZlia Tavisi

sapasuxo Sesagebeli warmarTos mopasuxis mier warmodgenili

mtkicebulebebis winaaRmdeg, saeWvo gaxados am mtkicebulebaTa

utyuaroba, miuTiTos, rom mopasuxis mier warmodgenili mtkicebuleba

yalbia da a.S.

V. Sesageblis forma.

saqmis ganxilvisaTvis winaswari momzadebis etapze, Sesageblis

forma ganisazRvreba kanoniT, romlis mixedviT igi unda iyos

werilobiTi. ssk 201-e muxlis Tanaxmad saqmis momzadebis mizniT

sasamarTlo gadaugzavnis mopasuxes sarCelisa da maszed darTuli

dokumentebis aslebs, dauniSnavs mas vadas werilobiT Seadginos Tavisi

227

Sesagebeli. am SesagebelSi mopasuxem unda miuTiTos ra konkretul

garemoebebs emyareba misi Sesagebeli, romeli mtkicebulebebiT SeiZleba

damtkicdes es garemoebebi, ra saproceso saSualebebiT apirebs mopasuxe

sarCelisagan Tavis dacvas, kerZod xom ar apirebs Segebebuli sarCelis

aRZvras, xom ar uaryofs sarCelis dasaSvebobas, xom ar eqneba acileba

da a.S.

mxareTa saproceso Tanasworobis principidan gamomdinare

„mopasuxis werilobiTi pasuxi da masze darTuli sabuTebis aslebi un

da gadaegzavnos mosarCeles“ (ssk 202-e muxli), romelsac ufleba aqvs

werilobiT acnobos sasamarTlos Tavisi mosazrebebi mopasuxis

werilobiT Sesageblis Taobaze.

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoeba, rom mopasuxis mier dadgenil

vadaSi werilobiTi Sesageblis warudgenloba araTanabar mdgomareobaSi

ayenebs mosarCeles, arRvevs mxareTa saproceso Tanasworobis princips,

rac konkretulad imiT gamoixateba, rom mopasuxem icis sarCelisa da

masze darTuli dokumentebis Sesaxeb, rac saSualebas aZlevs mas kargad

moemzados TavdacvisaTvis, xolo mosarCelem ar icis ras apirebs

mopasuxe, ra faqtebs daemyareba misi Sesagebeli sarCelis winaaRmdeg.

amitom ver moemzadeba winaswar da SeiZleba verc gaaqarwylos erTbaSad

sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze mopasuxis mier zepirad Camoyalibebuli

Sesagebeli.

rogorc Cans am mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobda kanonmdebeli rodesac

daadgina mxareTa movaleoba „Seasrulon saqmis momzadebis mizniT

mosamarTlis miTiTebebi. werilobiTi masalebis warudgenloba Tu sxva

moqmedebis Seusrulebloba iseTi mizeziT, romelsac sasamarTlo

arasapatiod cnobs, arTmevs mxares uflebas Seasrulos aseTi moqmedeba

am saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dros“ (ssk 206-e muxli).

rogorc vxedavT, Tu mopasuxem ar warmoudgina sasamarTlos

werilobiTi Sesagebeli sarCelze, maSin mas, marTalia ar erTmeva

ufleba zepirad Camoayalibos mTavar sxdomaze Tavisi Sesagebeli, magram

sasamarTlo gaiTvaliswinebs am SesagebelSi Camoyalibebul mosazrebebs,

faqtebs, mtkicebulebebs, Tu cnobs, rom maT Sesaxeb ar iyo

gancxadebuli sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi sapatio mizeziT da

rom es ar momxdara saqmis gaWianurebis mizniT“. (ssk 219-e muxli).


mopasuxis Sesagebeli warmodgenili unda iqnes werilobiTi formiT.

zepiri formiT misi warmodgena, rac SeiZleba ganxorcieldes

sasamarTlos mosamzadebel an mTavar sxdomaze mopasuxis mier axsna-

ganmartebis micemis dros, dasaSvebia mxolod im pirobiT Tu

sasamarTlo CaTvlis, rom werilobiTi formiT Sesageblis

warmoudgenloba gamowveuli iyo sapatio mizeziT da ar iyo gamowveuli

saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebis mizniT.

VI. Sesageblis warudgenlobis Sedegebi

Sesagebeli - esaa saproceso kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli

samarTlebrivi saSualeba, romliTac mopasuxes SeuZlia daicvas Tavi mis

winaaRmdeg aRZruli sarCelisagan magram, Sesageblis wardgena, ise

rogorc sarCelisagan Tavis dacva, ar warmoadgens mopasuxis

valdebulebas im TvalsazrisiT, rom misi warmoudgenlobis SemTxvevaSi

228

gamoyenebuli iqneba mis mimarT saxelmwifo iZulebis RonisZieba. aseTi

RonisZiebis gamoyeneba gamoricxulia. amitom, Cven aq ver vilaparakebT

mopasuxis valdebulebaze daicvas Tavi.

sakiTxi exeba mxolod aucileblobas, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom

Tu mopasuxe ar warmoadgens Sesagebels (an ar aRZravs Segebebul

sarCels) anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu mopasuxe ar daicvavs Tavs

- igi waagebs process, sasamarTlo gamoitans misTvis araxelsayrel

gadawyvetilebas. mxolod am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT

sarCelisagan Tavis dacva (Sesageblis Tu Segebebuli sarCelis wardgenis

gziT), rogorc mopasuxis movaleoba, romlis Seusruleblobas SeiZleba

moyves misTvis araxelsayreli gadawyvetilebis gamotana.

$2. Segebebuli sarCeli

I. Sesagebeli Tu Segebebuli sarCeli: dacvis saSualebaTa arCeva

praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT dacvis saSualebis arCeva anu romeli

saSualebiT daicvas Tavi mopasuxem - SesagebliT Tu Segebebuli

sarCeliT - Zalian mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. yvelafers rom Tavi

davaneboT ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT Segebebuli sarCeli ufro Zvirad

Rirebuli dacvis saSualebaa: Segebebuli sarCeli unda Camoyalibdes

werilobiTi formiT da misi Sinaarsi unda pasxubdes ssk 178-e muxlis

moTxovnebs. mopasuxem Segebebuli sarCelisaTvis unda gadaixados

saxelmwifo baJi, Segebebuli sarCeli sasamarTlos unda waredginos

imdeni aslis odenobiT, ramdenic mxarea procesSi, sasamarTlom unda

Seamowmos sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebis arseboba, miiRos

ganCineba misi warmoebaSi miRebis an armiRebis Sesaxeb da a.S.

rogorc vxedavT, Segebebuli sarCeli aramarto fuladi saxsrebis,

aramed drois zedmetad xarjvasTanacaa dakavSirebuli.

aqedan gamomdinare ki cxadia, Tu mopasuxes SeuZlia gverdi auaros

Segebebul sarCels da daicvas Tavi SesagebliT, man ar unda gamoiyenos

Segebebuli sarCeli.

magram arCevani ar aris yovelTvis da mTlianad damokidebuli

mopasuxeze. mTavari da gadamwyvetia is, Tu rogoria mopasuxis

moTxovnis Sinaarsi da mizani.

Tu mopasuxis moTxovna amoiwureba imiT, rom sasamarTlom uari

uTxras mosarCeles sasarCelo moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze mTlianad an

nawilobriv, maSin mopasuxes SeZlia Semoifarglos Sesageblis

wardgeniT. amasTan, mniSvneloba ar aqvs Tu samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovan

romel faqts udebs safuZvlad Tavis Sesagebels. es SeiZleba iyos

faqti imis Sesaxeb, rom man ukve Seasrula Tavisi valdebuleba

mosarCelis mimarT, an aseTi Sesrulebis vada jer ar damdgara, an mas

ar ekisreba raime valdebuleba mosarCelis mimarT da a.S.

mopasuxes SeuZlia Tavi daicvas SesagebliT iseT faqtebze

miTiTebiT, romlebic marTalia ar uaryofen sasarCelo moTxovnas, magram

am moTxovnis dafarva moxda gaqviTviT, an kidev, gasulia moTxovnis

xandazmulobis vada da sxva.

magram, Tu mopasuxis interesi ar Semoifargleba mxolod mis

winaaRmdeg aRZruli sasarCelo moTxovnis uaryofiT da paralelurad

229

igi Tavis damoukidebeli uflebebis dacvasac moiTxovs, maSin man unda

aRZras Segebebuli sarCeli.

magaliTad: mosarCele moiTxovs mopasuxis binidan gamosaxlebas,

vinaidan igi ar ixdis binis qiras. mopasuxem aRZra

Segebebuli sarCeli da moiTxova sadavo binis

TanamesakuTred cnoba. Tu mopasuxe marTlac iqneba

cnobili sasamarTlos mier sadavo binis TanamesakuTred,

maSin sasamarTlom uari unda uTxras mosarCeles

sarCelze da amave gadawyvetilebiT daakmayofilos

mopasuxis Segebebuli sarCeli da cnos igi

TanamesakuTred.

II. Segebebuli sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebi

Segebebuli sarCeli - Cveulebrivi sarCelia. Segebebuli mas imitom

ewodeba, rom igi aRiZvris sxva ZiriTadi (Tavdapirveli) sarCelis gamo,

Tumca, rom ara es ZiriTadi sarCeli, igi SeiZleba aRZruliyo rogorc

damoukidebeli da ZiriTadi sarCeli.

amitom, Segebebul sarCels waeyeneba igive moTxovnebi, rac

nebismier sxva sarCels. kerZod, misi Sinaarsi unda Seesabamebodes 178-e

da 179-e muxlis moTxovnebs agreTve unda pasuxobdes 186-e muxlis

moTxovnebs, garda am muxlis „e“ punqtSi miTiTebuli pirobisa

gansjadobis Sesaxeb, radgan Segebebuli sarCeli SeiZleba aRiZras im

sasamarTloSi, romelic ixilavs Tavdapirvel sarCels.

garda sarCelis dasaSvebobisa da sarCelis miRebis saerTo

pirobebisa, ris Sesaxebac saubari gvqonda zemoT (ix. gv....) Segebebuli

sarCeli unda pasuxobdes specialur (damatebiT) pirobebsac Cven aq

mokled SevexebiT mxolod am specialur pirobebs.

a) Segebebuli sarCelis moTxovna mimarTuli unda iyos pirvandeli

sasarCelo moTxovnis CasaTvlelad.

magaliTad, aRZrulia sarCeli zaralis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb 1000

laris odenobiT. mopasuxem aRZra Segebebuli sarCeli da moiTxova

mosarCelisagan 2000 laris gadaxdevineba, rac mas sesxis saxiT hqonda

gacemuli mosarCelisaTvis. amasTan erTad, mopasuxem sTxova sasamarTlos

CauTvalos 1000 lari zaralis anazRaurebaSi, xolo darCenili 1000

laris gadaxda daakisros mosarCeles mis sasargeblod.

valdebulebis Sewyveta CaTvliT gaTvaliswinebulia kerZod,

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 442-e muxliT.103

b) Segebebuli sarCelis dakmayofileba mTlianad an nawilobriv

gamoricxavs pirvandeli sarCelis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas.

magaliTad, aRZrulia sarCeli binis damqiraveblis binidan

gamosaxlebis Sesaxeb, im motiviT, rom igi uars ambobs gadaixados qira.

mopasuxem aRZra Segebebuli sarCeli, raTa igi cnon sadavo binis

mesakuTred (an TanamesakuTred). cxadia, rom Tu Segebebuli sarCeli

dakmayofildeba da mopasuxe cnobili ineba binis mesakuTred, maSin

gamoiricxeba pirvandeli sarCelis dakmayofileba.

g) Sgebebul da pirvandel sarCelebs Soris aris urTierTkavSiri.

103 ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, Tb., 2001, gv. 544.

230

magaliTad, nivTis mimbarebelma aRZra sarCeli am nivTis

Semnaxvelis mimarT Sesanaxad mibarebuli nivTis ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb.

Semnaxvelma Tavis mxriv aRZra Segebebuli sarCeli SenaxvisaTvis

gaweuli xarjebis 1000 laris oednobiT nivTis mimbarebelze dakisrebis

Sesaxeb (samoq. kodeqsis 776-e muxli). aq urTierTkavSiri pirvandel

sarCelsa da Segebebuli sarCels Soris aSkaraa.

sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos Segebebuli sarCelis warmoebaSi

miRebis winapirobebi da Tu mas aRmoaCndeba xarvezi, gamoitanos ganCineba

xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb (ssk 185-e muxli) an, Tu igi ar pasuxobs

moTxovnas, romlis gamosworeba SeuZlebelia, an kidev, ar arsebobs

romelime winapiroba - sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas Segebebuli

sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb.

III. Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvris vada.

Segebebuli sarCelebis aRZvrisa da sasamarTloebis mier maTi

warmoebaSi miRebis praqtika srul safuZvels gvaZlevs gavakeToT

daskvna, rom aseTi sarCelebi xSirad gamoyenebulia dainteresebuli

mxaris mier saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebis mizniT, xolo sasamarTloebi

saTanadod ar ikvleven aseTi sarCelebis miRebis winapirobebs.104

rogorc Cans, kanonmdebeli varaudobda saqmis gaWianurebis mizniT

Segebebuli sarCelis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas da gaiTvaliswina mTeli

rigi wesebisa, romelTa dacviT sasamarTlos SeuZlia SeebrZolos aseT

mcdelobebs.

erT-erTi aseTi wesi mdgomareobs Segebebuli sarCelis

aRZvrisaTvis vadis gansazRvraSi. ssk 188-e muxlis Tanaxmad mopasuxes

ufleba aqvs misTvis sarCelis aslis Cabarebidan saqmis zepiri

ganxilvisaTvis winaswari momzadebis damTavrebamde aRZras mosarCelis

mimarT Segebebuli sarCeli pirvandel sarCelTan erTad gansaxilvelad.

amrigad, kanoni ar gansazRvravs Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvrisaTvis

kalendarul TariRs, magram gansazRvravs mis aRZvris vadas garkveuli

movlenis dadgomis meSveobiT, kerZod saqmis „winaswari momzadebis

damTavrebamde“. winaswari momzadeba ki damTavrebulad iTvleba im

momentidan rodesac sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas saqmis sasamarTlos

mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis daniSvnis Sesaxeb (ssk 207-e muxli).

dasaSvebia Tu ara amis Semdeg Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvra?

ssk 188-e muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad „am vadis gaSvebis Semdeg

mopasuxes SeuZlia aRZras Sgebebuli sarCeli sasamarTlo paeqrobis

damTavrebamde, Tu sasamarTlo sapatiod miiCnevs vadis gaSvebas“.

amrigad, kanoniT dadgenili vadis gaSvebis Semdegac, e.i. saqmis

winaswari momzadebis damTavrebis Semdegac, mopasuxes SeuZlia aRZras

Segebebuli sarCeli, Tu daamtkicebs, rom Tavis droze igi ver aRiZra

sapatio mizeziT. mizezis sapatioba aq gvevlineba dagvianebiT aRZruli

Segebebuli sarCelis miRebis erT-erT winapirobad. aris Tu ara

Segebebuli sarCelis droulad aRuZvrelobis mizezi sapatio -

gadawyvets sasamarTlo.

104 dawvrilebiT Segebebuli sarCelebis warmoebaSi miRebis dros daSvebul Secdomebze da saqmis

ganxilvis gaWianurebis mizniT maT gamoyenebaze ix. T.liluaSvili, samoqalaqo procesis sakiTxebi

saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi, naw. I Tb. 2002. gv. 34-45.

231

IV. Segebebuli sarCelis miReba da ganxilva

Tu arsebobs Segebebuli sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis yvela zogadi

Tu specialuri piroba da igi droulad aris aRZruli, sasamarTlo

gamoitans ganCinebas misi warmoebaSi miRebisa da pirvandel sarCelTan

erTad gansaxilvelad. sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi gviCvenebs, rom

saqmeSi zogjer aris Segebebuli sarCeli, magram saqmeSi zogjer ar aris

ganCineba misi warmoebaSi miRebis Sesaxeb. praqtikaSi zogjer gvxvdeba

SemTxvevebi, rodesac sasamarTlo iRebs gadawyvetilebas Segebebuli

sarCelis dakmayofilebis an aseT dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb,

magram saqmeSi ar aris sasamarTlos ganCineba am Segebebuli sarCelis

warmoebaSi miRebis Sesaxeb da a.S. aris SemTxveveSi, rodesac saqmeSi

aris Segebebuli sarCeli, igi miRebulia warmoebaSi, magram

gadawyvetileba am saqmeze ar Seicavs raime pasuxs am Segebebuli

sarCelis mimarT.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis azris mixedviT

Segebebuli sarCeli iTvleba miRebulad, rodesac sasamarTlo gamoitans

ganCinebas misi warmoebaSi miRebis da Tavdapirvel sarCelTan erTad

ganxilvis Sesaxeb. Segebebuli sarCeli ar iTvleba miRebulad, Tu

saqmeSi arsebobs sasamarTlos ganCineba misi warmoebaSi miRebaze

uarisTqmis Sesaxeb.

es imas niSnavs rom, Tu mopasuxem Semoitana Segebebuli sarCeli

sasamarTlo valdebulia gamoitanos ganCineba misi warmoebaSi miRebis an

armiRebis Sesaxeb.

Tu sasamarTlom gamoitana ganCineba Segebebuli sarCelis

warmoebaSi miRebis Sesaxeb, igi valdebulia ganixilos es sarCeli da

gamoitanos mis mimarT Tavdapirvel sarCelTan erTad motivirebuli

gadawyvetileba.105

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba Seicavs praqtikuli

TvalsazrisiT kidev erT mniSvnelovan debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad

sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoitanos nawilobrivi gadawyvetileba

dainteresebuli mxaris TxovniT „rodesac aRZruli iyo Segebebuli

sarCeli, garkveulia da momzadebulia gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad erT-

erTi sarCeli an Segebebuli sarCeli.“ (ssk 245-e muxli, naw. 2).

amrigad, nawilobrivi gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad, anu am

SemTxvevaSi, imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlom gamoitanos ara erToblivi,

aramed gadawyvetileba calke Tavdapirveli sarCelis mimarT da datovos

gadawyvetilebis gareSe Segebebuli sarCeli (an piriqiT), saWiroa

ramdenime piroba: erTi - faqtobrivi garemoebebi, rac saWiroa

Tavdapirvel sarCelze gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, dadgenilia da

utyuaradaa damtkicebuli, xolo Segebebuli sarCelis mimarT

samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani yvela faqtobrivi garemoeba araa

dadgenili; meore - Segebebuli sarCelis Tavdapirvel sarCelTan erTad

gadawyvetis gareSe datoveba ar gamoiwvevs mopasuxis an mosarCelis

interesebis Selaxvas; mesame - arsebobs erTi mxaris Suamdgomloba

105 praqtikaSi arc ise iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe gadawyvetilebiT

uari eTqva mopasuxes Segebebuli sarCelis dakmayofilebaze. sakasacio sasamarTlom araerTgzis

miuTiTa, rom sasamarTlom unda imsjelos am sarCelebis safuZvlianobis Sesaxeb da gamoitanos maT

mimarT motivirebuli gadawyvetileba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi es iqneba ssk 394-e muxlis „e“ punqtis

safuZvelze misi gauqmebis absoluturi safuZveli. susg samoqalaqo saqmeebze. 6.VI. 2002, gv. 564.

232

nawilobrivi gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Sesaxeb da amisaTvis marTlac

arsebobs yvela piroba da bolos meoTxe - ar aris imis safuZveli

vifiqroT, rom mogvianebiT gamotanili iqneba urTierTgamomricxavi

gadawyvetileba.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ara erToblivi,

aramed nawilobrivi gadawyvetileba, man amis Sesaxeb aucileblad unda

miuTiTos da daasabuTos Tavis nawilobriv gadawyvetilebaSi. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi nawilobrivi gadawyvetilebis gamotana SeiZleba gagebul

iqnes rogorc saproceso kanonmdeblobis danawesis darRveva, romlis

Tanaxmad pirvandeli da Segebebuli sarCelis mimarT sasamarTlos

gamoaqvs erToblivi gadawyvetileba, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli

gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisa (ssk 189-e muxlis me-3 naw.)106

amrigad, Segebebuli sarCelil ganxiluli da gadawyvetili unda

iqnes Tavdapirvel sarCelTan erTad. es Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvris

erT-erTi mizanicaa. mis mimarT calke gadawyvetilebis gamotana

dasaSvebia mxolod zemoT miTiTebuli pirobebis arsebobisas da Tu amiT

xeli ar SeeSleba mopasuxis sarCelisagan Tavdacvis interesebs.

106 erT-erT saqmeze sakasacio sasamarTlom gaauqma gadawyvetileba im motiviT, rom „sasamarTlom

miiRo gadawyvetileba mxolod ZiriTadi sarCelis mimarT da araferi Tqva Segebebul sarCelze, riTac

daarRvia ssk 189-e muxli“. susg samoqalaqo saqmeebze #10, 2000, gv. 283.

233

Tavi XII

saqmis winaswari momzadeba zepiri

ganxilvisaTvis

$1. samoqalaqo saqmis winaswari momzadeba rogorc saqmis warmoebis

pirveli etapi da misi mniSvneloba

saqmis momzadebis mniSvneloba kanoniTaa gansazRvruli: saqmes

sasamarTlo amzadebs „raTa daCqardes misi ganxilva da SesaZlebeli

gaxdes erT sasamarTlo sxdomaze ganxilvis damTavreba da saqmis sworad

gadawyveta“ (ssk me-200 muxli).

samoqalaqo saqmeTa sasamarTloSi warmoebis praqtikis analizi

utyuarad da calsaxad gvidasturebs erT udavo WeSmaritebas: Tu saqme

ar iyo saTanadod momzadebuli sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze

gansaxilvelad es gardauvlad iwvevs am sxdomebis mravaljer gadadebas

iseTi saproceso moqmedebis Sesasruleblad, romelic marTalia

aucilebelia, magram SeiZleboda da unda Sesrulebuliyo sasamarTlos

mTavari sxdomis daniSvnamde da Catarebamde.

rogor avicdinoT yovelive es Tavidan?

saqarTvelos axalma samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsma daamkvidra

samoqalaqo saqmis warmoebis iseTi modeli, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos

saqmis aramarto sworad, aramed swrafad (droulad) ganxilva da

gadawyveta.

am modelis Sesaxeb ufro naTeli da zusti warmodgena rom

viqonioT mizanSewonili iqneba saqmis warmoeba sasamarTloSi davyoT or

did etapad (stadiad): pirveli etapi – saqmis momzadeba mTavar sxdomaze

gansaxilvelad, romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT mxareTa

werilobiTi Sejibreba da meore etapi – saqmis ganxilva sasamarTlos

mTavar sxdomaze, romelsac aseve SeiZleba vuwodoT mxareTa zepiri

Sejibreba.

saqmis warmoebis TiToeul am etaps aqvs Tavisi da mxolod misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli miznebi da amocanebi. romelTa gaTvaliswinebiT

gansazRvrulia saproceso moqmedebaTa wre, romelic am etapze unda

Sesruldes.

saproceso moqmedebaTa Sesrulebis gadatana erTi etapidan meoreze

dauSvebelia, garda kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa da

pirobebisa.

magaliTad, saqmis mTavar sxdomaze arsebiTad ganxilvis dros

mopasuxe Suamdgomlobs sasamarTlos winaSe, raTa

man daibaros mowme da dakiTxos igi, an kidev,

gamoiTxovos werilobiTi Tu nivTieri

mtkicebuleba ama Tu im pirisgan da a.S.

234

aseTi da sxva amgvari Suamdgomlobebi SeiZleba daakmayofilos

sasamarTlom mxolod im pirobiT, Tu isini sapatio mizeziT ar iyo

aRZruli saqmis „momzadebis stadiaze“ (ssk 215-e muxli).

rogorc vxedavT, saproceso moqmedebebi, Suamdgomlobebi,

gancxadebebi da sxva, romlebic SeiZleboda da unda ganxorcielebuliyo

(aRZruliyo) saqmis winaswari momxadebis stadiaze aRar SeiZleba

Sesruldes an aRiZras am saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dros, Tu amisaTvis

ar arsebobs sapatio mizezi, romlis damtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba

Suamdgomlobis aRmZvrel pirs.

saqmis winaswari momzadebis Tavisebureba SeiZleba imaSic

mdgomareobdes, rom am etapze sasamarTlos ar aqvs uSualo Semxebloba

mxareebTan: sasamarTlos davalebebi mxareebis mimarT, mxareTa

Suamdgomlobebi sasamarTlos mimarT – xorcieldeba werilobiTi

formiT (mimoweriT). gamonaklisia mosamzadebeli sxdoma, ris Sesaxebac

ix. qvemoT (gv. 269). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT procesis am etapze

upiratesad moqmedebs werilobiTi forma.

momzadebis etapi unda gaiaros uklebliv yvela saqmem

damoukideblad imisa, martivia Tu rTuli es saqme (ssk me-200 muxli).

momzadebis etapze sasamarTlom sabolood unda daazustos da

gansazRvros faqtebis wre, romlebzec mxareebi amyareben TavianT

moTxovnebs da Sesagebels (mtkicebis sagani), mtkicebulebebi, romelTa

saSualebiT mxareebs surT am garemoebebis damtkiceba, materialur

samarTlebrivi norma, romlis gamoyenebiTac unda moxdes damtkicebuli

da dadasturebuli garemoebebis iuridiuli Sefaseba (kvalifikacia) da,

bolos, am saqmeze gadawyvetilebis winaswari (arasaboloo) proeqti.

yovelive es SeiZleba warmatebiT ganxorcieldes Tu sasamarTlo

ganuxrelad ixelmZRvanelebs im normebis danawesiT, romlebic saqmis

momzadebas awesrigebs.

$2. saproceso moqmedebebi, romlebic unda Sesruldes saqmis

momzadebis mizniT

I. mopasuxisagan werilobiTi Sesageblis gamoTxova

sarCelis (gancxadebis) warmoebaSi miRebisTanave mopasuxes unda

gadaegzavnos am sarCelis (gancxadebis) da masze darTuli dokumentis

aslebi (ssk 184-e muxli).

saqmis momzadeba ar SeiZleba dausruleblad gagrZeldes, igi unda

damTavrdes gonivrul vadaSi, e.i. iseT vadaSi, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes

am saqmis ganxilva da gadawyveta kanoniT gansazRvrul vadaSi. swored am

mosazrebiTaa ganpirobebuli kanonis danawesi imis Sesaxeb, rom saqmis

momzadeba iwyeba sarCelisa da masze darTuli werilobiTi masalebis

aslebis mopasuxisaTvis gadagzavniT, ris Sesaxebac sasamarTlos gamoaqvs

ganCineba.

ganCinebaSi sarCelisa da masze darTuli dokumentebis aslebis

mopasuxisaTvis gadagzavnis Sesaxeb miTiTebuli unda iyos vada, romlis

ganmavlobaSiac mopasuxem unda gasces pasuxi yvela kiTxvaze, romelic

mis winaSea dasmuli sasamarTlos mier. kanoni gansazRvravs im sakiTxebis

wres, romlebic miTiTebuli unda iyos ganCinebaSi da romlebzec pasuxi

unda gasces mopasuxem. mopasuxis werilobiT pasuxSi kerZod,

235

miTiTebuli unda iyos: a) cnobs Tu ara mopasuxe sarCels; b) Tu ar

cnobs ra konkretul garemoebebs emyareba misi Sesagebeli sarCelis

winaaRmdeg; g) ra an romeli mtkicebulebebiT SeiZleba damtkicdes es

garemoebebi; d) romeli saproceso saSualebebiT apirebs igi

sarCelisagan Tavis dacvas, xom ar apirebs Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvras,

xom ar eqneba acileba sasamarTlos an mosamarTlis mimarT da a.S. e) vin

SeiZleba Caebas procesSi Tanamonawileebad an mesame pirebad; v) romeli

mowme unda iqnes gamoZaxebuli sasamarTlo sxdomaze da a.S.

cxadia, mopasuxes SeuZlia ar Semoifarglos am sakiaTxebiT da

Tavisi iniciativiT dasvas da pasuxi gasces iseT sakiTxebzec, romlebic

ar iyo sasamarTlos ganCinebaSi dasmuli.

mopasuxe valdebulia sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi acnobos

sasamarTlos werilobiTi formiT Sedgenili Sesagebeli, mosazrebebi

sarCelze darTuli sabuTebis Sesaxeb da pasuxi yvela im sakiTxze,

romelic dasmulia mis winaSe sasamarTlos ganCinebiT (ssk 201-e muxli).

mopasuxes SeiZleba mieces damatebiTi, magram Semoklebuli vada mis mier

arasrulad Sedgenili werilobiTi Sesageblis xarvezis Sesavsebad.

sasamarTlos ganCineba Sesageblis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb unda

Seicavdes gafrTxilebas imis Sesaxeb, rom mopasuxis mier werilobiTi

Sesageblis sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi warudgenloba arTmevs

mas uflebas Seasrulos es moqmedeba dagvianebiT - saqmis momzadebis

damTavrebis Semdeg (ssk 206-e muxli). mopasuxis werilobiTi

Sesageblis, mosazrebebis, mtkicebulebebis, Suamdgomlobebis aslebi unda

gadaegzavnos mosarCeles, raTa masac SeeZlos droulad moemzados

sapasuxo Sesageblis sasamarTloSi wardgenisaTvis (ssk 202-e muxli).

II. sarCelisa da Sesageblis safuZvelSi miTiTebuli faqtebis

samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis Sefaseba.

mtkicebis sagnis gansazRvra

faqtebis miTiTebis tvirTis problemis gaSuqebis dros aRniSnuli

iyo, rom mxareebi TviTonve gansazRvraven Tu romeli faqtebi unda

daedos safuZvlad maT moTxovnebs an romeli mtkicebulebebiT unda

dadasturdes es faqtebi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT faqtebis miTiTebas

tvirTi da faqtebis damtkicebis tvirTi mxareebs ekisrebaT.

amasTan dakavSirebiT wamoiWreba ori erTmaneTTan mWidrod

dakavSirebuli sakiTxi: erTi – unda damtkicdes Tu ara, anu, unda

miiRos da Seagrovos Tu ara sasamarTlom mtkicebulebebi yvela im

faqtis dasadastureblad, romlebzec miuTiTeben mxareebi da, meore -

SeuZlia Tu ara sasamarTlos mxareTa gamokiTxviT Seavsos da

daazustos faqtebi.

pirvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Cven saubari gvqonda am wignis

IX Tavis me-8 paragrafSi. aq mokled SeiZleba aRiniSnos Semdegi:

sasamarTlo aramarto uflebamosilia, aramed valdebulicaa gansazRvros

aqvT Tu ara mxareTa mier miTiTebul faqtebs mniSvneloba sasarCelo

moTxovnis, Tu Sesageblis dasabuTeba-gamarTlebisaTvis. es SesaZlebeli

iqneba mxolod am faqtebis samarTlebrivi Sefasebis Sedegad, Tanac,

aseTi Sefaseba unda ganxorcieldes sarCelTan da SesagebelTan

mimarTebaSi. Tu aseTi Sefasebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom mxareTa mier

miTiTebuli faqtebs ar SeuZliaT daasabuTon (gaamarTlon) maTi

236

moTxovnebi (Sesagebeli), sasamarTlom arc unda Seitanos es faqtebi

mtkicebis saganSi da, aqedan gamomdinare, man ar unda miiRos da

daurTos saqmes, Seamowmos da Seafasos mtkicebulebebi, romlebic

mimarTulia iseT faqtebis dadgenisaken, romlebsac am saqmis sworad

gadawyvetisaTvis aranairi mniSvneloba ar aqvT.

momzadebis stadiaze unda ganisaz Rvros agreTve, im faqtebis wre,

romlebzec ar davoben mxareebi. udavo faqtebi unda ganisazRvros

imdenad, ramdenadac amis saSualebas iZleva mxareTa mier warmodgenili

werilobiTi masalebi. cxadia, rom udavo faqtebis mimarTac ar unda

iqnes Sekrebili mtkicebulebebi.

rac Seexeba meore sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb SeuZlia Tu ara

sasamarTlos TviTon, Tavisi iniciativiT Seitanos mtkicebis saganSi

faqtebi, romlebzec mxareebi ar miuTiTeben, magram romlebsac SeiZleba

hqondeT mniSvneloba saqmisaTvis, am sakiTxze SeiZleba mxolod

uaryofiTi pasuxis gacema, sasamarTlos es ar SeuZlia. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi dairRveva dispoziciurobisa da SejibrebiTobis

principebi.107

amasTan erTad, mosamzadebel sxdomaze mxareebis gamokiTxvisa da

axsna-ganmartebis miRebis dros, sasamarTlos SeuZlia jer-erTi,

ganumartos maT, rom sarCelis safuZvelSi Tu SesagebelSi miTiTebul

faqtebs sinamdvileSi ar aqvT samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba am sarCelis da

Sesageblis dasabuTeba – gamarTlebisaTvis da rom saWiro iqneba

samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovan faqtebze miTiTeba, Tu, raTqma unda, aseTi

faqtebi arseboben da meore sasamarTlos SeuZlia daazustos da

daakonkretos mxareTa mier miTiTebuli faqtebi, ganumartos mxareebs

rom maT SeuZliaT saqmis momzadebis stadiaze Seavson faqtebi TavianTi

moTxovna – Sesageblis dasabuTeba-gamarTlebis mizniT.

amrigad, samoqalaqo saqmis warmoebis im etapze, romelsac saqmis

winaswari momzadebis etapi ewodeba, xdeba mxareTa mier miTiTebuli

faqtebis dazusteba, dakonkreteba da Sevseba, am faqtebis samarTlebrivi

mniSvnelobis gansazRvra sasamarTlos mier da mtkicebis sagnis

gansazRvra.

III. mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba

mtkicebulebaTa Segroveba saqmis winaswari momzadebis etapis erT-

erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa. amitom, sasamarTlo movalea

gamoiTxovos mxareebisagan yvela is mtkicebuleba, romelic maT xelTaa.

sasamarTlom unda gaafrTxilos mxareebi, rom maT SeuZliaT

warmoadginon mtkicebulebebi swored momzadebis stadiaze, da, Tu aseTi

mtkicebulebebi warmodgenili iqneba mTavar sxdomaze, saqmis zepiri

ganxilvis dros, sasamarTlo ar miiRebs aseT mtkicebulebebs, garda

107 samZebro principze agebuli saqarTvelos 1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis Sesabamisi

muxlebis analizidan Cven vakeTebdiT daskvnas, rom sasamarTlom Tavisi iniciativiT unda Seitanos

mtkicebis saganSi iseTi faqtebi, romlebzec mxareebi ratomRac ar miuTiTeben, magram isini, kanonis

Tanaxmad, asabuTeben mxareTa moTxovnebs Tu Sesagebels da, maSasadame, aqvT mniSvneloba saqmis

arsebiTad sworad gadawyvetisaTvis. T. liluaSvili. mtkicebis sagani da tvirTi sabWoTa samoqalaqo

procesSi (rusul enaze). Tb. 1957, gv. 12. agreTve, T. liluaSvili, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo

saproceso samarTali. 1992, gv. 119.

saqarTvelos dRes moqmedi ssk-is mixedviT, romelic SejibrebiTobis principzea agebuli. es

dauSvebelia

237

iseTi SemTxvevebisa, roca maTi droulad warmoudgenloba gamowveuli

iyo sapatio mizeziT.

mtkicebulebaTa Segrovebisa da Semowmebis kanoniT damkvidrebuli

principebis dacviT, sasamarTlos SeuZlia daavalos mxareebs

warmoadginon yvela is werilobiTi, Tu nivTieri mtkicebuleba, romelic

maT gaaCniaT, gamoiTxovos mxareTa TxovniT mtkicebulebani sxvadasva

pirebisagan, Seamowmos warmodgenili mtkicebulebani, risTvisac daniSnos

eqspertiza an Caataros adgilze daTvaliereba, es saWiroa da a.S.

momzadebis stadiaze sasamarTlo afasebs warmodgenil

mtkicebulebebs, magram aseT Sefasebas, cxadia, aqvs winaswari xasiaTi.

maTi saboloo Sefaseba xdeba gadawyvetilebis gamotanis dros –

saTaTbiro oTaxSi.

IV. saqmeSi monawile pirTa gansazRvra

sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi gviCvenebs, rom mTavari sxdomis

gadadebis mizezs xSirad warmoadgens mxareTa Suamdgomloba

damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirebis saqmeSi CarTvis Sesaxeb,

procesSi Tanamonawileebis CarTvis Sesaxeb, arasaTanado mxaris

saTanadoTi Secvlis, specialistis mowvevis Sesaxeb da a.S.

yvela am Suamdgomlobis dakmayofileba marTlac gamoiwvevs

sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis gadadebas, radgan sasamarTlos sxdomaze

mowveuli unda iqnes mesame piri, Tanamonawile (TanamosarCele an

Tanamopasuxe), specialisti da a.S.

magram yvela es sakiTxi SeiZleboda da unda ganxiluliyo da

gadawyvetiliyo jer kidev saqmis momzadebis etapze, manam sanam

sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis daniSvnis

Sesaxeb (sssk 207-e muxli).

unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi zemod dasaxelebuli sakiTxi unda

gadawydes TviTon sasamarTlos iniciativiT. magaliTad, Tanamonawileebis

saqmeSi Cabma, roca igi savaldebuloa unda ganxorcieldes sasamarTlos

iniciativiT saqmis momzadebis stadiaze.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas arasaTanado mxaris Secvlazec, momzadebis

stadiaze sasamarTlom icis mosarCelis moTxovnis Sinaarsi, faqtobrivi

garemoebebi, romlebic am moTxovnas udevs safuZvlad, mopasuxis

Sesagebeli da faqtebi, romlebic am Sesagebels udevs safuZvlad. yvela

es monacemi sakmarisi unda iyos imisaTvis, rom gairkves aris Tu ara

mosarCele is piri, romelsac moTxovnis ufleba aqvs, e.i. aris Tu ara

sarCelis aRmZvreli piri saTanado mosarCele, an aRZrulia Tu ara

sarCeli im piris winaaRmdeg romelmac pasuxi unda agos sarCelze, e.i.

saTanado mopasuxis winaaRmdeg.

amrigad, mosamzadebel stadiaze savsebiT SesaZlebelia gairkves da

gadawydes arasaTanado mxaris saTanado mxariT Secvlis sakiTxi. am

sakiTxebis gadatana sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze ueWvelad gamoiwvevs

saqmis ganxilvis sxva droisaTvis gadadebas, xolo saboloo angariSSi –

saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebas.

praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom,

Tu arasaTanado mxaris Secvlis sakiTxi sapatio mizezis gareSe ar

daisva momzadebis stadiaze, sasamarTlom ar unda gadados saqmis

238

ganxilva, ar unda gadados mTavari sxdoma, aramed ganixilos saqme am

arasaTanado mxaris mimarT da gamoitanos Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba

sarClis dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb im motiviT, rom

mosarCeles ar aqvs aRZruli moTxovnis ufleba.

V. mosamzadebeli sxdoma

mosamzadebeli sxdoma araa sasamarTlos mTavari sxdoma, romelic

SeiZleba dainiSnos mxolod mas Semdeg, roca saqme momzadebuli iqneba.

mosamzadebeli sxdoma araa agreTve saqmis momzadebis stadiis

aucilebeli elementi: saqme SeiZleba momzadebulad CaiTvalos, ise rom

mosamzadebeli sxdoma SeiZleba arc moiwvios da arc Caataros

sasamarTlom.

mosamzadebeli sxdomis daniSvnisaTvis ramdenime pirobaa saWiro.

mosamzadebel sxdomas mosamarTle daniSnavs: pirveli – Tu

warmodgenili werilobiTi masalebi safuZvels aZlevs mosamarTles

ivaraudos, rom mxareebma SeiZleba saqme morigebiT daamTavron, an

mosarCelem uari Tqvas sarCelze, an kidev, mopasuxem cnos sarCeli da

meore – Tu saqmis momzadebis interesebi amas moiTxoven.

ganvixiloT mosamzadebeli sxdomis daniSvnis es pirobebi.

1. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosamarTlis varaudi gamarTldeba da

mxareebi morigdebian, sasamarTlo gamoitans am mosamzadebel sxdomaze

(ise, rom arc ki daniSnavs mTavar sxdomas), ganCinebas mxareTa morigebis

damtkicebisa da saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb (ssk 272-e muxli).

aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom saqmis momzadebis stadiaze

sasamarTlom unda miiRos yvela zoma, raTa saqme morigebiT daamTavros.

ar aris agreTve gamoricxuli, rom warmodgenili masalebis

ganxilvis analizis Sedegad mosarCelem uari Tqvas Tavis sarCelze, an

kidev, mopasuxem cnos sarCeli. aseT SemTxvevaSiac mosamarTles SeuZlia

daamTavros saqme ise, rom ar daniSnos mTavari sxdoma, kerZod, Tu

mopasuxem cno sarCeli sasamarTlo gamoitans gadawyvetilebas sarCelis

dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb, xolo, Tu mosarCele uars ityvis Tavis

sarCelze – sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis

Sesaxeb (ssk 272-e muxlis „g“ punqti).

2. rogorc avRniSneT, mosamzadebeli sxdoma SeiZleba dainiSnos,

rodesac mxareebi ratomRac ar aqtiuroben, droulad an saerTod ar

asruleben Sesabamis saproceso moqmedebebs, droulad, e.i. daniSnul

vadaSi ar warudgenen sasamarTlos werilobiT pasuxs mis winaSe dasmul

sakiTxebze da sxv. sxva sityvebis rom vTqvaT, saqme araa mzad zepiri

ganxilvisaTvis da amitom, sasamarTlo iZulebulia daniSnos

mosamzadebeli sxdoma, gamouZaxos mxareebs da zepiri gamokiTxviT

gaarkvios saqmis viTareba.

praqtikis analizi gviCvenebs, rom mxare, romelic dainteresebulia

saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebiT, arc am mosamzadebel sxdomaze cxaddeba,

sasamarTlos ki miaCnia, rom man unda gadados mosamzadebeli sxdoma da

kvlav daibaros mxareebi. aseTi viTareba udavod miuTiTebs sasamarTlos

aramarTlzomier mcdelobaze aiZulos mxare iaqtiuros, Seasrulos

yvela iseTi saproceso moqmedeba, rac saWiroa saqmis saTanadod

momzadebisaTvis. sasamarTlos aseTi mcdelobis aramarTlzomiereba

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mxares procesSi ar ekisreba raime iseTi

239

valdebuleba, romlis Seusrulebloba iwvevs mis mimarT iZulebis

RonisZiebis gatarebas. mxares aqvs uflebebi, magram mas ar ekisreba

valdebulebebi. am uflebebis gamouyeneblobas SeiZleba mohyves misTvis

araxelsayreli Sedegebi (procesis wageba).

meorec, kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs da ar gulisxmobs mosamzadebeli

sxdomis gadadebas, ganmeorebiT daniSvnas da mravaljer Catarebis

SesaZleblobas. ukidures SemTxvevaSi mosamzadebeli sxdoma SeiZleba

meored dainiSnos, Tu aucilebelia (magaliTad, mxareebs miecaT maTive

SuamdgomlobiT dro morigebisaTvis).

VI. sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis (saqmis zepiri ganxilvis)

daniSvna

ssk 207-e muxlis Tanaxmad mosamarTles gamoaqvs ganCineba

sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze saqmis ganxilvis Sesaxeb „mas Semdeg, rac

cnobs saqmes sakmaod momzadebulad“.

rogorc vxedavT, saqmis momzadebuloba warmoadgens mTavari

sxdomis (zepiri ganxilvis) daniSvnis pirobas.

rogorc zemod davinaxeT, saqmis droulad da srulyofilad

momzadebis uzrunvelyofa SesaZlebelia ori garemoebis erTdroulad

arsebobisas:

pirveli – sasarCelo moTxovnis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare,

mosamarTlem srulad da zustad gansazRvra im saproceso moqmedebaTa

wre, romelTa Sesruleba aucilebelia am saqmis yovelmxrivi da drouli

momzadebisaTvis.

es mTlianad mosamarTleze, mis profesiulobaze da unarzea

damokidebuli.

meore – mxareebi sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi asruleben

mosamarTlis mier miTiTebul saproceso moqmedebebs, droulad aRZraven

sasamarTlos winaSe maTTvis saWiro da sasargeblo Suamdgomlobebs

(magaliTad, mesame pirebis Cabmis Sesaxeb, mowmis dabarebis Sesaxeb,

sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, mtkicebulebaTa gamoTxovis Sesaxeb,

eqspertis daniSvnis Sesaxeb da a.S.).

es mTlianad mxareTa aqtiurobazea damokidebuli, maT aqtiuroba ki

uzrunvelyofilia araxelsayreli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis muqariT.

saqme isaa, rom SejibrebiTobis principis batonobis pirobebSi mxares

mtkiced unda wamdes, rom mis umoqmedobas SeiZleba moyves misTvis

araxelsayreli gadawyvetilebis gamotana.

magram, samwuxarod, rogorc zemod davinaxeT, zogjer saqme

moumzadebelia da amis erT-erTi mizezia is, rom mxareebi, ufro xSirad

ki mopasuxeebi, ar aqtiuroben, ufro metic Segnebulad cdiloben saqmis

ganxilvis gaWianurebas.

ibadeba kiTxva: dasaSvebia Tu ara ssk 207-e muxlis miTiTebis

miuxedavad, mTavari sxdomis daniSvna iseT pirobebSi, rodesac saqme

obieqturad araa momzadebuli?

240

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saprocso kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrulia

saqmis ganxilvis kvada, magram kidec rom ar iyos aseTi vada, saqme yvela

SemTxvevaSi ganxiluli unda iqnes gonivrul vadaSi.108

es imas niSnavs, rom saqmis winaswari momzadeba ar SeiZleba

dausruleblad gagrZeldes da igi unda damTavrdes iseT vadaSi, rom

SesaZlebeli gaxdes am saqmis ganxilva da gadawyveta swored gonivrul,

Tu kanoniT gansazRvrul vadaSi.

aqedan gamomdinare, unda gavakeToT daskvna: Tu sasamarTlom miiRo

kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela zoma, magram mxareebi, (rogorc wesi

mopasuxe), ar asruleben kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul da sasamarTlos mier

miTiTebul saproceso moqmededebs, sasamarTlos SeuZlia CaTvalos saqme

momzadebulad da daniSnos misi arsebiTad ganxilvisaTvis mTavari

sxdoma. sasamarTlos aramarto ar SeuZlia, aramed ufleba ar aqvs

dausruleblad elodos Tu rodis inebebs mxare Seasrulos esa Tu is

saproceso moqmedeba.

sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis daniSvnis

Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba (ssk 207-e muxli). am ganCinebiT

mTavrdeba saqmis winaswari momzadebis etapi da iwyeba axali etapi –

saqmis mTavar sxdomaze zepiri ganxilvis etapi. mTavari sxdoma unda

warimarTos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli wesiT. mxareebs da saqmeSi

monawile sxva pirebs egzavnebaT Setyobineba ssk 70-78-e muxlebiT

dadgenili wesiT.

$3. Setyobineba da dabareba

sasamarTlos ganCineba saqmis momzadebis damTavrebisa da am saqmis

ganxilvisaTvis mTavari sxdomis daniSvnis Sesaxeb ar Semoifargleba

mxolod am garemoebebze miTiTebiT. am ganCinebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos

agreTve imis Sesaxeb, procesSi monawile romeli pirebi unda iqnan

mowveuli sasamarTlo sxdromaze (mxareebi, mesame pirebi, maTi

warmomadgenlebi, mowmeebi, eqspertebi da a.S.) da ra Sedegebi SeiZleba

moyves maT gamoucxadeblobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom procesSi monawile

pirTa Setyobineba savaldebuloa. am vvaldebulebis Seusrulebloba

sxvadasxva arasasurvel, xolo zogjer mZime Sedegebs iwvevs. magaliTad,

sasamarTlo sxdomis Catareba da saqmis ganxilva-gadawyveta romelime

mxaris Setyobinebis gareSe warmoadgens gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis

absolutur safuZvels (ssk 394-e muxlis „b“ punqti).

mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT ssk 70-e muxlis danawesi, romlis

Tanaxmad uwyeba unda gaegzavnoT aramarto mxareebs, aramed maT

warmomadgenlebsac. amasTan erTad, mxareebs da maT warmomadgenlebs

sasamarTlo atyobinebs (acnobebs) sasamarTlo sxdomis drosa da

adgils, rac ar niSnavs imas, rom isini valdebulni arian gamocxaddnen

am sxdomaze. maT SeuZliaT ar gamocxaddnen da ar miiRon monawileoba

saqmis ganxilvaSi, magram es ver daabrkolebs saqmis ganxilvas da

gadawyvetas. gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi an im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

gamocxaddnen sxdomaze, magram monawileobas ar iReben saqmis ganxilvaSi.

108 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad yvelas aqvs ufleba miukerZoebeli

da damoukidebeli sasamarTlos mier misi saqmis „gonivrul vadaSi“ ganxilvisa.

241

sasamarTlos mainc SeuZlia ganixilos saqme da gamoitanos

gadawyvetileba (ix. Tavi XV dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba).

rac Seexeba mowmeebs, eqspertebs, specialistebs, Tarjimnebs – maT

sasamarTlo ubralod ki ar atyobinebs, aramed ibarebs sasamarTlo

sxdomaze, rac imas niSngavs, rom isini valdebulni ariani gamocxaddnen,

xolo gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi daekisrebaT kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgebloba (ssk 145-e muxli).

kanoni ar gansazRvravs drois im zust monakveTs, romlis

ganmavlobaSic unda CabardeT uwyeba gamosaZaxebel pirebs. am sakiTxs

wyvets sasamarTlo, romelmac unda ixelmZRvanelos im zogadi

kriteriumiT, romelic Camoyalibebulia ssk 70-e muxlis me-2 nawilSi

da romlis Tanaxmad uwyeba unda CabardeT im varaudiT, rom sakmao dro

hqondeT sasamarTloSi droulad gamosacxadeblad da saqmisaTvis

mosamzadeblad.

gamonaklisis saxiT, samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba uSvebs

Setyobinebas da gamoZaxebas ara uwyebiT, aramed telefonogramiT,

depeSiT, faqsis aparatiT, romlebic Tavisi SinaarsiT unda pasuxobdnen

moTxovnebs, romlebic waeyeneba uwyebas (ssk 72-e muxli). am

gamonaklisi wesiT Setyobineba-dabarebis dros aucilebelia im piris

dadastureba, romelsac aseTi Setyobineba gaegzavna. es imas niSnavs, rom

saqmeSi unda iyos Cakerebuli Tu ra Sinaarsis faqsi gaigzavna da pasuxi

im pirisa, visac igi gaegzavna. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi uwyeba Cabarebulad

ver CaiTvleba.

mopasuxis dasaxeleba, agreTve misi misamarTis miTiTeba aris

mosarCelis movaleoba. mxareebs evalebaT agreTve miuTiTon im pirTa

misamarTebi, romelTa gamoZaxebaze Suamdgomloben sasamarTlos winaSe.

aseTi misamarTis miTiTebis gareSe sasamarTlo umoZraod datovebs

sarCels (ssk 185-e muxli), an kidev, ar daakmayofilebs mxaris

Suamdgomlobas mowmis Tu sxva piris gamoZaxebis Sesaxeb.

SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom dasabarebeli piri ar cxovrobs

faqtobrivad miTiTebul misamarTze. aseT SemTxvevaSi kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli gamosavali erTia: uwyeba SeiZleba gaigzavnos misi

samuSao adgilis mixedviT. am samuSao adgilis Sesaxebac sasamarTlos

unda acnobos mosarCelem (mxarem).

erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT iseTi cnebebebi, rogorcaa

„faqtobrivad arcxovreba“ da „saerTod arcxovreba“. faqtobrivad

arcxovrebaSi unda vigulisxmoT is, rom gamosaZaxebeli piri cxovrobda

aq, magram sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo faqtobrivad aq aRar cxovrobs.

magram Tu piri arasdros aq ar cxovrobda, iTvleba rom arc

faqtobrivad da arc iuridiulad igi mxaris mier miTiTebul misamarTze

ar cxovrobs da arc ucxovria. aseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es exeba

mopasuxes sakiTxi Semdegnairad SeiZleba gadawydes: sasamarTlos

SeuZlia CaTvalos, rom mosarCelem ver Seasrula Tavisi movaleoba

miuTiTos mopasuxis misamarTi da, amitom datovos sarCeli

ganuxilvelad ssk 275-e muxlis analogiiT. mosarCeles ar erTmeva

ufleba kvlav aRZras igive sarCeli, roca daadgens mopasuxis

sacxovrebel adgils.

ufro martivad gadawydeba es sakiTxi mowmeebis, mxaris mier

dasaxelebuli eqspertebis, specialistebis mimarT. Tu mxaris mier

miTiTebul misamarTze es pirebi ar cxovroben – isini ver iqnebian

242

gamoZaxebuli da dakiTxuli, xolo saqme gadawydeba mopovebuli da

saqmeSi arsebuli masalebis mixedviT.

praqtikaSi arc ise iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac adresati, e.i. piri,

romelsac gaegzavna uwyeba, uars ambobs am uwyebis miRebaze.

marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba ar SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos mxaris

da, miT umetes, saqmeSi monawile nebismieri sxva piris nebasurvilze,

amitom, Tu adresati, marTalia imyofeba adgilze, magram uars ambobs

uwyebis miRebaze, rac unda aRiniSnos am uwyebis meore egzemplarze,

uwyeba Cabarebulad iTvleba, aqedan gamomdinare yvela Tavisi SedegiT. es

Sedegi ki sxvadasxvaa, imis mixedviT, Tu vin aris adresati. magaliTad,

Tu uwyebis miRebaze uars ambobs mopasuxe, romelic arc mTavar

sxdomaze ar gamocxadda, mis mimarT SeiZleba gamotanili iqnes

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, Tu uwyebis miRebaze uari Tqva mowmem da

arc mTavar sxdomaze ar gamocxadda, mas daekisreba jarimis gadaxda, an

sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba (ssk 145-e muxli). uwyeba, romlis

Sinaarsi zustad unda Seesabamebodes kanonis moTxovnebs (ssk 72-e

muxli), SeiZleba gaigzavnos fostiT an damtareblis meSveobiT, agreTve

erT-erTi mxaris meSveobiT, romelic Tanaxma iqneba Caabaros adresats

uwyeba. uwyeba Cabarebulad iTvleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am

uwyebis meore egzemplarze xels awers adresati, aRniSnulia misi

Cabarebis dro, dabrunda sasamarTloSi da Cakerebulia saqmeSi. uwyebis

meore egzemplarze SeiZleba xels awerdes sxva piric, oRond kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi (ssk 74-e muxli). Tu uwyeba gaegzavna

organizacias, maSin mis meore egzemplarze xels unda awerdes am

organizaciis xelmZRvaneli an Tanamdebobis piri, romelic aRWurvilia

uflebamosilebiT miiRos korespodenciebi.

243

Tavi XIII

saqmis arsebiTad ganxilva sasamarTlos

mTavar sxdomaze

$1. saqmis mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis mniSvneloba da wesi

I. sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis cneba da mniSvneloba

sasamarTlos sxdomebi SeiZleba gaimarTos rogorc saqmis

ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli calkeuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetis mizniT,

ise mTlianad saqmis arsebiTad ganxilva-gadawyvetis mizniT.

sasamarTlos sxdomas, romelic mowveulia saqmis arsebiTad

ganxilva-gadawyvetis mizniT, ewodeba mTavari sxdoma, radgan igi

Tavisi miznebiTa da Catarebis wesiT gansxvavdeba sasamarTlos im

sxdomebisagan, romlebic mowveulia mxolod calkeuli saproceso

sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad. aseT sxdomebs SeiZleba vuwodoT winaswari,

an rogorc mas kanoni uwodebs – mosamzadebeli sxdoma, radgan aseT

sxdomebze ganixileba da wydeba mxolod calkeuli sakiTxebi

(acileba, eqspertizis daniSvna, adgilze daTvaliereba da a.S.), rac

win uswrebs mTavar sxdomas da emsaxureba mis swrafad,

daubrkoleblad Catarebis interesebs.

samoqalaqo saqmis sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis

mniSvneloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi aris samoqalaqo saqmis

gadawyvetis aucilebeli da savaldebulo piroba. es imas niSnavs, rom

samoqalaqo saqmeze ar SeiZleba gadawyvetilebis miReba am saqmis

mTavar sxdomaze winaswari ganxilvis gareSe. am mxriv, erTad-erTi

gamonaklisia iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac mopasuxe jer kidev

mosamzadebel sxdomaze cnobs sarCels. aseT SemTxvevaSi, saqmis

arsebiTad ganxilva saWiro aRar aris da sasamarTlos SeuZlia

gamoitanos gadawyvetileba mosamzadebel sxdomaze sarCelis

dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb.

sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba sakmao sisruliT awesrigebs

aramarto misi mowvevisa da daniSvnis, aramed warmarTvis (Catarebis)

wesebs. a RsaniSnavia, rom mTavari sxdomis Catarebis kanoniT

damkvidrebuli wesebi SemuSavebulia im varaudiT, rom uzrunvelyos

mxareTa Soris wamoWrili davis swori da samarTliani gadawyveta,

maTi saproceso uflebebis realizaciis sruli SesaZlebloba,

procesis principebis amoqmedeba, mxareTa da procesis sxva

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monawileTa pativisa da Rirsebis xelSeuxebloba, agreTve xeli

Seuwyos TviT sasamarTlosadmi moqalaqeTa ndobisa da mosamarTleTa

mimarT pativiscemis suliskveTebis ganwyobis Camoyalibebas.

cxadia, rom sasamarTlos mTavari sxdoma Seasrulebs am amocanas

mxolod erTi pirobiT, Tu igi Catardeba kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili

wesebis zusti dacviT.

im normebis analizi, romlebic aregulireben mTavari sxdomis

Catarebis wesebs, safuZvels gvaZlevs gamovyoT ramdenime ZiriTadi da

Tanmimdevrulad mimdinare stadia:

1. mTavari sxdomis gaxsna da misi Catarebis SesaZleblobebis

garkveva;

2. saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dawyeba. sasamarTlos moxseneba

saqmis arsis Sesaxeb;

3. mtkicebulebaTa gamokvleva;

4. mxareTa paeqroba;

5.sxdomis daxurva da gadawyvetilebis gamotana.

mTavari sxdomis TiToeuli am stadiis gamoyofas eqneba

praqtikuli mniSvneloba Tu daculi iqneba erTi stadiidan meoreze

gadasvlis logikuri Tanmimdevruloba, Tu erTi stadiidan meoreze

gadasvla xdeba mas Semdeg, roca ukve Sesrulda yvela is moqmedeba,

romelic wina stadiaze unda Sesrulebuliyo. xom ar iqneba

gamarTlebuli, rom jer mosamarTlem gaakeTos moxseneba saqmis arsis

Sesaxeb, warmoadginos mxareTa moTxovnebisa da Sesageblis xasiaTi

da Sinaarsi da mxolod amis Semdeg gaarkvios vin gamocxadda an ar

gamocxadda sxdomaze da arsebobs Tu ara mxaris an misi

warmomadgenlis gamoucxadeblobis sapatio mizezi.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare mizanSewonilad migvaCnia mokled

ganvixiloT sasamarTlo sxdomis calkeuli stadiis Sinaarsi.

II. mTavari sxdomis gaxsna da misi Catarebis SesaZleblobis

garkveva

rogorc aRvniSneT, sasamarTolo uwyebaSi mTavari sxdomis

mowvevis Sesaxeb, miTiTebuli unda iyos gamocxadebis droisa da adgilis

Sesaxeb. uwyebiT daniSnul dros sasamarTlo Semodis sxdomis darbazSi.

magram, Tu raime mizezis gamo es ver xerxdeba, maSin mosamarTlem an

misma TanaSemwem zustad daniSnul dros unda acnobos mxareebs da

sxdomaze dasaswrebad mosul pirebs Tu ra mizeziT ar iwyeba sxdoma

daniSnul dros da ramdeni SeiZleba daagviandes mis gaxsnas.

rodesac sasamarTlo Semodis sxdomis darbazSi, igi xsnis

sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomas da acxadebs, Tu romeli saqme iqneba

ganxiluli am sxdomaze.

dabarebul pirTa gamocxadebis Semowmeba. jer kidev sxdomis

dawyebis win (sanam sasamarTlo Semova sxdomis darbazSi), sxdomis

mdivanma unda Seamowmos gamosaZaxebel pirTagan vin gamocxadda da

arkvevs gamoucxadeblobis mizezebs, kerZod CabardaT Tu ara maT uwyeba

da aris Tu ara saqmeSi cnoba imis Sesaxeb, xom ar aris warmodgenili

raime cnoba (magaliTad, avadmyofobis Sesaxeb) gamoucxadeblobis

mizezebis Sesaxeb da sxva.

245

yovelive amis Sesaxeb sxdomis mdivanma unda moaxsenos

sasamarTlos.

gamocxadebul pirTa vinaobis dadgena. gamocxadebulTa vinaobas

adgens uSualod sasamarTlo (mosamarTle). mxareTa da procesSi

monawile sxva pirTa (mowmis, eqspertis, Tarjimnis, specialistis)

vinaobis dadgenis mizniT, Tu es aucilebelia, mosamarTles SeuZlia

moiTxovos piradobis damadasturebeli dokumenti. Tu mxare an

procesSi monawile piri araa saqarTvelos moqalaqe, an kidev

moqalaqeobis armqone piria, maSin aseTi piris vinaoba unda Semowmdes

ucxo qveynis moqalaqis pasportiT an sxva iseTi dokumentiT, romelic

aRiarebulia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT. moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa

vinaoba SeiZleba dadasturdes.

Tu saqmeSi monawileobs warmomadgeneli, misi uflebamosilebisa da

am uflebamosilebaTa farglebis dadgenis mizniT mosamarTle unda

gaecnos mindobilobas da Seamowmos misi gacemis wesi. mxareTa, mowmeTa

da sxva dabarebul pirTa vinaobis dadgenis Semdeg, mosamarTle, Tu is

SesaZleblad Tvlis sxdomis gagrZelebas, winadadebas aZlevs mowmeebs

datovon darbazi da daelodon gamoZaxebas.

mxareTa Suamdgomlobebis aRZvra da ganxilva. mTavari sxdomis am

pirvel stadiaze xdeba mxareTa Suamdgomlobebis aRZvra da ganxilva.

amasTan erTad, mxedvelobidan ar SeiZleba gamogvrCes Semdegi

garemoeba: sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze dauSvebelia raime werilobiTi

Tu nivTieri mtkicebulebebis wardgena, raime Suamdgomlobebis Tu

gancxadebebis aRZvra, sarCelis Secvla an sasarCelo moTxovnis

gadideba, mowmis dasaxeleba da a.S.

magram ukidures SemTxvevaSi, kerZod, roca arsebobs amisaTvis

sapatio mizezi, aseTi SuamdgomlobebiT Tu gancxadebebiT mimarTva

sasamarTlosaTvis dasaSvebia mxolod mTavari sxdomis sawyis etapze, anu

am sxdomis gaxsnis etapze, roca xdeba misi Catarebis SesaZleblobis

garkveva. swored sxdomis am sawyis etapze unda gaarkvios sasamarTlom

xom ar eqnebaT mxareebs raime Suamdgomloba sasamarTlos winaSe da xom

ar arsebobs raime dasabuTebuli Txovna, romlis Sesruleba sxdomis

sxva droisaTvis gadadebas saWiroebs.

mxedvelobidan ar unda gauSvaT is garemoeba, rom am etapzec, e.i.

mTavari sxdomis gaxsnis etapzec, raime axali mtkicebulebebi,

Suamdgomlobebi, gancxadebebi SeiZleba miiRos da ganixilos

sasamarTlom mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu isini warmodgenili da aRZruli

ar iyo am saqmis momzadebis stadiaze sapatio mizeziT, romlis

damtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba axali mtkicebulebis warmdgens, Tu

Suamdgomlobebis aRmZvrel mxares. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu es mxare ver

daamtkicebs sapatio mizezis arsebobas, sasamarTlo saerTod ar miiRebs

da ar ganixilavs mxaris Suamdgomlobebs. magaliTad, mxares SeuZlia

ganacxados acileba mTavari sxdomis gaxsnis stadiaze „Tu aseTi acileba

sasamarTlos mier sapatiod cnobili mizeziT ar iyo gancxadebuli

saqmis mosamzadebel stadiaze“ (ssk 214-e muxli).

mxaris Suamdgomlobis dakmayofilebam SeiZleba saWiro gaxados

sxdomis gadadeba, ris Sesaxebac saubari gveqneba am Tavis mesame

paragrafSi.

III. saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis dawyeba. mosamarTlis moxseneba

246

saqmis arsis Sesaxeb

mas Semdeg, rac ganxiluli iqneba mxareTa da maT warmomadgenelTa

yvela Suamdgomloba (gancxadeba, mosazreba) da sasamarTlo mivad im

daskvnamde, rom ar arsebobs saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis safuZveli,

daiwyeba meore stadia (etapi) – saqmis arsebiTi ganxilva.

ssk 217-e muxlis Tanaxmad „saqmis arsebiTi ganxilva iwyeba saqmis

moxsenebiT mosamarTlis mier, romelic unda emyarebodes mxareTa mier

warmodgenil masalebs“. es imas niSnavs, rom mosamarTlem mokled,

naTlad da yvelasaTvis gasagebad unda Camoayalibos saqmis arsi, mxareTa

Soris wamoWrili davis arsi. amisaTvis man Tavis moxsenebaSi zustad

unda uCvenos:

a) mosarCelis moTxovnis Sinaarsi da xasiaTi sasarCelo

gancxadebis mixedviT;

b) garemoebebi (faqtebi), romlebzec mosarCele uTiTebs Tavis

sasarCelo gancxadebaSi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic realurad

warmoadgina man da aris saqmeSi;

d) mopasuxis mier warmodgenili werilobiTi Sesageblis, agreTve

Segebebuli sarCelis Sinaarsi da xasiaTi.

e) garemoebebi (faqtebi), romlebzec mopasuxe amyarebs Tavis

Sesagebels (Segebebul sarCels);

v) mtkicebulebebi, romlebic warmoadgina mopasuxem am garemoebebis

dasadastureblad.

mosamarTlis moxseneba saqmis arsis Sesaxeb amiT ar SeiZleba

amoiwuros. man Tavis moxsenebaSi unda miuTiTos agreTve, SeuZliaT Tu

ara mxareTa mier miTiTebul garemoebebs daasabuTon anu iuridiulad

gaamarTlon sasarCelo moTxovna da Sesagebeli (Segebebuli sarCeli),

xolo Tu romelime garemoeba kidec rom daadasturdes warmodgenili

mtkicebulebiT, ver daasabuTebs iuridiulad am moTxovnas, Tu

Sesagebels, amis Sesaxeb unda aRiniSnos mosamarTlis moxsenebaSi.

sasamarTlos sruli ufleba aqvs ar gamoiTxovos, ar miiRos, xolo Tu

SecdomiT miiRo saqmidan amoiRos „mtkicebulebebi, romlebsac

saqmisaTvis mniSvneloba ar aqvT“ (ssk 104-e muxli).

saqmis ganxilvis dawyebis aseT wess aqvs Rrma azri da didi

praqtikuli mniSvneloba. saqme isaa, rom gadawyvetilebas saqmeze iRebs

sasamarTlo. amasTan, igi SeboWilia mxareTa moTxovnis (Sesageblis)

farglebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, mxareTa moTxovnebis azrisa da Sinaarsis

sworad gagebas sasamarTlos mxriv gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs mxareTa

sadavo uflebis dacvisaTvis. mxareebs, romlebmac moismines sasamarTlos

moxseneba, SeuZliaT daazuston an Sesworeba Seitanon mosamarTlis

moxsenebis im nawilSi, romelic maTi moTxovnis (Sesageblis) xasiaTs

da farglebs Seexeba, Tu ra Tqma unda mosamarTlem raime sworad ver

gaigo.

mxareebs da maT warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT agreTve TavianTi

mosazrebebi Camoayalibon mosamarTlis mier saqmis faqtobrivi

garemoebebis samarTlebrivi Sefasebisa da mtkicebulebaTa gankuTvnadobis

Sesaxeb mis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis mimarT. SemTxveviTi araa,

amitom, rom „ mosamarTlis mier saqmis moxsenebis Semdeg iwyeba mxareTa

axsna-ganmartebis mosmena (ssk 218-e muxli).

247

saqarTvelos ssk-is Tanaxmad mxareTa axsna-ganmarteba aris

mtkicebulebis (mtkicebis saSualebis) erT-erTi saxe. amitom, igi

ganxilulia am wignis im TavSi romelic mtkicebulebebs exeba, amitom

Cven aq SevexebiT mxolod mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis im nawils, romelic

Seexeba maT mosazroebas saqmis arsis Sesaxeb, mosamarTlis mier

moxsenebaSi Camoyalibebul sakiTxebs.

mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom axsna-ganmartebis win mosamarTlem

unda ganumartos mxareebs, rom maT ar gaimeron is, rac ukve iTqva

mosamarTlis mier, aramed aRniSnon Tu raime aqvT dasamatebeli an

dasazustebeli da ramdenad sworad iyo gagebuli da gadmocemuli maTi

moTxovnisa da Sesageblis (Segebebuli sarCelis) Sinaarsi. cxadia, maT

SeuZliaT koreqtivebi Seitanon mosamarTlis moxsenebaSi, Tu raime

arasworad iyo gagebuli mis mier.

mxareebisaTvis SekiTxvebis micemis gziT SeiZleba kidev erTxel

dazustdes, Tu gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovan romel garemoebebze

ar davoben isini da romeli faqtobrivi garemoeba iTvleba sadavod,

agreTve, saqmeSi arsebuli romeli mtkicebuleba SeiZleba CaiTvalos

sarwmunod da romeli ara da a.S.

mxareTa morigebaze sasamarTlo zrunavs jer kidev saqmis

momzadebis stadiaze, magram Tu am stadiaze es ver moxerxda,

sasamarTlom kvlav unda miiRos zomebi maTi morigebisaTvis da

ganumartos mxareebs im upiratesobaze, romelic aqvs mxareTa morigebiT

saqmis damTavrebas, gadawyvetilebiT saqmis damTavrebasTan SedarebiT.

mxareebs SeuZliaT mTavar sxdomaze axsna-ganmartebis micemis dros

wamoayenon axali mosazrebebi da miuTiTon axal garemoebebze. axali

iqneba iseTi faqtobrivi garemoebebi da mosazrebebi, romlebic adre ar

iyo gamoTqmuli da wamoyenebuli.

magaliTad: valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobisagan

ganTavisuflebis mizniT mopasuxe b-ani miuTiTebda, rom

es valdebuleba Sewyvetilia gaqviTviT. mosarCele a-nim

mTavar sxdomaze miuTiTa axal garemoebaze imis Sesaxeb,

rom mxareTa SeTanxmebiT valdebulebis Sewyveta

gaqviTviT winaswar iyo gamoricxuli (sk 447-e muxli).

es aris axali garemoeba, romliTac ar iyo cnobili manamde, saqmis

momzadebis stadiaze. amitom, imisaTvis, rom Seamowmos misi namdviloba

sasamarTlom jer unda gaarkvios, Tu ratom ar iqna wamoyenebuli es

garemoeba momzadebis stadiaze. saqme isaa, rom ssk 219-e muxlis

Tanaxmad „sasamarTlo gaiTvaliswinebs am axal garemoebebs da

mtkicebulebebs, Tu cnobs, rom maT Sesaxeb Tavis droze ar iyo

gancxadebuli sapatio mizeziT“.

uaRresad mniSvnelovania zustad da ganuxrelad iqnes daculi

SekiTxvebis micemis rigiToba da wesi. TiToeul mxares SeuZlia

SekiTxva misces meore mxares (mis warmomadgenels) mxolod sasamarTlos

nebarTviT, magram sasamarTlos nebarTviT mxaris mier micemuli SekiTxva

SeuZlia moxsnas sasamarTlom Tu es SekiTxva uadgilo an Seuferebelia

da ar emsaxureba saqmis garemoebis gamorkvevas. SekiTxvis moxnis sakiTxi

SeuZlia daayenos mxarem, magram mosamarTles es SeuZlia Tavisi

iniciativiTac. cxadia, rom mosamarTles SeuZlia SekiTxva misces mxares

nebismier dros, oRond mas Semdeg, roca mxare daamTavrebs Tavisufali

TxrobiT Tavisi axsna-ganmartebis gadmocemas.

248

IV. mtkicebulebaTa gamokvleva

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mxareTa axsna-ganmarteba warmoadgens Cveni

saproceso kanonmdeblobiT mtkicebulebas, mtkicebis erT-erT

damoukidebel saSualebas.

aqedan gamomdinare, mxareTa axsna-ganmartebis mosmeniT faqtiurad

iwyeba mtkicebulebaTa gamokvleva.

saqmeSi arsebul sxva mtkicebulebaTa Semowmeba maTi utyuarobis

Tu sarwmunoobis TvalsazrisiT sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze warmoebs

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aseTi Semowmeba ar momxdara am saqmis

momzadebis stadiaze.

mtkicebulebaTa Semowmebis mizniT sasamarTlom uSualod unda

mousminos mxareebs, mesame pirebs, Tanamonawileebs, Seadaros maTi axsna-

ganmartebebi erTmaneTs; sasamarTlom uSualod unda dakiTxos da

mousminos mowmeebs kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. daaTvalieros nivTieri

mtkicebulebebi da moaxdinos adgilze daTvaliereba, Tu es ar

gaukeTebia saqmis momzadebis stadiaze obieqturi an sxva raime sapatio

mizezis gamo. saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvis stadiaze SeiZleba wamoiWras

iseTi garemoebis dadgenis aucilebloba, romelic specialur codnas

moiTxovs. es ukiduresaad arasasurveli SemTxvevaa, magram sxva gza ar

arsebobs – sasamarTlom unda daniSnos eqspertiza da, cxadia, unda

gadados saqmis ganxilva. aseT SemTxvevaSi saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba da

eqspertizis daniSvna gamarTlebulia imiT, rom am saqmis winaswari

momzadebis stadiaze ar iyo cnobili gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis

mqone garemoebis Sesaxeb da mxarem sapatio mizeziT ver wamoayena es

garemoeba am stadiaze.

mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevis (Semowmebis) mizniT sasamarTlom unda

moaxdinos yvela Sekrebili masalis, saqmeSi arsebuli yvela

mtkicebulebis SedarebiTi gamokvleva. Tu aseTi Sedarebis Sedegad

aRmoCndeba, rom saqmeSi arsebobs urTierTsawinaaRmdego mtkicebulebebi,

sasamarTlom unda aRmofxvras es winaaRmdegoba, risTvisac SeiZleba

saWiro gaxdes mxareebisagan ganmeorebiT axsna-ganmartebis miReba,

mowmeTa ganmeorebiT dakiTxva, eqspertizis, maT Soris ganmeorebiTi da

damatebiTi eqspertizis daniSvna da a.S.

mas Semdeg, rac gamokvleuli iqneba yvela warmodgenili

mtkicebuleba, sasamarTlo kvlav unda SeekiTxos mxareebs da procesis

sxva monawileebs (Tanamonawileebs, mesame pirebs), xom ar surT raime

daumaton saqmis masalebs. Tu maT araferi aqvT dasamatebeli sasamarTlo

gadadis mxareTa paeqrobaze.

V. mxareTa paeqroba. sasamarTlos xelmZRvaneloba mxareTa

Sejibrebisadmi

mxareTa paeqroba mTavar sxdomaze saqmis ganxilvis erT-erTi

saintereso da mniSvnelovani nawilia.

paeqrobaSi monawileobis ufleba aqvT mxareebs, Tanamonawileebs,

mesame pirebs da warmomadgenlebs: mopaeqreebi saqmeSi arsebuli da

ganxiluli mtkicebulebebis analizis safuZvelze gamoTqvamen TavianT

mosazrebebs sasamarTlo ganxilvis yvelaze mTavar da ZiriTad sakiTxze:

249

sarCelis (Sesageblis) safuZvlianobis Tu usafuZvlobis,

dasabuTebulobisa Tu dausabuTeblobis Sesaxeb. mopaeqre Tavis sityvaSi

unda Seecados miuTiTos gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone

romeli garemoeba (faqti) SeiZleba CaiTvalos dadasturebulad, romeli

– ver dasturdeba da vis ekisreboda misi damtkicebis tvirTi da a.S.

mopaeqres SeuZlia gamoTqvas Tavisi mosazreba faqtebis iuridiuli

Sefasebis Sesaxeb da miuTiTos kanonze, romelic gamoyenebuli unda

iqnes.

ssk 227-e muxlis me-2 nawili gansazRvravs paeqrobaSi monawileTa

rigiTobas. kerZod, pirvelad gamovlen mosarCele da misi

warmomadgeneli, Semdeg mopasuxe da misi warmomadgeneli. Semdeg gamodis

mesame piri damoukidebeli moTxovniT da misi warmomadgeneli. rac

Seexeba mesame pirebs damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe, isini gamodian im

mxaris Semdeg, romlis mxarezec monawileobs procesSi.

mas Semdeg, rac paeqrobis yvela monawile warmoTqvams sityvas, maT

SeuZliaT xelmeored gamovidnen warmoTqmul sityvasTan dakavSirebiT.

ssk 228-e muxlis Tanaxmad aseT xelmeored gamosvlas replika ewodeba,

rac ganpirobebulia paeqrobaSi monawile pirisaTvis pasuxis gacemis

aucileblobiT. replikis, anu sapasuxo gamosvlis rigiToba unda

Seesabamebodes paeqrobaSi monawileobis rigiTobas, oRond imis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ukanaskneli replikis ufleba yovelTvis aqvs

mopasuxes da mis warmomadgenels. unda aRiniSnos, rom replika – esaa

ufleba, romliTac SeuZliaT isargeblon, magram SeuZliaT uari Tqvan

masze.

mxareTa Sejibrebas, ise rogorc saqmis warmoebas mTlianad

xelmZRvanelobs sasamarTlo. aseTi xelmZRvanelobisaTvis sasamarTlos

aqvs erTi didi orientiri – samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, romelic

amomwuravad gansazRvravs saqmis warmoebis wess da maT Soris mxareTa

zepir Sejibrebas.

sasamarTlom kargad unda gaacnobieros, rom jer kidev procesis

sawyis etapze – sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis momentidan, saqmis

momzadebas (werilobiT Sejibrebas), mis ganxilvas (zepir Sejibrebas) da

gadawyvetas xelmZRvanelobs sasamarTlo da rom igi uflebas ver

miscems Tavis Tavs da miT umetes mxares, daarRvios kanoniT

gansazRvruli saqmis warmoebis wesi.

mxareTa zepiri Sejibreba saqmis warmoebis yvelaze rTuli

nawilia. am dros sWirdeba sasamarTlos gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da

principuloba. sasamarTlom araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda dauSvas

mxareTa mier mwvave da urTierTSeuracmyofeli gamoTqmebi. man unda

Seawyvetinos sityva yvelas vinc ar emorCileba. nebismieri

gadawyvetileba, romelsac igi miiRebs procesis msvlelobis dros,

maSinve unda gamocxaddes.

praqtikis analizi srul safuZvels gvaZlevs gavakeToT daskvna,

rom yovelTvis, roca saqme kargad iyo momzadebuli, saqmis warmoeba

mimdinareobda kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT, saqmis ganxilva

zedmetad, usargeblod da usafuZvlod ar Wianurdeba – sasamarTlos

mTavari sxdoma da saqmis gadawyveta Zalian swrafad, Sesvenebis gareSe

mTavrdeba

VI. sxdomis daxurva da gadawyvetilebis gamotana

250

paeqrobiT mTavrdeba mTavari sxdoma da sasamarTlo gadis

gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad. saTaTbiro oTaxSi gasvlis win

sasamarTlom yovelTvis unda gamoacxados, rom sxdoma damTavrebulia da

igi gadis gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.

jer kidev saTaTbiro oTaxSi gasvlamde da gadawyvetilebis

gamotanamde sasamarTlos ukve unda hqondes Camoyalibebuli Tavisi

mosazrebebi saqmeSi arsebul mtkicebulebaTa Sesaxeb. maT Sefasebas

sasamarTlo iwyebs jer kidev saqmis momzadebis stadiaze da sasamarTlo

sxdomaze, sadac mxareebi zepirad ayalibeben TavianT mosazrebebs am

mtkicebulebaTa Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlo saTaTbiro oTaxSi

kidev erTxel da sabolood afasebs mtkicebulebebs jer erTi maTi

sarwmunoobisa Tu utyuarobis TvalsazrisiT da meore – ra daskvnebis

gakeTeba SeiZleba maT safuZvelze mtkicebis saganSi Semavali

faqtobqrivi garemoebebis arseboba-ararsebobis Sesaxeb. swored aq –

saTaTbiro oTaxSi, gadawyvetilebis Camoyalibebis win, sasamarTlom

sabolod unda gaarkvios: a)saqmeSi arsebuli romeli mtkicebuleba unda

CaiTvalos sarwmunod (utyuarad) da romeli ara; b) saqmisaTvis

mniSvnelobis mqone romeli garemoeba (romelzec mxareebi amyareben

TavianT moTxovnasa da Sesagebels) iTvleba damtkicebulad da romeli

ara; g) romeli garemoebebis Sesaxeb ar davoben mxareebi (udavo

faqtebi); d)romeli kanoni unda iqnes gamoyenebuli da dakmayofildes

Tu ara sarCeli. gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsi ar amoiwureba mxolod am

sakiTxebis gadaWriT (249-e muxli), magram es is fundamenturi

sakiTxebia, romelTa gadaWris gareSe gadawyvetilebis gamotana

SeuZlebelia.

amasTan erTad sasamarTlom Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT pasuxi unda

gasces sarCelSi wamoyenebul da ganxilul yvela moTxovnas. rogorc

sasarCelo gancxadebidan da sakasacio saCivris Sinaarsidan irkveva –

naTqvamia sakasacio sasamarTlos erT-erT ganCinebaSi, mosarCele

sasamarTloSi ayenebda or moTxovnas. saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma

gadawyvetileba, magram axali gadawyvetilebis gamotanis dros ar

gadawyvita orive moTxovna, riTac daarRvia ssk 244-e muxlis danawesi.

„saqmis xelaxla ganxilvis dros saapelacio palatam unda imsjelos

kasatoris orive moTxovnaze da kanonis Sesabamisad gadawyvitos

dayenebuli sakiTxebi“.109

kanoni gansazRvravs agreTve kolegiuri sasamarTlos mier

gadawyvetilebis gamotanis wess, romlis Tanaxmad gadawyvetileba

dadgenili unda iqnes xmebis umravlesobiT. arcerT mosamarTles ar aqvs

ufleba Tavi Seikavos xmis micemisagan. Tavmjdomare xmas aZlevs

mosamarTleebis Semdeg, xolo mosamarTles, romelic ar eTanxmeba

umravlesobas, SeuZlia werilobiT Camoayalibos Tavisi gansxvavebuli

azri. gansxvavebuli azris werilobiTi Camoyalibebis movaleoba ar

arsebobs. gansxvavebuli azris qona mosamarTlis uflebaa da ara

movaleoba. Tu gansxvavebuli azri werilobiTaa Camoyalibebuli, igi

daerTvis saqmes da misi gacnobis ufleba aqvT mxareebs.

mosamarTleebs ufleba ar aqvT gaaxmauron TaTbiris dros

gamarTuli msjeloba.

109 susg samoqalaqo saqmeebze. 5. IV 2001, gv. 565

251

gadawyvetilebas wers mosamarTle. Tu saqmes ixilavs kolegiuri

sasamarTlo, maSin gadawyvetileba SeiZleba daweros erT-erTma

mosamarTlem, maT Soris kolegiuri sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarem. rogorc

wesi gadawyvetilebas wers momxsenebeli mosamarTle. gadawyvetilebas

xels awers yvela mosamarTle, maT Soris mosamarTle, romelic ar

eTanxmeba umravlesobiT miRebul gadawyvetilebas da aqvs Tavisi

gansxvavebuli azri.

kanoni gansazRvravs gadawyvetilebis formas sasamarTlo

gadawyvetileba unda Camoyalibdes werilobiTi formiT.

gadawyvetileba saqmis ganxilvis Semdeg dauyovnebliv unda iqnes

gamotanili da gamocxadebuli. mxolod gansakuTrebiT rTul saqmeebze

dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotana SeiZleba gadaidos araumetes 14

dRiT, magram gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili, romelic aseve

werilobiTi formiT unda Camoyalibdes, sasamarTlom unda gamoacxados

imave sxdomaze.

VII. sasamarTlo dadgenilebaTa saxeebi


sasamarTlom SeiZleba gamoitanos ramdenime saxis dadgenileba,

rogoricaa gadawyvetileba, ganCineba, gadaxdis brZaneba, brZaneba

lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb.

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba – esaa saqarTvelos saxeliT

gamotanili sasamarTlos dadgenileba, romliTac saqme arsebiTad wydeba

(ssk 243-e muxlis pirveli nawili).

sasamarTlos ganCineba – esaa sasamarTlos dadgenileba, romliTac

saqme arsebiTad ar wydeba (ssk 284-e muxlis pirveli nawili).

gadaxdis brZaneba – esaa davalianebis gadaxdis Sesaxeb saqmis

gamartivebuli wesiT miRebuli sasamarTlos dadgenileba, romelic

avalebs mowinaaRmdege mxares (movales) gadaixados am brZanebaSi

miTiTebuli Tanxa (ssk 303-e muxli).

brZaneba lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb – esaa saqmis

gamartivebuli wesiT miRebuli sasamarTlos dadgenileba lizingis

gamcemis mflobelobaSi lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb (ssk 389-e

muxli).

ufro dawvrilebiT am dadgenilebebis Sesaxeb saubari gveqneba

qvemoT, roca SevexebiT TiToeul maTgans cal-calke.

$2. saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba

I. cneba da dasaSveboba.

saqmis winaswari sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis momzadebis stadia

arsebobs imisaTvis, rom ar gaxdes saWiro saqmis ganxilvis anu

sasamarTlos mTavari sxdomis gadadeba da saqme ganxiluli iqnes erT

sxdomaze da, Tu SesaZlebelia, Sesvenebis gareSe. magram, Tu es ver

xerxdeba da saWiro xdeba sxdomebis gadadeba sxva droisaTvis, Tanac

iseTi mizeziT, romelsac ar eqneboda adgili saqmis kanonis Sesabamisad

warmoebis SemTxvevaSi, es imaze migvaniSnebs, rom saqme ar iyo saTanadod

momzadebuli, an kidev, mxare cdilobs gaaWianuros saqmis ganxilva,

252

xolo sasamarTlo ver iyenebs im saproceso meqanizms, romlebic

gaWianurebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad aris gamiznuli.110

amrigad, imis mixedviT, Tu ra mizeziT da visi SuamdgomlobiT

xdeba saqmis ganxilvis sxva droisaTvis gadadeba, Cven SegviZlia zustad

da Seucdomlad ganvsazRvros momzadebuli iyo Tu ara saqme

sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvisaTvis, romeli mxare cdilobs

saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebas da iRebs Tu ara sasamarTlo kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebul zomebs saqmis gaWianurebis winaaRmdeg.

saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba unda ganvasxvavoT saqmis ganxilvis

gagrZelebisagan meore an mesame dRes, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom misi

ganxilva ver moeswro imave dRes. saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba – esaa am

saqmis ganxilvisaTvis axali sxdomis sxva droisaTvis daniSvna. aqedan

gamomdinare, arasworia vuwodoT saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba iseT

SemTxvevas, rodesac saqmis ganxilva erT dRes (erT sxdomaze) ver

mTavrdeba da amitom grZeldeba momdevno an sxva dRes. magram es iqneba

ara gadadeba, aramed saqmis ganxilvis gagrZeleba an Sesvenebis

gamocxadeba garkveul dromde.

saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi (ssk 216-e muxli). magaliTad, Segebebuli

sarCelis aRZvra dasaSvebia saqmis winaswari momzadebis damTavrebamde.

amis Semdeg misi aRZvra SeiZleba, Tu es vada gaSvebuli iyo sapatio

mizeziT. Tu sasamarTlo cnobs rom aseTi sapatio mizezi arsebobs,

maSin is miiRebs dagvianebiT aRZrul Segebebul sarCels, magram

dainteresebuli mxaris TxovniT an Tavisi iniciativiT saqmis ganxilva

SeiZleba gadaidos im motiviT, rom saWiroa Segebebuli sarCelis

gansaxilvelad momzadeba. saqmis ganxilvis gadadebas iTvaliswinebs

agreTve ssk 229-e da 233-e muxlebi. amasTan erTad, unda aRiniSnos, rom

saqmis ganxilvis gadadebas kanoni pirdapir ki ara, aramed arapirdapir

SeiZleba iTvaliswinebdes. magaliTad, Tu sasamarTlom eqspertizis

daniSvnis Sesaxeb ganCineba gamoitana ara mosamzadebel stadiaze, aramed

mas Semdeg, rac dainiSna mTavari sxdoma, an uSualod mTavar sxdomaze,

maSin sasamarTlom unda gadados saqmis ganxilva da daelodos

eqspertis daskvnis miRebas. aseve, Tu mowmed dabarebuli piri ar

gamocxadda sasamarTlo sxdomaze sasamarTlos SeuZlia daadginos misi

iZulebiTi moyvana. cxadia, rom sasamarTlom, Tu aseTi gadawyvetileba

miiRo, unda gadados saqmis ganxilva sxva droisaTvis.

saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba SeiZleba sasamarTlos iniciativiT an

mxareTa SuamdgomlobiT. saWiroa aRiniSnos mxolod is, rom

sasamarTlom araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda dauSvas saqmis ganxilvis

gadadeba, Tu amas miznad aqvs saqmis ganxilvis gaWianureba.

II. saproceso moqmedebebi, romlebic unda Sesruldes saqmis

ganxilvis gadadebis SemTxvevaSi.

110 sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi gviCvenebs, rom saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli

mizezia mxareTa Suamdgomlobebi mtkicebulebaTa warmodgenis Sesaxeb, mowmis gamoZaxebis Sesaxeb,

sasamarTlos mier werilobiTi masalebis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, erT-erTi an orive mxaris

gamoucxadebloba, damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame piris CarTva, saqmis gasacnobad drois

micema, Tumca ramdenime Tvea mas Semdeg, rac am saqmis warmoeba mimdinareobs da a.S.

ix. T. liluaSvili. samoqalaqo procesis sakiTxebi saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi, gv. 67-

76.

253

saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba Zalian arasasurveli movlenaa da amis

aucilebloba rom ar warmoiSvas saproceso kanonmdebloba Seicavs yvela

saWiro meqanizmebs. magram, miuxedavad amisa, garkveuli pirobebis

arsebobisas da kanoniT pirdapir an arapirdapir gaTvaliswinebul

SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba aucilebeli gaxdes saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba.

amasTan erTad kanoni moiTxovs sasamarTlos mxriv mTeli rigi

saproceso moqmedebebis Sesrulebas im SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu igi daadgens

saqmis ganxilvis gadadebas. kerZod, saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis

SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom:

1. unda daniSnos dRe axali sxdomisaTvis da amis Sesaxeb unda

acnobos sxdomaze gamocxadebul pirebs, afrTxilebs maT axlad

daniSnul sxdomaze gamoucxadeblobis Sedegebis Sesaxeb. yovelive

amis Sesaxeb aRiniSneba sxdomis oqmSi, razedac xels aweren es

pirebi.

am pirebisaTvis damatebiT uwyebis gagzavna saWiro aRar aris.

isini iTvlebian gamoZaxebulebad (dabarebulad) kanoniT dadgenili

wesiT. rac Seexeba sxdomaze gamoucxadebel pirebs, maT unda

gaegzavnoT Setyobineba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT (ssk 70-78-e

muxlebi).

2. unda dakiTxos gamocxadebuli mowmeebi kanoniT dadgenili wesiT

(ssk 140-153-e muxlebi).

axal sasamarTlo sxdomaze am mowmeTa xelmeored dabareba

SeiZleba mxolod aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi. aris Tu ara aseTi

aucilebloba-gadawyvets sasamarTlo.

3. unda gaafrTxilos mxareebi, rom Tu maT gaaCniaT damatebiTi

mtkicebulebebi, warmoadgino isini sasamarTlos mier daniSnul

vadaSi – axali sxdomis Catarebamde. am vadas niSnavs sasamarTlo

da igi ar SeiZleba daemTxves axlad daniSnuli sxdomis dRes,

radgan maT droulad unda gaecnos mowinaaRmdege mxare, raTa mas

mieces sruli SesaZlebloba warmoadginos Tavisi mosazrebebi

axlad daniSnul sasamarTlo sxdomaze.

damatebiTi mtkicebulebebis sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi

warudgenloba arTmevs mxares uflebas warmoadginos isini saqmis

zepiri (sasamarTlo sxdomaze) ganxilvis dros

4. unda Seasrulos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli nebismieri sxva

moqmedeba, rac misi azriT aucilebelia axlad daniSnul sxdomaze

saqmis ganxilvis damTavrebisa da am saqmeze gadawyvetilebis

gamosatanad.

saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba,

romelic SeiZleba Setanili iqnes oqmSi (ssk 284-e muxli). ganCinebaSi

(oqmSi) miTiTebuli unda iyos saqmis ganxilvis gadadebis safuZveli,

dRe axali sxdomis Catarebisa, dro ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis

Sesrulebisa, agreTve im pirTa xelmowerebi romlebic eswrebian

sxdomas da miTiTeba maTi gafrTxilebis Sesaxeb axlad daniSnul

sxdomaze gamoucxadeblobis Sedegebis Taobaze.

$3. saqmis warmoebis SeCereba

saqmis warmoebis SeCereba gansxvavdeba saqmis ganxilvis

gadadebisagan: saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba – esaa sxva droisTvis daniSnul

254

sasamarTlo sxdomaze saqmis ganxilvis gadatana, xolo saqmis warmoebis

SeCereba – esaa saproceso moqmedebaTa Sewyveta saqmis ganxilvis

stadiaze, rac gamowveulia iseTi obieqturi garemoebebiT, romelTa

mimarT SeuZlebelia imis winaswar zustad garkveva, Tu rodis Sewyveten

isini arsebobas. amitom, saqmis ganxilvis gadadeba yovelTvis unda

moxdes garkveuli vadiT, rac praqtikaSi yovelTvis ar sruldeba, xolo

saqmis warmoebis SeCereba SeiZleba moxdes kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli

pirobebis (movlenis) dadgomamde.

saqmis warmoebis SeCereba gansxvavdeba saqmis ganxilvis

gadadebisagan sakanonmdeblo mowesrigebis TvalsazrisiTac, norma,

romelic awesrigebs saqmis ganxilvis gadadebas, aris miTiTebiTi norma

(ssk 216-e muxli), romelic uTiTebs sxva normebze, romlebic

iTvaliswineben aseTi gadadebis SemTxvevebs, xolo normebi, romlebic

awesrigeben saqmis warmoebis SeCerebas, ar warmoadgenen miTiTebiT

normebs. isini TviTon Seicaven im safuZvlebis amomwurav CamonaTvals,

romlebic iwveven saqmis SeCerebas. es imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTloebs

ar aqvT ufleba gaafarTovn an Sekvecon am safuZvlebis wre.

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs saqmis

warmoebis SeCerebis savaldebulo da fakultatur (arasavaldebulo)

safuZvlebs.

saqmis warmoebis savaldebulo safuZvlebis amomwurav CamonaTvals

Seicavs ssk 279-e muxli. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adgili aqvs am

muxlSi CamoTvlil erT-erT garemoebas – sasamarTlo valdebulia

SeaCeros warmoeba.

magaliTad: sasamarTlo ganixilavs davas zianis anazRaurebis

Sesaxeb. saqmis sasamarTloSi warmoebis procesSi

gardaicvala mosarCele (fizikuri piri). sasamarTlo

valdebulia SeaCeros saqmis warmoeba, risTvisac

gamoaqvs ganCineba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom fizikuri piris gardacvaleba mxolod maSin

iwvevs saqmis warmoebis SeCerebas, rodesac kanoni uSvebs

uflebamonacvleobas.

magaliTad: moqalaqem aRZra memkvidreobiTi urTierTobidan

gamomdinare sarCeli da gardaicvala. sasamarTlo

SeaCerebs saqmis warmoebs, radgan sk 1306-e muxlis

Tanaxmad, memkvidreoba SeiZleba gadavides

uflebamonacvleze.

magram, Tu kanoni ar uSvebs uflebamonacvleobas, maSin mxaris

gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom ki ar unda SeaCeros, aramed

Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba.

magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli samuSaoze aRdgenis Sesaxeb, magram

saqmis warmoebaSi miRebis Semdeg igi gardaicvala.

sasamarTlom saqmis warmoeba unda Sewyvitos, radgan

kanoni ar uSvebs aseT SemTxvevaSi

uflebamonacvleobas; a-nis nacvlad samuSaoze ver

„aRadgenen“ mis uflebamonacmles (ssk 272-e muxlis

„e“ qvepunqti).

ssk 279-e muxlis „a“ qvepunqtis Tanaxmad SeCereba xdeba

„iuridiuli piris arsebobis Sewyvetisas“. sinamdvileSi iuridiuli

piris arsebobis Sewyveta xdeba iuridiuli piris likvidaciis dros.

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magram, likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi uflebamonacvleoba ar warmoiSoba (sk

39-e muxli, „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ kanonis me-14 muxli). aqedan

gamomdinare, iuridiuli piris arsebobis Sewyvetisas saqmis warmoebis

SeCerebas araviTari azri ar aqvs. amitom, iuridiuli piris arsebobis

„SewyvetaSi“ unda vigulisxmoT am iuridiuli piris reorganizacia

(SeerTeba, mierTeba, gayofa, gamoyofa, gardaqmna). saqmis warmoeba

SeCerdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu adgili hqonda iuridiuli piris

reorganizacias, romlis Sedegad warmoiSveba uflebamonacmleoba.

kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs saqmis warmoebis savaldebulo

SeCerebis sxva safuZvlebsac, rogoricaa mxaris mier qmedunarianobis

dakargva, mxareTa yofna armiaSi, saqmis ganxilvis SeuZlebloba sxva

saqmis gadawyvetamde, sakonstitucio sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva im

kanonis konstituciurobis Taobaze, romelic gamoyenebuli unda iqnes am

saqmis gadawyvetisas (ssk 279-e muxli).

saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis arasavaldebulo safuZvlebis amomwurav

CamonaTvals Seicavs ssk 280-e muxli. aseTi safuZvlebia: a) mxaris

yofna vadian samxedro samsaxurSi an gawveulia raime saxelmwifo

movaleobis Sesasruleblad: b) mxaris yofna xangrZliv samsaxurebriv

mivlinebaSi; g) mxaris yofna samekurnalo dawesebulebaSi an aris avad,

ris gamoc ar aqvs sasamarTloSi gamocxadebis saSualeba; d) mopasuxis

Zebnis gamocxadeba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi; e) eqspertizis

daniSvna sasamarTlos mier.

am muxlSi CamoTvlili garemoebebis arsebobisas sasamarTlo araa

valdebuli SeaCeros saqmis warmoeba. sxvanairad aq CamoTvlil

garemoebebs saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis fakultatur safuZvlebs

uwodeben.

SeaCeros saqmis warmoeba Tu gadados saqmis ganxilva,

damokidebulia mosamarTlis mixedulebaze.

magaliTad: sasamarTlom daniSna eqspertiza. imis

gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra sirTulis gamokvlevaa

Casatarebeli, sasamarTlos SeuZlia gansazRvros vada

da ki ar SeaCeros saqmis warmoeba, aramed gadados

saqmis ganxilva.

- saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis arasavaldebulo safuZvlebs Soris

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs mxaris avadmyofoba. praqtikaSi arc

ise iSviaTia SemTxveva, roca mxare namdvilad mZimedaa daavadebuli da

arc Cans raime perspeqtiva misi axlo momavalSi gamojanmrTelebisa.

arada mowinaaRmdege mxare saqmis ganxilvis gaWianurebiT naxulobs did

zarals. avadmyofi mxare ki araviTar ganzraxvas, miandos saqmis warmoeba

advokats (warmomadgenels) ar amJRavnebs. Tu aseTi piri mosarCelea,

mizanSewonili iqneba saqmis warmoebis SeCereba mis gamojanmrTelebamde,

magram, Tu aseTi piri mopasuxea, sasamarTlom 82-e muxlis analogiiT

mas unda dauniSnos misive ojaxis romelime wevri saproceso

warmomadgenlad, xolo Tu ojaxis wevrebs Soris aseTi piri ar

arsebobs, maSin sxva nebismieri piri, romelic SeZlebs avadmyofi

mopasuxis interesebis dacvas.

aseTi pirisaTvis saproceso warmomadgenlis daniSvna SeiZleba

moxdes mas Semdeg, rodesac sasamarTlo SesTavazebs mas dauniSnos

advokati saxelmwifos xarjze (Tu mas am xarjebis anazRaureba ar

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SeuZlia), xolo avadmyofi mopasuxe amis kategoriuli winaaRmdegia (ssk

47-e muxlis me-2 nawili).

rac Seexeba mopasuxis Zebnis gamocxadebas (ssk 280-e muxlis „d“

punqti), jer-jerobiT kanoni amas ar iTvaliswinebs. SeiZleba mopasuxis

Zebnis gamocxadeba ama Tu im kategoriis saqmeze mxolod momavalSi iqnes

gaTvaliswinebuli. amJamad mxolod saaRsrulebo warmoebaTa Sesaxeb

kanonis 30-e muxli iTvaliswinebs policiis meSveobiT movalis Zebnis

gamocxadebis SesaZleblobas garkveuli kategoriis saqmebze gamotanili

da kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebebis aRsrulebis mizniT.

SeCerebuli saqmis warmoeba ganaxldeba im garemoebaTa acilebis

Semdeg, romlebmac gamoiwvies warmoebis SeCereba. magaliTad, Tu saqmis

warmoeba SeCerebuli iyo imis gamo, rom mxarem dakarga qmedunarianoba an

gardaicvala, maSin saqmis warmoeba ganaxldeba, rodesac qmeduunaro

mxares daeniSneba warmomadgeneli an dadgindeba gardacvlili piris

uflebamonacvle (ssk 281-e muxli).

SeCerebuli saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos

gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelSic miTiTebuli unda iyos saqmis mTavar

sxdomaze ganxilvis dRe. mxareebs unda ecnoboT saqmis ganaxlebis

Sesaxeb, saqmis ganxilvis dRisa da im Sedegebis Sesaxeb, romlebic

SeiZleba moyves mis gamoucxadeblobas (ssk 72-e muxli).

saqmis ganxilva gagrZeldeba im etapidan, romel etapzec igi

SeCerda, e.i. SeCerebuli saqmis ganxilva Tavidan ar daiwyeba.

$4. saojaxo saqmeebis ganxilvis Taviseburebani

saojaxo samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobili saqmeebis

ganxilva warmoebs samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili

wesiT. amasTan erTad, ssk-si Seicavs am kategoriis saqmeTa

ganxilvisaTvis zogierT damatebas, romelic ganapirobebs maTi ganxilvis

Taviseburebas.

1. erT-erTi, SeiZleba iTqvas, fundamenturi Tavisebureba

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saojaxo saqmeebis ganxilvis dros gacilebiT

ufro farTod, vidre sxva kategoriis saqmeTa ganxilvisas, gamoiyeneba

samZebro principi.

riT SeiZleba aixsnas es?

saojaxo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi kerZo samarTlebrivi

urTierTobebis sferos, magram am urTierTobebis ganviTarebiTa da

simtkiciT dainteresebulia mTeli sazogadoeba. am sosazrebebiT

SeiZleba aixsnas is garemoeba, rom sasamarTlo romelic ixilavs

konkretul saojaxo - samarTlebriv davas, miniWebuli aqvs ufleba

TviTon, Tavisi iniciativiT miiRos yvela zoma, raTa daadginos saqmis

sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebi da gamoitanos

samarTliani gadawyvetileba, kerZod: a) sasamarTlos SeuZlia TviTon

gansazRvros mtkicebis sagani, e.i. im garemoebaTa wre, romelTa dadgenis

gareSe SeuZlebelia saqmis sworad gadawyveta; b) TviTonve Tavisi

iniciativiT gamoiTxovos mtkicebulebebi, romlebzec mxareebs ar

miuTiTebiaT, magram, romlebsac aqvT mniSvneloba mtkicebis saganSi

Semavali faqtebis dasadgenad.

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2. meore Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom am kategoriis

saqmeTa ganxilvis dros Zlier SezRudulia sarCelebis gaerTianeba, maTi

sxva xasiaTis moTxovnebTan SeerTeba da ganxilva.

saojaxo samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobili davebis dros

sarCelebis gaerTianeba an ramdenime moTxovnis SeerTeba dasaSvebia,

magram mxolod erTi pirobiT, Tu es moTxovnebi saojaxo samarTlebrivi

urTierTobidanaa warmoSobili.

magaliTad, ganqorwinebis saqmis gadawyvetasTan erTad meuRleebs

SeuZliaT moiTxovon qonebis gayofa, radgan orive es moTxovna

wesrigdeba saojaxo samarTliT. sasamarTlom unda ganixilos es

moTxovnebi, magram ganqorwinebis saqmesTan erTad ar SeiZleba ganxiluli

iqnes, magaliTad, ganxilul iqnes sesxis an qiravnobis urTierTobidan

warmoSobili moTxovnebi, radgan aseTi moTxovnebi ar ganekuTvneba

saojaxo samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobil moTxovnebs.

3. Tu sasamarTloSi qorwinebis Sewyvetis Taobaze saqmis warmoebis

dros gardaicvala erT-erTi meuRle, sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos saqmis

warmoeba, radgan aRaraa procesSi mowinaaRmdege mxare, xolo

uflebamonacvleobas am SemTxvevaSi, kanoni ar uSvebs (ssk 272-e muxlis

„e“ qvepunqti).

4. saqmis ganxilvis procesSi, jer kidev sabolao gadawyvetilebis

miRebamde, sasamarTlos SeuZlia mxareTa Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze,

miiRos droebiTi gankargulebebi, raTa moawesrigos: a) Svilis mimarT

mSobelTa zrunvis sakiTxi; b) erT-erTi mSoblis urTierToba bavSvTan;

g) bavSvis aRsazrdelad gadacema erT-erTi mSoblisaTvis; d) bavSvis

Senaxvis valdebuleba; e) biniT sargeblobis sakiTxi da sxva (ix. ssk

255-e muxli). es droebiTi gankargulebebi sasamarTlos gamoaqvs

ganCinebis formiT, romelic SeiZleba miRebul iqnes mxareTa

Seutyobineblad, saqmis zepiri ganxilvis gareSe, magram Tu sasamarTlos

miaCnia, mas SeuZlia es sakiTxebi mxareTa monawileobiT ganixilos. am

ganCinebebis gasaCivreba ar SeiZleba, magram sasamarTlos, romelmac es

ganCineba gamoitana, SeuZlia mxareTa gancxadebis safuZvelze TviTon

gaauqmos an Secvalos Tavisi ganCineba.

5. garkveuli TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsic. mxareTa Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze

sasamarTlos SeuZlia gadawyvitos: a) qorwinebaSi dabadebul bavSvze

mSobelTa saerTo zrunvis sakiTxi; b) erT-erTi mSoblis bavSvTan

urTierTobis sakiTxi; d) bavSvis rCenis sakiTxi; e) meuRleTa

urTierTrCenis sakiTxi (ssk 356-e muxli).

es CamonaTvali, romelsac Seicavs ssk 356-e muxli, araa

amomwuravi. ganqorwinebis an qorwinebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb saqmeTa

ganxilvisas, sasamarTlos SeuZlia ganixilos da gadawyvitos sxva

sakiTxebic, rogoricaa magaliTad, Svilebis sacxovrebeli adgili,

qonebis gayofis sakiTxi, baTilad cnobili qorwinebiT miyenebuli zianis

anazRaurebis sakiTxi da a. S. (samoq. kodeqsis 1128-e, 1130-e, 1147-e

muxlebi). erToblivad ganxiluli moTxovnebis mimarT sasamarTlos

gamoaqvs erTiani gadawyvetileba, sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs am

gaerTianebuli moTxovnebidan calke gamoyos esa Tu is moTxovna. Tu es

calke gamoyofili moTxovna Seexeba qorwinebaSi dabadebul bavSvze

mSobelTa saerTo zrunvis sakiTxs an erT-erTi mSoblis bavSvTan

urTierTobis sakiTxs, maSin am sakiTxebze sasamarTlos gamoaqvs

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ganCinebebi, romlebze SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana. calke gamoyofil

sxva sakiTxebze sasamarTlos gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba.

$5. reketuli qonebis CamorTmevis Taobaze aRZruli

sarCelebis ganxilvis Taviseburebani

garkveul Taviseburebebs iTvaliswinebs kanonmdebloba im saqmeebis

ganxilvisaTvis, romlebic dakavSirebulia reketuli qonebis

CamorTmevasTan da saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemasTan. reketi - esaa

Semosavlis an sxvagvari qonebrivi sargeblis sistematurad miRebis

mizniT warmoebuli araerTjeradi da organizebuli saqmianoba, romelic

dakavSirebulia ganzrax danaSaulis CadenasTan. saproceso

kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrulia agreTve reketuli qonebis cneba:

reketeuli qoneba - esaa reketidan miRebuli qoneba, am qonebidan

miRebuli Semosavali, reketidan miRebuli Semosavlis SeZenili qoneba,

agreTve reketuli dajgufebis, reketiris, reketiris ojaxis wevris,

axlo naTesavis an dakavSirebuli piris Semosavali, romlis

marTlzomierad miRebis damadasturebeli sabuTi, an sxva mtkicebuleba

ar arsebobs.

am kategoriis saqmeTa ganxilvis dros moqmedebs samoqalaqo

saproceso kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili saqmeTa warmoebis wesebi, garda

zogierTi gamonaklisebisa. kerZod:

1. reketuli qonebis CamorTmevisa da saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemis

Taobaze sarCelis aRZvris ufleba aqvs prokurors, reketiris mimarT

sasamarTlos ganaCenis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan 30 dRis vadaSi (ssk

3562-e muxli).

amrigad, sarCelis aRZvra dasaSvebia, Tu arsebobs sasamarTlos

gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni gamotanili reketiris mimarT.

garda amisa, saproceso kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs prokuroris

mier sarCelis aRZvris xandazmulobis vadas: sarCeli unda aRiZras

ganaCenis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi. Tu

prokurori am vadaSi ar aRZravs sarCels, sarCelis aRZvris ufleba

gaqarwyldeba da sasamarTlos SeuZlia ar miiRos dagvianebiT aRZruli,

anu xandazmuli sarCeli.

2. faqtebis damtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba mosarCeles anu

prokurors, romelsac „aqvs sarCelis aRZvris ufleba“ (ssk 3563-e

muxlis me-2 punqti). es imas niSnavs, rom mosarCele prokurors evaleba

daamtkicos, rom sadavo qoneba (Semosavlebi) marTlac reketiTaa

miRebuli.

niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom reketiri ivaraudeba sadavo qonebis

(Semosavlebis) marTlzomier SemZenad sanam mosarCele prokurori ar

daamtkicebs, rom qoneba sinamdvileSi reketiTaa miRebuli?

ara ar niSnavs!

saqme isaa, rom ssk 3563-e muxlis Tanaxmad, mosamarTle qonebas

cnobs reketulad, Tu saqmis warmoebis procesSi, saTanado

mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis safuZvelze, gairkveva, rom qoneba miRebulia

reketidan .. an ar arsebobs qonebis marTlzomieri saSualebiT miRebis

damadasturebeli sabuTi an sxva mtkicebuleba“.

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rogorc vxedavT, Tu mosarCele prokurorma ver daamtkica rom

qoneba reketulia, maSin reketirma unda daamtkicos rom qoneba

marTlzomieradaa mis mier SeZenili.

amasTan dakavSirebiT sagulisxmoa ssk 3565-e muxlis me-2 punqti,

romlis Tanaxmad „Tu qonebis reketuloba nawilobriv dadasturdeba,

saxelmwifos gadaecema mopasuxis qonebis is nawili, romlis

arareketulobas mopasuxe sasamarTlos wesiT ver daadasturebs“.

rogorc vxedavT, mosarCele prokurori movalea daamtkicos

qonebis reketuloba, magram Tu ver daamtkicebs, maSin reketirze

(mopasuxeze) gadadis damtkicebis tvirTi da man unda daamtkicos, rom

sadavo qonebis arareketuloba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sarCeli

dakmayofildeba da qoneba CamoerTmeva reketirs.

3. am kategoriis saqmeTa ganxilvis erT-erTi Tavisebureba

mdgomareobs agreTve imaSi, rom reketiris, misi ojaxis wevris, axlo

naTesavis an dakavSirebuli piris mimarT SeZileba gamocxaddes Zebna.

magram, es xels ver SeuSlis dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanas.

aseTia reketuli qonebis CamorTmevis zogierTi Tavisebureba. sxva

mxriv, am saqmeebis ganxilvisas gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo saproceso

kodeqsiT dadgenili wesebi.

Tavi XIV

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sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba

$1. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis cneba da saxeebi

I. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis cneba da mniSvneloba

rogorc wesi, uflebebi, romlebic miniWebuli aqvT samarTlis

subieqtebs, xorcieldeba yovelgvari dabrkolebis gareSe, xolo

movaleobebi, romlebic maT ekisrebaT – nebayoflobiT. magram cxovrebaSi

gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi da arc ise iSviaTad, rodesac movaleoba ar

sruldeba da ufleba irRveva. aseT SemTxvevaSi samarTlis subieqtebs

Soris wamoiWreba dava, romelic TiTqmis yovelTvis qmnis uflebis

droebiT ganusazRvrelobas. Tavis mxriv, aseTi viTareba iwvevs imas, rom

samarTlis regulirebuli urTierToba veRar viTardeba sasurveli

mimarTulebiT, irRveva kanoniT gansazRvruli wesrigi (marTlwesrigi),

warmoiSoba dava (konfliqti) da a.S. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom

samarTlis mowesrigebuli urTierTobidan warmoSobili dava sworad da

swrafad gadawyvetiT didaa dainteresebuli ara marto modave mxareebi,

aramed TviT saxelmwifoc, romelic ar SeiZleba ar zrunavdes imaze,

rom misi qveynis pirebs Soris sufevdes marTlwesrigi da kanoniereba.

swored am zrunvis erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa sasamarTlo, romelic,

rogorc saxelmwifo organo, iqmneba da arsebobs imisaTvis, rom

ganaxorcielos marTlmsajuleba, ganixilos da gadawyvitos pirTa Soris

wamoWrili dava.

uflebis dasacavad piris sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTva, anu drois da

finansuri resursebis TvalsazrisiT am Zvirad Rirebuli

procedurisaTvis mimarTva, ukve TavisTavad gulisxmobs imas, rom TviTon

mxareebma ver SeZles mSvidobianad moegvarebinaT erTmaneTs Soris

wamoWrili dava.

magram, es imas ar niSnavs, rom sasamarTlom aRar unda ecados

gadawyvitos mxareTa dava mSvidobianad, morigebiT. mxareTa Soris

wamoWrili davis morigebiT damTavreba yovelTvis iTvleboda da dResac

iTvleba am davis gadawyvetis yvelaze saukeTeso saSualebad. swored

amitom evaleba sasamarTlos miiRos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela

zoma mxareTa morigebisaTvis, saqmis mSvidobianad damTavrebisaTvis (ssk

205-e da 218-e muxlis me-3 naw.). mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

sasamarTlo amas ver miaRwevs – man unda ganixilos saqme da gamoitanos

Tavisi gadawyvetileba, romelic, marTalia, unda pasuxobdes kanonis

moTxovnebs, iyos swori da samarTliani, magram miuxedavad amisa, igi

mainc aris mxareebisaTvis Tumca maRalavtoritetuli organo, magram,

gamoricxuli, r mainc sxvis mier gamotanili gadawyvetileba. amitom,

srulebiTac araa gamoricxuli, rom gadawyvetilebiT, Tu orive mxare

ara erT-erTi mainc darCes ukmayofilo, xolo dava maT Soris

faqtobrivad kvlav gagrZeldes. miuxedavad yovelive amisa, sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebiT mxareTa Soris wamoWrili dava iTvleba iuridiulad

erTxel da samudamod gadaWrilad da mxareebs, miuxedavad imisa

eTanxmebian isini am gadawyvetilebas Tu ara, ufleba aRar aqvT kvlav

aRZran sasamarTloSi (da aramarto sasamarTloSi), igive dava.

261

ra aris sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba?

sasamarTlo, rogorc cnobilia, araa erTad-erTi organo, romelsac

gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba. gadawyvetileba, rogorc garegnulad

gaformebuli aqti (dokumenti), gamoaqvT agreTve sxvadasxva kerZo Tu

sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebs, am iuridiuli pirebis calkeul

struqturul qvedanayofebs. ise, rogorc sasamarTloebs, am organoebsac

gadawyvetilebebi gamoaqvT TavianTi kompetenciis farglebSi. magram

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi gansxvavdebian sxva organoebis

gadawyvetilebebisagan imiT, rom erT-erTi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis

gamotanas win uswrebs saqmis (davis) ganxilva im wesebis zustad da

ganuxrelad dacviT, romlebic damkvidrebulia samoqalaqo saproceso

kanonmdeblobiT da romlebic uzrunvelyofen modave mxareTa uflebebis

dacvas, meorec – sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba unda emyarebodes kanons,

unda iyos dasabuTebuli faqtobrivad da iuridiulad. sasamarTlo

gadawyvetileba ar SeiZleba efuZnebodes mizanSewonilobas. Tu ar

arsebobs kanoni, romelic awesrigebs sadavo urTierTobas, sasamarTlom

unda gamoiyenos kanonis an samarTlis analogia da mesame – arsebobs

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebulobis Semowmebis mwyobriv

sistema da dainteresebul mxares SeuZlia Tavisuflad mimarTos am

sistemas (apelacias, kasacias).

sasamarTlos, rogorc aRvniSneT, gamoaqvs sxvadasxva formis

dadgenileba (gadawyvetileba, ganCineba, gadaxdis brZaneba). pirveli

instanciis sasamarTlos dadgenileba, romliTac saqme wydeba arsebiTad

sasamarTlos gamoaqvs gadawyvetilebis formiT (ssk 243-e muxli).

amrigad, sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba – esaa kanoniT dadgenili

wesiT saqmis ganxilvis Sedegad sasamarTlos mier miRebuli

marTlmsajulebis aqti, romelic pasuxobs kanoniT wayenebul moTxovnebs

da romliTac saqme wydeba arsebiTad.

gavrcelebuli da savsebiT swori Sexedulebis Tanaxmad

gadawyvetilebis daniSnuleba ar amoiwureba mxolod da mxolod

konkretul pirTa darRveuli (sadavo) uflebis dacviT. sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebas aqvs ufro farTo funqcia – igi xels uwyobs

marTlwesrigis damkvidreba, samarTaldarRvevis profilaqtikas, pirTa

aRzrdas kanonebis ganuxrelad Sesrulebisa da Tanacxovrebis wesebis

pativiscemis sulikveTebiT.

II. gadawyvetilebis saxeebi

gadawyvetilebaTa saxeebad dayofa sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT xdeba.

Tu gadawyvetilebebs davyofT sasarCelo moTxovnis Sinaarsis

(xasiaTis) mixedviT, maSin miviRebT Semdegi saxis gadawyvetilebebs: 1.

mikuTvnebiTi (anu aRsrulebiTi) gadawyvetileba; 2. aRiarebiTi (anu

cnobis Sesaxeb) gadawyvetileba da 3. gardaqmniTi (anu

kontradiqtoruli) gadawyvetileba.

magaliTad: a-ni moiTxovs b-nis binidan gamosaxlebas. sasamarTlom

gamoitana gadawyvetileba a-nis sasarCelo moTxovnis

dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb da daadgina b-anis sadavo

binidan gamosaxleba. es gadawyvetileba ganekuTvneba

mikuTvnebiT (aRsrulebiT) gadawyvetilebaTa jgufs.

262

meore magaliTi: a-ni moiTxovs im nawarmoebis Tanaavtorad cnobas

(aRiarebas), romlis avtorad miCneulia b-ani.

sasaarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba a-nis sasarCelo

moTxovnis dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb da cno igi sadavo

nawarmoebis (gamogonebis) avtorad. es gadawyvetileba

miekuTvneba aRiarebiT gadawyvetilebaTa jgufs.

mesame magaliTi: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos sarCeliT ba-nis winaaRmdeg

ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom Tavisi

gadawyvetilebiT daakmayofila sarCeli. es

gadawyvetileba miekuTvneba gardaqmniT

gadawyvetilebaTa jgufs, radgan am gadawyvetilebiT

Sewyda mxareTa Soris arsebuli urTierToba.

imis mixedviT, Tu ra moculobiT aris gadawyvetili sasarCelo

moTxovna, ssk amkvidrebs sasamaraTlo gadawyvetilebaTa ramdenime saxes,

rogoricaa: 1. saboloo gadawyvetileba; 2. nawilobrivi gadawyvetileba;

3. winaswari (Sualeduri) gadawyvetileba.

1. saboloa anu sruli gadawyvetileba (ssk 243-e muxli), ewodeba

iseT gadawyvetilebas, romelic Tumca SeiZleba jer kidev ar iyos

Sesuli kanonier ZalaSi, da, maSasadame, dasaSvebia misi gasaCivreba,

magramMSeicavs pasuxs mosarCelis sasarCelo moTxovnaze mTlianad da

amomwuravad.

amrigad, sabolao am gadawyvetilebebs imitom ki ar ewodeba, rom

isini Sevidnen kanonier ZalaSi da veRar gansaCivrdebian, aramed imitom,

rom sasamarTlom daamTavra saqmis ganxilva da miiRo gadawyvetileba

yvela im moTxovnis mimarT, romelic mosarCeles hqonda wamoyenebuli

Tavisi sarCeliT:

magaliTad, a-nim moiTxova b-anisagan sesxad micemuli Tapnxis

(valis) dabruneba am sesxisaTvis gaTvaliswinebul

procentTan erTad. sasamarTlom gamoitana

gadawyvetileba yvela am moTxovnis mimarT.

es gadawyvetileba iqneba sabolao (sruli) damoukideblad imisa,

mTlianad daakmayofila sarCeli Tu nawilobriv, mTlianad uari uTxra

sarCelis dakmayofilebaze, Tu nawilobriv daakmayofila da nawilobriv

uari uTxra moTxovnaze. aq mTavari isaa, rom sasamarTlom mTlianad

gasca pasuxi Tavis gadawyvetilebiT mosarCelis sasarCelo moTxovnas.

2. nawilobrivi gadawyvetileba (ssk 245-e muxli) es iseTi

gadawyvetilebaa, romelic mxolod nawilobrivad pasuxobs mosarCelis

moTxovnas im pirobiT, rom sxva moTxovnis nawilze pasuxi gacemuli

iqneba sxva dros da sxva gadawyvetilebiT.

nawilobrivi gadawyvetilebis gamotana dasaSvebia sarCelebis

obieqturi (ssk 182-e muxli), subieqturi (ssk 85-e muxli) gaerTianebis

dros da Segebebuli sarCelis aRZvris SemTxvevaSi (ssk 188-e muxli).

magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis mimarT Sesanaxad mibarebuli

nivTis ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb. ba-nim (Semnaxvelma),

Tavis mxriv, aRZra Segebebuli sarCeli SenaxvisaTvis

263

gaweuli xarjebis 200 laris odenobiT am nivTis

mimbarebelze, e.i. mosarCele a-nize dakisrebis Sesaxeb.

sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba da

daakmayofila mosarCelis sarCeli, xolo Segebebuli

sarCelis gadawyveta gadaitana sxva droisaTvis,

vinaidan mis mimarT yvelaferi araa garkveuli.

rogorc wesi, ZiriTad da Segebebul sarCelze gamodis erTiani

gadawyvetileba, magram Tu garkveulia da mzadaa gadasawyvetad erT-erTi

maTgani (ZiriTadi an Segebebuli sarCeli), sasamarTlos SeuZlia

gamoitanos nawilobrivi gadawyvetileba am erT-erTi sarCelis mimarT.

3. winaswari (Sualeduri) gadawyvetileba (ssk 246-e muxli) –

esaa iseTi gadawyvetileba, romelic gamodis sarCelis mxolod erT-erTi

elementis kerZod, misi safuZvlis mimarT. sarCelis safuZvelSi Sedian

da mas qmnian faqtiuri garemoebebi, romlebsac emyareba da romlebic

faqtobrivad asabuTeben (amarTleben) mis meore elements – sarCelis

sagans (sasarCelo moTxovnas).

aseTi winaswari gadawyvetilebis gamotana SeiZleba gamarTlebuli

iyos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac moTxovnis faqtobrivi safuZveli

dadgenilia, xolo TviTon moTxovnis moculobis (odenobis) dadgena

dakavSirebulia damatebiTi masalebis SegrovebasTan, mravalricxovan

gaangariSebebTan, moTxovnili sagnebis odenobis da xarisxis

gansazRvrasTan da a.S.

magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis mimarT 100, 000 laris

odenobiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, rac

gamowveuli iyo Sesanaxad mibarebuli nivTebis

ganadgurebiT da dazianebiT. dadasturda, rom nivTebi

marTlac iyo mibarebuli Sesanaxad da rom am nivTebis

nawili ganadgurda xanZris Sedegad, rac gamowveuli

iyo b-nis uxeSi gaufrTxileblobiT, xolo nawili

mibarebuli nivTebisa Zlier dazianda. magram TviTon

moTxovnis moculobis (odenobis) dadgena

dakavSirebulia mravalricxovan gaangariSebebTan,

nivTebis moculobis, odenobisa da xarisxis

gansazRvrasTan da a.S.

aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoitanos

winaswari gadawyvetileba da dadgenilad cnos

faqtobrivi garemoebebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs

moTxovnas, xolo TviTon moTxovnis moculobis

gansazRvra sxva droisaTvis gadados.

winaswari gadawyvetileba aris preidiciuli gadawyvetileba,

radgan am gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili faqtobrivi garemoebebi aRar

saWiroeben kvlav dadgenas meore gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas, romelic

moTxovnis moculobas gansazRvravs.

gadawyvetilebebs yofen agreTve alternatiul da fakultatur

gadawyvetilebebad.

alternatiuli gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba efuZnebodnen mxolod

alternatiul valdebulebebs, kerZod, sk 374-e muxlis Tanaxmad Tu

264

ramdenime valdebulebidan unda Sesruldes erT-erTi, arCevis ufleba

aqvs movales. sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba unda emyarebodes aseT arCevans.

fakultatur gadawyvetilebad iTvleba gadawyvetileba qonebis

naturiT mikuTvnebis Sesaxeb, Tu masSi miTiTebuli iqneba am qonebis

Rirebuleba, romelic unda gadaxdes mopasuxes, Tu gadawyvetilebis

aRsrulebisas mas es qoneba ar aRmoaCndeba (ssk 253-e muxli).

magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis mimarT roialis dabrunebis

Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom daakmayofila sarCeli da

gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilSi miuTiTa am

roialis Rirebulebaze, rac ganisazRvra 10,000 lariT,

romlis gadaxda daekisra mopasuxe b-anis im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebisas masTan ar aRmoCndeba

roiali (rogorc amas iTvaliswinebs ssk 253-e muxli).

germaniis samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis TeoriaSi

gadawyvetilebebis dayofa saxeebad xdeba agreTve sxva niSnis

mixedviTac.magaliTad, Tu gadawyvetileba gamotanilia orive mxaris

procesSi monawileobis Sedegad, e.i. SejibrebiTobis Sedegad, aseT

gadawyvetilebebs uwodeben kontradiqtorul (davis Sedegad miRebul)

gadawyvetilebebs. Tu gadawyvetileba miRebulia mxolod erTi mxaris

monawileobiT, aseT gadawyvetilebas uwodeben udavo gadawyvetilebas.

(die unst reitige urtail). aseT gadawyvetilebaTa saxeebs ganekuTvneba

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, gadawyvetileba mopasuxis mier sarCelis

cnobis safuZvelze da gadawyvetileba mosarCelis mier sarCelze

uarisTqmis safuZvelze.111

gadawyvetilebaTa aseT saxeebad dayofa SeiZleba Cvens procesSiac

iqnes gaziarebuli, oRond imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Tu mosarCele

ambobs uars sarCelze, sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ara gadawyvetileba, aramed

ganCineba saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxebb

arsebobs agreTve gadawyvetilebaTa saxeebad dayofa sxva niSnebis

mixedviTac, magram ZiriTadad yvelaze farTodaa aRiarebuli

gadawyvetilebis zemoT aRniSnul saxeebad dayofa.

III. gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsi

gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsi unda pasuxobdes kanoniT gansazRvrul

moTxovnebs, kerZod, ssk 249-e muxlis Tanaxmad gadawyvetileba Sedgeba

Sesavali, aRwerilobiTi, samotivacio da sarezolucio nawilebisagan.

gadawyvetilebis TiToeul am nawils aqvs Tavisi mniSvneloba da isini

unda Camoyalibdes gadawyvetilebaSi ise, rogorc amas moiTxovs kanoni

da im TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc es muxli gvTavazobs.

gadawyvetilebis Sesavali. gadawyvetilebis am nawilSi aRiniSneba

misi gamotanis dro da adgili, misi gamomtani sasamarTlos dasaxeleba

da Semadgenloba, sasamarTlo sxdomis mdivani, mxareebi, warmomadgenlebi,

davis sagani.

111 W. Luke. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 352-358.

265

aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac gadawyvetilebaSi araa miTiTebuli misi

gamotanis adgili. aseT SemTxvevaSi iTvleba, rom misi gamotanis adgili

aris sasamarTlos misamarTi. rac Seexeba sasamarTlos dasaxelebas igi

unda emTxveodes oqmSi miTebuli sasamarTlos Semadgenlobas. marTalia

iSviaTad, magram praqtikaSi gvxvdeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac sasamarTlos

dasaxeleba gadawyvetilebaSi ar emTxveva oqmSi miTiTebul sasamarTlo

Semadgenlobas. aseTi garemoeba SeiZleba gaxdes gadawyvetilebis

gauqmebis safuZveli, im motiviT, rom es gadawyvetileba gamotanilia ara

im mosamarTleebis mier, romlebmac sxdomis oqmis mixedviT ganixiles

saqme, aramed sxva mosamarTleebis (mosamarTlis) mier, anu arakanonieri

sasamarTlos arakanonieri Semadgenlobis mier (ssk 396-e muxlis „a“

qvepunqti).

aseve, gadawyvetilebis miRebis TariRi unda emTxveodes im dRes,

roca sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba. kanoni uflebas aZlevs

sasamarTlos gadados motivirebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotana 14 dRiT

(ssk 257-e muxli). amitom motivirebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis

daTariReba im ricxviT, romliTac TariRdeba sxdomis damTavrebulad

gamocxadeba da gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis gamocxadeba,

dauSvebelia da aranairi aucilebloba amisaTvis ar arsebobs.

aRwerilobiTi nawili. gadawyvetilebis am nawilSi mokled magram

naTlad da gasagebad unda aRiniSnos: a) sasarCelo moTxovnis Sinaarsi,

is Tu ras moiTxovs mosarCele mopasuxisagan. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

mosarCelem sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebis dros Secvala Tavisi

sasarCeloo moTxovna anu sarCelis sagani, maSin aRwerilobiT nawilSi

unda aRiniSnos Tu konkretulad raSi gamoixateba aseTi cvlileba; b)

garemoebebi, romlebsac emyareba sarCeli, anu sarCelis safuZveli. ar

aris gamoricxuli, rom mosarCelis mier miTiTebul faqtebs Soris aris

iseTi faqtebic, romlebic iuridiulad ver asabuTeben sasarCelo

moTxovnas. aseTi faqtebis mimarT arc unda Segrovdes mtkicebulebebi.

isini arc Sedian mtkicebis saganSi, magram sasamarTlom unda aRniSnos am

faqtebis Sesaxeb aRwerilobiT nawilSi da miuTiTos, rom maT ar aqvT

mniSvneloba saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis; g) mtkicebulebebi,

romlebic warmoadgina mosarCelem sarCelis safuZvelSi miTiTebuli

faqtebis dasadastureblad. Tu sasamarTlom ar miiRo mosarCelis mier

warmodgenili mtkicebuleba imis gamo, rom igi dauSvebelia an ar aqvs

mniSvneloba saqmisaTvis (ssk 102-e muxlis me-3 nawili, 104-e muxli),

amis Sesaxebac unda aRiniSnos aRwerilobiT nawilSi.

amis Semdeg gadawyvetilebis aRwerilobiT nawilSi aseve naTlad

da rac SeiZleba gasagebad unda aRiniSnos: a) mopasuxis Sesageblis

mokle Sinaarsi (roca mopasuxe ar cnobs sarCels); b) garemoebebi

(faqtebi), romlebsac emyareba Sesagebeli, xolo Tu am garemoebebs

Soris aris iseTebic, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT iuridiulad daasabuTon

Sesagebeli, amis Sesaxebac unda iyos miTiTebuli aRwerilobiT nawilSi;

g) mtkicebulebebi, romlebic warmoadgina mopasuxem Tavis Sesageblis

dasadastureblad, maTi dasaSvebobisa da gankuTvnadobis Sesaxeb. igive

unda iTqvas Segebebuli sarCelisa da mesame piris sarCelis Sinaarsis

gadmocemaze, Tu isini iyo aRZruli.

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mopasuxe, romelic ar cnobs sarCels,

uaryofs mosarCelis moTxovnas da mis mier miTiTebul faqtebs,

Semoifargleba mxolod ubralo uaryofiT da TviTon mas raime

266

mtkicebuleba ar warmoudgenia. aRwerilobiT nawilSi unda iyos

miTiTebuli amis Sesaxebac.

aRwerilobiT nawilSi unda aRiniSnos imis Sesaxebac mosarCelis

mier miTiTebul romel faqtebs ar uaryofs mopasuxe da, maSasadame,

cnobs maT arsebobas (ararsebobas).

samotivacio nawili. ssk 244-e muxli Seicavs praqtikuli

TvalsazrisiT uaRresad mniSvnelovan danawess: gadawyvetilebis

gamotanisas sasamarTlo afasebs mtkicebulebebs, gansazRvravs

saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovani romeli garemoebaa dadgenili da romeli –

daudgeneli, romeli kanoni unda iqnes gamoyenebuli am saqmeze da

dakmayofilebuli unda iqnes Tu ara sarCeli.

marTlac, am muxlSi miTiTebuli azrobrivi saqmianobis Sesrulebis

gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba gadawyvetilebis gamotana. magram es muxli

gansazRvravs mxolod gadawyvetilebis CamoyalibebisaTvis winaswar

Casatarebel samuSaoTa xasiaTs da arafers ambobs imis Sesaxeb unda

aisaxos Tu ara am saqmianobis Sedegebi uSualod gadawyvetilebaSi. sxva

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es muxli gansazRvravs gadawyvetilebis miRebis

teqnologias, magram ar moiTxovs miRebuli gadawyvetilebis dasabuTeba-

gamarTlebas.

moTxovnas miRebuli gadawyvetilebis dasabuTeba-gamarTlebis

Sesaxeb Seicaven ssk-is sxva muxlebi (ssk 257-e, 370-e, 397-e muxlebi)

da maT Soris 249-e muxlis me-4 nawili. mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi

SeuZlia sasamarTlos ar daasabuTos Tavisi gadawyvetileba da

Semoifarglos mxolod sarezolucio nawilis CamoyalibebiT: Tu

mxareebi moiTxoven gadawyvetilebas dasabuTebis gareSe im motiviT, rom

eTanxmebian mas da uars amboben mis gasaCivrebaze.

ibadeba kiTxva: ra faqtorebma gansazRvres gadawyvetilebis

dasabuTebis moTxovna kanonmdeblis mxriv? sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

ratom moiTxovs kanonmdebeli, rom gadawyvetileba faqtobrivad da

iuridiulad motivirebuli iyos?

aq SeiZleba ramdenime ZiriTad (mTavar) faqtorze miuTiToT:

1. saxelmwifo dainteresebulia aramarto mxareTa Soris

wamoWrili konfliqtis iuridiuli gadawyvetiT, aramed maT Soris

arsebuli daZabulobisa da gamwvavebuli urTierTobis faqtobrivi

SewyvetiTac. es ki SeiZleba miRweul iqnes aramarto arsebiTad swori,

aramed dasabuTebuli (motivirebuli) gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT.

dausabuTebelma da maSasadame, aradamajerebelma (Tumca SeiZleba

arsebiTad sworma) gadawyvetilebam faqtiurad SeiZleba kidev ufro

daZabos mxareTa Soris manamde isedac gamwvavebuli urTierToba,

warmoSvas axali konfliqtebi da a.S.

2. mxolod dasabuTebul gadawyvetilebas SeuZlia daarwmunos

mxareebi gamoyenebuli kanonebis samarTlianobaSi, imaSi rom saqmis

garemoebebi sasamarTlom Seafasa ara Tavisi SexedulebiT, aramed kanonis

safuZvelze.

aq mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoebac, rom Tu mxareebi ver

darwmunda gadawyvetilebis samarTlianobaSi da sisworeSi isini iwyeben

brZolas kanoniT daSvebuli yvela saSualebiT aseTi gadawyvetilebis

gauqmebisaTvis. es ki zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloebis saCivrebiT

gadatvirTvis erT-erTi mizezia.

267

3. moTxovna, rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba aramarto swori,

aramed faqtobrivad da iuridiulad dasabuTebuli iyos, warmoadgens

TviT mosamarTleebis kvalifikaciis amaRlebis erT-erT efeqtian

saSualebas, radgan aseTi viTareba maT akisrebs damatebiT movaleobas

ufro meti pasuxismgeblobiT moekidon kanonmdeblobisa da misi

gamoyenebis praqtikis analizs da Sesabamisi iuridiuli literaturis

Seswavlas, gadawyvetilebaSi daskvnebis naTlad, gasagebad da logikuri

TanmimdevrobiT Camoyalibebas.112

bolos, ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT h. boelingisa da l. Wanturias

mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenad didia

sajaro interesi samoqalaqo davis calkeul SemTxvevebSi, sazogadoebas

aqvs ufleba icodes, Tu ra gadawyvetilebebi gamoaqvT misi saxeliT da

ra aris maTi safuZveli. mxolod awonil-dawonil da damajereblad

dasabuTebul gadawyvetilebas aqvs Sansi miRebuli iqnes sazogadoebis

mier da rom dasabuTebuli gadawyvetileba emsaxureba ara calkeuli

mosamarTlis gamarTlebas, aramed zogadad qmnis warmodgenas

marTlmsajulebaze.113

gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebulobis aseTi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare

cxadia, rom sasamarTloebma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcion

gadawyvetilebis faqtobriv da iuridiul dasabuTebulobas, mis

motivirebas faqtebiT da kanoniT.

gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawili mTlianad sasamarTlos

Semoqmedebaa. aq aisaxeba sasamarTlos SemecnebiTi msjeloba

gadawyvetilebisaaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis arseboba-ararsebobis

Sesaxeb, romelic miiReba Tavisufali, anu sasamarTlos Sinagani rwmeniT

mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebis Sedegad, agreTve SefasebiTi msjeloba, am

dadgenili (aRiarebuli) faqtebis samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb,

romelic yalibdeba kanonis (samarTlebrivi normis) safuZvelze am

faqtebis sasamarTlos mier Sefasebis Sedegad.

amrigad, samotivacio nawilSi miTiTebuli unda iyos: a) faqtebi,

romlebsac aqvT mniSvneloba am saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis da romlebic

dadgenilad cno sasamarTlom an imis gamo, rom ar davoben mxareebi, an,

rac igivea, aRiara mxarem; b) faqtebi, romlebic dadgenilad cno

sasamarTlom mtkicebulebebis gamoyenebiT; g) mtkicebulebebi, romlebsac

emyareba sasamarTlo da am mtkicebulebaTa mokle analizi; d)

mtkicebulebebi, romlebic uaryo sasamarTlom maTi arasarwmunobis gamo.

mas Semdeg, rac zedmiwevniT naTlad, gasagebad da amomwuravad

iqneba miTiTebuli faqtobriv garemoebebze, romlebic sasamarTlom

CaTvala dadgenilad da dadasturebulad, sasamarTlom unda miuTiTos im

materialur-samarTlebriv normaze, romlis mixedviTac Seafasa am

normis gamoyenebis aucilebloba da mizanSewoniloba.

sarezolucio nawili. ssk-is 249-e muxlis me-5 nawili Seicavs

zogad miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori unda iyos gadawyvetilebis

sarezolucio nawilis Sinaarsi. kerZod, sarezolucio nawili „unda

Seicavdes sasamarTlos daskvnas sarCelis dakmayofilebis an sarCelze

mTlianad an nawilobriv uarisTqmis Sesaxeb...“ marTlac, im SemTxvevaSi,

112 dawvrilebiT ix. T. liluaSvili „sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebuloba“. krebuli „sabWoTa

samoqalaqo samarTlisa da procesis aqtualuri sakiTxebi“ Tb. 1977 w. gv. 3-30. 113 hain boelingi, lado Wanturia. samoqalaqo saqmeebze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis

meTodika. g-ba „jisiai“, Tb. 2003, gv. 70-77

268

rodesac sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom sarCelze uari unda eTqvas

mosarCeles,mas SeuZlia Semoifarglos gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio

nawilSi imaze miTiTebiT, rom uari eTqvas mosarCeles sarCelis

dakmayofilebaze. magram, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTlo

akmayofilebs sarCels, mas ukve ar SeuZlia Semoifarglos sarezolucio

nawilSi mxolod imis aRniSvniT, rom mosarCelis sarCeli

dakmayofildes. gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis aseTnairad

Camoyalibeba iwvevs misi aRsrulebis SeuZleblobas, vinaidan ar aris

garkveuli, Tu ras moiTxovs konkretulad mosarCele Tavisi sarCeliT,

romelic daakmayofila sasamarTlom. aseT SemTxvevaSi saWiro xdeba

mivmarToT TviT sarCels da gavarkvioT sasarCelo moTxovnis arsi.

magram vin unda gaakeTos es? sasamarTlo aRmasrulebels amis ufleba ar

aqvs: man unda aRasrulos gadawyvetileba, romlis sarezolucio nawili

mTlianad gadadis saaRsrulebo furcelSi. raxan aRmasrulebelma ar

icis konkretulad ra moqmedeba unda Seasrulos valdebulma pirma, is

verc SeZlebs aRasrulos gadawyvetileba. maSasadame, es unda gaakeTos

gadawyvetilebis gamomtanma sasamarTlom. magram amis gakeTeba dasaSvebia

mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT. ssk 261-e muxlis „b“ punqtis

Tanaxmad, Tu sasamarTlos, romelmac daakmayofila sarCeli, ar

miuTiTebia gadasaxdeli Tanxis odenoba, gadasacemi qoneba, an moqmedeba,

romelic mxarem unda Seasrulos – sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos

damatebiTi gadawyvetileba. damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotanisaTvis

ki kanoni gansazRvravs wess; cxadia, rom yovelive es qmnis damatebiT

sirTuleebs, dakavSirebulia damatebiT xarjebTan da sabolao angariSSi

iwvevs saqmis dasrulebis uzomod gaWianurebas.

amitom, sarezolucio nawilis Camoyalibebas sasamarTlom

gansakuTrebuli yurad Reba unda miaqcios da ecados igi Camoayalibos

imperatiuli formiT, maqsimalurad naTlad da absoluturad

amomwuravad.114

sasamarTlo Tavis gadawyvetilebas iRebs im sasarCelo moTxovnebis

mimarT, romlebic warmoadgina mosarCelem. zemod ukve ganvixileT

sakiTxi sarCelis saxeebis Sesaxeb da aRvniSneT, rom mikuTvnebiTi

(aRsrulebiTi) sarCelebis gverdiT arseboben aRiarebiTi da gardaqmniTi

sarCelebi. gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsze gansakuTrebiT ki mis

sarezolucio nawilis Sinaarsze uSualo gavlenas axdens sasarCelo

moTxovnis xasiaTi, is Tu ras moiTxovs mosarCele: raimes mikuTvnebas,

uflebis (samarTlebrivi urTierTobis) arseboba-arasebobis dadgenas, Tu

aseTi urTierTobis gardaqmnas.

gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis Sinaarsi damokidebulia

imaze, gamoaqvs sasamarTlos saboloo, nawilobrivi Tu winaswari

(Sualeduri) gadawyvetileba (ssk 243-e, 245-e, 246-e muxlebi).

sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT winaswari gadawyvetileba.

winaswari anu Sualeduri ewodeba iseT gadawyvetilebas, romelic

gamodis sarCelis mxolod erT-erTi elementis – misi safuZvlis mimarT

anu im faqtebis mimarT, romlebic safuZvlad udevs mosarCelis

moTxovnas. aseT gadawyvetilebas aqvs preidiciuli (winaswargadamwyveti)

Zala sasamarTlos momdevno meore gadawyvetilebisaTvis, romelic

114 gadawyvetilebis aRwerilobiTi, samotivacio da sarezolucio nawilebis Camoyalibebis

mniSvnelobaze da meTodebze uaRresad saWiro rekomendaciebs gvTavazobs h.boelingisa da l.

Wanturias zemod dasaxelebuli wigni.

269

moTxovnis moculobas gansazRvravs (ssk 246-e muxlis me-2 nawili).

aqedan gamomdinare, winaswari gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilSi

unda zustad da amomwuravad mieTiTos, Tu am saqmis saboloo

gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone romeli faqtiuri garemoeba cno

sasamarTlom dadgenilad.

bolos gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilSi aucileblad unda

aRiniSnos sasamarTlo xarjebis mxareTa Soris ganawilebis Sesaxeb,

kerZod, aucileblad unda iyos miTiTebuli romeli mxarisagan da ra

odenobiT unda iqnes gadaxdevinebuli es xarjebi, agreTve, romeli

mxarea ganTavisuflebuli am xarjebisagan.

sarezolucio nawilSi aucileblad unda mieTiTos, Tu ra wesiT

SeiZleba gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba da romel sasamarTloSi SeiZleba

saCivris Setana.

IV. gadawyvetilebis nakli da misi gasworebis wesi

gadawyvetilebas SeiZleba aRmoaCndes nakli, romelic am

gadawyvetilebis sxvadasxva nawils SeiZleba axasiaTebdes. nakli

SeiZleba gamoixatos imiT, rom gadawyvetileba ar emyareba kanons,

romliTac sasamarTlom ixelmZRvanela misi gamotanis dros, an masSi

araa miTiTebuli faqtebze, romlebsac es gadawyvetileba emyareba, an

kidev, araa miTiTebuli im qonebaze, romelic mopasuxem unda daubrunos

mosarCeles, araa miTiTebuli im konkretul moqmedebaze, romelic unda

Seasrulos mopasuxem da a.S.

mTeli rigi naklovanebebisa da xarvezebisa, romlebic gaaCnia

gadawyvetilebas, SeiZleba gamoasworos mxolod zemdgomma sasamarTlom

an uSualod, an gaauqmos saCivris safuZvelze naklovanebiani

gadawyvetileba da daabrunos saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad.

magram, aris mTeli rigi naklovanebebisa, romlebic SeuZlia

gamoasworos uSualod am gadawyvetilebis gamomtanma sasamarTlom.

kanoni miuTiTebs aseT naklovanebebze da gansazRvravs maTi gamosworebis

wess.

1. gadawyvetilebaSi usworobaTa da aSkara ariTmetikuli

Secdomebis gasworeba (ssk 260-e muxli). aq mxedvelobaSia usworobisa

da Secdomebis gasworeba gadawyvetilebaSi, romelic ukve gamoecxadaT

mxareebs. Tu gadawyvetilebaSi usworoba da Secdomebi gamovlinda mis

gamocxadebamde, maSin maTi gasworeba xdeba sxva wesiT, romelsac

iTvaliswinebs ssk 247-e muxli.

am muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu usworoba da Secdoma gamovlinda

gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebamde, maSin TviTon gadawyvetilebaSi SeiZleba

gakeTdes es Sesworeba (Casworeba).115 magram, Tu aseTi naklovanebani

gamovlinda gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebis Semdeg, maSin misi

gamosworebisaTvis gamotanili unda iqnes ganCineba. Sesworebis Setana

dasaSvebia rogorc mxareTa iniciativiT, ise sasamarTlosa da

aRmasruleblis iniciativiTac.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba emyareba

principul debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom gadawyvetilebis gamomtan

sasamarTlos ufleba ar aqvs Secvalos an gaauqmos Tavisi

115 ix. T. liluaSvili, v. xrustali. ssk komentari, Tb. 2004, gv. 215.

270

gadawyvetileba, garda kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli

gamonaklisebisa. aqedan gamomdinare, dauSvebelia gadawyvetilebaSi iseTi

Sesworebis Setana, romelic arsebiTad cvlis gadawyvetilebas, mis

azrsa da Sinaars. dasaSvebia magaliTad gvaris, saxelis Tu

saxelwodebis dazusteba, agreTve ariTmetikuli uzustobis gasworeba,

romlebmac gamoiwvies gadasaxdevinebeli Tanxis odenobis aSkara

Semcireba an gadideba. magaliTad, aklia cifri „0“ an sxva romelime

cifri, rac ise cvlis Tanxis odenobas, rom aSkarad ar Seesabameba

saqmis masalebs da moTxovnis odenobas, ris Sesaxebac iyo msjeloba

sasamarTlos sxdomaze.

gadawyvetilebaSi Sesworebis Setanas aqvs azri am gadawyvetilebis

aRsrulebamde (mikuTvnebiT gadawyvetilebaSi). rac Seexeba aRiarebiT

gadawyvetilebebs, romelTa aRsruleba ar xdeba, maTSi Sesworebis

Setana araa Semofargluli raime vadiT.

2. damatebiTi gadawyvetileba (ssk 261-e muxli). damatebiTi

gadawyvetilebis gamotanis aucilebloba SeiZleba warmoiSvas im

SemTxvevaSi, roca ZiriTadi gadawyvetileba araa srulyofili da ar

Seicavs pasuxs yvela im sakiTxze, romelic ganxilvis sagani iyo

sasamarTlo procesSi.

damatebiTi gadawyvetilebiT yvela im naklovanebebis gamosworeba,

romelic gaaCnia ZiriTad gadawyvetilebas cxadia ar SeiZleba. zogjer

naklovanebebi iseTia, rom aucilebelia misi gauqmeba da axali

gadawyvetilebis gamotana. amitom, bungebrivia ibadeba kiTxva: ra

SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gadawyvetilebis naklovanebebis gamosworeba

damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT, ise rom ar gauqmdes ZiriTadi

gadawyvetileba?

am kiTxvaze pasuxs gvaZlevs ssk 261-e muxli, romelic Seicavs

damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotanis pirobebs da romelTa

gaTvaliswineba savaldebuloa sasamarTlosaTvis.

pirveli pirobis Tanaxmad, damatebiTi gadawyvetileba mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iqnes gamotanili, Tu am saqmeze gamotanili

ZiriTadi gadawyvetileba ar Seicavs pasuxs mxaris iseTi moTxovnis

mimarT, romelic marTalia iyo ganxilvis sagani, warmodgenili iyo

mtkicebulebebi am moTxovnis faqtobrivi dasabuTebisaTvis, e.i. moxda

misi ganxilva am kodeqsiT dadgenili wesiT, magram sasamarTlos

ratomRac gamorCa mxedvelobidan mieRo gadawyvetileba am konkretuli

moTxovnis mimarT. magaliTad, sasamarTlom gamoitana gadaSwyvetileba

mopasuxeze valis gadaxdevinebis dakisrebis Sesaxeb, magram ar miiRo

gadawyvetileba procentebis Sesaxeb, romlis Taobaze mosarCelem

waradgina mtkicebulebebi, moismina mxareTa axsna-ganmartebebi da a.S. an

kidev, mosarCelem moiTxova mopasuxis binidan gamosaxleba da masze

binis qiris gadaxdevinebis dakisreba. sasamarTlom Tavisi

gadawyvetilebiT daadgina mopasuxis binidan gamosaxleba, magram araferi

Tqva (gamorCa) masze binis qiris gadaxdevinebis dakisrebis Sesaxeb

sakiTxis gadawyvetaze.

meore pirobis Tanaxmad, damatebiTi gadawyvetileba SeiZleba

gamotanili iqnes im SemTxvevaSiac, rodesac sasamarTlom marTalia

daadgina, rom dakmayofildes sasarCelo moTxovna, magram ar miuTiTa

arc am moTxovnis odenoba da arc misi saxeoba. magaliTad, daadgina

gadauxados mopasuxem Tanxa, an gadasces nivTi, magram ar miuTiTa ra

271

odenobis Tanxa gadaixados an ra saxis qoneba gadasces. an kidev,

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mopasuxem Seasrulos mosarCelis

sasargeblod moqmedeba, magram ar miuTiTa Tu konkretulad romeli

moqmedeba (amoaSenos tixari, moangrios kedeli, amoqolos fanjara da

a.S.).

mesame piroba dakavSirebulia sasamarTlo xarjebis ganawilebasTan.

ssk 249-e muxlis Tanaxmad, gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili unda

Seicavdes miTiTebas sasamarTlo xarjebis ganawilebis Taobaze. Tu

mosamarTles gamorCa es da gadawyvetileba Seicavs xarvezs am

TvalsazrisiT, maSin igi SeiZleba Seivsos damatebiTi gadawyvetilebiT.

praqtikaSi ufro gavrcelebulia iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac

aRZruli iyo ramdenime moTxovna, sasamarTlom ganixila yvela es

moTxovna, magram erT-erTi moTxovnis mimarT gadawyvetileba ar iqna

miRebuli.

damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotanis aucilebloba SeiZleba

warmoiSvas rogorc ZiriTadi moTxovnis, ise Segebebuli sarCelisa da

mesame piris sarCelis mimarTac.

damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotanis sakiTxi SeiZleba daisvas

ZiriTadi gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebidan 7 dRis ganmavlobaSi. am

muxlis danawesi ise unda gavigoT, rom ZiriTadi gadawyvetilebis

gamocxadebas eswrebodnen mxareebi. magram, Tu gadawyvetilebis

gamocxadebas ar eswrebodnen mxareebi, an erT-erTi mxare, maSin 7dRiani

vadis dena unda daiwyos im dRidan, rodesac mxares Cabarda

motivirebuli gadawyvetileba. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT 7 dRiani vadis

dena unda daiwyos im dRidan, saidanac iwyeba gadawyvetilebis

saapelacio (sakasacio) wesiT gasaCivrebis vadis dena.

am vadis arc gagrZeleba da arc aRdgena ar daiSveba. Tu es vada

gaSvebuli iqna da damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotanis SesaZlebloba

daikarga, maSin mxares SeuZlia gaasaCivros ZiriTadi gadawyvetileba,

moiTxovos misi gauqmeba da saqmis xelmeored ganxilva im motiviT,

romlebic miTiTebulia ssk 261-e muxlis pirveli nawilis „a“ da „@b“

qvepunqtebSi, xolo sasamarTlo xarjebis ganawilebis sakiTxi TviTon

zemdgom sasamarTlosac SeuZlia ise, rom ar gaauqmos gadawyvetileba.

damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotanis sakiTxs sasamarTlo wyvets

saqmeTa ganxilvis saerTo wesis dacviT, kerZod igi niSnavs sxdomas, ris

Sesaxebac atyobinebs mxarebes. maTi gamoucxadebloba ver daabrkolebs

damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotanas, ver gaxdeba dauswrebeli

damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis gamotanis safuZveli.

damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dasma da ganxilva ver

SeaCerebs ZiriTadi gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlas da misi

vadis denis SeCerebas. TviTon damatebiTi gadawyvetileba Sedis kanonier

ZalaSi im wesiT da im vadebSi, rogorc ZiriTadi gadawyvetileba (ssk

264-e muxli) da misi gasaCivreba SeiZleba imave wesiT, ra wesiTac

saCivrdeba ZiriTadi gadawyvetileba (ssk 369-e muxli). damatebiTi

gadawyvetileba aris ZiriTadi gadawyvetilebis organuli nawili, magram

Tu igi ar gasaCivrebula iTvleba, rom am nawilSi ZiriTadi

gadawyvetileba ar gasaCivrebula da igi Sedis kanonier ZalaSi.

Tu sasamarTlos azriT ar arsebobs damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis

gamotanis pirobebi, mas gamoaqvs ganCineba damatebiTi gadawyvetilebis

272

gamotanaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, romelzec SeiZleba kerZo saCivris

Setana (ssk 414-420-e muxlebi).

3. gadawyvetilebis ganmarteba (ssk 262-e muxli). rogorc zemoT

aRiniSna gadawyvetileba unda iyos naTeli da gasagebi yvelasaTvis da

gansakuTrebiT imaTTvis, visac igi uSualod exeba. amasTan erTad, aris

SemTxvevebi, rodesac gadawyvetileba mTlianad an misi romelime nawili

araa gasagebad Camoyalibebuli, zogjer ki Seicavs urTierTgamomricxav

an Seusabamo debulebebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia misi ganmarteba imis

aucileblad gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ganmartebis saxiT ar moxdes

gadawyvetilebis ZiriTadi azrisa da Sinaarsis Secvla.

gadawyvetilebis ganmarteba rom ganxorcieldes aucilebelia, jer-

erTi – mxaris Suamdgomloba amis Sesaxeb da meore – gadawyvetileba

jer ar aRsrulebula, roca sakiTxi exeba aRsrulebiT da ara aRiarebiT

gadawyvetilebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dauSvebelia im

gadawyvetilebis ganmarteba, romelic aRsrulebulia.

kanoni ar gansazRvravs vadas, Tu ramden dReSi SeiZleba

gadawyvetilebis ganmartebis Sesaxeb sasamarTloSi gancxadebiT mimarTva.

es imas niSnavs, rom aseTi gancxadebiT SeiZleba mimarTon sasamarTlos

nebismier dros – motivirebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotanidan mis

aRsrulebamde. ganmartebas axdens is sasamarTlo (mosamarTle),

romelmac igi gamoitana. Tu is sasamarTlo Semadgenloba (mosamarTle)

ar aris, maSin ganmartebas gaakeTebs am sasamarTlos sxva Semadgenloba

(mosamarTle).

ganmartebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelic aris

gadawyvetilebis organuli nawili da Caekereba saqmeSi.

ganmartebis aucilebloba SeiZleba warmoiSvas aramarto

gadawyvetilebis, aramed ganCinebis mimarTac. aseT SemTxvevaSi

sasamarTlos SeuZlia ganmartos ganCineba ssk 262-e muxlis analogiiT.

dauSvebelia gadawyvetilebis ganmartebis formiT gadawyvetilebis

Secvla an axali gadawyvetilebis miReba.

$2. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala

I. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis cneba

formaluri da materialuri kanonieri Zala

gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT mTavrdeba saqmis ganxilva sasamarTloSi

da am saqmeze marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis mTeli procesi. ufro

metic, sasamarTlos, romelmac es gadawyvetileba gamoitana, ufleba ar

aqvs Secvalos igi, xolo mxareebs, romlebsac miaCniaT, rom am

gadawyvetilebiT Seilaxa maTi interesi, SeuZliaT agreTve uari Tqvan

mis gasaCivrebaze da nebayoflobiT aRasrulon gadawyvetileba.

amasTan erTad, arc gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis uflebis

gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba ar SeiZleba dausruleblad gaiWimos droSi da

arc am gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba ar SeiZleba mTlianad damokidebuli

iyos mxaris nebasurvilze.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, garkveul etapze sasamarTlos mier

gamotanili gadawyvetileba aRar SeiZleba gasaCivrdes, xolo Tu

mxareebi mas ar asruleben nebayoflobiT, igi unda aRsruldes

iZulebiTi wesiT, roca sakiTxi exeba aRsrulebiT gadawyvetilebebs. rac

273

Seexeba aRiarebiT da gardaqmniT gadawyvetilebebs, am gadawyvetilebiT

dadgenili uflebebi Tu samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi aRar SeiZleba

sadavo gaxadon mxareebma.

es ki SesaZlebelia mas Semdeg, roca gadawyvetileba Seva kanonier

ZalaSi, SeiZens kanonis Zalas.

ras niSnavs gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala?

gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala – esaa gadawyvetilebis Tviseba,

romelsac igi iZens garkveuli, kanoniT zustad gansazRvruli

pirobebis safuZvelze da romlis ZaliT es gadawyvetileba aRar

SeiZleba gasaCivrdes, sarCeli, romlis mimarTac igi gamotanilia aRar

SeiZleba xelmeored iqnes ganxiluli, gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili

faqtebi da samarTlebrivi urTierTobani aRar SeiZleba sadavo gaxadon

mxareebma da igi SeiZleba iZulebiT aRsruldes, Tu sakiTxi aRsrulebiT

gadawyvetilebas exeba.

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben gadawyvetilebis formalur da

materialur kanonier Zalas.

1. gadawyvetilebis formaluri kanonieri Zala.

gadawyvetilebis formaluri kanonieri Zala – esaa

gadawyvetilebis Tviseba, romlis ZaliT igi aRar SeiZleba gasaCivrdes,

xolo mxareTa Soris wamoWrili dava iTvleba gadaWrilad.

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis formaluri kanonieri Zala

gaTvaliswinebulia ssk 264-e muxliT, romlis Tanaxmad pirveli

instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba Sedis kanonier ZalaSi:

1. Tu dauSvebelia misi saapelacio an sakasacio wesiT gasaCivreba;

aseTi gasaCivreba dauSvebelia or SemTxvevaSi: a)rodesac raionuli

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze saCivari ar aRemateba 1000 lars, da b)

rodesac mxareebma uari Tqves kanoniT dadgenili wesiT gadawyvetilebis

gasaCivrebaze (ssk 250-e muxli). cxadia, araa gamoricxuli rom

miuxedavad gasaCivrebaze uarisTqmisa, mxarem mainc gaasaCivros

gadawyvetileba. zemdgomma sasamarTlom aseTi saCivari ganuxilvelad

unda datovos misi dauSveblobis gamo, xolo saCivris Setana ver

SeaCerebs gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlas.

2. Tu gasulis gasaCivrebis kanoniT dadgenili vada da am vadaSi

ar iyo Semotanili saCivari.

saqarTvelos ssk-si ar iTvaliswinebs gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis

vadis aRdgenas (gagrZelebas). amitom, saCivari Setanili am vadis

darRveviT ganuxilvelad unda darCes.

3. Tu saapelacio sasamarTlom, romelmac ganixila saCivari

ucvlelad datova gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba, xolo saapelacio

sasamarTlos ganCineba ucvlelad datovebis Sesaxeb Sevida kanonier

ZalaSi.

saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba kanonier ZalaSi Sedis:

1. rodesac dauSvebelia misi sakasacio wesiT gasaCivreba (ssk 391-e

muxli).

2. rodesac dasaSvebia saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis

sakasacio wesiT gasaCivreba, magram igi ar iyo gasaCivrebuli kanoniT

dadgenil erTTvian vadaSi (ssk 397-e muxli).

gasaCivrebis vadis aRdgenas (gagrZelebas) kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs,

amitom dagvianebiT Setanili saCivari ganuxilvelad unda darCes.

274

3. rodesac sakasacio sasamarTlom ar miiRo warmoebaSi,

dauSveblad cno sakasacio saCivari (391-e muxli). an ucvlelad datova

saapelacio sasamarTlos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba.

rac Seexeba sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebs, isini

kanonier ZalaSi Sedian dauyovnebliv da maTi gasaCivreba ar daiSveba.

2. gadawyvetilebis materialuri kanonieri Zala.

gadawyvetilebis materialuri kanonieri Zala – esaa

gadawyvetilebis Tviseba, romlis ZaliT arc sasamarTlos da arc

mxareebs, romlebsac es gadawyvetileba exebaT, aRar SeuZliaT saeWvo an

sadavo gaxadon sxva procesSi es gadawyvetileba.

gadawyvetilebis materialuri kanonieri Zala damkvidrebulia

saqarTvelos ssk 266-e muxliT, romlis Tanaxmad gadawyvetilebis

kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, mxareebs, agreTve maTi

uflebamonacvleebs ar SeuZliaT xelaxla ganacxadon sasamarTloSi

igive sasarCelo moTxovnebi imave safuZvelze, agreTve sadavo gaxadon

sxva procesSi gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili faqtebi da samarTlebrivi

urTierTobani“.116

gadawyvetilebis materialuri kanonieri Zalis konkretuli

gamovlinebaa samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicebuli

wesiT, romlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo ar miiRebs sarCels, an Tu

SecdomiT miiRebs Sewyvets saqmis warmoebas, Tu arsebobs sasamarTlos

kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetileba gamotanil davaze imave mxareebs

Soris, imave saganze da imave safuZvlebiT (ssk 186-e da 272-e muxlis

„b“ punqti).

II. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis obieqturi farglebi

vrceldeba Tu ara gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala mTlianad

gadawyvetilebaze Tu mxolod mis erT-erT elementze anu mis nawilze?

samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis TeoriaSi farTod gavrcelebuli

Sexedulebis Tanaxmad gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala vrceldeba ara

mTlianad gadawyvetilebaze, aramed mxolod mis im nawilze, romelsac

gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawils uwodeben. sxva sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili – esaa sakuTriv

gadawyvetileba, romelic Seicavs pasuxs sasarCelo moTxovnaze:

dakmayofildes Tu ara sarCeli, konkretulad ra moqmedeba unda

Seasrulos mopasuxem, Tu sarCeli dakmayofilda (gadasces mosarCeles

garkveuli Tanxa, daubrunos mas nivTi da a.S.), romeli ufleba Tu

samarTlebrivi urTierToba cno sasamarTlom dadgenilad an rogor

116 d.i. polumordvinovis SexedulebiT gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi moqmedeba, rac gamoixateba misi

saboloobiT im procesSi, romelSiac igia gamotanili – aris gadawyvetilebis formaluri kanonieri

Zala. gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi moqmedeba, romlis ZaliT igi iZens saboloo xasiaTs aramarto

im procesisaTvis, romlis Sedegad iqna gamotanili, aramed mis farglebs gareTac – aris

gadawyvetilebis materialuri kanonieri Zala.

ix. i. polumordvinovi. dasax. naSromi, gv.38

igive mosazrebas iziarebs cnobili germaneli iuristi prof. h.Saki. misi azriT formaluri kanonieri

Zala warmoadgens davis damTavrebas am sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis, xolo materialuri kanonieri

Zala – icavs miRebul Sedegs xelyofisagan ufro mogvianebiT ix. h. Saki. dasax. naSromi gv. 445.

275

SeiZleba gardaiqmnas urTierToba (aRiarebiTi da gardaqmniTi

gadawyvetilebebiT) da a.S.

rac Seexeba gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawils, romelic

warmoadgens am gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis fundaments da

romelSic aisaxeba faqtobrivi garemoebebi da samarTlebrivi

urTierTobani, romlebic sasamarTlom dadgenilad cno da romlebic

samarTlebrivi Sefasebis Sedegad safuZvlad daedo sarezolucio

nawils, igi ar warmoadgens kanonieri Zalis obieqts, masze ar

vrceldeba kanonieri Zala.117

saqarTvelos 1964 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsma da amJamad

saqarTvelos 1997 wlis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsma

gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala gaavrcela aramarto gadawyvetilebis

sarezolucio nawilze, aramed mis samotivacio nawilzec. kerZod, ssk

266-e muxlis Tanaxmad gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg

mxareeebs, agreTve maT uflebamonacvleebs ar SeuZliaT xelaxla

ganacxadon sasamarTloSi igive sasarCelo moTxovnebi, imave safuZvelze,

agreTve, „sadavo gaxadon sxva procesSi gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili

faqtebi da samarTlebrivi urTierTobani“. amave kodeqsis 106-e muxlis

Tanaxmad damtkicebas ar saWiroeben faqtebi, romlebic dadgenilia erT

samoqalaqo saqmeze sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli

gadawyvetilebiT, Tu sxva samoqalaqo saqmeebis ganxilvisas igive

mxareebi monawileoben.

amrigad, ar iwvevs eWvs, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso

kanonmdeblobis mixedviT gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawili,

romliTac dadgenilia faqtiuri garemoebebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs

sarezolucio nawils, Sedis kanonier ZalaSi.118

amasTan dakavSirebiT ibadeba praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT

mniSvnelovani kiTxva: SeuZlia Tu ara mxares gaasaCivros

gadawyvetilebis mxolod samotivacio nawili am gadawyvetilebis

sarezolucio nawilisagan damoukideblad, anu ise, rom ar moiTxovos

gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis Secvla („SecvaleT samotivacio

nawili, magram ar SecvaloT sarezolucio nawili“).

117 aseTi Sexeduleba, romelic emyareba germaniis samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobas, farTodaa

gavrcelebuli germaniis saproceso samarTlis TeoriaSi.

ix. Rosenberg, Schwab, Gottvald, Zivilprozessrecht. 1993, s. 926 В.Голасовски. Окончательность судебных решении и их пересмотр по немецкому праву. Сборник 1-ой кавказской конференции судей 2002, стр. 65-77. qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi aseT Sexedulebas anviTarebda d.i. polumordvinovi. ix. misi

„Мотивы судебных решении“ журнал „Соверское государство и право“. 1947 ню стр. 28-35 SemdgomSi man Secvala Tavisi Sexeduleba da aRniSna, rom rezoluciasTan erTad,

gadawyvetilebis motivi Sedis kanonier ZalaSi. misi azriT, gadawyvetilebis motivirebisaTvis

sasamarTlo: a)adgens im faqtebis arsebobas, romlebzec damokidebulia modave mxareTa Soris

samarTlebrivi urTierTobis warmoSoba, Secvla an Sewyveta; b) gansazRvravs kanons, romelic

gamoyenebuli unda iqnes am dadgenili faqtebis mimarT; g)akeTebs logikur daskvnas, romlidanac

gamomdinareobs misi sarezolucio nawili.

arc kanonze miTiTeba, arc misi logikuri daskvnebi ar SeiZleba Sevides kanonier ZalaSi. rac

Seexeba gadawyvetilebis motivs, faqtebisa da modave mxareTa Soris arsebuli samarTlebrivi

urTierTobis dadgenis nawilSi, romelic warmoadgens am gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis

safuZvels – igi Sedis kanonier ZalaSi. ar SeiZleba gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili

movwyvitoT im faqtiur garemoebebs, romlebic am rezoluciis uSualo safuZvels warmoadgenen.

ix. d.i. polumordvinovi, gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala. (rusul enaze). Tb. 1964. gv. 171-172. 118 amasTan dakavSirebiT v. xrustalma gaakeTa mniSvnelovani da arsebiTad swori daTqma: kanonier

ZadaSi Sedis gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawiliT dadgenili mxolod is faqtobrivi garemoebebi,

romlebic kanonis Tanaxmad asabuTeben, amarTleben sarezolucio nawils.

ix. v. xrustali dasax. naSromi, gv. 12

276

msjelobis Tanmimdevrulad ganviTarebis logika Cven gvTavazobs am

sakiTxis dadebiTad gadawyvetas: raxan samotivacio nawiliT dadgenili

faqtebi da samarTlebrivi urTierToba dadgenilad CaiTvleba sxva

saqmezec da sxva procesSi, mxares romlisTvisac xelsayrelia

gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili, magram araa xelsayreli

gadawyvetilebis motivi anu faqtebis aseTnairad dadgena, unda SeeZlos

gaasaCivros mxolod samotivacio nawili da moiTxovos misi gauqmeba

(Secvla), ise rom sarezolucio nawili ucvlelad darCes.

logikurad es marTlac asea, magram arsebiTad es ar SeiZleba

dauSvaT Semdegi mosazrebebis gamo:

gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili organuladaa dakavSirebuli

mis samotivacio nawilTan, romelic emsaxureba sarezolucio nawilis

dasabuTeba-gamarTlebas, warmoadgens mis safuZvels (fundaments).

gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilis mis sarezolucio

nawilisagan mowyvetis SemTxvevaSi sarezolucio nawili rCeba

absoluturad dausabuTebeli, ris gamoc igi tovebs TviTnebur da

intuiciur STabeWdilebas.

aqedan gamomdinare, Tu saCivris safuZvelze zemdgomi instanciis

sasamarTlo auqmebs gadawyvetilebis mxolod samotivacio nawils, man

TviTon, an sasamarTlom, romelmac saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad

daubruna, unda daadginos sxva iseTi faqtebi da samarTlebrivi

urTierToba, romelic gadawyvetilebis ucvlelad datovebuli

sarezolucio nawilis dasabuTeba-gamarTlebas emsaxureba. magram Tu es

ver moxerxda an imis gamo, rom es sxva faqtebi ver dadasturda, an

kidev imis gamo, rom saCivris ganmxilveli sasamarTlo araa faqtebis

damdgeni sasamarTlo (sakasacio sasamarTlo), maSin gadawyvetileba rCeba

samotivacio nawilis gareSe, igi aRar pasuxobs kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs, kargavs sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis

mniSvnelobas da aRar SeiZleba aRsruldes.


1. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis obieqturi

farglebi vrceldeba am gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilze,

romelic Seicavs sasamarTlos daskvnas sasarCelo moTxovnis

dakmayofilebaze, an masze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb, agreTve sasamarTlos

mier dadgenil samarTlebriv urTierTobaze da faqtebze, romlebic

safuZvlad daedo sarezolucio nawils, anu gadawyvetilebis

samotivacio nawilze.

2. gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawili faqtebis arseboba

ararsebobis Sesaxeb, rogorc am gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis

safuZveli da masTan organulad dakavSirebuli, ar SeiZleba am

sarezolucio nawilisagan mowyvetiT da misgan damoukideblad

gasaCivrdes, radgan misi gauqmebiT safuZveli gamoecleba sarezolucio

nawils, gamoiwvevs mis faqtiur gauqmebasac.

3. gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilis kanonieri Zalis Sedegi

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom am gadawyvetilebiT dadgenil samarTlebriv

urTierTobebs da faqtebs aqvT preidiciuli (winaswargadamwyveti)

mniSvneloba sxva samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvisas, romelSic igive mxareebi

monawileoben.

III. gadawyvetilebis droiTi farglebi.

277

gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala vrceldeba am gadawyvetilebiT

dadgenil faqtobriv garemoebebze, romlebsac adgili hqondaT

gadawyvetilebis gamotanis momentisaTvis. faqtebi, romlebic warmoiSven

amis Semdeg warmoadgenen axal faqtebs, romlebic SeiZleba safuZvlad

daedos axal sarCels an mis winaaRmdeg mimarTul Sesagebels. cxadia,

rom am axal faqtebze anu gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg warmoSobil

faqtebze, am gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala ver gavrceldeba.

magaliTad: sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba, romliTac uari

uTxra mosarCeles ganqorwinebaze im motiviT, rom

marTalia mopasuxe zogjer zomaze met alkoholur

sasmelebs iRebs, magram is araa Cveuli alkoholiki da

jer kidev arsebobs ojaxis SenarCunebis Sansi. am

gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan ramdenime

Tvis Semdeg mosarCelem kvlav mimarTa sasamarTlos

igive sasarCelo moTxovniT da im motiviT, rom

mopasuxe kvlav agrZelebs ufro meti intensiurobiT

alkoholis miRebas da uxeSad eqceva ojaxis wevrebs.

sasamarTlom unda miiRos es sarCeli gansaxilvelad,

radgan faqtebi, romlebzec miuTiTebs mosarCele Tavisi

moTxovnis dasasabuTeblad, warmoiSva pirveli

gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg da amitom, isini sxva

faqtebad unda miviCnioT.

IV. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis subieqturi farglebi.

1. mxareebi

gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis subieqturi farglebi gulisxmobs

im pirTa wris gansazRvras, romlebzedac vrceldeba gadawyvetilebis

kanonieri Zala.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad

gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala vrceldeba mosarCeleze, mopasuxeze,

mesame pirebze damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT.

unda aRiniSnos, rom jer kidev gasuli saukunis 40-iani wlebis

bolos qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi prof. d.i. polumordvinovma

Tavis sadoqtoro disertaciaSi daasabuTa mosazreba, rom sasamarTlo

davaSi monawileoba unda vcnoT iseT aucilebel pirobad, romlis

mixedviT SeiZleba ganisazRvros im pirTa wre, romlebzec vrceldeba

kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis moqmedeba da rom

sawinaaRmdego mosazreba iqneboda didi usamarTloba, ramdenadac

gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala gavrceldeboda iseT pirebze, romlebic

ar monawileobdnen procesSi, romlebmac SeiZleba arc ki icodnen am

gadawyvetilebis arsebobis Sesaxeb.119

d.i. polumordvinovis am mosazrebam Tavisi asaxva hpova samoqalaqo

saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi, romlis Tanaxmad saqmis ganxilva da

gadawyvetilebis miReba „erT-erTi mxaris dauswreblad, romelsac ar

119 d.i. polumordvinovi. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 139-140.

278

miuRia Setyobineba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT“ warmoadgens am

gadawyvetilebis saapelacio (sakasacio) wesiT gauqmebis absolutur

safuZvels (ssk 394-e muxlis „b“ punqti). amave kodeqsis 422-e muxlis

pirveli nawilis „b“ punqtis Tanaxmad kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli

gadawyvetileba SeiZleba baTilad iqnes cnobili „Tu erT-erTi mxare, an

Tu mas kanonieri warmomadgeneli sWirdeba, aseTi warmomadgeneli ar iyo

mowveuli saqmis ganxilvaSi.“

amrigad, saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileoba warmoadgens mxareebze da

mesame pirebze damoukidebeli moTxovniT gadawyvetilebis kanonieri

Zalis moqmedebis gavrcelebis savaldebulo pirobas.

ras niSnavs „saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileoba“?

iTvleba, rom mxare monawileobda saqmis ganxilvaSi, Tu mas

gaegzavna Setyobineba kanoniT (ssk 70-78-e muxlebiT) dadgenili wesiT

saqmis ganxilvisa da mTavari sxdomis dRis daniSvnis Sesaxeb.

aucilebeli araa, rom igi TviTon gamocxaddes sxdomaze da uSualod

miiRos monawileoba saqmis ganxilvaSi. mas SeuZlia saqme awarmoos

sasamarTloSi piradad an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT (ssk 93-e muxlis

me-2 nawili). aqedan gamomdinare, iTvleba rom mxare monawileobda saqmis

ganxilvaSi, maSinac, rodesac TviTon uSualod ar gamocxadebula, magram

gamocxadda misi warmomadgeneli.

daskvna: iTvleba, rom mxare (mesame piri) monawileobda saqmis

ganxilvaSi: a) Tu mas gaegzavna Setyobineba mTavar sxdomaze saqmis

ganxilvis daniSvnis Sesaxeb kanoniT dadgenili wesiT (ssk 70-78-e

muxlebi) damoukideblad imisa, gamocxadda Tu ara sxdomaze; b) Tu

saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileobis misaRebad Setyobineba gaegzavna mxaris

warmomadgenels dadgenili wesiT, damoukideblad imisa, gamocxadda Tu

ara igi sxdomaze. mxaris (warmomadgenlis) mouwvevlobas da mowveuli

mxaris (warmomadgenlis) gamoucxadeblobas sxvadasvanairi Sedegebi

ukavSirdeba (ssk 229-230-e muxlebi da 394-e muxlis „b“ punqti).

2. mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovnis gareSe.

damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe mesame pirebis procesSi

monawileobis sakiTxis ganxilvisas aRvniSneT, rom maTze vrceldeba

gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala mxolod erTi pirobiT, Tu isini

Cabmuli iyvnen procesSi (saqmis ganxilvaSi). amis dasasabuTeblad

miuTiTeT aramarto imaze, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebamde yovel pirs

aqvs ufleba mousminon sasamarTloSi, aramed agreTve samoqalaqo

kodeqsis 706-e muxlze, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu mesame piri Cabmuli iqneba

procesSi maSin mis mimarT ukumoTxovnis wayenebisas mas aRar eqneba

ufleba amtkicos, rom ukumoTxovnis wamyenebels usafuZvlod daekisra

zianis anazRaureba. magram Tu igi ar iyo Cabmuli procesSi (ar iyo

saTanadod gafrTxilebuli procesis Sesaxeb), maSin mas ufleba aqvs

amtkicos, rom ukumoTxovnis aRmZvrel mosarCeles usafuZvlod daekisra

zianis anazRaureba.

es imas niSnavs, rom faqtebis dadgenis nawilSi gadawyvetilebis

kanonieri Zala vrceldeba mesame pirze damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe,

Tu igi Cabmuli iyo saqmis ganxilvaSi. swored amitom, im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu mis mimarT iqneba aRZruli regresuli sarCeli, mas aRar SeuZlia

amtkicos, rom misi monawileobiT ganxilul saqmeze gamotanili

279

gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili faqtebi ar Seesabameba sinamdviles (anu

moiTxovos am faqtebis xelmeored dadgena). amiT amoiwureba

gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis farglebi damoukidebeli moTxovnis

gareSe mesame piris mimarT. mesame piri ar aris mxare da mas ar SeiZleba

daekisros raime moqmedebis Sesruleba romelime mxaris mimarT da mas ar

SeiZleba raime miekuTvnos romelime mxarisagan. mis winaaRmdeg an mis

mier romelime mxaris winaaRmdeg aRZruli sarCelis igiveobriobis

sakiTxi adre ganxilul da gadawyvetil sarCelTan ar SeiZleba daisvas.

TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba mesame piri damoukidebeli moTxovnis

gareSe, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia ssk 184-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT,

romlis Tanaxmad sadavo nivTis gasxviseba an moTxovnis daTmoba ver

moaxdens zegavlenas procesis msvlelobaze da rom „sadavo sagnis

SemZens an im pirs, visac moTxovna dauTmes, ufleba ar aqvs

mowinaaRmdege mxaris Tanxmobis gareSe Caebas procesSi im mxaris

nacvlad, romelmac gaasxvisa davis sagani an daTmo moTxovna. maT

SeuZliaT Caeban procesSi mesame pirebad damoukidebeli moTxovnis

gareSe“.

am muxls mxedvelobaSi aqvs iseTi viTareba, rodesac sadavo sagnis

gasxviseba an uflebis daTmoba moxda procesis msvlelobis dros, saqmis

sasamarTloSi ganxilvis dros. aq Cven saqme gvaqvs uflebamonacvleobis

klasikur SemTxvevasTan (ssk 92-e muxli), rodesac sasamarTlom unda

SeaCeros saqmis warmoeba saqmeSi uflebamonacvlis Cabmis mizniT (ssk

279-e muxli). magram ssk 184-e muxlis me-3 nawili akeTebs gamonakliss

im TvalsazrisiT, rom uflebamonacvles anu sadavo sagnis SemZens an im

pirs visac moTxovna dauTmes, ufleba ar aqvs daikavos im mxaris

adgili, vinc gaasxvisa davis sagani an daTmo moTxovna. maT SeuZliaT

Secvalon mxare procesSi mxolod mowinaaRmdege mxaris TanxmobiT. Tu

aseTi Tanxmoba aris da moxda mxareTa Secvla, maSin yvelaferi SeiZleba

martivad gadawydes: gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala gavrceldeba

uflebamonacvleze, romelmac Secvala mxare procesSi. magram, Tu aseTi

Secvla ar ganxorcielda da uflebamonacvle Caeba procesSi mesame

pirad damoukidebeli moTxovniT, maSin gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala

am mesame pirze gavrceldeba imis mixedviT aris Tu ara igi sadavo

sagnis Tu uflebis keTilsindisieri SemZeni.120

3. uflebamonacvle

ssk 92-e muxlis mixedviT uflebamonacvleoba dasaSvebia procesis

nebismier stadiaze, kerZod sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebidan

gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde, gadawyvetilebis gamotanidan mis kanonier

ZalaSi Sesvlamde da gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan mis

aRsrulebamde. Tu uflebamonacvleobis safuZvlebi (ssk 92-e muxli)

warmoiSva gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde – sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebis

dros, maSin sasamarTlom unda SeaCeros saqmis warmoeba sanam

dadgindebodes uflebamonacvleoba da Caebmebodes uflebamonacvle

saqmeSi (ssk 279-e muxli).121 uflebamonacvlisaTvis procesSi mis

120 ix. В. Галасовски. dasax. naSromi, gv.. 69.

121 gamonaklisi wesia gaTvaliswinebuli ssk 184-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT, romlis Tanaxmad Tu

uflebamonacvleobis safuZvelia davis sagnis gasxviseba an moTxovnis daTmoba, maSin uflebamonacvles

280

daSvebamde Sesrulebuli yvela moqmedeba savaldebuloa im odenobiT,

rac savaldebulo iqneboda im pirisaTvis, romelic man Secvala (ssk 92-

e muxlis me-2 nawili).

es imas niSnavs, rom gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala vrceldeba

uflebamonacvlezec miuxedavad imisa, rom igi ar monawileobda saqmis

ganxilvaSi, romlis mimarTac gamotanilia gadawyvetileba. amis Sesaxeb

pirdapiraa miTiTebuli ssk 266-e muxlSi,M romlis Tanaxmad

gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg mxareebs agreTve maT

uflebamonacvleebs ar SeuZliaT xelaxla ganacxadon sasamarTloSi

igive sasarCelo moTxovnebi.

aqedan gamomdinare, Tu uflebamonacvleoba warmoiSva

gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg – aRsrulebis

stadiaze, maSin mis mimarT gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis sakiTxebi

SeiZleba mogvardes gadawyvetilebis ganmartebis wesiT (ssk 262-e

muxli).

II. gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis moqmedebis Sewyveta

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs

uaRresad mniSvnelovan debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom kanonier ZalaSi

Sesuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba an Secvla dasaSvebia mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi da im wesiT, rac dadgenilia kanoniT (ssk 265-e muxli).

ssk-si ar iTvaliswiebs gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis vadis

gagrZelebas (aRdgenas). amitom, gasaCivrebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg

gadawyvetileba Sedis kanonier ZalaSi.

gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis moqmedeba Sewydeba saqmis

warmoebis ganaxlebiT (restitucia).

kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT an ganCinebiT

damTavrebuli saqmis warmoebis ganaxleba dasaSvebia mxolod maSin,

roca arsebobs gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis an axlad aRmoCenil

garemoebaTa gamo saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis safuZvlebi (ssk 421-e

muxli).

saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebas eZRvneba am wignis specialuri Tavi,

amitom am sakiTxebze aq ar SevCerdebiT.

2. kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi dasaSvebia sasamarTlos mier

dadgenili perioduli gadasaxadebis Secvla. magaliTad, mSobels,

romelic arasrulwlovani Svilis sasargeblod ixdis aliments, ufleba

aqvs „aRZras sarCeli sasamarTlos mier dadgenili alimentis odenobis

Semcirebis Sesaxeb (sk 1221-e muxli), aseve ,.Tu Seicvala mSoblebis an

Svilebis materialuri Tu ojaxuri mdgomareoba – sasamarTlos SeuZlia

erT-erTi maTganis sarCeliT Secvalos alimentis dadgenili odenoba“

(sk 1222-e muxli).

cxadia, rom sarCeli sasamarTlos mier adre gamotanili

gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili alimentis odenobis Semcirebis Tu gadadebis

Sesaxeb SeiZleba emyarebodes iseT faqtiur garemoebebs, romlebic

warmoiSven am adre gamotanili gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg.

kanonmdebeli miuTiTebs mxolod zogad kriteriumze: Tu Seicvala

SeuZlia Caebas procesSi im mxaris nacvlad, romelmac gaasxvisa davis sagani an daTmo moTxovna. Tu

mowinaaRmdege mxare amis winaaRmdegia, maSin mas SeuZlia Caebas procesSi mxolod mesame pirad

damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe.

281

mSoblebis an Svilebis materialuri da ojaxuri mdgomareoba mas Semdeg,

rac sasamarTlom daadgina im Tanxis odenoba, romlebic unda gadaixadon

mSoblebma Tu Svilebma (sk 1221, 1222, 1230, 1231-e muxlebi).122

3. garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba udavo warmoebis wesiT

miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis kanonieri Zalis moqmedebis Sewyveta. udavo

warmoebis wesiT saqmeTa ganxilvis Taviseburebas eZRvneba Tavi XX. aq mokled avRniSnavT Semdegs:

a) zogierT, kanoniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi da

safuZvliT, sasamarTlos, romelmac gamoitana gadawyvetileba udavo

warmoebis wesiT, SeuZlia TviTonve gaauqmos es gadawyvetileba.

magaliTad, ugzo-ukvalod dakargulad aRiarebuli an gardacvlilad

gamocxadebuli moqalaqis gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo axali

gadawyvetilebiT auqmebs Tavis winandel gadawyvetilebas (ssk 321-e,

326-e muxlebi).

b) zogjer sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT ganxorcielebuli Sedegis

gauqmebisaTvis sakmarisia ara gadawyvetilebis, aramed mxolod mis

safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli moqmedebis Tu Sedegis gauqmeba (ssk 348-e

muxli).

magaliTad, ssk 327-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos

meurvis Tu meurvis ojaxis wevris gancxadebiT da fsiqiatriuli

eqspertizis daskvnis safuZvelze gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba

gamojanmrTelebuli piris qmedunarianad aRiarebisa da masze meurveobis

gauqmebis Sesaxeb, ise rom ar gaauqmos adre gamotanili gadawyvetileba

am piris qmeduunarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb.

$3. sasamarTlo ganCineba

I. ganCinebis miReba

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba naTlad da

garkveviT mijnavs erTmaneTisagan sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebisa da

sasamarTlo ganCinebis gamoyenebis sferoebs: saqmis arsebiTad

gadawyvetis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba, xolo saqmis

ganxilvis dros wamoWril calkeuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetis Sesaxeb

sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba (ssk 284-e muxli).123

saqmis ganxilvis procesSi ki wamoiWreba uamravi sakiTxi, romelTa

gadaWris gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba saqmis ganxilva da gadawyvetilebis

122 2002 wlis TbilisSi Catarebul mosamarTleTa konferenciaze germanelma mosamarTlem v.

golosovskim aRniSna, rom garda Cvens mier zemod miTiTebuli SemTxvevebisa germaniis kanonmdebloba

da sasamarTlo praqtika iTvaliswinebs gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zalis moqmedebis Sewyvetis

SesaZleblobas, agreTve sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi saCivris Setanis SemTxvevaSi, roca es

pirdapiraa gaTvaliswinebuli kanoniT da roca gadawyvetilebas iyeneben sayovelTaod aRiarebuli

moralis normebis sawinaaRmdegod (germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 826-e muxli).

ix. В.Голасовски. Окончательность судебных решении и их персемотр по немецкому праву. Сборник 1-ой кавказской конференции судей 2002, стр. 72-73. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo praqtika analogiur SemTxvevebs ar iTvaliswinebs. 123 germaniis samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi da Sesabamisad iuridiul literaturaSi

gadawyvetilebebisa da ganCinebebis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna xdeba imis mixedviT gamoaqvs sasamarTlos

Tavisi dadgenileba zepiri ganxilvis Sedegad Tu zepiri ganxilvis gareSe: dadgenilebebi, romlebsac

sasamarTlo iRebs zepiri ganxilvis gareSe, miiReba ganCinebis (der Beschlus) formiT, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli iSviaTi gamonaklisebisa, rodesac ganCineba SeiZleba miRebuli iqnes zepiri

ganxilvis Sedegadac. ix. Schellhamer. Zivilprozeß, Gesetz, Praxis, Fälle 1996 s. 328.

282

gamotana. magaliTad, sarCels (gancxadebas) aqvs xarvezi da igi unda

Seivsos, mopasuxes unda gadaegzavnos sarCelis da masze TandarTuli

dokumentebis aslebi, saWiroa Catardes adgilze daTvaliereba, unda

dainiSnos eqspertiza, unda moxdes sarCelis uzrunvelyofa, saWiroa

saqmis ganxilvis sxva droisaTvis gadadeba, mxaris TxovniT unda

moxdes mtkicebulebaTa gamoTxova an mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa da

a.S. yvela amgvar sakiTxze sasamarTlos gamoaqvs dadgenileba ganCinebis

formiT. ganCinebis formiT TavianTi dadgenilebebi gamoaqvT zemdgomi

instanciis sasamarTloebsac, magram maT Sesaxeb saubari gveqneba qvemoT,

rodesac SevexebiT apelaciisa da kasaciis sakiTxebs.

II. ganCinebis miRebis wesi

raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloebSi, romlebic pirveli

instanciiT ganixilaven maT gansjadobas mikuTvnebul saqmeebs, rogorc

gadawyvetilebebi, ise ganCinebebi gamoaqvv erTpirovnulad mosamarTles.

sasamarTlo sistemis yvela sxva rgolSi, kerZod, saapelacio da

sakasacio sasamarTloebSi, saqmeebs ganixilaven kolegiurad. amitom, Tu

ganCineba gamoaqvs sasamarTlos kolegiur Semadgenlobas, mas xels awers

am Semadgenlobis yvela mosamarTle.

amasTan erTad, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom saqmis ganxilvasTan

dakavSirebuli ama Tu im sakiTxis gadawyveta an calkeuli saproceso

moqmedebis Sesruleba daevalos kolegiuri sasamarTlos romelime

mosamarTles. magaliTad, sarCelis miReba (ssk 187-e muxli), saqmis

momzadeba (ssk me-200 muxli), mtkicebulebaTa uzrunvelyofa (ssk 113-e

muxli), adgilze daTvaliereba (ssk 122-e muxli) da sxva, SeiZleba

daevalos kolegiuri sasamarTlos erT-erT mosamarTles. aseT

SemTxvevaSi, ganCineba gamoaqvs erTpirovnulad mosamarTles, romelic

aseve erTpirovnulad awers xels am ganCinebas.

nebismieri ganCineba SeiZleba miRebul iqnes rogorc calke

saproceso dokumentis saxiT, ise oqmSi SetaniT. saTaTbiro oTaxSi

oqmis Sedgena ar warmoebs. amitom, Tu sasamarTlo gavida saTaTbiro

oTaxSi ganCinebis gamosatanad, maSin aseTi ganCineba calke saproceso

dokumentis saxiT unda gamovides. saTaTbiro oTaxSi SeiZleba gavides

saqmis erTpirovnulad ganmxilveli mosamarTlec, magram ara imitom,

rom vinmes moeTaTbiros, aramed, Tu mis winaSe mxaris mier dasmuli

sakiTxis gadawyveta moiTxovs saqmis faqtobriv da samarTlebriv

analizs.

cxadia, rom ganCineba, romelic Setanilia sxdomis oqmSi, unda

pasuxobdes kanonis moTxovnebs (285-e muxli). mxares SeuZlia moiTxovos

am oqmidan ganCinebis amonabeWdi, Seitanos am ganCinebaze kerZo saCivari,

Tu kanoni iTvaliswinebs misi gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobas.

mizanSewonilad unda CaiTvalos yvela im ganCinebis calke

saproceso dokumentis saxiT Camoyalibeba, romlebzec dasaSvebia kerZo

saCivris Setana.

sasamarTlos ganCineba, damoukideblad imisa miRebulia igi calke

dokumentis saxiT Tu oqmSi SetaniT, miRebisTanave unda gamocxaddes.

ssk 286-e muxli Seicavs praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT metad

mniSvnelovan danawess: mxareebs, romlebic ar eswrebian ganCinebis

gamocxadebas, egzavnebaT ganCinebis aslebi saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis,

283

sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebisa Tu saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis

Sesaxeb, misi gamotanidan araugvianes 5 dRisa.

am muxlis danawesi ar SeiZleba gavigoT ise, TiTqos mxareebs

egzavnebaT mxolod aq miTiTebuli ganCinebebi. ssk 286-e muxli

gansazRvravs mxolod vadas (5 dRes), romlis ganmavlobaSiac mxares,

romelic ar eswreboda zemod aRniSnuli ganCinebebis gamocxadebas,

unda gadaegzavnos isini.

saerTod ki, yvela ganCineba, romelzec SeiZleba kerZo saCivris

Setana, aucileblad unda gadaegzavnos im mxares romelic ar eswreboda

aseTi ganCinebis gamocxadebas. aucileblad unda iqnes miRebuli

mxedvelobaSi is garemoeba, rom ganCinebaze kerZo saCivris Setanis vada

iwyeba ganCinebis gadacemis momentidan, roca mis gamocxadebas ar

eswreboda mxare (ssk 416-e muxli); ganCinebis gadacemis momentad

iTvleba misi aslis mxarisaTvis Cabareba uSualod sasamarTloSi, an

misi mxarisaTvis gadagzavna kanoniT dadgenili wesiT (ssk 70-78-e

muxlebi).

III. ganCinebis Sinaarsi da kanonieri Zala

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis analogiurad, sasamarTlo ganCinebis

Sinaarsic ganisazRvreba kanoniT (ssk 285-e muxli). kerZod, garda im

Cveulebriv da cnobil rekvizitebs Soris, romlebic unda aisaxos

sasamarTlos mier gamotanil nebismier dokumentSi (misi mimRebi

sasamarTlos dasaxeleba, Semadgenloba, mxareebis dasaxeleba da a.S.),

sasamarTlo ganCinebaSi unda aisaxos sakiTxi romelzec miRebuli iqna

ganCineba, motivebi da kanonebi, romlebiTac xelmZRvanelobda

sasamarTlo, sasamarTlos dadgenileba (sarezolucio nawili) da

ganCinebis gasaCivrebis wesi.

ganCinebis samarTlebrivi dasabuTebis dros sasamarTlo

xelmZRvanelobs samoqalaqo saproceso samarTlis normebi.

magaliTad: a-nim, romlis sarCelic miRebuli aqvs sasamarTlos

warmoebaSi, mimarTa sasamarTlos gancxadebiT sarCelis

uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlom am gancxadebis

ganxilvis Sedegad miiRo ganCineba da ssk 198-e muxlis

me-2 nawilis „a“ punqtis Tanaxmad yadaRa daado

mopasuxis qonebas.124

ganCinebis gamotanis dros sasamarTlom SeiZleba ixelmZRvanelos

materialur samarTlebrivi normebiTac. magaliTad, Tu materialuri

samarTali ar uSvebs uflebamonacvleobas, sasamarTlo gamoitans

ganCinebas ara saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb, aramed saqmis

warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo ganCinebis

samotivacio nawilSi miuTiTebs ssk 272-e muxlis „e“ punqtze da

Sesabamis materialur samarTlebriv normaze.

magaliTad, gamomcemloba d-onim aRZra sarCeli mweral g-anis

mimarT zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, rac gamowveuli iyo

xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul vadaSi nawarmoebis

gamomcemlobisaTvis warudgenlobiT. saqmis ganxilvis

124 sasamarTlo praqtikis moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT Cvens mier SemuSavebuli iqna sasamarTlo

ganCinebaTa nimuSebi (formularebi). ix. T. liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saqmeTa warmoeba sasamarTloSi.

praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo, me-4 gamocema, T. 2005 w.

284

procesSi mwerali g-ani gardaicvala. sasamarTlom

Tavisi ganCinebiT Sewyvita saqmis warmoeqa, radgan sk

453-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad movalis

gardacvaleba iwvevs valdebulebis Sewyvetas, Tu

„Sesruleba SeuZlebelia misi piradi monawileobis

gareSe“.

Sedian Tu ara ganCinebebi kanonier ZalaSi?

am kiTxvaze dadebiTad unda vupasuxoT: sasamarTlos ganCinebebi

savaldebuloa Sesasruleblad da maTi Seusrulebloba iwvevs garkveul

araxelsayrel Sedegs im mxarisaTvis, romelmac igi ar Seasrula.

magaliTad, a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis mimarT miyenebuli zianis

anazRaurebis Sesaxeb. sarCelSi ar iyo miTiTebuli

faqtobriv garemoebebze, romlebic asabuTeben a-nis

sasarCelo moTxovnas, agreTve mtkicebulebebze,

romlebic daadastureben am faqtebs. sasamarTlom

gamoitana ganCineba sarCelis xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb

ssk 185-e muxlis Tanaxmad da dauniSna 10dRiani vada

mosarCeles am xarvezis Sesavsebad.

Tu mosarCele a-ni ar Seavsebs xarvezs am 10 dRian vadaSi, maSin

sasamarTlom ssk 185-e muxlis Tanaxmad sarCeli umoZraod unda

datovos da daubrunos mosarCeles.

arseboben ganCinebebi, romlebic SeiZleba gasaCivrdes kerZo

saCivriT. isini kanonier ZalaSi Sedian gasaCivrebis vadis gasvlis

Semdeg, Tu ar iyvnen gasaCivrebuli, xolo, Tu gasaCivrebuli iyvnen -

mas Semdeg, roca sasamarTlo uars etyvis momCivans saCivris

dakmayofilebaze.

arseboben agreTve ganCinebebi, romlebzec kerZo saCivris Setana ar

SeiZleba. aseTi ganCinebebi dauyovnebliv Sedian kanonier ZalaSi.125

125 dawvrilebiT kerZo saCivris Sesaxeb ix. Tavi XXII

285

Tavi XV

dauswrebeli warmoeba

$1. dauswrebeli warmoebis cneba da mniSvneloba

samoqalaqo procesSi (sasarCelo warmoebaSi) yovelTvis gvyavs

ori urTierTdapirispirebuli interesis mqone mxare - mosarCele da

mopasuxe). am ori mxaris aqtiuri monawileoba saqmis ganxilvaSi

uzrunvelyofilia maTi interesiT: mosarCelis interesi mdgomareobs

imaSi, rom sasamarTlom daakmayofilos sarCeli, gamoitanos misTvis

sasurveli (xelsayreli) gadawyvetileba, xolo mopasuxis interesi -

esaa mosarCelisaTvis sarCelze uarisTqma sasamarTlos mier anu misTvis

xelsayreli gadawyvetilebis gamotana.

am interesebis realizaciisaTvis mxareebs miniWebuli aqvT

Sesabamisi saproceso uflebebi. samoqalaqo procesis erT-erTi

Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saproceso uflebebis gamouyenlobas

SeiZleba moyves araxelsayreli Sedegi im mxarisaTvis, romelmac es

ufleba ar gamoiyena, magram mis mimarT gamoricxulia raime

saxelmwifoebrivi iZulebis RonisZiebis gamoyeneba.

magaliTad, mxaris erT-erTi saproceso uflebaa monawileoba

miiRos saqmis ganxilvaSi. am uflebas Seesabameba sasamarTlos movaleoba

Seatyobinos mxares saqmis ganxilvis dRis Sesaxeb ssk 70-78-e muxlebiT

dadgenili wesiT. saqmis ganxilva da gadawyveta mxaris Seutyobineblad

da gamouZaxeblad unda dakvalificirdes rogorc saqmis ganxilva mxaris

monawileobis gareSe, mis dauswreblad, rac gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis

absoluturi safuZvelia (ssk 394-e muxli).

orive mxaris monawileobas procesSi aqvs mravalmxrivi

mniSvneloba maT Soris im TvalsazrisiTac, rom saSualebas gvaZlevs

srulyofilad avamoqmedoT SejibrebiTobis principi, davadginoT saqmis

faqtobrivi garemoebebi.

magram, rogor SeiZleba moviqceT, roca saqmis ganxilvaze ar

cxaddeba erT-erTi mxare?

saqmis ganxilva da am saqmeze marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba ar

SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos erT-erTi mxaris, kerZod mopasuxis

nebasurvilze. amitom, saqme unda iqnes ganxiluli da gadawyvetili.

magram rogor?

sxvadasxva qveynis kanonmdebloba am sakiTxs sxvadasxvanairad

wyvets. aris qveynebi, romelTa samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba

uSvebs erT-erTi mxaris gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi dauswrebeli

gadawyvetilebis gamotanas oRond saqmis masalebis mixedviT. es imas

286

niSnavs, rom dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gamotanili iqnes

gamoucxadebeli mxaris sasargeblodac, Tu saqmis masalebi amis

safuZvels iZlevian.126

zogierTi qveynis saproceso kanonmdebloba uSvebs erT-erTi mxaris

gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis

SesaZleblobas im mxaris winaaRmdeg, romelic ar gamocxadda saqmis

ganxilvaze (da ara saqmis masalebis mixedviT).127

saqarTvelo swored aseTi qveynebis kategorias ganekuTvneba.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis Tanaxmad erT-erTi mxaris

gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoitanos

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba gamoucxadebeli mxaris sawinaaRmdegod da

saqmis masalebis miuxedavad.

amrigad, dauswrebeli warmoeba - es iseTi warmoebaa, romlis dros

saqmis ganxilvaSi ar monawileobs erT-erTi mxare - mosarCele an

mopasuxe, romlebic gafrTxilebulebi iyvnen kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.

saqmis dauswrebeli warmoebis mniSvneloba mTlianad

ganpirobebulia saqmeze marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisa da am saqmis

ganxilvis damTavrebis interesebiT.

cxadia, rom roca sasamarTlo procesze eswreba mxolod erTi

mxare, saqmis garemoebebis srulad da sworad dadgena TiTqmis

SeuZlebelia, radgan ar gvyavs mowinaaRmdege mxare, romelsac SeeZlo

Tavisi interesebidan gamomdinare gaeqarwylebia meore mxaris

mtkicebulebebi mosazrebebi, wamoeyenebia Tavisi faqtebi da

mtkicebulebebi da a.S.

am TvalsazrisiT dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba Sorsaa

srulyofisagan, magram uaRresad saWiro ramaa, radgan erTad-erTi iseTi

qmediTiT instrumentia, romliTac SesaZlebelia brZola

arakeTilsindisier mxaresTan, romelic yovelnairad cdilobs saqmis

ganxilvis gaWianurebas. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, igi aris agreTve

sasjeli arakeTilsindisierebisaTvis da waxaliseba

keTilsindisierebisaTvis, razec naTlad miuTiTebs kanonis moTxovna imis

Sesaxeb, rom dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisaTvis da saqmis

ganaxlebisaTvis srulebiTac ar kmara wagebuli mxaris ubralo

protesti (saCivari), da rom amisaTvis aucilebelia dadasturdes

aramarto gamoucxadeblobis mizezebis sapatioba, aramed isic, rom mas

ar SeeZlo droulad (dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde)

ecnobebina sasamarTlosaTvis am mizezebis Sesaxeb (dawvrilebiT ix.

qvemoT).

$2. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis zogadi winapirobebi

I. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis cneba da safuZveli

saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, Tumca ukve iSviaTad, magram

mainc SevxvdebiT iseT „dauswrebel gadawyvetilebebs“, romlebic

126 ix. ГПК Российской федерации 2003 г. гл. 22. 127 magaliTad aseTi qveynebia germania da avstria

287

gamotanilia saqmis masalebis mixedviT da im mxaris sazianod romelic

gamocxadda da monawileoba miiRo saqmis ganxilvaSi.

aseTi gadawyvetileba ar SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT dauswrebeli

gadawyvetilebis kategorias. misi gasaCivrebis wesic gansxvavebuli iqneba

dauswrebeli gasaCivrebis wesisagan. aseTi „dauswrebeli“

gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saapelacio (sakasacio) wesiT.

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba - esaa gamoucxadebeli mxaris

winaaRmdeg gamotanili gadawyvetileba, romelic emyareba mxolod

gamoucxadeblobas da ara saqmis masalebs.

dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanas safuZvlad udevs varaudi

imis Sesaxeb, rom gamoucxadebeli mxare uars ambobs Tavis moTxovnaze

mowinaaRmdege mxaris mimarT (roca mosarCele ar gamocxadda), an

aRiarebs (cnobs) faqtiur garemoebebs, romlebic safuZvlad udevs

sasarCelo moTxovnas, (roca ar cxaddeba mopasuxe).

gamoucxadebel mxares, romlis winaaRmdegac gamotanilia

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, SeuZlia gaaqarwylos varaudi, romelic

safuZvlad udevs am gadawyvetilebas da, maSasadame, moiTxovos misi

gauqmeba da saqmis ganaxleba Tu daamtkicebs, rom ar arsebobda

dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis winapirobebi.

II. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis zogadi winapirobebi

dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis winapirobebi rogorc

mosarCelis, ise mopasuxis mimarT saerToa, garda zogierTi

gamonaklisisa, ris Sesaxebac saubari gveqneba qvemoT.

ganvixiloT es zogadi winapirobebi:

G a) winapirobebi, romlebsac adgili aqvT saqmis mTavar sxdomaze

ganxilvis dawyebamde.

1. gamoucxadebeli mxare mowveuli iyo saqmis ganxilvaSi da mas

droulad da kanoniT dadgenili wesiT ecnoba sasamarTlo sxdomis dRis

Sesaxeb (ssk 233-e muxlis „a“ punqti).

mowveulad iTvleba mxare, romelsac uwyeba gaegzavna da Cabarda

70-78-e muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT. mxareTa Setyobinebas am wesebis

dacviT eniWeba gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba: sarCelis ganxilva da

gadawyveta kanoniT dadgenili wesiT mxaris Seutyobineblad, unda

Sefasdes rogorc saqmis ganxilva mxaris monawileobis gareSe, rac

gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis absoluturi safuZvelia (ssk 394-e muxli).

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba kanonis darRveviT miRebulad CaiTvleba da

unda gauqmdes im SemTxvevaSic, roca sasamarTlos uwyebaSi araa miTiTeba

gamoucxadeblobis Sedegebze, anu imis Sesaxeb, rom gamoucxadeblobis

SemTxvevaSi gamotanili iqneba dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba (ssk 72-e

muxlis „z“punqti).

2. adgili ar aqvs raime dauZlevel Zalas an sxva iseT movlenebs,

romlebsac SeeZloT xeli SeeSalaT sasamarTloSi mxaris droulad

gamocxadebisaTvis ( ssk 233-e muxlis „b“ punqti).

mxaris gamocxadebisaTvis am xelisSemSleli garemoebebis arsebobis

Sesaxeb cnobili unda iyos sasamarTlosaTvis. mniSvneloba ar aqvs, Tu

romeli wyaroebidan miiRo sasamarTlom es cnobebi uSualo aRqmis gziT,

(magaliTad miwisZvra, wyaldidoba da a.S.) Tu presisa, radios Tu

288

televiziis meSveobiT. mTavaria, rom sasamarTlos hqondes informacia am

movlenebis Sesaxeb.

3. gamoucxadebel mxares droulad ecnoba saqmis faqtobrivi

garemoebebis Sesaxeb. (ssk 233-e muxlis „g“ punqti).

ssk-si did mniSvnelobas aniWebs mxareebisaTvis saqmis faqtobrivi

garemoebebis Sesaxeb cnobebis droulad miwodebas. kerZod, sasamarTlos

evaleba droulad gadaugzavnos mopasuxes sarCelisa da TandarTuli

sabuTebis aslebi, agreTve yvela sxva masala, romelic Seicavs

informacias im faqtiuri garemoebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic wamoyenebulia

mis winaaRmdeg mosarCelis mier, Tavis mxriv, sasamarTlos evaleba

droulad gadaugzavnos mosarCeles mopasuxis mier warmodgenili

werilobiTi Sesagebeli da sxva masalebi (ssk 203-e muxli). „droulad

ecnobos“ imas niSnavs, rom mxarem aseTi informacia unda miiRos saqmis

momzadebis stadiaze, xolo gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, am stadiis

damTavrebis Semdeg, magram im angariSiT, rom man SeZlos moemzados

mTavari sxdomisaTvis.

4. arsebobs sarCelis aRZvris yvela winapiroba da igi miRebulia

sworad (ssk 233-e muxlis „d“ punqti).

sarCelis aRZvris winapirobebi CamoTvlilia ssk 186-e muxlSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu es winapirobebi ar arsebobs, sasamarTlom ar unda

miiRos sarCeli gansaxilvelad. magram Tu sarCeli SecdomiT iqna

miRebuli sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba (ssk 272-e

muxli), an datovos sarCeli ganuxilvelad (ssk 275-e muxli), imis

mixedviT, sarCelis aRZvris romeli winapiroba ar arsebobs.

b) winapirobebi, romlebic warmoiSvebian saqmis mTavar sxdomaze

ganxilvis dros.

5. sasamarTlo sxdomaze gamocxadebuli mxare uars ambobs

monawileoba miiRos saqmis ganxilvaSi (ssk 232-e muxli).

praqtikaSi adgili aqvs iseT SemTxvevas, rodesac mxare gamocxadda

sasamarTlo sxdomaze, magram ara im ganzraxviT, rom monawileoba miiRos

saqmis ganxilvaSi. aseTi ganzraxva iqedan Cans, rom sxdomaze

gamocxadebuli mxare uars ambobs monawileoba miiRos saqmis ganxilvaSi.

aseTi mxare iTvleba gamoucxadebel mxared (ssk 232-e muxli) da mis

mimarT SeiZleba gamotanili iqnes dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba.

praqtikaSi ufro xSirad adgili aqvs iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac

gamocxadebuli mxare uars ar ambobs saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileobaze,

acxadebs sasamarTlos winaSe ama Tu im Suamdgomlobas, xolo rodesac

sasamarTlo uars eubneba aseTi Suamdgomlobis dakmayofilebaze, igi,

protestis niSnad tovebs sxdomas. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos unda

SeeZlos gamoitanos mis winaaRmdeg dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba erTi

aucilebeli pirobis dacviT: yoveli saqmis ganxilvis dawyebis wina (ssk

217-e muxli) sasamarTlom unda gaafrTxilos mxareebi, rom saqmis

ganxilvaSi monawileobis miuRebloba an sxdomis mitoveba sasamarTlos

nebarTvis gareSe, miCneuli iqneba rogorc gamoucxadebloba da maT

mimarT gamotanili iqneba dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba.

6. mosarCelis mier miTiTebuli faqtebi iuridiulad ar

amarTleben mis moTxovnas (ssk 230-e muxlis me-2 nawili).

Tu gamocxadda mosarCele, magram ar gamocxadda mopasuxe,

sarCelSi miTiTebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebi iTvleba damtkicebulad,

magram mosarCelis sasargeblod dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis

289

gamotanisaTvis aucilebelia am faqtebis iuridiuli Sefaseba. Tu aseTi

Sefasebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom es faqtebi amarTleben moTxovnas,

iuridiulad asabuTeben moTxovnas, sasamarTlo gamoitans dauswrebel

gadawyvetilebas mosarCelis sasargeblod. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

sasamarTlo gamoitans gadawyvetilebas, romliTac uars etyvis sxdomaze

gamocxadebul mosarCeles sarCelis dakmayofilebaze. es iqneba ara

dauswrebeldi aramed Cveulebrivi gadawyvetileba, romelic SeiZleba

gasaCivrdes saapelacio (sakasacio) wesiT.

aseTia dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis winapirobebi. es

imas niSnavs, rom Tu sasamarTlosaTvis cnobili gaxda, rom ar arsebobs

erT-erTi winapiroba igi gamoitans ganCinebas saqmis sxva droisaTvis

gadadebis Sesaxeb.

magaliTad, a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis winaaRmdeg binidan

gamosaxlebis Sesaxeb im motiviT, rom igi ar ixdis

binis qiras. sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar gamocxadda

mosarCele. sasamarTlosaTvis cnobili gaxda, rom

adgili hqonda stiqiur movlenebs, romlebsac

SeeZloT xeli SeeSalaT mosarCelis

gamocxadebisaTvis, romelic am stiqiuri movlenebis

zonaSi imyofeboda.

miuxedavad sxdomaze gamocxadebuli mopasuxis

Suamdgomlobisa, sasamarTlom ar gamoitana

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba da gadado saqmis

ganxilva sxva droisaTvis.

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis

winapirobebi obieqturad arsebobda (magaliTad, mxares SeemTxva avaria an

mZimed daavadda da sxva), magram ar iyo cnobili sasamarTlosaTvis da

amitom gamoitana kidec dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. aseT SemTxvevaSi

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT SeiZleba gauqmdes

da saqmis warmoeba ganaxldes.

III. dauswrebelil gadawyvetileba mosarCelis gamocxadeblobis

gamo

Tu sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar gamocxadda mosarCele da gamocxadda

mopasuxe sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoitanos dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba

ori pirobis erTdroulad arsebobisas:

pirveli - sasamarTloze gamocxadebuli mopasuxe Suamdgomlobs

sasamarTlos winaSe (es Suamdgomloba unda aisaxos oqmSi an daerTos

saqmes, Tu werilobiT iyo warmodgenili), raTa man gamoitanos

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba gamoucxadebeli mosarCelis winaaRmdeg, e.i.

gamoitanos gadawyvetileba sarCelis dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb.

meore - mosarCeles gagzavnili da Cabarebuli hqonda Setyobineba

kanoniT dadgenili wesiT (70-78-e muxlebi), anu arsebobs dauswrebeli

gadawyvetilebis miRebis yvela winapiroba da sasamarTlos ar miuRia

mosarCelisagan cnoba gamoucxadeblobis mizezebis Sesaxeb (ssk 241-e

muxli).

Tu es pirobebi ar arsebobs sasamarTlo ver gamoitans

dauswrebell gadawyvetilebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo gadadebs

saqmis ganxilvas sxva droisaTvis (ssk 216-e muxli). mas SeuZlia

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agreTve datovos sarCeli ganuxilvelad (ssk 229-e muxlis me-2 nawili

da 275-e muxlis „g“ punqti).

amrigad, Tu sasamarTlo sxdomaze gamocxadebuli mopasuxe

winaaRmdegia dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis, an sarCelis

ganuxilvelad datovebis, sasamarTlo ver gamoitans dauswrebel

gadawyvetilebas da verc sarCels datovebs ganuxilvelad.

sasamarTlo praqtikaSi wamoiWra sakiTxi: Tu saqmis ganxilvis sxva

droisaTvis gadadebis Semdeg daniSnul sxdomaze kvlav ar gamocxadda

mosarCele, xolo am sxdomaze gamocxadebuli mopasuxe kvlav ar

moiTxovs dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanas SeuZlia Tu ara

sasamarTlos miuxedavad amisa mainc gamoitanos dauswrebeli

gadawyvetileba?

am kiTxvaze dadebiTad unda vupasuxoT: ssk 229-e muxlis meore

nawilis Tanaxmad „mosarCelis ganmeorebiT gamoucxadeblbis SemTxvevaSi

sasamarTlo gamoitans dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas“. es imas niSnavs,

rom mopasuxis Tanxmoba dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanaze,

moarCelis ganmeorebiT gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, saWiro araa.

sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos daswrebeli gadawyvetileba.

xom ar gamoiwvevs es mopasuxis interesebis Selaxvas?

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba yovelTvis arais gamoucxadebeli

mxarisaTvis araxelsayreli da gamocxadebuli mxarisaTvis momgebiani.

amitom, dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT arasdros ar SeiZleba

Seilaxos sasamarTlo procesze damswre mxaris interesebi.

IV. dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis gamo

sasamarTlo praqtikis analizi srul safuZvels gvaZlevs

gavakeToT daskvna, rom ufro xSirad dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis

gamotana xdeba mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis gamo.

mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi dauswrebeli

gadawyvetilebis gamotana SesaZlebelia sami pirobis erTdroulad

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. am sami pirobidan ori igivea, rac mosarCelis

gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, kerZod: 1. gamocxadebuli mosarCelis

Tanxmoba dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanaze da 2. dauswrebeli

gadawyvetilebis miRebis zogadi pirobebis arseboba, romelTa Sesaxeb

zemoT gvqonda saubari

amasTan erTad, mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis gamo dauswrebeli

gadawyvetilebis gamotanisaTvis saWiroa mesame piroba: mosarCelis mier

sarCelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebi iuridiulad unda amarTlebdes

(asabuTebdes) mosarCelis sasarCelo moTxovnas (ssk 230-e muxlis me-2

nawili).

amrigad, mosarCelis gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo „ar

ixedeba arc kanonSi da arc saqmeSi“. mas gamoaqvs dauswrebeli

gadawyvetileba mTlianad sarCelis dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb.

mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi ki sakiTxi sxvanairad

dgas. imisaTvis, rom man gamoitanos dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba

winaswar unda Seasrulos azrobrivi procedura: mosarCelis mier

miTiTebuli faqtebi, romlebic mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis gamo

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damtkicebulad iTvlebian, amarTleben Tu ara samarTlebrivad mis

sasarCelo moTxovnas.

amrigad, mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo ar

ixedeba saqmeSi, ar amowmebs da ar afasebs mtkicebulebebs, vinaidan es

saWiro araa, radgan gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtebi

damtkicebulad iTvleba, magram „ixedeba kanonSi“ raTa misces am

damtkicebulad CaTvlil faqtebs iuridiuli Sefaseba.

Tu aseTi Sefasebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom aRniSnuli faqtebi

amarTleben Sesabamisi kanonis Tanaxmad mosarCelis moTxovnas,

sasamarTlo gamoitans dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas sarCelis

dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom unda

gamoitanos Cveulebrivi gadawyvetileba sarCelze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb.

magaliTi 1. a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis mimarT binidan gamosaxlebis

Sesaxeb. am moTxovnis safuZvlad a-nim miuTiTa, rom

bina ekuTvnis mas sakuTrebis uflebiT, massa da

mopasuxe b-ans Soris dadebulia binis qiravnobis

xelSekruleba, romlis Tanaxmad mopasuxem

yovelTviurad unda gadauxados 300 lari. miuxedavad

amisa, mas ar gadauxdia qira 5 Tvis ganmavlobaSi,

riTac daarRvia Tavisi saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba.

mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis gamo faqtebi imis

Sesaxeb, rom mosarCele aris gaqiravebuli binis

mesakuTre, rom mxareebs Soris dadebulia qiravnobis

xelSekruleba, rom am xelSekrulebis ZaliT

mopasuxem yovelTviurad unda ixados qira 300 laris

odenobiT da rom mas es qira ar gadauxdia 5 Tvis

ganmavlobaSi - damtkicebulad unda CaiTvalos.

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 562-e muxlis meore nawilis

„a“ punqtisa da amave kodeqsis 558-e muxlis Tanaxmad

aRniSnuli faqtobrivi garemoebebi samarTlebrivad

amarTleben mosarCelis moTxovnas.

sarezolucio nawili:

dakmayofildes a-nis sasarCelo moTxovna. mopasuxe

b-ani gamosaxldes sadavo binidan da mis mier

dakavebuli oTaxi gamonTavisuflebuli saxiT Cabardes

mosarCeles.

sasamarTlo xarjebi 100 laris odenobiT

daekisros mopasuxe b-anis.

magaliTi 2. a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis winaaRmdeg da moiTxova

mTeli misi uZravi (orsarTuliani sacxovrebeli

saxli, romelic TbilisSi mdebareobs da miwis

nakveTi) da moZravi qonebis („kamazis“ markis

satvirTo avtomanqana, saZinebeli aveji, karadebi da

WaRebi) mikuTvneba da mopasuxisa da misi ojaxis

wevrebis binidan gamosaxleba.

Tavisi sasarCelo moTxovna imiT daasabuTa, rom

misi „opel-omegas“ 1999 wlis gamoSvebis avtomanqanas,

romlis Rirebuleba Seadgens 6000 lars, dayenebuli

292

iyo quCis ukiduresad marjvena mxares, sadac

dasaSvebia manqanebis dayeneba, daejaxa mopasuxis

satvirTo avtomanqanas, romelsac TviT mopasuxe

marTavda da daaziana igi, rom aucilebelia Zvirad

Rirebuli remontis Catareba mis aRsadgenad.

sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar gamocxadda mopasuxe.

sasamarTlom daadgina

sarezolucio nawili

uari eTqvas mosarCeles sarCelis

dakmayofilebaze, radgan faqtiuri garemoebebi,

romlebsac igi emyareba Tavisi moTxovnis

dasasabuTeblad marTalia iTvleba damtkicebulad

mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis gamo, magram kanoni ar

ukavSirebs am faqtebs zianis mimyeneblisagan mTeli

uZrav-moZravi qonebis gadacemas dazaralebulisaTvis

(mosarCelisaTvis) da, maSasadame ver amarTleben

samarTlebrivad mis moTxovnas (ssk 230-e muxli.

sasamarTlo xarjebi 100 laris daekisros

mosarCeles.

zemoT Cven avRniSneT, dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba esaa

gamoucxadebeli mxaris winaaRmdeg gamotanili gadawyvetileba. amitom,

zemoT moyvanili gadawyvetileba, romelic gamotanilia sasamarTlos

mTavar sxdomaze gamocxadebuli da procesSi monawile mosarCelis

winaaRmdeg - araa dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. igi Cveulebrivi

„daswrebuli“ gadawyvetilebaa.

ar aris gamoricxuli iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac mosarCelis mier

miTiTebuli garemoebebi nawilobriv amarTleben moTxovnas, xolo

nawilobriv ar amarTleben.

magaliTad, a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis winaaRmdeg da moiTxova

valis dabruneba 20 000 laris odenobiT, romelic

sesxad hqonda mas gadacemuli, agreTve mopasuxis

sacxovrebeli saxlis auqcionze gayidva, romelic

ipoTekiT iyo datvirTuli da am saxlidan mopasuxisa

da misi ojaxis wevrTa gamosaxleba.

Tavisi moTxovna mosarCelem imiT daasabuTa, rom

gadasca mopasuxes sesxad 20 000 lari da sesxis

uzrunvelyofis mizniT ipoTekiT datvirTa mopasuxis

sacxovrebeli saxli. ukve dadga sesxis

xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli valis dabrunebis

vada, magram movale ar abrunebs mas.

sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar gamocxadda mopasuxe.

sasamarTlom gamoitana „gadawyvetileba -

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba“. romliTac moTxovnis is

nawili, romelic gamarTlebulia iuridiulad sk

623-e muxlis Tanaxmad, kerZod msesxebelma daabrunos

vali, dakmayofildes, xolo moTxovnis is nawili,

romelic araa gamarTlebuli iuridiulad (mopasuxisa

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da misi ojaxis wevrebis binidan gamosaxleba) ar

dakmayofildes.

V. orive mxaris gamoucxadebloba.

sasamarTlo praqtikaSi gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac

sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze ar cxaddeba arcerTi mxare da maTi

warmomadgenlebi.

rogor SeuZlia moiqces sasamarTlo aseT SemTxvevaSi?

ssk-is mtkice da erTmniSvnelovnad Camoyalibebuli pozicia am

sakiTxze aseTia:

Tu sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar gamocxaddeba arcerTi mxare,

romlebsac gaegzavnaT Setyobineba ssk 70-78-e muxlebiT

gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas sarCelis

ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb (ssk 231-e muxli).

amrigad, orive mxaris gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom

saqmis ganxilva ki ar unda gadados, aramed sarCeli ganuxilvelad unda

datovos. magram amisaTvis man winaswar unda Seamowmos aris Tu ara

saqmeSi cnoba romelic adasturebs, rom mxareebs da maT

warmomadgenlebs namdvilad CabardaT uwyeba ssk 70-78-e muxlebiT

dadgenili wesiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom unda gadados

saqmis ganxilva, ris Sesaxebac igi atyobinebs mxareebs.

sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb saubari

gveqneba qvemoT. avRniSnavT mxolod imas, rom sarCelis ganuxilvelad

datovebis Semdeg mosarCeles ar erTmeva ufleba kvlav aRZras igive

sarCeli.

$3. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba.

I. dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gadasinjvisa da saqmis ganaxlebis

Sesaxeb saCivris Sinaarsi.

saCivari dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gadasinjvisa da saqmis

ganaxlebis Sesaxeb (saCivari dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze) Tavisi

SinaarsiT gansxvavdeba rogorc saapelacio, ise sakasacio da kerZo

saCivrebisagan.

mTavari gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saCivari dauswrebel

gadawyvetilebaze SeiZleba emyarebodes mxolod da mxolod imas, rom

sasamarTlo sxdomaze gamoucxadebloba gamowveuli iyo sapatio mizeziT.

sapatio mizezebs Soris SeiZleba dasaxelebuli iyos iseTi garemoebebi,

rogoricaa miZime avadmyofoba, stiqiuri movlenebi, romlebmac xeli

SeuSales mis sasamarTloSi gamocxadebas, Setyobinebis (uwyebis)

miuRebloba da a.S.

amrigad, saCivari dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze ar SeiZleba

emyarebodes garemoebebs, romlebic asabuTeben mis usworobas arsebiTad,

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mis Seusabamobas saqmis faqtobriv garemoebebTan, radgan dauswrebeli

gadawyvetileba miiReba ara saqmis masalebis safuZvelze, aramed mxaris

gamoucxadeblobis gamo. amitom, gamarTlebuli da axsnili unda iqnes

is, rasac es gadawyvetileba efuZneba - gamoucxadebloba, kerZod

gamoucxadeblobis sapatioba (ssk 238-e muxlis „g“ punpdqti).

saapelacio da sakasacio saCivrisagan dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze

saCivari imiTac gansxvavdeba, rom am saCivars ixilavs da

gadawyvetilebas iRebs is sasamarTlo romelmac gamoitana dauswrebeli

gadawyvetileba.

am mxriv gamonaklisia meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, romlis

Sesaxeb qvemoT gveqneba saubari.

saCivris Sinaarsi, garda zemoT aRniSnulisa, unda pasuxobdes ssk

238-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul sxva moTxovnebsac, maT Soris saCivris

Semtani piris Txovnas Tu ra farglebSi unda Seicvalos gadawyvetileba.

aq saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba SeiZleba

mTlianad gasauqmebeli iyos, radgan mxares, romlis winaaRmdegac igia

gamotanili, marTlac hqonda sapatio mizezi gamoucxadeblobisaTvis.

miuxedavad amisa, Tu igi ar moiTxovs dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis

mTlianad gauqmebas, sasamarTlom, dispoziciurobis principidan

gamomdinare, ar unda gaauqmos es gadawyvetileba mTlianad da datovos

igi ucvlelad im nawilSi romlis gauqmebasac mxare ar moiTxovs.

magaliTad: dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebiT mopasuxe d-onis daekisra

valis - 10 000 laris da procentis - 600 laris

gadaxda mosarCelis sasargeblod. im motiviT, rom

sasamarTlo sxdomaze daswrebis mizniT mgzavrobisas mas

SeemTxva avaria, rasac adasturebs mis mier

warmodgenili cnobebi, man moiTxova am gadawyvetilebis

gauqmeba mxolod nawilobriv, kerZod im nawilSi,

romelic procentebis gadaxdas exeba. sasamarTlom

daadgina am nawilSi dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis

gauqmeba da saqmis ganaxleba.

II. saCivris dasaSvebobis Semowmeba

pirveli moqmedeba, romelic unda Seasrulos sasamarTlom saCivris

miRebis Semdeg - esaa am saCivris dasaSvebobis Semowmeba. amisaTvis man

unda gamoarkvios arsebobs Tu ara saCivris dasaSvebobis pirobebi. es

pirobebia:

1. daculia Tu ara dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis vada.

es vada aris 10 dRe da misi gamoTvla iwyeba im dRidan, rodesac mxares

Cabarda dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis asli ssk 70-78-e muxlebiT

dadgenili wesiT. am 10 dRiani vadis gasvlis Semdeg dauswrebeli

gadawyvetileba Sedis kanonier ZalaSi da igi SeiZleba aRsruldes

iZulebiTi wesiT. vadis gagrZeleba (aRdgena) ar SeiZleba.

2. Seitana Tu ara saCivari uflebamosilma pirma.

ssk 236-e muxliT gansazRvravs Tu vis SeuZlia gaasaCivros

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba da romel sasamarTloSi SeiZleba misi

gasaCivreba (mxedvelobaSia pirveli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba). am

295

muxlis Tanaxmad saCivari dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze SeuZlia

Seitanos mxarem, romlis winaaRmdegac is gamotanilia, xolo misi

gasaCivreba unda moxdes im sasamarTloSi, romelmac is gamoitana.

3. pasuxobs Tu ara saCivris Sinaarsi kanonis moTxovnebs (ssk

238-e muxli). Tu saCivari xarveziania anu is ar pasuxobs yvela im

moTxovnas, romelic miTiTebulia kanonSi (238-e muxlSi), maSin momCivans

unda mieces vada am xarvezis SesavsebaT. Tu am vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba

Sevsebuli, saCivris miRebaze uari unda eTqvas misi dauSveblobis gamo

(ssk 239-e muxlis me-3 naw.)

magaliTad: a-nim Seitana saCivari dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze,

romelic imiT daasabuTa, rom igi ar Seesabameba saqmis

masalebs, ar emyareba faqtobriv da samarTlebriv

safuZvlebs, ris gamoc arsebiTad usworo da

usamarTloa.

sasamarTlom gamoitana ganCineba da momCivans

dauniSna vada xarvezis Sesavsebad, radgan ssk 238-e

muxlis „g“ punqtis Tanaxmad saCivari dauswrebeli

gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisa da saqmis ganaxlebis

Sesaxeb SeiZleba efuZnebodes „garemoebebs, romlebic

adastureben, rom sasamarTlo sxdomaze

gamoucxadebloba gamowveuli iyo sapatio mizeziT“ da

ara am gadawyvetilebis faqtobriv da samarTlebriv

dausabuTeblobas.

4. gadaxdilia Tu ara saxelmwifo baJi

aseTia dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebaze da saqmis

ganaxlebaze saCivris dasaSvebobis pirobebi. Tu am pirobebis

Semowmebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba,. rom saCivari araa dasaSvebi, an am

saCivris xarvezi sasamarTlos mier daniSnul vadaSi ar iqna Sevsebuli

sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas sarCelis miRebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb

misi dauSveblobis gamo (ssk 239-e muxlis me-3 naw).

am ganCinebaze SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana.

Tu aRmoCndeba, rom dasaSvebobis yvela piroba arsebobs,

sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas saCivris gansaxilvelad miRebis Sesaxeb,

romelSic unda aRiniSnos saqmis xelaxla ganxilvis dRe, ris Sesaxebac

atyobinebs mxareebs.

III. saCivris dasabuTebulobis anu dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis

gauqmebis safuZvlebis Semowmeba

rogorc aRvniSneT, saCivris dasaSvebobis Semowmeba warmoebs

mxareTa Seutyobineblad da maTi monawileobis gareSe. rac Seexeba

saCivris dasabuTebulobis Semowmebas, anu dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis

gauqmebis safuZvlebis Semowmebas, aseTi Semowmeba SeiZleba moxdes

mxolod sasamarTlo sxdomaze mxareTa savaldebulo SetyobinebiT. am

sxdomaze sasamarTlo arkvevs marTla hqonda adgili Tu ara saCivarSi

miTiTebul garemoebebs, romlebsac kanoni ukavSirebs dauswrebeli

gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas. Tu aseTi Semowmebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom

296

ar arsebobs saCivarSi miTiTebuli da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli

dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisaTvis (saCivari usafuZvloa),

maSin sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba saCivris dakmayofilebaze

uarisTqmis Sesaxeb da dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis ZalaSi datovebis

Sesaxeb ( ssk 240-e muxlis me-2 naw) am ganCinebaze SeiZleba saapelacio

(sakasacio) saCivaris Setana (ssk 240-e muxlis me-3 naw.)

Tu aseTi Semowmebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom arsebobs garemoeba,

romelic safuZvlad udevs dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisa da

saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb saCivars, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas

„dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisa da saqmis ganaxlebis

Sesaxeb“.128 am ganCinebaze kerZo saCivris Setana ar SeiZleba.

saCivris dakmayofilebisa da dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis

gauqmebis Semdeg saqmis ganxilva SeiZleba imave sxdomaze gagrZeldes, Tu

erTerTi an orive mxare motivirivebul uars ar acxadebs amis

winaaRmdeg da Tu arsebobs saqmis ganxilvis yvela piroba, kerZod, Tu

saWiro araa mowmeebis, eqspertebis, specialistebis da a.S. mowveva da

dakiTxva.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqmis ganxilva imave sxdomaze araa

SesaZlebeli, sasamarTlo axlo momavalSi niSnavs mTavar sxdomas, ris

Sesaxebac iqve acnobebs mxareebs da afrTxilebs maT gamoucxadeblobis

Sedegebis Sesaxeb, rasac oqmSi xelismoweriT adastureben mxareebi. am

sxdomaze gamoucxadebel pirebs sasamarTlo atyobinebs axali sxdomis

dRis Sesaxeb kanoniT (ssk 70-78-e muxlebiT) dadgenili wesiT.

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom am sxdomaze ar gamocxaddes mxare,

romelmac Semoitana saCivari dauswrebel gadawyvetZvilebaze, an misi

mowinaaRmdege mxare. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos gamoaqvs dauswrebeli

gadawyvetileba, ris Sesaxebac qvemoT gveqneba saubari.

IV. meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba da misi

gasaCivrebis wesi

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom mxarem, romelmac Semoitana saCivari

dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisa da saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb,

kvlav ar gamocxaddes daniSnul dros sasamarTlos sxdomaze. aseT

SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo gamoitans mis mimarT meore dauswrebel

gadawyvetilebas.

rogoria meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis

winapirobebi?

1. imave piris mimarT, romelmac Semoitana saCivari dauswrebel

gadawyvetilebaze ukve arsebobs erTi dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba.

aqedan gamomdinare, dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, romelic Tumca meored

gamoaqvs sasamarTlos magram ara im piris mimarT, vizec adre iyo

gamotanili pirveli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba - ar iqneba meore

128 sxva mosazrebas anviTarebs prof. h. hainrixsi, romelic Tvlis, rom Tu saCivari dasabuTebulia

da gamoucxadeblobis mizezi marTlac sapatioa, sasamarTlom axali gadawyvetilebiT Secvalos

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba an ucvlelad datovos igi, Tu aRmoCndeba, rom arsebiTad sworia, Cven

vTvliT, rom saqmis ganaxleba procesualurad da logikuradac SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu dauswrebeli

gadawyvetileba araa gauqmebuli da igi kvlav ZalaSia. amitom, Tu dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba

gasauqmebelia igi jer unda gauqmdes da mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba saqmis arsebiTad ganxilva da

axali gadawyvetilebis miReba

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dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. amasTan, mniSvneloba ar aqvs es pirveli

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba gauqmebulia Tu ara.

2. mimdinareobs sasamarTlos sxdoma ara saCivris dasaSvebobis

Semowmebis mizniT, aramed am saCivris safuZvlianobis Semowmebis mizniT,

an sxdoma, romelzec dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Semdeg

ganixileba saqme arsebiTad.

3. arsebobs zogadad dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis yvela

winapiroba, anu ar arsebobs misi gamotanisaTvis kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli xelisSemSleli garemoebebi (ssk 233-e muxli).

rogoria meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Sedegebi.

1. mxares, romlis winaaRmdegac gamotanilia meore dauswrebeli

gadawyvetileba ufleba ar aqvs imave sasamarTloSi gaasaCivros es

gadawyvetileba, rogorc es xdeba pirveli dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis

mimarT.

2. mxares, romlis winaaRmdegac gamotanilia meore dauswrebeli

gadawyvetileba, SeuZlia gaasaCivros igi mxolod zemdgom sasamarTloSi

anu saapelacio (sakasacio) wesiT (ssk 242-e muxli).

3. meore dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze Setanili saapelacio

saCivari SeiZleba emyarebodes imas, rom ar arsebobda ganmeorebiT

dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanisaTvis Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi

winamZRvrebi (ssk 366-e muxlis me-2 naw).

4. sasamarTlo xarjebi daekisreba momCivans, miuxedavad imisa,

moigo man saqme Tu ara.

Tavi XVI

saqmis damTavreba gadawyvetilebis gamotanis gareSe

$1. saqmis damTavrebis formebi

sasamarTloSi gansaxilvelad Semosuli saqmis damTavrebis

tradiciuli da yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli forma - esaa saqmis

298

damTavreba gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT. gadawyvetileba - esaa

sasamarTlos dadgenileba, romliTac saqme wydeba arsebiTad.

magram sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba araa saqmis damTavrebis erTad

erTi forma. samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba uSvebs saqmis

warmoebis damTavrebas sxva formiTac. kerZod samoqalaqo saqmis warmoeba

SeiZleba damTavrdes: 1. sasamarTlos ganCinebiT saqmis warmoebis

Sewyvetis Sesaxeb da 2. sasamarTlos ganCinebiT sarCelis ganuxilvelad

datovebis Sesaxeb.

gadawyvetilebis gamoutanlad saqmis warmoebis damTavrebis es ori

forma gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan rogorc safuZvlebiT, ise Tavisi

SedegebiT. amitom mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT isini calk-calke.

1. saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis safuZvlebi da Sedegebi

saqmis warmoebis Sewyveta sasamarTlos SeuZlia rogorc mxareTa

SuamdgomlobiT, ise Tavisi iniciativiTac.

saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis safuZvlebi amomwuravadaa miTiTebuli

ssk 272-e muxlSi. es safuZvlebi aseTia:

1. saqme ar eqvemdebareba sasamarTlos uwyebrivad (saqmis

arasaqveuwyeboba), misi ganxilva sxva uwyebis kompetenciaSi Sedis.

magaliTad, aRZrulia sarCeli samoqalaqo kodeqsis 529-e muxlis

arakonstituciurobis Sesaxeb, romelic Cuqebis

gauqmebasa da gaCuqebuli qonebis ukan gamoTxovas

iTvaliswinebs. sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos es sarCeli,

magram Tu SecdomiT miiRo man unda Sewyvitos saqmis

warmoeba da ganCinebaSi amis Sesaxeb miuTiTos, rom

saqme sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kompetenciaSi Sedis.

erTmaneTSi ar unda agverios uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba da

gansjadoba. uwyebrivi qvemdebareoba pasuxobs kiTxvaze: eqvemdebareba Tu

ara saqme saerTo sasamarTloebs uwyebrivad. am kiTxvaze dadebiTi

pasuxis Semdeg wamoiWreba meore sakiTxi: romelma konkretulma

sasamarTlom unda ganixilos es saqme? am kiTxvaze pasuxs gvaZlevs

gansjadoba. SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom saqme eqvemdebareba sasamarTlos

uwyebrivad, magram ar aris im sasamarTlos gansjadi, romelSic

Setanilia sarCeli.

magaliTad, sarCeli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb Setanilia vake-

saburTalos raionul sasamarTloSi, magram igi unda

yofiliyo Setanili didubis raionul sasamarTloSi,

radgan mopasuxe am saqmeze cxovrobs am raionSi.

aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom saqme unda gadadagzavnos gansjad

sasamarTloSi (didube-CuRureTis raionul sasamarTloSi), rogorc amas

iTvaliswinebs ssk 23-e muxli.

2. arsebobs sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetileba

an ganCineba imave sarCelze (ssk 272-e muxlis „b“ punqti), amrigad, am

safuZvliT saqmis warmoebis Sewyveta dasaSvebia: a) Tu arsebobs

kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetileba igive sarCelze. sarCeli igivea,

Tu igivea sasarCelo moTxovna (sarCelis sagani), sarCelis safuZveli da

igi aRZrulia imave mxareebs Soris. Tu erT-erTi elementi sxvaa,

magaliTad, moTxovna igivea, magram safuZveli sxvaa, an kidev, yvelaferi

da maT Soris mosarCele igivea, magram mopasuxe sxvaa da a.S.

sasamarTlom saqme unda ganixilos: b) Tu arsebobs kanonier ZalaSi

Sesuli sasamarTlos ganCineba saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb im

299

safuZvliT, rom igive sarCelis mimarT mxareebi morigdnen an mosarCelem

uari Tqva sarCelze.

magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-nis winaaRmdeg da moiTxova 1000

laris odenobiT valis dabruneba im safuZvliT, rom man

asesxa b-anis es Tanxa da dadga misi dabrunebis dro.

sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvis dros mosarCele a-nim

uari Tqva Tavis moTxovnaze, sasamarTlom ssk 272-e

muxlis „g“ punqtis Tanaxmad gamoitana ganCineba saqmis

warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. am ganCinebis kanonier

ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg mosarCelem kvlav aRZra igive

sarCeli imave mopasuxis mimarT. sasamarTlom ar unda

miiRos sarCeli, xolo Tu SecdomiT miiRo, Sewyvitos

Tavisi ganCinebiT saqmis warmoeba, roca gairkveva, rom

aRZrulia igive sarCeli.

3. mosarCelem uari Tqva sarCelze.

dispoziciurobis principidan gamomdinare mosarCeles ufleba aqvs

gankargos Tavisi uflebebi. sarCelze uaris Tqma aris uflebis

gankargvis aqti. amitom, sasamarTlom aseT SemTxvevaSi unda gamoitanos

ganCineba saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, radgan aRar arsebobs davis

sagani, romlis mimarT sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos Tavisi

gadawyvetileba.

sarCelze uarisTqma, rogorc mosarCelis mier Tavisi materialur-

samarTlebrivi uflebis gankargva, unda ganvasxvavoT mosarCelis mier am

etapze sarCelis ganxilvaze uarisTqmisagan, romlis dros igi moiTxovs

mis mier Semotanili sarCelis ukan dabrunebas (sarCelis gamoxmoba).

aseT SemTxvevaSi saqmis Sewyveta dauSvebelia, radgan mosarCele uars ki

ar ambobs Tavis sasarCelo moTxovnaze, aramed ubralod ar surs am

etapze misi sarCelis ganxilva. sarCelis gamoxmoba xels ar uSlis

igive sarCelis xelmeored aRZvras.

4. mxareTa morigeba (ssk 272-e muxlis „d“ punqti).

mxareTa morigeba - esaa urTierTdaTmobis gziT mxareTa Soris

dadebuli garigeba, romelic axleburad gansazRvravs maT uflebebsa da

movaleobebs. morigebiT saqmis damTavreba, ise rogorc sarCelze

uarisTqma, dispoziciurobis principis erT-erTi konkretuli

gamovlinebaa (ssk me-3 muxli). mxareTa morigebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos

gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelic detalurad gansazRvravs morigebis pirobebs.

am ganCinebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg igi SeiZleba iZulebiT

aRsruldes, Tu romelime mxare arRvevs am morigebis pirobas.

5. uflebamonacvleobis dauSvebloba(ssk 272-e muxlis „e“ punqti)

Tu mxared myofi fizikuri piri gardaicvala sasamarTlom unda

SeaCeros saqmis ganxilva uflebamonacvlis dadgenamde (ssk 279-e

muxli). magram, Tu uflebamonacvleoba materialur-samarTlebrivi

urTierTobidan gamomdinare dauSvebelia, sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos

saqmis warmoeba.

magaliTad: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos misi meuRlis b-anis

winaaRmdeg da moiTxova misgan sarCos miReba. saqmis

ganxilvis procesSi mosarCele gardaicvala.

sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos saqme, radgan, sarCos

miRebaze uflebamosili piri gardaicvala da mis

nacvlad sxva pirs sarCos miRebaze ufleba ar aqvs.

300

rac Seexeba iuridiul pirs, Tu mxared myofi

iuridiuli piris likvidacia moxda, sasamarTlom unda

Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba, radgan iuridiuli piris

likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi uflebamonacvleoba ar

warmoiSveba.

6. arsebobs mxareTa Soris dadebuli saarbitraJo SeTanxmeba (ssk

272-e muxlis „v“ punqti).

davis kerZo arbitraJis an samediatoro sasamarTlosaTvis

gadacemis Sesaxeb mxareTa SeTanxmebas aqvs iuridiuli Zala, amitom, Tu

am SeTanxmebis erT-erTi mxare mainc mimarTavs sasamarTlos sarCeliT,

sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos es sarCeli, xolo Tu SecdomiT miiRebs,

unda Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba.

aseTia saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli

safuZvlebi.

saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba,

romelic Sedis kanonier ZalaSi aqedan gamomdinare yvela Tavisi

SedegebiT.

amasTan erTad, saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetas ukavSirdeba Zalian

seriozuli Sedegi: saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi,

sasamarTlosaTvis xelmeored mimarTva davaze imave mxareebs Soris, imave

saganze da imave safuZvliT ar SeiZleba (ssk 273-e muxli)

II. sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis safuZvlebi da Sedegebi

sarCelis ganuxilvelad datoveba sasamarTlos SeuZlia rogorc

Tavisi iniciativiT, ise mxareTa gancxadebiT.

sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis safuZvlebs gansazRvravs ssk

275-e muxli.

es safuZvlebi aseTia:

1. sarCeli (gancxadeba) Seitana qmeduunaro pirma (ssk 275-e

muxlis „a“ punqti)

qmeduunarod iTvleba arasrulwlovani (ssk 81-e muxlis me-2

naw.), agreTve, srulwlovnebas miRweuli, magram sasamarTlos mier

qmeduunarod aRiarebuli piri. aseTi pirisagan sasamarTlom ar unda

miiRos sarCeli, magram Tu SecdomiT miiRo da mxolod Semdeg

gamoirkva, rom mosarCele aris qmeduunaro, romelsac ar yavs kanonieri

warmomadgeneli, sasamarTlos SeuZlia aseT mosarCeles dauniSnos

saproceso warmomadgeneli (ssk 82-e muxlis me-2 nawili). Tu saproceso

warmomadgenlis daniSvna mizanSewonilad ar miaCnia, sasamarTlo sarCels

ganuxilvelad datovebs.

2. sarCelis Setana arauflebamosili piris mier (ssk 275-e „b“

punqti)

arauflebamosili piri - es iseTi piria, romelic mimarTavs

sasamarTlos ara Tavisi, aramed sxvisi uflebis dasacavad, magram

amisaTvis mas ar gaaCnia am sxva pirisagan saTanadod gaformebuli

uflebamosileba. cnobilia, rom mxares SeuZlia saqme awarmoos

sasamarTloSi piradad an warmoadgenlis meSveobiT, magram

warmomadgenlis uflebamosileba unda gaformdes kanoniT dadgenili

wesiT (ssk 96-e muxli). erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT

araflebamosili piri da arasaTanado mosarCele. arasaTanado mosarCele

301

- es is piria, romelic moiTxovs „Tavisi“ iseTi uflebis dacvas,

romelic sinamdvileSi misi ki ara, sxvisi uflebaa da, maSasadame, mas ar

aqvs moTxovnis ufleba. arauflebamosili piri Tavisad ar asaRebs

uflebas, romlis dacvasac is moiTxovs, man icis, rom mimarTavs

sasamarTlos sxva piris uflebis dasacavad, magram ar aqvs amisaTvis

saTanadod gaformebuli uflebamosileba.

3. mosarCelis gamoucxadebloba ( ssk 275-e, „g“ punqti)

mosarCelis gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos gamoaqvs

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, oRond Tu amis Sesaxeb Suamdgomlobs

mopasuxe. magram, Tu mopasuxe dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis

winaaRmdegia, maSin sasamarTlos SeuZlia datovos sarCeli

ganuxilvelad, oRond amisaTvis saWiroa isev mopasuxis Tanxmoba. Tu

aseTi Tanxmoba ar aris, sasamarTlo gadadebs saqmis ganxilvas.

4. orive mxaris gamoucxadebloba (ssk 275-e, „d“ punqti).

Tu sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze arcerTi mxare da maTi

warmomadgenlebi ar gamocxadden, romlebsac gaegzavnaT Setyobineba

kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, maSin sasamarTlo sarCels ganuxilvelad

datovebs (ssk 231-e muxli). cxadia, rom sasamarTlos SeuZlia gadados

saqmis ganxilva sxva droisaTvis da kvlav gaugzavnos Setyobineba

mxareebs. magram, es damokidebulia sasamarTlos mixedulebaze.

5. imave an sxva sasamarTloSi aris igive saqme imave mxareebs Soris

(ssk 275-e, „e“ punqti).

sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis es safuZveli emyareba princips,

rom ar SeiZleba erTi da igive sarCeli orma (an metma) sasamarTlom

ganixilos. amitom, Tu aRmoCndeba, rom erTi da igive sarCeli aRZrulia

imave an sxva sasamarTloSi (es ki savsebiT mosalodnelia alternatiuli

gasjadobis dros), erT-erTma sarCeli ganuxilvelad unda datovos.

sarCeli ganuxilvelad unda datovos im sasamarTlom, romelSic ufro

gvian Sevida sarCeli. amis garkveva ar warmoadgens sirTules, Tu

miRebulia ganCineba sarCelis warmoebaSi miRebis Sesaxeb. Tu aseTi

ganCineba ar iyo miRebuli, maSin unda gairkves, romel sasamarTloSi

ufro adre gavida 5 dRe sarCelis Semosvlidan, romlis gasvlis Semdeg

sarCeli warmoebaSi miRebulad iTvleba (ssk 183-e muxli).

sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs

ganCineba, romliTac mTavrdeba saqmis warmoeba. am ganCinebaze SeiZleba

kerZo saCivris Setana.

im garemoebaTa aRmofxvris SemTxvevaSi, romlebic safuZvlad daedo

sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebas, mosarCeles SeuZlia kvlav aRZras

igive sarCeli saerTo wesis dacviT.

302

nakveTi mesame

gamartivebuli warmoeba

Tavi XVII Tamasuqisa da Cekis Taobaze aRZruli

sarCelebis ganxilva

$1. Tamasuqisa da Cekis Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebis ganxilvis

Taviseburebani

I. gansjadoba

Tamasuqi - esaa fasiani qaRaldi, dokumenti, romliTac misi gamcemi

piri kisrulobs upirobo valdebulebas gadaixados TamasuqSi naCvenebi

Tanxa piradad an sxva pirs avalebs mis gadaxdas.

Ceki - esaa dadgenili formis fasiani qaRaldi, romelic Seicavs

Cekis gamcemis werilobiT davalebas sabanko dawesebulebisadmi da

gaanaRdos CekSi aRniSnuli Tanxa.129

ssk 301-e muxlis Tanaxmad Cekis Taobaze aRZruli saqmeebis

ganxilvisas gamoyenebuli unda iqnes Tamasuqis Taobaze aRZruli

saqmeebis warmoebis wesebi. aqedan gamomdinare, yovelive, rac Tamasuqis

Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT iqneba aRniSnuli

mTlianad ganekuTvneba Cekis Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebis ganxilvasac.

sarCeli Tamasuqis Taobaze SeiZleba aRiZras rogorc im

sasamarTloSi, romlis teritoriazec unda moxdes gadaxda, ise

sasamarTloSi mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac sarCeli mimarTulia erToblivad ramdenime Tamasuqvaldebulis

mimarT, maSin sarCeli SeiZleba aRiZras rogorc im sasamarTloSi,

romlis teritoriazec unda moxdes gadaxda, ise nebismier sasamarTloSi

erTerTi mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT (ssk 294-e muxli).

amrigad, Tamasuqis Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebis mimarT daSvebulia

alternatiuli gansjadoba, romlis Tanaxmad arCevanis gakeTeba SeuZlia

TviTon mosarCeles.

II. Tamasuqis Sesaxeb sarCelebis warmoebaSi

miRebis winapirobebi

Tamasuqis Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebi Cveulebrivi sarCelebia da

isini unda pasuxobdnen sarCelis miRebis yvela winapirobas. amasTan

erTad ssk-si iTvaliswinebs garkeul Taviseburebebs. es Taviseburebani

SemdegSi mdgomareobs:

1. sarCelSi miTiTebuli unda iyos mosarCelis Txovna imis Sesaxeb,

rom sasamarTlom es sarCeli ganixilos gamartivebuli wesiT, rogorc

es dadgenilia ssk XXXIII TaviT (ssk 292-e muxli).

2. sarCels Tan unda daerTos Tamasuqis asli. Tu aseTi asli ar

erTvis sarCels, sasamarTlo ver miiRebs mas warmoebaSi gamartivebuli

129 Tamasuqisa da Cekis cnebaTa aseTi ganmartebebi Camoyalibebulia saqarTvelos kanonebSi „Cekis

Sesaxeb“ da „Tamasuqis Sesaxeb“. ix. „normatiuli aqtebis krebuli“ wigni III. Tb. 1996, gv. 188 da

202

303

wesiT gansaxilvelad. sasamarTlos SeuZlia dauniSnos mosarCeles vada

xarvezis Sesavsebad da Tu am vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli,

datovebs sarCels umoZraod (ssk 185-e muxli).

Tamasuqis aslis sarCelTan erTad wardgena ar aTavisuflebs

mosarCeles movaleobisagan warmoadginos mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvisas

Tamasuqis dedani. am dedani Tamasuqis warmoudgenlobas SeiZleba moyves

sarCelis dakmayofilebaze uarisTqma (ssk 135-e muxli).

3. yvela werilobiTi dokumenti, romelic adasturebs faqtiur

garemoebebs, romlebic safuZvlad udevs sarCels, aslebis an dednis

saxiT unda daerTos sarCels.

mtkicebulebebad dasaSvebia mxolod werilobiTi dokumentebi da

mxareTa axsna-ganmarteba.

4. mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis zogadi principidan gamomdinare

warmodgenili unda iqnes mxolod iseTi dokumentebi, romlebiTac

kanonis moTxovnaTa mixedviT SeiZleba dadasturdes esa Tu is faqti.

magaliTad, Tu dasadgenia Tamasuqis gadaxdaze uari, aseTi uari SeiZleba

dadasturdes „oficialuri oqmiT“ aqceptebis an gadaxdaze uaris

protestiT.130

rogorc aRvniSneT, gadawyvetilebas Tamasuqis (Cekis) Taobaze

aRZruli sarCelis gamartivebuli wesiT ganxilvis Sesaxeb iRebs

uSvalod mosarCele. amisaTvis mas ar Wirdeba arc mopasuxis da arc

mosamarTlis Tanxmoba. mTavaria mxolod is, rom man daicvas am wesiT

sarCelis aRZvrisa da misi warmoebis kanoniT dadgenili wesebi.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos SeuZlia uari uTxras mosarCeles

gamartivebuli wesiT saqmis warmoebaze (roca ar arsebobs am wesiT

saqmis warmoebis winapirobebi).

mosarCeles SeuZlia agreTve uSualod da calmxrivad, mopasuxis

Tanxmobis gareSe, uari Tqvas gamartivebuli wesiT sarCelis ganxilvaze

am saqmis ganxilvis damTavrebamde, e.i. gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde. Tu

man ganacxada aseTi uari, sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba gamartivebuli

wesiT saqmis ganxilvis Sewyvetisa da am saqmis saerTo sasarCelo wesiT

ganxilvis Sesaxeb.

aseTi ganCinebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom unda moamzados

saqmis ganxilva ise rogorc amas iTvaliswinebs ssk me-200-207-e

muxlebi, xolo momzadebis Semdeg daniSnos sasamarTlo sxdoma saqmis

saerTo sasarCelo wesiT ganxilvis mizniT.

III. saqmis ganxilvis gamartivebuli wesi

gamartivebuli wesiT saqmis ganxilvis dros am saqmis winaswari

momzadeba sasamarTlos mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvisaTvis ar xdeba.

sasamarTlo niSavs mTavar sxdomas da atyobinebs amis Sesaxeb mxareebs,

e.i. mosarCeles da mopasuxes. kanoni gansazRvravs vadas uwyebis

Cabarebidan sasamarTlo sxdomamde. es vada sxvadasxvanairia imis mixedviT

Tu sad cxovroben mxareebi. Tu mxareebi cxovroben an Tu maTi

adgilsamyofelia im sasamarTlos teritoria, romelmac unda ganixilos

sarCeli gamartivebuli wesiT, maSin uwyeba maT unda CabardeT

sasamarTlos sxdomis dawyebamde aranakleb 24 saaTiT adre. magram, Tu

130 „Tamasuqis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis 38-e muxli.

304

uwyeba unda Cabardes am teritoriis farglebs gareT, maSin es vada

ganisazRvreba minimum sami dRiT (ssk 295-e muxli).

rogorc cnobilia kanoni iTvaliswinebs sarCelebis rogorc

obieqtur, ise subieqtur SeerTebas. magram kanoni krZalavs Tamasuqis

Taobaze aRZruli sarCelebis an sxva pretenziebis gamo aRZrul sxva

sarCelebTan SeerTebas (ssk 298-e muxli). kanoni krZalavs agreTve

Segebebuli sarCelebis aRZvras. es imas niSnavs, rom Tamasuqis Taobaze

aRZruli sarCeleisagan Tavis dacva SesaZlebelia mxolod SesagebliT,

magram ara Segebebuli sarCeliT.

mopasuxes ufleba aqvs moiTxovos saqmis damatebiTi warmoeba, Tu

Tvlis, rom misi uflebebi Seilaxa an ver ganxorcielda saqmis

gamartivebuli warmoebis gamo. aseTi moTxovna mopasuxes SeeuZlia

wamoayenos Tavisi werilobiTi SesagebliT, romelic warmoadgens saqmis

damatebiTi warmoebis safuZvels. saqmis damatebiTi warmoebis Sesaxeb

sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelzec kerZo saCivris Setana ar

SeiZleba.

mopasuxis werilobiTi Sesagebeli (protesti) imis moTxovniT, rom

Catardes saqmeze damatebiTi warmoeba, ver SeaCerebs avtomaturad

gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlas da aRsrulebas. sasamarTlos

SeuZlia SeaCeros am gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba Tavisi ganCinebiT.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mopasuxem moiTxova ara damatebiTi warmoeba,

aramed Semoitana saapelacio (sakasacio) saCivari, maSin gadawyvetilebis

kanonier ZalaSi Sesvla da aRsruleba warmoebs ise, rogorc nebismieri

sxva gadawyvetilebisa (Tssk 264-e muxli).

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTlo akmayofilebs mopasuxis

Txovnas saqmis damatebiTi warmoebis Sesaxeb, maSin sasamarTlom unda

moamzados saqme da Caataros aseTi damatebiTi saproceso moqmedebebi.

damatebiTi warmoebis Sedegad SeiZleba gamoirkves rom saqmis

gamartivebuli wesiT ganxilvis safuZvelze miRebuli da mopasuxis mier

gaprotestebuli gadawyvetileba arsebiTad sworia. maSin sasamarTlos

gamoaqvs ganCineba gadawyvetilebis ucvlelad datovebis Sesaxeb.

magram, Tu damatebiTi warmoebis dros gamoirkveva, rom

gadawyvetileba arasworia, radgan am gadawyvetilebiT dakmayofilda

mosarCelis dausabuTebeli da usafuZvlo moTxovna, maSin gamartivebuli

wesiT miRebul gadawyvetilebas auqmebs misi gamomtani sasamarTlo da

Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT uars eubneba mosarCeles misi moTxovnis

dakmayofilebaze.

aseTi gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas ukavSirdeba Semdegi Sedegebi:

a) sasamarTlo xarjebi daekisreba mosarCeles (ssk 53-e muxlis

pirveli nawili);

b) moxdeba gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis Sebruneba, Tu igi

aRsrulebuli iyo;

g) mosarCeles daekisreba im zianis anazRaureba, romelic miadga

mopasuxes gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebiT;

d) mopasuxes SeuZlia wamoayenos zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna

saqmis damatebiTi warmoebis procesSi.

305

Tavi XVIII

davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb saqmis ganxilvis

gamartivebuli wesi (gadaxdis brZanebis miReba)

$1. davalianebis gadaxdevinebis gamartivebuli wesiT

ganxilvis mizani da safuZvlebi

I. mizani

Tamasuqisa da Cekis Taobaze aRZruli saqmeebis garda,

gamartivebuli wesiT SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes davalianebis

gadaxdevinebis Taobaze aRZruli saqmeebic. gamartivebulad saqmis

ganxilvas ori ZiriTadi mniSvneloba aqvs: mcirdeba saqmis warmoebasTan

dakavSirebuli xarjebi da meore, fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piri swrafad

aRwevs Tavisi uflebis dacvas (aRdgenas). saqme isaa, rom gamartivebuli

warmoebis dros ar gamoiyeneba sasamarTlo warmoebis rTuli procedura,

saqme ganixileba swrafad da operatiulad. amasTan erTad, cxadia isic,

rom saerTod gamartivebuli warmoebis dros da, kerZod, davalianebis

gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb saqmeTa gamartivebuli warmoebis dros, SeiZleba

daSvebul iqnes Secdomebi da ganmcxadebels sasamarTlom SeiZleba

miakuTvnos mopasuxisagan is, risi mikuTvnebis uflebac mas

sinamdvileSi ar hqonda.

aseTi Secdomebis daSvebis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebs

kanonmdebeli da uflebas aniWebs mopasuxes moiTxovos saqmis saerTo

sasarCelo wesiT ganxilva da gadawyveta, Tu, cxadia, igi ar eTanxmeba

sasamarTlos mier gamotanil gadaxdis brZanebas.

II. dasaSveboba

306

davalianebis amoRebis Sesaxeb saqmis gamartivebuli wesiT

warmoebis pirveli etapi iwyeba gancxadebis dasaSvebobis SemowmebiT.

aseTi Semowmebis mizniT sasamarTlom unda gamoarkvios, arsebobs Tu ara

aseTi warmoebisaTvis dasaSvebobis pirobebi.

es pirobebia:

1) moiTxovs Tu ara ganmcxadebeli fuladi Tanxis gadaxdevinebas.

es imas niSnavs, rom Tu ganmcxadebeli moiTxovs ara fuladi Tanxis

gadaxdevinebas, aramed mopasuxisagan raime nivTis gadacemas, raime

samuSaos Sesrulebas da a. S. maSin gamartivebuli warmoeba am TaviT

gaTvaliswinebuli wesebiT ar daiSveba. am TvalsazrisiT erTad-erTi

gamonaklisia lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Taobaze aRZrul saqmeTa

ganxilva gamartivebuli wesiT, ris Sesaxebac ix. momdevno Tavi XIX.

2) xom ar aris moTxovnis wamoyeneba damokidebuli ganmcxadeblis

mxriv jer kidev Seusrulebel sapasuxo gadaxdaze. es imas niSnavs, rom

davalianebis gadaxdevinebis valdebuleba mopasuxis mimarT warmoiSoba

mas Semdeg, roca ganmcxadebeli Seasrulebs Tavis valdebulebas mis

mimarT. sailustraciod SeiZleba miuTiToT samoqalaqo kodeqsis 369-e

muxlze, romlis Tanaxmad piri, romelsac valdebuleba akisria ormxrivi

xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, SeuZlia uari Tqvas valdebulebis

Sesrulebaze `sapasuxo moqmedebis ganxorcielebamde~.131

3) xom ar aris imis aucilebloba, rom gadaxdis brZaneba ecnobos

mopasuxes sajaro gamocxadebis gziT. es imas niSnavs, rom gadaxdis

brZaneba ver aRsruldeba, Tu ar aris cnobili mopasuxis

adgilsamyofeli an Tu igi imyofeba xangrZliv da Soreul mivlinebaSi.

4) pasuxobs Tu ara gancxadeba gadaxdis brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb

kanonis moTxovnebs, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia ssk 303-e muxliT.

Tu ar arsebobs gadaxdis brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis

dasaSvebobis esa Tu is piroba, sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos ganCineba

gancxadebis (gadaxdis brZanebis) miRebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb (ssk 305-e

muxli).

III. gadaxdis brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb

gancxadebis Sinaarsi

gadaxdis brZaneba sasamarTlos SeuZlia miiRos mxolod da

mxolod ganmcxadeblis TxovniT da es Txovna naTlad da garkveviT unda

iyos Camoyalibebuli gancxadebaSi. amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli

ssk 303-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad davalianebis gadaxdis valdebulebis

Sesaxeb gancxadeba miznad unda isaxavdes sasamarTlos mier davalianebis

gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb brZanebis miRebas (gadaxdis brZaneba).

zemoaRniSnulidan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: sasamarTlos ar

SeuZlia saerTo sasarCelo wesiT aRZruli moTxovna mopasuxeze fuladi

Tanxis gadaxdis valdebulebis dakisrebis Sesaxeb gadazardos

131 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, Tb., 2001 w., gv. 298.

307

gamartivebul warmoebaSi da gadawyvetilebis nacvlad gamoitanos

gadaxdis brZaneba.

garda im saerTo monacemebisa, romlebsac unda Seicavdes

sasamarTlosadmi mimarTuli yovelgvari gancxadeba, (sasamarTlos

dasaxelebaM mxareTa dasaxeleba da maTi misamarTi da a.S.) gadaxdis

brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb gancxadeba unda Seicavdes mxolod misTvis

damaxasiaTebel sxva monacemebsac.

aseTi monacemebia:

1) romel faqtobriv da samarTlebriv safuZvlebs emyareba

ganmcxadeblis ZiriTadi moTxovna davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb,

agreTve, Tu wamoyenebulia damatebiTi moTxovnebi ZiriTadTan erTad,

maSin gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos romel faqtobriv Tu

samarTlebriv safuZvels emyareba es damatebiTi moTxovna.

magaliTad, procenti, romelic kanonis an xelSekrulebis ZaliT

unda gadaixados movalem (samoq. kodeqsis 384-e

muxli), iqneba damatebiTi moTxovna.

2) ra mtkicebulebebs emyareba ganmcxadeblis moTxovna, romlebic

damowmebuli saxiT aucileblad unda erTvodes gancxadebas gadaxdis

brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb. dasaSvebia mxolod saTanadod gaformebuli

werilobiTi dokumentebi.

magaliTad, Tu ZiriTadi valdebuleba emyareba sesxis

xelSekrulebas, gancxadebas unda erTvodes es

xelSekruleba, aseve, Tu damatebiTi valdebuleba

(magaliTad, procentebis saxiT) emyareba mxareTa

Soris SeTanxmebas, es SeTanxmeba werilobiTi saxiT

unda iyos warmodgenili.

3) miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom moTxovna ar aris damokidebuli

ganmcxadeblis mxriv raime sanacvlo valdebulebis Sesrulebaze, an rom

mis mier aseTi valdebuleba ukve Sesrulebulia.

magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 406-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu

ormxriv xelSekrulebaSi movales ufleba aqvs uari

Tqvas misTvis dakisrebul valdebulebaze, xolo

garemoeba, romelic mas aZlevs amis uflebas,

gamowveulia kreditoris braliT, maSin igi inarCunebs

sapasuxo Sesrulebis uflebas,132 aqedan gamomdinare,

Tu movale inarCunebs kreditorisagan sapasuxo

Sesrulebis miRebis uflebas, am kreditors ar

SeuZlia moiTxovos gadaxdis brZanebis miReba.

gancxadebis miRebaze uarisTqma. davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb

gancxadebis kanonis Sesabamisad Camouyalibeblobas ukavSirdeba

seriozuli uaryofiTi Sedegebi: sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos aseTi

gancxadeba gansaxilvelad, ris Sesaxebac mas gamoaqvs ganCinebaB

`davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis (gadaxdis brZanebis)

miRebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb~.

132 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, Tb., 2001 w., gv. 446

308

am ganCinebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos safuZveli, ris gamoc uari

eTqva ganmcxadebels gancxadebis miRebaze, radgan igi ar Seicavs

`monacemebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli ZiriTadi da damatebiTi

valdebulebidan gamomdinareoben ganmcxadeblis moTxovnebi~ (303-e

muxlis me-2 nawilis `g~ qvepunqti).

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom gancxadebaSi moTxovnis faqtobriv

safuZvelze miTiTeba ar kmara. es safuZveli, jer erTi,_iuridiulad

unda amarTlebdes moTxovnas, e. i. kanoni am faqtobriv garemoebebs unda

ukavSirebdes im Sedegs, risi dadgomac surs ganmcxadebels da Bmeore, _

gancxadebas Tan unda erTvodes saTanadod gaformebuli dokumenturi

mtkicebulebebi.

ganCinebaSi, romliTac uari eTqva ganmcxadebels gancxadebis

miRebaze, zemoT aRniSnuli motiviT, miTiTebuli unda iyos amis Sesaxeb.

kanonis kategoriuli moTxovnis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo ver

gamoitans ganCinebas gancxadebis miRebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, Tu

winaswar ar mousmina ganmcxadebels. (ssk 303-e muxlis me-2 naw.).

- gancxadebis miRebaze uarisTqmis SemTxvevaSi ganmcxadebels

ubrundeba mis mier gadaxdili saxelmwifo baJi.

gansjadoba. gadaxdis brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb gancxadebaze

vrceldeba gansjadobis saerTo wesebi da igi SeiZleba Setanil iqnes

sasamarTloSi mxolod mopasuxis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.

$2. gadaxdis brZaneba

I. gadaxdis brZanebis Sinaarsi

gadaxdis brZaneba unda Camoyalibdes werilobiTi formiT da misi

Sinaarsi unda pasuxobdes ssk 306-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul

moTxovnebs.

gadaxdis brZaneba unda Seicavdes:

- sasamarTlos dasaxelebas, romelmac es brZaneba miiRo;

- mxareebisa da maTi warmomadgenlebis dasaxelebas;

- miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb Tu romeli ZiriTadi da damatebiTi

valdebulebidan wamoyenebuli moTxovnebi daakmayofila

sasamarTlom;

- romel werilobiT masalebs daemyara sasamarTlo

dakmayofilebuli moTxovnis dasabuTebis mizniT;

- miTiTebas imis ZSesaxeb, rom sasamarTlos ar Seumowmebia aqvs Tu

ara ganmcxadebels aRZruli moTxovnis ufleba;

- miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom gadaxdis brZanebis miRebidan 10 dRis

manZilze movalem (mopasuxem) gadaixados vali procentebianad da

xarjebianad, Tu igi pretenzias dasabuTebulad miiCnevs, anda

Semoitanos sasamarTloSi werilobiTi Sesagebeli (protesti);

- miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom gadaxdis brZanebis iZulebiTi

aRsrulebisaTvis gaicema saaRsrulebo furceli, Tu mopasuxe ar

Semoitans Sesagebels.

309

aseTia is savaldebulo rekvizitebi, romlebsac unda Seicavdes

gadaxdis brZaneba.

rogorc avRniSneT gadaxdis brZanebis miReba warmoebs mopasuxis

Setyobinebis gareSe. amitom, im werilobiTi masalebis Semowmeba,

romelic Tan unda erTvodes gancxadebas, maTi utyuarobis TvalsazrisiT

SeuZlebelia.

samagierod mopasuxes eZleva sruli SesaZlebloba Seitanos

sasamarTloSi werilobiTi Sesagebeli, Tu igi ar cnobs ganmcxadeblis

moTxovnas, miiCnevs am moTxovnas umarTebulod da dausabuTeblad.

II. gadaxdis brZanebis gadacema mopasuxisaTvis

saqmis warmoeba gamartivebuli wesiT davalianebis amoRebis Sesaxeb

mimdinareobs mopasuxis gareSe. amitom, es wesi iTvaliswinebs mopasuxis

interesebis dacvis srul SesaZleblobas. kerZod, sasamarTlo

valdebulia Tavisi iniciativiT Caabaros movales (mopasuxes) gadaxdis

brZaneba (ssk 306-e muxlis me-2 naw.). magram, Tu mopasuxisaTvis

gadaxdis brZanebis Cabareba SeuZlebelia ama Tu im mizezis gamo

(xangrZlivi samsaxurebrivi mivlineba, araa cnobili misi

adgilsamyofeli da a.S.), sasamarTlom saerTod ar unda gamoitanos

gadaxdis brZaneba, xolo Tu gamoitans, misi aRsruleba ver

ganxorcieldeba. amiT, davalianebis gadxdevinebis Sesaxeb saqmis

gamartivebuli wesiT warmoeba gansxvavdeba saerTo sasarCelo wesiT

saqmis ganxilvisagan, romlis dros Tu mopasuxis adgilsamyofeli

ucnobia, uwyeba SeiZleba Cabardes misi ojaxis wevrs, TviTmmarTvelobis

organos, misi ukanaskneli samuSao adgilis administracias da a.S. uwyeba

iTvleba Cabarebulad aseT SemTxvevaSi da sasamarTlos SeuZlia

ganixilos da gadawyvitos saqme, xolo gadawyvetileba SeiZleba

aRsruldes.

sasamarTlo Tavisi iniciativiT atyobinebs agreTve ganmcxadebels

gadaxdis brZanebis mopasuxisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb. aseTi wesi

saSualebas aZlevs ganmcxadebels moiTxovos gadaxdis brZanebis

aRsruleba, Tu mopasuxe cnobs gadaxdis brZanebas, magram Tu igi ar

cnobs gadaxdis brZanebas da Semoitans Sesagebels ganmcxadebels

SeuZlia moiTxovos saqmis sasarCelo wesiT ganxilva.


saerTo sasarCelo wesiT

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: movalis

(mopasuxis) interesebis dacva saqmis gamartivebuli wesiT ganxilvisas

ZiriTadad ori saproceso saSualebiT xdeba: Tu mopasuxis

adgilsamyofeli ucnobia da mas gadaxdis brZaneba ver Cabardeba

uSualod - sasamarTlom ar unda gamoitanos gadaxdis brZaneba an, Tu

gamoitana - misi aRsruleba dauSvebelia da, meore - mopasuxes SeuZlia

ar cnos gadaxdis brZaneba mTlianad an nawilobriv da Semoitanos mis

winaaRmdeg motivirebuli Sesagebeli (protesti). aseTi Sesageblis

Setana mas SeuZlia 10 dRis vadaSi. am vadis aTvla ki unda daiwyos im

dRidan, roca mopasuxes gadaeca gadaxdis brZaneba. mopasuxisaTvis

310

gadaxdis brZanebis Cabarebis Sesaxeb sruli informacia unda iyos

saqmeSi.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mopasuxem gauSva Sesageblis Setanis 10

dRiani vada, es vada SeiZleba aRadginos sasamarTlom (ssk 65-e muxli),

oRond mopasuxem unda daumtkicos sasamarTlos, rom vadis gaSveba

gamowveuli iyo sapatio mizeziT.

Sesageblis droulad Setanas SeiZleba moyves gadaxdis brZanebis

gauqmeba da saqmis saerTo sasarCelo wesiT ganxilva, ris Sesaxebac

sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba, romelSic sxva garemoebebTan erTad

miTiTebuli unda iyos Semdegi:

„gamartivebuli warmoebis wesiT davalianebis gadaxdevinebis

Sesaxeb aRZruli moTxovna ganxiluli da gadawyvetili iqnes

saerTo sasarCelo wesiT“.

sasarCelo wesiT saqmis ganxilvisaTvis saWiro araa, nacvlad

gancxadebisa gadaxdis brZanebis miRebis Sesaxeb, ganmcxadebelma

Semoitanos sarCeli. sasamarTlo saerTo sasarCelo wesiT ganixilavs

davalianebis gadaxdevinebis gancxadebiT aRZrul moTxovnas, risTvisac

amzadebs mas ssk me-200-209-e muxlebis gansazRvruli wesiT.

amasTan erTad, sasamarTlos SeuZlia saqmis zepir ganxilvamde

daavalos mxareebs Seasrulon garkveuli saproceso moqmedebebi, kerZod

warmoadginos ganmcxadebelma damatebiTi dasabuTeba Tavisi

moTxovnisaTvis, warmoadginos mopasuxem werilobiTi Sesagebeli,

miuTiTon da warmoadginon damatebiTi mtkicebulebebi da a.S.

vinaidan saxelmwifo baJi gadaxdis brZanebis miRebisaTvis

gacilebiT ufro mcirea, vidre sarCelisaTvis (ssk 39-e muxli),

ganmcxadebelma baJi damatebiT unda Seitanos, rac SeiZleba ganisazRvros

am saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetilebiTac, raTa ar dabrkoldes saqmis

ganxilva.

311

Tavi XIX lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Taobaze

saqmis ganxilvis gamartivebuli wesi

$1. gancxadeba lizingis sagnis misi gamcemisaTvis

dabrunebis Taobaze

gamartivebuli wesiT SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes mxolod lizingis

xelSekrulebiT gadacemuli sagnis (qonebis) misi gamcemisaTvis

dabrunebis sakiTxi. gamartivebuli wesiT gancxadeba SeiZleba ganixilos

sasamarTlom mxolod im pirobiT, Tu ganmcxadebeli amas moiTxovs

sasamarTlosagan (ssk 3092-e muxli).

kanoni gansazRvravs gancxadebis Sinaars, mis savaldebulo

rekvizvitebs. es gancxadeba, garda yvela sxva monacemebisa, rac saerToa

sasamarTloSi wardgenili gancxadebebisaTvis unda Seicavdes: a) im

sagnis dasaxelebas (aRweras), romelic imyofeba lizingis mimRebis

mflobelobaSi da romlis dabrunebasac ganmcxadebeli moiTxovs; b)

miTiTebas, Tu romeli valdebulebiT (xelSekrulebiT) gadaeca lizingis

mimRebs sagani, romlis dabrunebasac lizingis gamcemi moiTxovs; g)

miTiTebuli unda iyos agreTve mtkicebulebebze, romlebic adastureben

ganmcxadeblis moTxovnas. cxadia, rom am mtkicebulebebs Soris

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba lizingis xelSekrulebas, romelic

samoq. kodeqsis 577-e muxlis Tanaxmad werilobiTi formiT ideba.

ssk 3092-e muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad gancxadebaSi

„aRniSnuli unda iyos“ wayenebuli moTxovnis damadasturebeli

mtkicebulebebi, magram praqtikulad SeuZlebelia am mtkicebulebebis

warmodgenis gareSe sadavo sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb brZanebis miReba.

amitom, es mtkicebulebebi, sinamdvileSi, unda erTvodes gancxadebas, miT

umetes, rom brZanebis miRebis sakiTxi sasamarTlom unda gadawyvitos

umokles vadaSi. am muxlis mesame nawili gansazRvravs gancxadebis

ganxilvis vadas. es vada aris 3 dRe da misi aTvla iwyeba ara

gancxadebis Semotanis dRidan, aramed misi warmoebaSi miRebis dRidan

(ssk 3094-e muxli).

312

gansjadoba. ssk 3093-e muxlis Tanaxmad gancxadeba lizingis sagnis

mflobelobaSi lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Taobaze Seitaneba

sasamarTloSi ssk-iT dadgenili wesiT.

es imas niSnavs, rom unda vixelZmRvaneloT ssk me-16 muxlis me-2

nawiliT, romlis Tanaxmad xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare sarCelebi

sasamarTlos waredgineba xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis adgilis an im

adgilis mixedviT, sadac xelSekruleba unda Sesrulebuliyo.

xelSekrulebis an am xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare valdebulebis

Sesrulebis adgilad iTvleba is adgili, romelic am xelSekrlebiTaa

gaTvaliswinebuli. magram, Tu xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis adgili ar

aris gansazRvruli, maSin unda vixelmZRvaneloT valdebulebiTi

urTierTobis arsiT. Tu Sesrulebis adgili arc TviTon

xelSekrulebidan da arc misi Sesrulebis arsidan ar gamomdinareobs,

maSin xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis adgili individualurad gansazRvruli

sagnis SemTxvevaSi iqneba is adgili, sadac es sagani imyofeboda

xelSekrulebis dadebis momentisaTvis. gvareobiT gansazRvruli sagnis

SemTxvevaSi - adgili, sadac imyofeba movalis sawarmo, xolo Tu aseTic

ar aris maSin misi sacxovrebeli adgili (iuridiuli misamarTi).133

gancxadebis umoZraod datoveba. lizingis sagnis dabrunebis

Sesaxeb gancxadebis formisa da Sinaarsis kanonis moTxovnaTa dacviT

Camoyalibebas eniWeba gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. es iqedanac Cans, rom

Tu es gancxadeba ar pasuxobs am moTxovnebs, sasamarTlom unda

gamoitanos ganCineba xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb, xolo, Tu am ganCinebiT

daniSnul vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli sasamarTlo gamoitans

meore ganCinebas am gancxadebis umoZraod datovebis Sesaxeb, rogorc

amas iTvaliswinebs ssk 3094-e muxli.

$2. sasamarTlos brZaneba lizingis sagnis gamcemisaTvis lizingis

sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb

sasamarTlos gamoaqvs mxolod erTi saxis brZaneba _

ganmcxadeblisaTvis lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb. aseTi brZaneba

mas gamoaqvs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gancxadebis ganmxilveli

sasamarTlos rwmeniT mtkicebulebebi, romlebic Tan erTvis gancxadebas

adastureben moTxovnas. es brZaneba eqvemdebareba dauyonebliv

aRsrulebas.

sasamarTlos brZanebaze lizingis sagnis gamcemis mflobelobaSi

lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana, rac

ver SeaCerebs brZanebis aRsrulebas. cxadia, rom saCivris ganmxilvel

sasamarTlos SeuZlia, Tu mas es mizanSewonilad miaCnia, droebiT

SeaCeros brZanebis aRsruleba (ssk 418-e muxlis me-2 naw.).

lizingis sagnis dabrunebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo brZanebaze

Setanili kerZo saCivari ganixileba 414-e-420-e muxlebiT dadgenili

wesiT.134

133 z. axvlediani. valdebulebiTi samarTali, meore gamocema, Tb. 1999 gv. 46-47 134 unda aRiniSnos, rom XXXIV1

Tavi, romelic daemata ssk-es 2002 wlis 7 maisis kanoniT, arc

pirdapir, arc arapirdapir ar Seicavs raime miTiTebas gamartivebuli wesiT gancxadebis ganxilvaSi

mopasuxis monawileobis Sesaxeb. es Tavi ar Seicavs agreTve miTiTebebs im garantiebis Sesaxeb,

romlebic miniWebuli aqvs movaleebs (mopasuxeebs) davalianebis gadaxdevinebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis

gamartivebuli warmoebis dros, magram, raxan aseTi garantiebi ar arsebobs unda vifiqroT, rom

313

nakveTi meoTxe

udavo warmoeba

Tavi XX

udavo warmoebis wesiT gansaxilveli saqmeebi

$1. udavo warmoebis cneba

udavo warmoeba aris sasamarTlo warmoebis erT-erTi

damoukidebeli saxe, romelic gansxvavdeba rogorc sasarCelo

warmoebisagan, ise gamartivebuli warmoebisagan. es gansxvaveba, Tavis

mxriv, ganapirobebs Taviseburebas, romelic udavo warmoebas axasiaTebs

da romelic mdgomareobs SemdegSi;

1. am kategoriis saqmeze araa dava mxareTa Soris uflebis Sesaxeb.

amitom, sasamarTlos amocanaa ara mxareTa Soris davis ganxilva

gadawyveta, aramed ama Tu im faqtis dadgena - dadastureba.

2. udavo warmoebis wesiT saqmeTa ganxilvis dros aris mxolod

ganmcxadebeli da ar arian modave mxareebi, kerZod, mosarCele, mopasuxe,

mesame pirebi, Tanamonawileebi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT udavo

warmoeba aris erTmxariani (erTpiriani) warmoeba. amitom, aq ar

gamoiyeneba saqmeTa ganxilvis is wesebi, romlebic ganpirobebulia

procesSi modave mxareTa, mesame pirTa, TanamonawileTa monawileobiT. aq

ar gamoiyeneba agreTve procesis iseTi institutebi, rogoricaa

sarCelze uarisTqma, sarCelis cnoba, mxareTa morigeba da a.S.

3. udavo warmoebis saqmeTa aRZvra xdeba ara sarCeliT, aramed

gancxadebiT, romlis Sinaarsi da mizani arsebiTad gansxvavdeba

sasarCelo gancxadebisagan, agreTve gancxadebisagan sasamarTlo brZanebis

miRebis Sesaxeb.

4. Tu saqmis udavo warmoebis dros aRiZvris dava, sasamarTlom

Tavisi ganCinebiT ganuxilvelad unda datovos gancxadeba da urCios

ganmcxadebels aRZras sarCeli saerTo wesis dacviT;

5. udavo warmoebis wesiT saqmeTa ganxilvisas gamoiyeneba ssk-iT

dadgenili saqmeTa ganxilvis saerTo wesebi, garda im gamonaklisebisa,

romlebic, am kategoriis saqmeTa ganxilvisaTvisaa dadgenili (ssk VI

kari).

udavo warmoebis wesiT gansaxilvel saqmeTa amomwurav CamonaTvals

Seicavs ssk 310-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad am wesiT sasamarTloebi

ganixilaven saqmeebs: a) iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebis dadgenis

Sesaxeb; b) moqalaqis ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiarebisa da

moqalaqis gardacvlilad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb; g) moqalaqis

qmeduunarod da SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebis Sesaxeb; d)

dakargul fasian qaRaldsa da saordero fasian qaRaldze uflebis

aRdgenis Sesaxeb (gamowveviTi warmoeba); e) qonebis upatronod cnobis

Sesaxeb; v) Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb.

lizingis sagnis Taobaze gancxadebis ganxilvaSi monawileobisaTvis Setyobineba unda gaegzavnos

ganmcxadeblis mowinaaRmdege mxaresac (mopasuxes), raTa man SeZlos daicvas Tavisi uflebebi.

314

amrigad, udavo warmoeba - esaa samarTalwarmoebis damoukidebeli

saxe, romelic ganpirobebulia am wesiT gansaxilvel saqmeTa

TaviseburebiT, romelic gamoixateba davisa da modave mxareTa arsebobiT.

$2. iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone faqtis dadgena

iuridiuli faqtebi, es iseTi faqtebia, romlebsac kanoni ukavSirebs

garkveul iuridiul Sedegs. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu faqts, romlis

dadgenac surs ganmcxadebels, ar ukavSirdeba raime iuridiuli Sedegi,

sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos gancxadeba gansaxilvelad.

_ faqts SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes raime iuridiuli Sedegi da

amitom aseTi faqti iuridiuli faqtia, magram imisaTvis, rom

sasamarTlom miiRos gancxadeba am faqtis dadgenis mizniT es araa

sakamrisi. amisaTvis saWiroa, rom dasadgen faqts ukavSirdebodes

swored is Sedegi, romlis dadgomac surs ganmcxadebels. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos gancxadeba gansaxilvelad.

ssk 312-e muxlis me-2 nawili Seicavs im iuridiuli faqtebis

arasrul CamonaTvals, romlebic SeuZlia daadginos sasamarTlom udavo

warmoebis wesiT. es faqtebia:

a) pirTa naTesauri kavSiri. naTesaur kavSirs, magaliTad, Svilobis,

SviliSvilobis, mSoblobis da a. S. faqts aqvs iuridiuli mniSvneloba,

radgan ukavSirdeba iuridiuli Sedegi, kerZod, memkvidreoba, rCenis

movaleoba da sxva. ganmcxadebelma unda miuTiTos gancxadebaSi

iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb, Tu ra miznisaTvis sWirdeba mas am

faqtis dadgena. Tu aRmoCndeba, rom ganmcxadebels unda naTesauri

kavSiris dadgena iseTi miznisaTvis, romlisTvisac am faqts ar aqvs

raime mniSvneloba (magaliTad, binebis gadacvlisaTvis, Tanamdebobis

dakavebisaTvis, samecniero xarisxis miniWebisaTvis da a. S.), maSin

sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos gancxadeba gansaxilvelad (315-e muxli).

b) kmayofaze yofnis faqti. es faqti mxolod im SemTxvevaSi

SeiZleba daadginos sasamarTlom, rodesac am faqts kanoni ukavSirebs

ganmcxadeblisaTvis sasurvel Sedegs. magaliTad, dazaralebulis

gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi zianis mimyenebelma sarCos dawesebiT unda

aunazRauros ziani im pirs, romlis rCenac dazaralebuls evaleboda

(samoq. kodeqsis 1006-e muxli).

g) dabadebis, Svilad ayvanis, qorwinebis, ganqorwinebis,

gardacvalebis registraciis faqtis dadgena. sasamarTlos SeuZlia

daadginos mxolod da mxolod dabadebis, Svilad ayvanis, qorwinebis da

gardacvalebis registraciis faqti, e. i. faqti imis Sesaxeb, rom

dabadeba iyo registrirebuli, Svilad ayvana iyo registrirebuli,

qorwineba iyo registrirebuli da a. S. magram arqivi (Canawerebi

registraciis Sesaxeb) ganadgurda omianobis gamo, xanZrisa Tu raime

stiqiuri ubedurebis gamo.

gancxadeba am faqtebis dadasturebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos SeuZlia

miiRos gansaxilvelad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas erTvis

moqalaqeobrivi mdgomareobis registaciis organoebidan (mros)cnoba

315

imis Sesaxeb, rom maT ar SeuZliaT gascen Sesabamisi dokumentis

dublikati arqivis ganadgurebis gamo.

d) uflebis damdgeni sabuTis kuTvnilebis faqtis dadgena. pirebi

farTod sargebloben ama Tu im dokumentiT, rogoricaa magaliTad,

Sromis wignaki, cnoba muSaobis Sesaxeb, ganaTlebis Tu samecniero

xarisxis damadasturebeli dokumenti da a. S. romlebsac aqvT

iuridiuli mniSvneloba. zogjer am dokumentebSi miTiTebuli saxeli,

mamis saxeli, gvari, ar emTxveva pasportSi an dabadebis mowmobaSi

aRniSnul saxels, mamis saxels an gvars.

amis mizezi SeiZleba mravali iyos, romelTa Soris yvelaze

gavrcelebulia saxelis SemoklebiT aRniSvna (magaliTad, goga giorgis

nacvlad, leqso aleqsandres nacvlad da a. S.). zogjer moqalaqeebi

icvlian TavianT gvars, magram ar cvlian dokuments da a. DS.

arasworia praqtika, rodesac sasamarTloebi TavianTi

gadawyvetilebiT adgenen ara dokumentis pirisadmi kuTvnilebis faqts,

rogorc es miTiTebulia am punqtSi, aramed im pirTa igiveobis faqts,

romlebic sxvadasxvanairad arian moxseniebuli gadawyvetilebaSi.

magaliTad, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSnulia: `Sromis wignakSi

miTiTebuli gogi niJaraZe da pasportSi miTiTebuli giorgi

niJaraZe_erTi da igive piria~, an kidev `n. b. qarazanaSvili da n. b.

qarzanaSvili_erTi da igive piria~. kanonis Sesabamisi iqneba aseTi

formulireba gadawyvetilebaSi: `Sromis wignaki gacemuli 2000 wlis 15

ianvars gogi niJaraZis saxelze ekuTvnis giorgi niJaraZes~, an kidev

`Tsu-s mier a. n. Sengelias saxelze 1955 wels gacemuli #5 diplomi

ekuTvnis a. n. Sengelaias~.

e) sakuTrebis uflebiT nivTis flobis faqtis dadgena.

sasamarTlos SeuZlia daadginos ara nivTis flobis faqti (faqtobivi

mflobeloba), aramed `sakuTrebis uflebiT nivTis flobis faqti~. es

imas niSnavs, rom piri flobs nivTs faqtiurad da amas ar sWirdeba

dadgena, ganmcxadebels unda daudgindes mxolod is, rom nivTs,

romelsac is flobs, flobs mas sakuTrebis uflebiT.

_ amasTan erTad, udavo warmoebis wesiT sasamarTlos SeuZlia

daadginos ara nivTebze piris uSualod sakuTrebis ufleba, aramed is,

rom ganmcxadebels gaaCnda sakuTrebis damadasturebeli dokumentebi,

romlebic daikarga, xolo Canawerebi maregistrirebel organoSi

garkveuli mizezebis gamo (xanZari, stiqiuri movlenebi, saomari

mdgomareoba da a. S.) ganadgurda.135

sasamarTlo ar aniWebs pirs sakuTrebis uflebas nivTze.

sasamarTlo mxolod adgens piris sakuTrebis uflebas nivTze, romelic

mas miniWebuli hqonda Sesabamisi kompetenturi organoebis mier, magram

aRar SeuZliaT daadasturon es, vinaidan Sesabamisi Canawerebi

ganadgurebulia.

_ gancxadeba sakuTrebis uflebiT nivTis flobis faqtis dadgenis

Sesaxeb sasamarTlos SeuZlia miiRos gansaxilvelad mxolod 313-e

muxliT dadgenili wesiT (ix. am muxlis komentari).

v) ubeduri SemTxvevis faqtis dadgena. mxedvelobaSia warmoebaSi

momxdari ubeduri SemTxveva, romlis Sesaxeb Sesabamis aqts adgens

Sromis teqnikuri inspeqciebi, rac gaTvaliswinebulia `debulebiT

135 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos didi palatis gadawyvetilebani 2001-2002. Tb. 2003, gv. 74

316

warmoebaSi momxdar ubedur SemTxvevaTa gamoZiebisa da aRricxvis

Sesaxeb~.

damkvidrebuli praqtikis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos SeuZlia daadginos

warmoebaSi momxdari ubeduri SemTxvevis faqti mxolod maSin, roca am

faqtis dadgena sxva wesiT gamoricxulia an imis gamo, rom Tavis droze

es ar ganxorcielda, xolo exla ukve dagvianebulia, an Tavis droze

ubeduri SemTxvevis Sesaxeb Sesabamisi aqti Sedga, magram ama Tu im

mizezis gamo igi daikarga (ganadgurda).

gancxadebas ubeduri SemTxvevis faqtebis dadgenis Sesaxeb

aucileblad unda daerTos sawarmos administraciis cnoba, sadac moxda

ubeduri SemTxveva, imis Sesaxeb, rom am faqtis dadgena arasasamarTlo

wesiT am etapze ukve SeuZlebelia.

damkvidrebuli praqtikis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos SeuZlia daadginos

mxolod ubeduri SemTxvevis faqti, rasac Sedegad moyva sawarmoo

travma. rac Seexeba Sromisunarianobis dakargvis mizezs da xarisxs,

invalidobis mizezsa da invalidobis jgufs_udavo warmoebis wesiT

sasamarTlo ar adgens. am faqtebs adgens saeqimo SromiTi saeqsperto

komisiebi.

z) piris garkveul drosa da garkveul viTarebaSi gardacvalebis

faqtis dadgena, roca mro-m uari Tqva registraciaze. gancxadebas piris

garkveul drosa da garkveul viTarebaSi gardacvalebis faqtis dadgenis

DSesaxeb, Tan unda erTvodes mmro_s cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom igi uars

ambobs am faqtis registraciaze, agreTve mtkicebulebebi, romlebic

utyuarad adastureben piris garkveul drosa da garkveul viTarebaSi

gardacvalebis faqts.

T) memkvidreobis miRebis faqtisa da memkvidreobis gaxsnis

adgilis dadgena. damkvidrebuli praqtikis Tanaxmad, memkvidreobis

miRebis faqtisa da memkvidreobis gaxsnis adgilis dadgenis Sesaxeb

SeiZleba ganixilos sasamarTlom udavo warmoebis wesiT, Tu sanotaro

organom uari uTxra ganmcxadebels memkvidreobis miRebis uflebis

mowmobis gacemaze im motiviT, rom ganmcxadebels ar gaaCnia Sesabamisi

dokumentebi, romlebic adastureben samkvidro qonebis faqtobriv

mflobelobaSi miRebis faqts, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sxvadasxva

xasiaTisa da Sinaarsis qviTrebi, sabinao komunaluri momsaxurebisaTvis

gaweuli xarjebis qviTrebi, mezoblebis werilobiTi axsna-ganmartebebi

da a. S. Tu aseTi dokumentebi warudgina ganmcxadebelma notariuss,

magram man isini arasakmarisad CaTvala, maSin ganmcxadebels SeuZlia

mimarTos sasamarTlos saCivriT sanotaro moqmedebis Sesrulebaze uaris

Tqmis Sesaxeb.

iuridiuli faqtebis am muxlSi mocemuli CamonaTvali araa

amomwuravi, rac ar niSnavs imas, rom nebismieri faqti SeiZleba

daadginos sasamarTlom udavo warmoebis wesiT.

damkvidrebuli praqtikis Tanaxmad, udavo warmoebis wesiT ar

SeiZleba dadgindes Sromis staJi, Sromisunarianobis dakargvis mizezi

da xarisxi, invalidobis jgufi, SeiaraRebul nawilebSi namdvili

samsaxuris gavla, frontze yofna an saomar moqmedebebSi monawileoba,

Wrilobis miReba saomar moqmedebaSi monawileobis dros, moqalaqeTa

asaki, umaRlesi saswavleblis damTavreba da sxva.

iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb gancxadebis miReba

gansaxilvelad dasaSvebia mxolod im pirobiT, Tu sxva gziT am faqtis

317

dadgena namdvilad SeuZlebelia imis gamo, rom Sesabamisi Canawerebi

ganadgurebulia, xolo maTi aRdgena SeuZlebelia.

I. iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis winapirobebi

ssk 313-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo iuridiuli mniSvnelobis

faqts daadgens mxolod am faqtis damadasturebeli sabuTis sxva wesiT

miRebis an dakarguli sabuTebis aRdgenis SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi.

amave kodeqsis 315-e muxlis Tanaxmad gancxadeba iuridiuli faqtis

dadgenis Sesaxeb unda Seicavdes im mizanze naTlad da gasagebad

miTiTebas, risTvisac Wirdeba ganmcxadebels iuridiuli faqtis dadgena.

es kanonis umniSvnelovanesi danawesia, rac imas niSnavs, rom faqti

marTla SeiZleba iyos iuridiuli im TvalsazrisiT, rom mas kanoni

ukavSirebs garkveul iuridiul Sedegs, magram ra miznisaTvisac

ganmcxadebeli moiTxovs faqtis dadgenas, am faqts aranairi mniSvneloba

ar aqvs, an faqts, romlis dadgenas moiTxovs ganmcxadebeli, ar

ukavSirdeba is Sedegi, romlis dadgomac surs ganmcxadebels.136

magaliTad: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, raTa man

daadginos, rom awgardacvlili d-oni aris misi

RviZli Zma. am faqtis dadgena mas surs, imisaTvis,

rom iyidos avtomanqana, romelic mis Zmas ekuTvnoda,

memkvidreebisagan. sasamarTlom ar miiRo gancxadeba,

radgan avtomanqanis nasyidobis xelSekrulebis

gaformebisaTvis naTesaobas raime mniSvneloba ar aqvs.

iuridiuli faqtis Sesaxeb gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos

agreTve mtkicebulebebze, romlebic adastureben saTanado sabuTis

miRebis an dakarguli sabuTis aRdgenis SeuZleblobas. amasTan erTad es

mtkicebulebebi warmodgenili unda iyos sasamarTloSi gancxadebasTan

erTad.

_ Tu gancxadeba iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb ar pasuxobs

am muxlis moTxovnebs, kerZod:

1) masSi araa miTiTebuli mizanze, risTvisac sWirdeba

ganmcxadebels iuridiuli faqtis dadgena;

b) masSi araa miTiTebuli mtkicebulebebze, romlebic adastureben

faqtis damadasturebeli sabuTis sxva wesiT miRebis an dakarguli

sabuTis aRdgenis SeuZleblobas;

g) gancxadebas ar erTvis (araa warmodgenili gancxadebasTan

erTad) es mtkicebulebebi, _ maSin sasamarTlom unda misces vada

ganmcxadebels xarvezis Sesavsebad. Tu am vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba

Sevsebuli, sasamarTlo gancxadebas umoZraod datovebs (ssk 185-e

muxli).

Tu gancxadebis xarvezi gamovlinda misi warmoebaSi miRebis Semdeg,

sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas am gancxadebis ganuxilvelad datovebis

Sesaxeb 311-e muxlis me-2 nawilis analogiiT.

II. sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba iuridiuli

136 erT-erT saqmeze saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos didma palatam miuTiTa, rom gancxadebaSi im

mizanze miTiTeba, risTvisac ganmcxadebels am faqtis dadgena Wirdeba, warmoadgens gancxadebis

miRebis erT-erT aucilebel winapirobas.

ix. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos didi palatis gadawyvetilebani, 2001-2002, gv. 73

318

faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb

_ gadawyvetileba iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb unda

pasuxobdes yvela moTxovnas, rasac sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba saerTod,

maT Soris, gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos mtkicebulebebze,

romelTa safuZvelze sasamarTlom gaakeTa daskvna faqtis arseboba-

ararsebobis Sesaxeb, agreTve faqtze, romelic sasamarTlom CaTvala

dadgenilad.

_ Tu sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba iseTi faqtis Sesaxeb,

romelic registrirebuli unda iyos ama Tu im organoSi, maSin

gadawyvetileba warmoadgens safuZvels aseTi registraciisaTvis da

gaformebisaTvis. magaliTad, Tu gadawyvetilebiT dadgenilia qorwinebis,

ganqorwinebis, gardacvalebis da a. S. registraciis faqti, mmro-m

regisracia unda gaukeTos am faqts, radgan uSualod gadawyvetileba

ver Secvlis gasacem dokuments.

_ raxan iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos

gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gaxdes safuZveli Sesabamisi kompetenturi

organoebis mier am gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili faqtis

registraciisaTvis da gaformebisaTvis, samotivacio nawilis

CamoyalibebasTan erTad Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs am gadawyvetilebis

sarezolucio nawilis Camoyalibebas, radgan faqtis registracia da

Sesabamisi dokumentebis gaformeba swored gadawyvetilebis

sarezolucio nawilis mixedviT unda moxdes.

_ ssk-is XXXVI Tavi, romelic iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone

faqtebis dadgenas eZRvneba, ar iTvaliswinebs am faqtebis dadgenis

Taobaze gamotanili gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobas, magram

es imas ar niSnavs, rom am gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba ar SeiZleba.

udavo warmoebis wesiT saqmeebs sasamarTlo ganixilavs ssk-iT

dadgenili wesebiT, im cvlilebebisa da damatebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

romlebic dadgenilia am TaviT (ssk 311-e muxlis pirveli naw.).

aqedan gamomdinare, gadawyvetileba iuridiuli faqtis Taobaze

SeiZleba gasaCivrdes zemdgom sasamarTloSi.

_ kanonis moTxovna, rom gadawyvetilebis saapelacio da sakasacio

wesiT gasaCivreba SeuZliaT mxolod mxareebsa da mesame pirebs

damoukidebeli moTxovniT, ver gavrceldeba udavo warmoebis wesiT

gamotanil gadawyvetilebebze iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb,

radgan aseTi warmoebis dros aris mxolod ganmcxadebeli da ar arian

mxareebi mesame pirebi damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT,

Tanamonawileebi (TanamosarCeleebi, Tanamopasuxeebi).

aqedan gamomdinare, iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba SeuZlia yvela dainteresebul pirs,

romlebsac miaCniaT, rom am faqtis dadgeniT Seilaxa maTi ufleba.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, erT-erT Tavis ganCinebaSi sakasacio

sasamarTlom miuTiTa:

_ Tu iuridiuli faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb dainteresebulma pirebma

gaiges sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Semdeg, maT ufleba

aqvT gaasaCivron es gadawyvetileba saapelacio wesiT, moiTxovon misi

gauqmeba da saqmis saerTo sasarCelo wesiT ganxilva, Tu es

gadawyvetileba jer kidev ar aris Sesuli kanonier ZalaSi.

319

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gadawyvetileba Sesulia kanonier ZalaSi,

dainteresebul pirebs, SeuZliaT mimarTon am gadawyvetilebis gamomtan

sasamarTlos misi baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb.137

$3. moqalaqis ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiareba

an moqalaqis gardacvlilad gamocxadeba

1. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 21-e muxlis Tanaxmad, daintresebuli piris

gancxadebiT fizikuri piri SeiZleba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT

aRiarebul iqnes ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad, Tu misi adgilsamyofeli

ucnobia da ori wlis manZilze igi ar gamoCenila Tavis sacxovrebel

adgilas. amave kodeqsis 22-e muxlis Tanaxmad, piri SeiZleba

gamocxaddes gardacvlilad, Tu mis sacxovrebel adgilas xuTi wlis

ganmavlobaSi ar moipoveba cnobebi am piris adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb,

agreTve, Tu igi ugzo-ukvlod daikarga iseT garemoebebSi, romelic mas

sikvdils uqadda, anda savaraudoa misi daRupva raime ubeduri

SemTxvevis gamo da aseTi cnobebi eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi ar moipoveba.

kidev ufro Sekvecili vadebia, roca piri ugzo-ukvlod daikarga saomar

pirobebSi.

gancxadeba piris ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiarebis an

gardacvlilad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb SeuZliaT Seitanon dainteresebulma

pirebma,¸magram Tu vin iTvleba dainteresebul pirebad kanonSi

miTiTebuli araa.

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 21-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad,

kanoniT memkvidreebi moipoveben uflebas ukvalod dakargulis qoneba

marTon mindobili sakuTrebis saxiT, maT Soris, miiRon misgan sargebeli.

am qonebidan miecema sarCo ugzo-ukvlod dakargulis rCenaze myof

pirebs da daifareba valebi. piris gardacvlilad aRiarebis iuridiuli

interesi SeiZleba hqondeT im pirebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT miiRon

samkvidro qoneba memkvidreobiT (memkvidreebs). am pirebs, e. i.

memkvidreebs SeuZliaT Seitanon gancxadeba rogorc piris ugzo-ukvlod

dakargvis, ise misi gardacvlilad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb.

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom arc kanonismieri da arc anderZismieri

memkvidreebi ar arseboben, aseT SemTxvevaSi qoneba (umkvidro qoneba)

gadadis xazinaze, aqedan gamomdinare, piris gardacvlilad gamocxadebis

Sesaxeb gancxadeba SeiZleba Seitanos sasamarTloSi xazinam.

gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos mizanze, risTvisac

ganmcxadebels Wirdeba moqalaqis dakargulad aRiareba an misi

gardacvlilad gamocxadeba.

mizani SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos, rogoricaa; qonebis mindobili

sakuTrebiT marTva, ganqorwineba, qonebis memkvidreobiT miReba

(memkvidreobis gaxsna), marCenalis sikvdilis gamo pensiis miReba da a. S.

aRsaniSnavia, rom moqalaqis gamocxadeba gardacvlilad iwvevs igive

iuridiul Sedegs, rasac moqalaqis gardacvaleba (samoq. kodeqsis 1122-e

da 1319-e muxlebi). magram ugzo-ukvlod an gardacvlilad gamocxadebas

137 susg samoqalaqo saqmeebze, 2002 w. 13 ivnisi, saqme #3k/681-02.

320

ar SeiZleba miznad hqondes sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis devnis

Sewyveta.

gancxadebaSi garda miznisa, miTiTebuli unda iyos iseT

garemoebaze, romlebic adastureben ugzo-ukvlod dakargvas an

gardacvalebas. magaliTad, samisamarTo biuroebis uaryofiTi pasuxebi,

aseTive uaryofiTi cnobebi misi adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb samuSao Tu

bolo an savaraudo adgilebidan da a. S. Tu gancxadeba moiTxovs

moqalaqis gardacvlilad aRiarebas, maSin miTiTebuli unda iyos

garemoebebze, romlebic sikvdiliT emuqreboda moqalaqes, magaliTad,

saaviacio Tu avtokatastrofebi, miwisZvra, wyaldidoba da a. S. (samoq.

kodeqsis 22-e muxli).

moqalaqis ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad an gardacvlilad gamocxadeba

iwvevs metad seriozul samarTlebriv Sedegebs. amitom, sasamarTlos

varaudi piris ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad an gardacvlilad gamocxadebis

Taobaze unda emyarebodes iseT garemoebebs, romlebic qmnian maRali

xarisxis varauds am faqtebis Sesaxeb.

moqalaqis ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiarebas ukavSirdeba

mxolod erTi Sedegi: dakargulis qoneba mindobili sakuTrebis saxiT

gadaecema samarTavad mis kanonier memkvidreebs. es imas niSnavs, rom, is,

visac gadaeca dakargulis qoneba mindobili sakuTrebis saxiT,

valdebulia daicvas samoqalaqo kodeqsis 725-729-e muxlebis moTxovna.

gamonaklisia mxolod is, rom aseT pirTan mindobis xelSekrulebis

dadeba aRaraa saWiro, radgan sakuTrebis mimndobis rolSi gvevlineba

sasamarTlo Tavisi gadawyvetilebis ZaliT.

cxadia, rom gadawyvetilebaSi naTlad da garkveviT unda iyos

miTiTebuli, Tu ra qoneba da vis gadaeca igi samarTavad.

gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba, e. i. am gadawyvetilebiT gaTvaliswinebuli

qonebis gadacema mindobil mesakuTreze, unda moaxdinos aRmsrulebelma.

rac Seexeba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas piris gardacvlilad

gamocxadebis Sesaxeb, aseTi gadawyvetileba warmoadgens safuZvels

moqalaqeobrivi mdgomareobis registraciis wignSi am piris

gardacvalebis Sesaxeb Canaweris SetanisaTvis.

amis Semdeg, am faqts ukavSirdeba yvela is Sedegi, rac piris

gardacvalebas saerTod.

2. ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiarebuli an gardacvlilad

gamocxadebuli moqalaqis gamoCenis an misi adgilsamyofelis aRmoCenis

Sedegebi. moqalaqis ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad an gardacvlilad

gamocxadeba yovelTvis efuZneba prezumfcias (varauds). amitom, es

muxli uSvebs am varaudis gaqarwylebis SesaZleblobas. gaqarwyleba ki

SeiZleba dakargulad an gardacvlilad gamocxadebulis gamoCeniT an

misi adgilsamyofelis aRmoCeniT. es unda dadasturdes utyuarad

sasamarTlos winaSe TviTon am piris gamocxadebiT, an oficialuri

cnobiT misi adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb.

sasamarTlos gancxadebiT SeiZleba mimarTos im pirma, visi

gancxadebiTac piri gamocxadda dakargulad an gardacvlilad, sxva

dainteresebulma pirma (317-e muxli) da cxadia, TviTon im pirma,

romelic gamocxadebuli iyo dakargulad an gardacvlilad.

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gancxadebis ganxilvis Semdeg sasamarTlos gamoaqvs axali

gadawyvetileba (da ara ganCineba), romliTac auqmebs adre gamotanil

gadawyvetilebas. es axali gadawyvetileba gadaecema mmros, romelic mis

safuZvelze auqmebs registraciis wignSi am piris gardacvalebis Sesaxeb

Canawers, rac Tavis mxriv, iwvevs samoqalaqo kodeqsis 23-e muxliT

gaTvaliswinebul Sedegebs.

ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad aRiarebuli piris mimarT gamotanili

gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi, uqmdeba am piris qonebis

mindobili sakuTrebis uflebiT sxva pirze samarTavad gadacema (samoq.

kodeqsis me-20 muxlis me-2 nawili).

$4. moqalaqis SezRudul qmedunarianad da qmeduunarod aRiareba

I. safuZveli

1. SezRudul qmedunarianad iTvleba arasrulwlovani Svididan

Tvramet wlamde, magram SezRuduli qmedunarianad iTvleba agreTve

srulwlovani, romelic sasamarTlom aRiara aseTad.

SezRudul qmedunarianad piris aRiarebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos

SeiZleba mimarTon am piris ojaxis wevrebma an meurveobisa da

mzrunvelobis organoebma. es CamonaTvali aris amomwuravi da misi

gafarToeba dauSvebelia. saqme isaa, rom piri, romelic eZaleba

alkohols an narkotikul nivTierebas, mZime materialur mdgomareobaSi

ayenebs Tavis ojaxs. amitom, pirvel rigSi, misi ojaxis wevrebi unda

iyvnen dainteresebuli am piris SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebiT.

meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organoebma, SeiZleba mimarTon

sasamarTlos gancxadebiT or SemTxvevaSi: rodesac aseT pirs ar hyavs

ojaxSi srulwlovani wevri an maT mimarTaven TxovniT ojaxis wevrebi,

Seutanon sasamarTloSi gancxadeba piris SezRudul qmedunarianad

aRiarebis Sesaxeb.

2. yoveli srulwlovani piri iTvleba qmedunarianad, sanam misi

qmeduunaroba araa aRiarebuli sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli

gadawyvetilebiT (samoq. kodeqsis me-12 muxli).

garda ojaxis wevrebisa da meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis

organoebisa, suliT avadmyofobis an Wkuasustobis gamo moqalaqis

qmeduunarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb gancxadebiT sasamarTlos SeiZleba

mimarTon fsiqiatriul-samkurnalo dawesebulebebma. im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac sasamarTloSi gancxadeba Seaqvs ara ojaxis wevrs, aramed

meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos, an fsiqiatriul-samkurnalo

dawesebulebas, saqmis ganxilvaSi Cabmuli unda iqnes ojaxis

srulwlovani wevrebi.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gancxadeba piris qmeduunarod aRiarebis

Sesaxeb Seaqvs arauflebamosil pirs (organos), sasamarTlom ar unda

miiRos aseTi gancxadeba, xolo Tu SecdomiT miiRo, datovos igi

ganuxilvelad (ssk 275-e muxlis `b~ punqti).

322

piris SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebisaTvis aucilebelia

dadasturdes ara marto is, rom igi borotad iyenebs alkohols an

narkotikul nivTierebas, aramed isic, rom amis gamo igi Tavis ojaxs

mZime materialur mdgomareobaSi ayenebs (ssk 323-e muxlis pirveli

naw.,).

amitom, gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos ara marto iseT

garemoebebze, romlebic adastureben aRniSnul garemoebebs, aramed

gancxadebas Tan unda erTvodes mtkicebulebebic am garemoebaTa

dasadastureblad (cnobebi samedicino dawesebulebebidan, saeqimo

daskvnebi, mkurnalobis Sesaxeb cnobebi da a. S.). Tu gancxadeba ar

Seicavs miTiTebas am garemoebebze an Tu mas ar erTvis Sesabamisi

mtkicebulebebi, sasamarTlom unda dauniSnos ganmcxadebels vada

xarvezis Sesavsebad. Tu am vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, igi

gamoitans ganCinebas gancxadebis umoZraod datovebis Sesaxeb (ssk 185-e

muxli).

gancxadeba moqalaqis qmeduunarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb unda

Seicavdes miTiTebas garemoebebze, romlebic adastureben fsiqikur

moSlilobas , ris gamoc mas ar SeuZlia Seignos Tavisi moqmedebis

mniSvneloba da ganagos igi. gancxadebas unda erTvodes mtkicebulebebi,

romlebic adastureben piris fsiqikur moSlilobas (amonaweri misi

avadmyofobis istoriidan, cnobebi mis fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi

mkurnalobis Sesaxeb, mowmeTa Cvenebebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT

daadasturon piris iseTi saqcieli, romelic ar axasiaTebs jansaR

adamians da a. S.). Tu gancxadeba ar pasuxobs am moTxovnebs, an mas Tan

ar erTvis Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebi, sasamarTlo dauniSnavs vadas

ganmcxadebels, Seavsos xarvezi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi datovebs am

gancxadebas umoZraod (ssk 185-e muxli)

fsiqiatriuli eqspertizis daniSvna savaldebuloa im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac sasamarTlo ixilavs gancxadebas piris qmeduunarod aRiarebis

Sesaxeb. piris SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebis dros, sasamarTlos

SeuZlia daniSnos fsiqiatriuli eqspertiza, Tu es mas miaCnia

mizanSewonilad. eqspertizis daniSvnis dros sasamarTlo

xelmZRvanelobs ssk 162-176-e muxlebiT, agreTve ssk 203-e muxlis

pirveli nawilis `T~ punqtiT.

eqspertizis winaSe SeiZleba daisvas iseTi sakiTxi, romelic

moiTxovs specialur codnas, kerZod, aris Tu ara piri fsiqikurad

daavadebuli. magram am sakiTxis garkveva ar kmara. fsiqikuri moSliloba

jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom pirs ar Seswevs unari sworad imoqmedos da

angariSi gauwios Tavis moqmedebas. amitom, eqspertis winaSe unda daisvas

agreTve sakiTxi: a) aqvs Tu ara pirs unari Seignos Tavisi moqmedebis

mniSvneloba (inteleqtualuri niSani); b) ixelmZRvanelos (ganagos) miTi

(nebelobiTi niSani).

am monacemebis safuZvelze daskvnas piris qmeduunarobis, rogorc

iuridiuli cnebis, Sesaxeb akeTebs sasamarTlo Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi.

fsiqiatriul eqspertizaze piris iZulebiTi gagzavna dasaSvebia

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es piri Tavs aridebs nebayoflobiT

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Semowmebas. ganCineba amis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs fsiqiatrisa da

policiis TanamSromelTa monawileobiT.

II. saqmis ganxilvaSi monawile pirebi

1. piris SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebas win unda uswrebdes

saqmis momzadeba. am mizniT, SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebul pirs

unda gaegzavnos gancxadebisa da masze darTuli dokumentebis aslebi,

gamoTxovil iqnes misgan werilobiTi mosazrebebi, gaegzavnos Setyobineba

kanoniT dadgenili wesiT saqmis mTavar sxdomaze misi SezRudul

qmedunarianad aRiarebis Sesaxeb saqmis ganxilvisa da misi savaldebulo

monawileobis Sesaxeb.

Tu es piri ar gamocxaddeba sasamarTlo sxdomaze, sasamarTlos

SeuZlia gamoitanos gadawyvetileba saqmis masalebis mixedviT (da ara

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba). policiis meSveobiT am piris gamocxadebis

uzrunvelyofa dauSvebelia.

saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileobis misaRebad mizanSewonilia mowveul

iqnes (sasamarTlos iniciativiT) SezRudul qmeunarianad aRiarebuli

piris ojaxis srulwlovani wevrebi.

SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebul pirs eniSneba mzrunveli (ssk

326-e muxli). amitom, maTi monawileoba saqmis ganxilvaSi

savaldebuloa, ris Sesaxebac unda ecnobos am organoebs kanoniT

dadgenili wesiT. Tu, miuxedavad amisa, am organos warmomadgeneli ar

gamocxaddeba daniSnul dRes sxdomaze, sasamarTlom unda gadados saqmis

ganxilva da ganmeorebiT Seatyobinos mas da mis zemdgom organos, rom

maTi monawileoba savaldebuloa.

2. qmeduunarod aRiarebul moqalaqes eniSneba meurve. amitom, am

saqmis ganxilvisas aseve savaldebuloa meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis

organos warmomadgenlis monawileoba, ris Sesaxebac droulad unda

ecnobos am organos. Tu, miuxedavad amisa, sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar

gamocxaddeba aRniSnuli organos warmomadgeneli, sasamarTlom unda

gadados saqmis ganxilva da Seatyobinos amis Sesaxeb am organos da mis

zemdgom organos, romlis zemoqmedebiTac unda moxdes aRniSnuli

organos warmomadgenlis saqmis ganxilvaSi monawileobis uzrunvelyofa.

ganmeorebiT gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom unda ganixilos

saqme policiis meSveobiT meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos

warmomadgenlis procesSi monawileobis uzrunvelyofa mizanSeuwonelia.

piri, romelmac Seitana gancxadeba (ganmcxadebeli) piris

SezRudul qmedunarianad an qmeduunarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb,

ganTavisuflebulia rogorc saxelmwifo baJis, ise saqmis ganxilvasTan

dakavSirebuli sxva xarjebisagan.

III. meurvisa da mzrunvelis daniSvna

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1. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi, romliTac piri aRiarebulia

SezRudul qmedunarianad, miTiTebuli unda iyos, rom am pirs daeniSnos

mzrunveli. mzrunvels niSnavs ara uSualod sasamarTlo, aramed

meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organo (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1281-e

muxlis pirveli nawili). kerZod, socialuri uzrunvelyofis

adgilobrivi organo (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1278-e muxli).

2. qmeduunarod sasamarTlos mier aRiarebul pirs eniSneba meurve.

gadawyvetilebis gamomtani sasamarTlo valdebulia am gadawyvetilebis

kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan araugvianes sami dRisa acnobos amis Sesaxeb

meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos im piris sacxovrebeli adgilis

mixedviT, romelic saWiroebs meurves.

meurvis daniSvnis Sesaxeb miTiTebuli unda iyos sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebaSi, magram meurves niSnavs ara uSualod sasamarTlo,

aramed meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organo (samoqalaqo kodeqsis

1280-e muxli).

meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organoebad gvevlineba, sasamarTlos

mier qmeduunarod aRiarebuli pirisaTvis - janmrTelobis dacvis

adgilobrivi organo (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1278-e muxli).

IV. SezRuduli qmedunarianobis gauqmeba

da moqalaqis qmedunarianad aRiareba

1. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-14 muxlis me-3 nawiliT

gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos, TviT moqalaqis, misi

mzrunvelis, ojaxis wevris gancxadebiT, gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba

moqalaqis SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb.

2. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-12 muxlis me-6 nawiliT

gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos meurvis, fsiqiatriul-

samkurnalo dawesebulebis, ojaxis wevris gancxadebiT, sasamarTlo-

fsiqaitriuli eqspertizis daskvnis safuZvelze, gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba

gamojanmrTelebuli piris qmedunarianad aRiarebis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze uqmdeba aRniSnul pirze dawesebuli

meurveoba. gancxadebas SezRuduli qmedunarianobis gauqmebis Sesaxeb Tan unda

erTvodes mtkicebulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom moqalaqe, romelic

aRiarebuli iyo SezRudul qmedunarianad, ukve ganikurna.

mtkicebulebebad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos cnobebi Sesabamisi

samkurnalo dawesebulebebidan, mowmeTa Cvenebebi, ojaxis wevrTa axsna-

ganmartebebi da sxva.

piris qmedunarianad aRiarebisaTvis aucilebelia sasamarTlo

fsiqiatriuli eqspertizis daskvna.

_ orive SemTxvevaSi, e.i. roca sasamarTlos gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba

moqalaqis SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiarebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, an

moqalaqis qmedunarianad aRiarebis Sesaxeb, ar xdeba adre gamotanili

gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba, aramed xdeba saqmis ganaxleba.

gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos, rom uqmdeba moqalaqis

SezRudul qmedunarianad aRiareba da masze mzrunveloba, an uqmdeba

moqalaqis qmeduunanarod aRiareba da masze meurveobis daweseba.

325

$5. dakargul an ganadgurebul sawarmomadgenlo fasian qaRaldsa da

saordero fasian qaRaldze uflebis aRdgena (gamowveviTi warmoeba)

1. gancxadebis Setana. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 918-e muxli

iTvaliswinebs fasiani qaRaldis gamocxadebas Zaladakargulad. amis

Sesabamisad, es muxli gansazRvravs sawarmdgenlo fasiani qaRaldis

(samoq. kodeqsis 911-e muxli) da saordero fasiani qaRaldis (samoq.

kodeqsis 926-e muxli) dakargvis an ganadgurebis SemTxvevaSi maTi

baTilad cnobas, Zaladakargulad gamocxadebas da maTze uflebis

aRdgenas,138 rac ganixileba udavo warmoebis wesiT (ssk 311-e muxli).

fasiani qaRaldis gamomSvebi (emitenti) valdebulia ganmcxadebels

miawodos cnobebi, romlebic aucilebelia sasamarTlosaTvis am

gancxadebis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT (samoq. kodeqsis 918-e muxlis me-

2 nawili).

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac fasiani qaRaldis gamomSvebi (emitenti) ar

asrulebs am movaleobas da ar awodebs saWiro cnobebs ganmcxadebels,

maSin mas SeuZlia ssk 103-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad

iSuamdgomlos sasamarTlos winaSe, raTa man gamoiTxovos es cnobebi.

fasiani qaRaldebi sxvadasxva saxisaa. sasamarTlos wesiT uflebis

aRdgena dasaSvebia mxolod sawarmdgenlo da saordero fasian qaRaldze.

sawarmdgenlo fasiani qaRaldi iseTi dokumentia, romelSic araa

miTiTebuli is konkretuli piri, romelsac gaaCnia moTxovnis ufleba.

amitom, aseTi ufleba warmoeSoba nebismier pirs, vinc warmoadgens

fasian qaRalds. rac Seexeba saordero fasian qaRalds, igi gamoiwereba

gansazRvrul pirze, magram imis miTiTebiT, rom qaRaldSi gamoxatuli

moTxovnis ufleba aqvs ara marto mis pirvel mflobels, aramed

garkveuli pirobebis dacviT, nebismier sxva pirs.139 rac Seexeba fasiani

qaRaldebis iseT saxeobas, rogoricaa piradi fasiani qaRaldi, igi

gansazRvruli piris saxelze Sedgenili dokumentia da mxolod am pirs

aqvs moTxovnis ufleba. es imas niSnavs, rom sxvisTvis aseTi uflebis

gadacema, an qaRaldSi gamoxatuli moTxovnis miReba praqtikulad

gamoricxulia.

miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos samoq. kodeqsis 928-e muxlis me-3

nawili iTvaliswinebs, rom Tu piradi fasiani qaRaldi `dakarguli an

ganadgurebulia, maSin igi gansakuTrebuli (udavo) warmoebis gziT

Zaladakargulad gamocxaddeba, Tu ki sxva ram ar aris

gaTvaliswinebuli. es wesi ar moqmedebs mcire Rirebulebis mqone

dokumentebs dakargvisas~.

samoqalaqo kodeqsis am danawesidan gamomdinare, samoqalaqo

saproceso kodeqsisi XXXIX Tavi saWiroebs garkveul dazustebas, magram

sanam aseTi dazusteba moxdebodes, sasamarTloebma unda miiRon

138 ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe, t. II, Tb., 2001, gv. 250-270. 139 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe, t. II, Tb., 2001, gv. 252.

326

gansaxilvelad udavo warmoebis wesiT piradi fasiani qaRaldis

Zaladakargulad gamocxadebis (baTilad cnobis) Sesaxeb gancxadeba.

garda yvela im savaldebulo monacemebisa, romlebsac unda

Seicavdes sasamarTloSi warsadgeni gancxadeba, am gancxadebaSi

miTiTebuli unda iyos: a) dakarguli (ganadgurebuli) sabuTis

ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi (sabuTis nomeri, misi gacemis TariRi, Tanxis

odenoba da a. S.); b) sabuTis gamcemi dawesebulebis zusti saxelwodeba

da misamarTi; g) garemoebebi, romelTa gamo, an romelTa arsebobis

pirobebSi moxda sabuTis dakargva Tu ganadgureba; d) ganmcxadeblis

moTxovna sabuTis Zaladakargulad (baTilad) gamocxadebis da masze

uflebis aRdgenis, agreTve am sabuTiT yovelgvari gadaxdisa da gacemis

akrZalvis Sesaxeb.

ganmcxadebelma ar icis vis xelSia dakarguli fasiani qaRaldi. es

rom icodes, mas SeeZlo Semoetana ara gancxadeba, aramed sarCeli.

amitom, mas ar moeTxoveba miuTiTos dakarguli sabuTis xelTmqonis

misamarTi.

ganmcxadebelma unda daurTos Tavis gancxadebas Sesabamisi

mtkicebulebebi, xolo fasiani qaRaldis gamcemi, Tavis mxriv,

valdebulia miawodos mas yvela is sabuTi, rac saWiro iqneba

sasamarTlosaTvis (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 918-e muxlis me-2 nawili).

xSirad, fasiani qaRaldis gamcemi dawesebulebebi ar iZlevian aseT

cnobebs sasamarTlos mimarTvis gareSe. es unda gaiTvaliswinon

sasamarTloebma gancxadebis miRebis dros.

amasTan erTad, Tu gancxadebas aqvs iseTi xarvezi, romlis Sevsebac

ganmcxadebels SeuZlia, sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos ganCineba da

daniSnos vada am xarvezis Sesavsebad. Tu ganmcxadebeli ar Seavsebs

xarvezs am vadaSi, sasamarTlo mas umoZraod datovebs (ssk 185-e

muxli).

gancxadebis warmoebaSi miRebis Semdeg sasamarTlo amzadebs saqmes

gansaxilvelad, risTvisac is asrulebs yvela saWiro saproceso

moqmedebas. pirveli, rac unda gaakeTos sasamarTlom gancxadebis

miRebisTanave _ esaa ganCinebis miReba sabuTis gamcemi pirisaTvis am

sabuTiT yovelgvari gadaxdisa da gacemis warmoebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.

am ganCinebis ase swrafad miRebis aucilebloba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom

Tavidan iqnas acilebuli gadaxdisa da gacemis aramarTlzomierad

warmoebis SesaZlebloba.

sasamarTlos SeuZlia uari uTxras ganmcxadebels gadaxdisa da

gacemis warmoebis akrZalvaze, magram ganmcxadebels SeuZlia am

ganCinebaze kerZo saCivris Setana (ssk 414-420-e muxlebi).

2. publikaciis ganxorcieleba. publikacia savaldebuloa da unda

Seicavdes yvela im monacems, romlebic kanoniTaa gansazRvruli. kerZod,

publikacia unda Seicavdes:

a) im sasamarTlos dasaxelebas, romelSic Setanilia gancxadeba

sabuTis dakargvis Sesaxeb;

b) ganmcxadeblis dasaxelebasa da mis sacxovrebel adgils;

g) sabuTis dasaxelebasa da ganmasxvavebel niSnebs;

327

d) winadadebas im sabuTis xelTmqonis mimarT, romlis dakargvis

Sesaxebac Setanilia gancxadeba, rom man publikaciis dRidan sami Tvis

ganmavlobaSi Seitanos gancxadeba sasamarTloSi am sabuTze Tavisi

uflebis Sesaxeb (ssk 331-e muxli).

publikaciis savaldebuloba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom sasamarTlo

ver ganixilavs gancxadebas da ver gamoitans gadawyvetilebas, sanam ar

gava sami Tve publikaciidan. am sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi, sabuTis

xelTmqonem unda ganacxados publikaciaSi miTiTebul sabuTze Tavisi

uflebis Sesaxeb. Tu am vadaSi aseTi gancxadeba Semova, saqme SeiZleba

ganxilul iqnes saerTo sasarCelo wesiT (ssk 333-e muxli).

3. saqmis daniSvna gansaxilvelad. saqmes dakarguli sabuTebis

baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo ganixilavs publikaciis dRidan 3

Tvis vadis gasvlis Semdeg, Tu sabuTis xelTmqonisagan ar Semovida

332-e muxlSi miTiTebuli gancxadeba.

samTviani vadis gamoTvla iwyeba ara im dRidan, roca sasamarTlom

gamoitana ganCineba publikaciis Sesaxeb, aramed publikaciis dRidan.

publikaciis dRed iTvleba im gazeTis gamoSvebis dRe (ricxvi),

romelSiac es publikaciaa moTavsebuli.

publikaciidan samTviani vadis gasvla aris gancxadebis ganxilvis

dasaSvebobis piroba. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu sabuTis xelTmqonis mier

gancxadeba Semovida mas Semdeg, rac sasamarTlom daniSna saqmis

ganxilva, an am saqmis ganxilvamde da gadawyvetamde, sasamarTlom,

miuxedavad amisa, mainc ganuxilvelad unda datovos gancxadeba da

urCios ganmcxadebels aRZras sarCeli saerTo wesiT (ssk 333-e muxli).

publikaciis dRidan sami Tvis vadis gasvlis Semdeg sabuTis

xelTmqonisagan gancxadebis Semoutanloba warmoSobs varauds

(prezumfcias), rom dakarguli sabuTi marTlac ekuTvnis ganmcxadebels.

am varaudis gasaqarwyleblad sasamarTlom mizanSewonilia gamouZaxos

sasamarTlo sxdomaze da mousminos sabuTis gamcemi dawesebulebis

warmomadgenels, rac SeiZleba gulmodgimed Seamowmos saqmeSi arsebuli

masalebi, TviTon ganmcxadeblis axsna-ganmarteba.

_ im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sasamarTlo daakmayofilebs gancxadebas, e. i.

gamoacxadebs sabuTs Zaladakargulad (baTilad), igi gamoitans amis

Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas, romelic kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg

warmoadgens axali sabuTis (axali sawarmdgenlo, saordero Tu piradi

fasiani qaRaldis) gacemis safuZvels.

$6. qonebis upatronod cnoba

1. gancxadeba qonebis upatronod cnobis Sesaxeb sasamarTloSi

Seaqvs im pirs, romelic daeufla qonebas fizikuri piris sacxovrebeli

adgilis an iuridiuli piris adgilsamyofelis mixedviT (ssk 337-e

muxli).

mxedvelobaSia mxolod moZravi nivTebis upatronod cnoba, radgan

mitovebul (`upatrono~) uZrav nivTze sakuTrebis uflebas iZens

mxolod saxelmwifo.

328

gancxadeba qonebis upatronod cnobis Sesaxeb SeiZleba Seitanos im

pirma, romelic daeufla qonebas, anu romelic faqtiurad flobs

upatrono qonebas. qonebas SeiZleba daeuflos da, Sesabamisad,

gancxadebiT SeiZleba mimarTos sasamarTlos rogorc fizikurma, ise

iuridiulma pirma.

gancxadeba Setanili unda iqnes ganmcxadeblis sacxovrebeli

adgilis miexdviT, xolo Tu ganmcxadebeli iuridiuli piria _ misi

adgilsamyofelis mixedviT.

gancxadebis Sinaarsi bevradaa ganpirobebuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis

190-e muxlis danawesiT. am muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu piri mflobelobaSi

iRebs upatrono moZrav nivTs, igi iZens sakuTrebas nivTze, Tu misi

miTviseba araa akrZaluli kanoniT (magaliTad, narkotikuli nivTiereba,

iaraRi da a. S.). moZravi nivTi upatronod iTvleba, Tu uwindeli

mesakuTre sakuTrebaze uaris Tqmis mizniT nivTis mflobelobas

miatovebs.

aqedan gamomdinare, gancxadebaSi sxva monacemebTan erTad

miTiTebuli unda iyos: a) qonebis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi: b)

mtkicebulebebi, romlebic adastureben mesakuTris mier qonebis

mitovebas, am qonebaze sakuTrebis uflebis SenarCunebis ganzraxvis

gareSe (magaliTad, satransporto saSualebis, sasoflo-sameurneo

teqnikis quCaSi an mindvrad mitoveba); g) mtkicebuleba imis Sesaxeb,

rom am qonebis (nivTis) miTviseba araa akrZaluli kanoniT (ssk 338-e

muxli)..

mtkicebulebebi, romlebzec miTiTebulia gancxadebaSi, Tan unda

erTvodes am gancxadebas.

Tu gancxadebas aqvs xarvezi, sasamarTlom unda misces

ganmcxadebels vada misi SevsebisaTvis. Tu am vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba

Sevsebuli, sasamarTlom gancxadeba umoZraod unda datovos (185-e

muxli).

gancxadebis miRebis Semdeg sasamarTlo adgilobriv gazeTSi

aqveynebs cnobas, romelic unda Seicavdes:

a) im sasamarTlos dasaxelebas, romelmac unda miiRos

gadawyvetileba qonebis upatronod gamocxadebis Sesaxeb;

b) ganmcxadeblis vinaobas;

g) im qonebis aRweras, romelic upatronod unda gamocxaddes:

d) moTxovnas im pirTa mimarT, romelTac SeiZleba hqondeT

pretenzia qonebaze, romelic upatronod unda gamocxaddes, raTa maT

ganacxadon sasamarTloSi TavianTi uflebebis Sesaxeb 3 Tvis

ganmavlobaSi dRidan publikaciisa.

publikacia savaldebuloa, gancxadebis ganxilva da

gadawyvetilebis miReba dasaSvebia mxolod publikaciidan sami Tvis

gasvlis Semdeg. samTviani vadis gamoTvla iwyeba publikaciis gazeTSi

gamoqveynebis dRidan. publikacia SeiZleba adgilobriv gazeTSi _

gamoqveyndes.

publikacia unda Seicavdes moTxovnas im pirTa mimarT, romelTac

SeiZleba hqondeT pretenzia qonebaze, romelic upatronod unda

329

gamocxaddes, raTa maT ganacxadon sasamarTloSi TavianTi uflebis

Sesaxeb sami Tvis vadaSi dRidan publikaciisa.

ori mTavari da ZiriTadi garemoeba unda daadginos sasamarTlom

imisaTvis, rom gamoitanos gadawyvetileba: erTi _ qonebas ar yavs

mesakuTre, e. i. ver dadginda, vinaa mesakuTre; meore _ qoneba

mitovebulia mesakuTris mier im ganzraxvis gareSe, rom SeinarCunos am

qonebaze sakuTrebis ufleba, e. i. uwindelma mesakuTrem miatova nivTze

mflobeloba sakuTrebaze uaris Tqmis mizniT.140 (ssk 341-e muxli).

erT-erTi garemoebis dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo

gamoitans gadawyvetilebas moZravi qonebis upatronod cnobisa da misi

ganmcxadeblis (e. i. im piris, romelic daeufla qonebas) sakuTrebaSi

gadacemis Sesaxeb. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac arcerTi zemoT miTiTebuli

garemoeba ar dadasturdeba, sasamarTlo gamoitans gadawyvetilebas

gancxadebis dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, anu qonebis upatronod

cnobaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb.

$7. Svilad ayvana

1. administraciuli wesiT Svilad ayvanis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas

daSvebulma uxeSma Secdomebma ganapirobes am uaRresad mniSvnelovani

sakiTxis sasamarTlo wesiT gadawyvetis aucilebloba. samoqalaqo

kodeqsis 1242-e muxlis Tanaxmad, amieridan Svilad ayvanis sakiTxs

ganixilavs sasamarTlo, riTac mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda rogorc Svilad

asayvanis, ise mSvileblis interesebis dacvis garantiebi.

ssk 349-e muxli gansazRvravs alternatiul gansjadobas:

gancxadeba SeiZleba Setanil iqnes sasamarTloSi rogorc mSvileblis,

ise Svilad asayvanis sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. arCevanis ufleba

aqvs ganmcxadebels.

gancxadeba Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb SeiZleba sasamarTloSi Seitanos

nebismierma srulwlovanma da qmedunarianma pirma, garda im pirebisa: a)

romelsac CamorTmeuli aqvs mSoblis ufleba; b) adre hyavda naSvilebi,

magram Svileba gauqmda mis mier mSvileblis movaleobis arajerovnad

Sesrulebis gamo; g) romelsac avadmyofobis, moraluri an sxva piradi

Tvisebis gamo ar SeuZlia ganaxorcielos mSoblis uflebebi (samoq.

kodeqsis 1245-e muxli).

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac bavSvi Svilad ayavs ara orive, aramed

erT-erT meuRles, saWiroa meore meuRlis Tanxmoba.

2. gancxadebaSi Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb miTiTebuli unda iyos

monacemebi Svilad asayvanisa da mSvileblis (mSvileblebis) Sesaxeb,

agreTve garemoebebi, romlebic adastureben, rom Svileba xdeba bavSvis

keTildReobisa da interesebisaTvis.

gancxadebas Tan unda erTodes:

140 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meore, Tb., 1999, gv. 125.

330

a) meuRlis Tanxmoba, roca bavSvi Svilad hayavs erT-erT

meuRles;

b) gasaSvilebeli bavSvis mSoblebis Tanxmoba;

g) meurvis (mzrunvelis) Tanxmoba im bavSvis Svilad ayvanaze,

romelic meurveobaSia, Tu mas mSoblebi ara hyavs;

sasamarTlos, ganmcxadeblis TxovniT an Tavisi iniciativiT,

SeuZlia gamoiTxovos saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone

mtkicebulebebi, agreTve ganixilos saqme daxurul sasamarTlo sxdomaze.

(ssk 350-e muxli).

Svilad ayvana dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is Seesabameba

bavSvis keTildReobasa da interesebs da mosalodnelia, rom

mSvilebelsa da naSvilebs Soris warmoiSoba iseTive urTierToba,

rogoric mSobelsa da naSvilebs Soris.141

aqedan gamomdinare, ssk 350-e muxlis pirveli nawili moiTxovs,

rom gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli iyos mSvileblisa da Svilad asayvanis

Sesaxeb monacemebi, kerZod, mSvileblis (mSvileblebis) daxasiaTeba misi

samuSao adgilidan, agreTve masTan erT saxlSi mcxovrebi pirebisagan,

romlebic Seicaven cnobebs Svilad amyvanis moralur-zneobrivi da

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis

organoebis mosazreba mis Sesaxeb, rac am organoebis daskvnaSi iqneba

Camoyalibebuli da a.S.

gancxadebis warmoebaSi miRebis erT-erTi winapiroba im sabuTebis

warmodgenaa sasamarTloSi, romlebic rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli Tan

unda erTvodes gancxadebas.

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1242-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Svilad ayvanis

Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gamoitanos sasamarTlom mxolod

meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos daskvnis miRebis Semdeg. es

daskvna SeiZleba Seicavdes mSvileblis daxasiaTebasac, agreTve

garemoebebs, romlebic adastureben, rom Svileba xdeba bavSvis

interesebisaTvis. amave daskvnaSi unda iyos am organoebis Tanxmoba

gaSvilebaze, rac saWiroa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

gasaSvilebeli meurveobaSia da mas ar yavs mSoblebi.

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoeba, rom mSoblebs SeuZliaT

gaSvilebaze Tanxmoba ganacxadon mSvileblis (konkretuli piris)

miuTiTeblad. mSvileblis SerCeva maT SeuZliaT miandon meurveobisa da

mzrunvelobis organos (samoq. kodeqsis 1251-e muxli).

udavo warmoebis wesiT saqmeTa ganxilvisas Zlier SezRudulia

SejibrebiTobis principis moqmedeba, radgan aq ar gvyavs

urTierTdapirispirebuli, modave mxareebi. amitom, aq ar gvaqvs

WeSmaritebis dadgenis is garantiebi, romlebic aris sasarCelo

warmoebis dros.

am xarvezis Sevseba xdeba sasamarTlos aqtiuri roliT, romelsac

SeuZlia ara marto ganmcxadeblis TxovniT, aramed Tavisi iniciativiT

gamoiTxovos mtkicebulebebi, gamoitanos ganCineba saqmis daxurul

sxdomaze ganxilvis Sesaxeb, Tu es misi azriT ufro mizanSewonilia.

3. garda samoqalaqo saproceso da samoqalaqo materialuri

kodeqsebisa, Svilad ayvanis calkeul sakiTxebs awesrigeben saqarTvelos

141 ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mexuTe, Tb., 2000, gv. 247.

331

kanoni „saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb“ (muxlebi 14, 52-53-e),

agreTve kanoni „Svilad ayvanis wesis Sesaxeb“ (1997 wlis 17 otomberi).

am kanonis me-10 muxlis Tanaxmad „Tu saqarTveloSi ar moiZebneba

mSvilebeli, bavSvis sxva saxelmwifoSi gaSvilebis sakiTxi SeiZleba

ganxiluli iqnes, rogorc bavSvis movlis alternatuli saSualeba.

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi bavSvis sxva saxelmwifoSi gaSvileba SeiZleba

mxolod mSoblebis mzrunvelobis gareSe darCenili bavSvis

sainofrmacio bankSi aRricxvaze ayvanidan eqvsi Tvis Semdeg da, Tu

arsebobs saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis mier misi Svilad ayvanis

SeuZleblobis damadasturebeli sakmarisi dokumentacia.

aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom sxva saxelmwifos moqalaqis mier

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi bavSvis Svilad ayvanis SemTxvevaSi daskvnas

amzadebs saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministro, romelic unda waredginos

sasamarTlos. daskvnis momzadebaSi unda monawileobdnen pedagogi,

pediatri, bavSvTa fsiqiatri, fsiqologi da iuristi.

praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos isic, rom

„saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb“ kanonis 52-e muxlis Tanaxmad

„Svilad ayvana wesrigdeba im qveynis samarTliT, romelsac ganekuTvneba

mSvilebeli Svilad ayvanis dros“.

rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos kanoni „saerTaSoriso kerZo

samarTlis Sesaxeb amkvvidrebs mniSvnelovan sakolizio princips,

romelic mTlianad Seesabameba Svilad ayvanis Taobaze arsebul

saerTaSoriso konvenciebs.

nakveTi mexuTe

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa gasaCivreba

Tavi XXI

a p e l a c i a

$1. apelaciis arsisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.

saapelacio sasamarTlos qarTuli modeli

332

saapelacio sasamarTlos sasargeblod da mis dadebiT mxareebze

gamoTqmulia mravali mosazreba, romelTa Soris yvelaze arsebiTia

Semdegi:

1. saapelacio sasamarTloebis arsebobiT Zlierdeba pirveli

instanciis sasamarTloebis pasuxismgebloba, radgan maTi

gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba Seamowmos saapelacio sasamarTlom rogorc

faqtobrivad, ise iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT;

2. apelacia gacilebiT ufro miukerZoebelia vidre pirveli

instancia, radgan igi naklebad ganicdis adgilobrivi xelisuflebis

zegavlenas;

3. saapelacio sasamarTlo dakompleqtebulia ufro

maRalkvalificiuri mosamarTleebiT, romlebic ixilaven saqmes aranakleb

sami profesiuli mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT;

4. saapelacio sasamarTlos arseboba qmnis rwmenas, rom pirveli

instanciis sasamarTlos mier daSvebuli Secdoma namdvilad

gamosworebuli iqneba da miRebuli iqneba samarTliani gadawyvetileba.

marTlac, rac ar unda kargad iyvnen momzadebuli pirveli

instanciis sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebi, ra keTilsindisierebiTa da

yuradRebiT ar unda moekidon isini TavianTi movaleobis Sesrulebas,

mainc ar arsebobs imis sruli garantia, rom Tavidan iqneba acilebuli

Secdomebi, rogorc saqmis faqtiuri garemoebebis dadgenis

TvalsazrisiT, ise am faqtebis samarTlebrivi Sefasebis drosac. am

mosazrebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `saerTo

sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~ iTvaliswinebs raionuli sasamarTloebis

gadawyvetilebaTa saapelacio wesiT gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobas.

apelacia, rogorc sasamarTlo sistemis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

rgoli, rogorc meore instanciis sasamarTlo, TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi

arsebobs, maT bevri aqvT saerTo magram maT Soris arsebobs agreTve

mniSvnelovani gansxvavebac. am gansxvavebebma ganapirobes apelaciis or

jgufad, or saxed dayofis mizanSewoniloba rogoricaa sruli

(SeuzRudavi) apelacia da arasruli (SezRuduli) apelacia.

sruli an SeuzRudavi apelacia - es iseTi apelaciaa, romlis

mixedviT SeiZleba Semowmdes aramarto saqmeSi arsebuli masalebi,

faqtebi, mtkicebulebebi, aramarto gadawyvetilebis kanoniereba da saqmis

warmoebis Sesabamisoba im samarTlebriv normebTan, romlebic

gansazvraven samarTalwarmoebis wesebs, aramed mxareTa mier axlad

warmodgenil faqtobrivi garemoebebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic

saerTod ar iyo warmodgenili pirvel instanciaSi. sxva sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT sruli apelaciis dros saapelacio sasamarTlo xelmeored

ixilavs saqmes da, rogorc wesi, arasdros ar abrunebs saqmes xelaxla

gansaxilvelad pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi. mas TviTon gamoaqvs

axali gadawyvetileba, Tu, cxadia, pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos

gadawyvetileba faqtobrivad an iuridiulad dausabuTebelia da

gasauqmebelia.

sxva Sinaarsisaa meore saxis apelacia, romelsac arasrul

(SezRudul) apelacias uwodeben.

arasruli apelaciis dros saapelacio saCivris dasabuTebulobis

Semowmeba xdeba im faqtobrivi garemoebebis mixedviT da im

mtkicebulebebiT, romlebic wardgenili iyo pirveli instanciis

333

sasamarTloSi da romlebic Semowmda da Sefasda am pirveli instanciis

sasamarTlos mier. rac Seexeba axal faqtebs da mtkicebulebebs, isini

SeiZleba wardgenil iqnan saapelacio sasamarTloSi mxolod garkveuli

pirobebis arsebobisas da mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi.

apelaciis TiToeul saxes aqvs Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi

mxareebi. magaliTad, sruli (SeuzRudavi) apelaciis dros mxareebi mTel

Tavis imedebs amyareben saapelacio sasamarTloze. amitom, xSirad,

garkveuli taqtikuri, Tu sxva mosazrebebiT ar miuTiTeben

gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelovan faqtebze, ar warudgenen pirveli

instanciis sasamarTlos yvela maT xelT arsebul mtkicebulebebs da a.S.

yvela am faqtisa Tu mtkicebulebis wardgena sariskocaa im

TvalsazrisiT, rom isini SeiZleba uaryos pirveli instanciis

sasamarTlom rogorc arasarwmuno an rogorc samarTlebrivad

umniSvnelo da sxv. amitom, umjobesia, gacilebiT ufro nakleb sariskoa

da ufro efeqtiani SeiZleba aRmoCndes maTi Semonaxva da Semdgom

wardgena meore instanciis sasamarTloSi. sruli apelacia uaryofiT

zemoqmedebas axdens agreTve pirveli instanciis sasamarTlozec,

romelmac ar icis ras moimoqmedeben mxareebi apelaciaSi, romel axal

faqtebsa da mtkicebulebebs warudgenen isini am sasamarTlos da ra bedi

eweva mis mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebas. SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad

iTqvas, rom sruli apelacia marTalia uzrunvelyofs mxareTa

aqtiurobas apelaciaSi - saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmeTa ganxilvis

dros, magram ver uzrunvelyofs amas pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi

saqmeTa ganxilvis dros.

aseT viTarebas, sabolao angariSSi, mivyevarT rogorc pirveli

instanciis sasamarTlos funqciisa da prestiJis Sesustebamde, ise saqmis

sabolaod gadawyvetis uzomod gaWianurebamde.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sruli (SeuzRudavi) apelacia -

esaa pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos ganmeoreba da ara gagrZeleba.

rac Seexeba arasrul (SezRudul) apelacias, es iseTi apelaciaa,

romlis dros axali faqtebisa da axali mtkicebulebebis wardgena

saapelacio samarTalwarmoebaSi dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT

gansazRvruli pirobebis arsebobisas (magaliTad, Tu arsebobs sapatio

mizezi, ris gamoc maTi wardgena pirvel instanciaSi ver ganxorcielda).

arasrul apelacias aqvs mTeli rigi upiratesobebisa, romelTa Sesaxeb

dawvrilebiT saubari gveqneba qvemoT142.

aq SemovifarglebiT mxolod imis aRniSvniT, rom jer kidev gasuli

saukunis 90-ian wlebSi apelaciis sxvadasxva modelebis (saxeebis)

Seswavlisa da ganxilvis Sedegad upiratesoba mivaniWeT arasrul

apelacias, rac naTlad da sakmao sisruliT aisaxa saqarTvelos

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi.

iseT pirobebSi, rodesac saqarTveloSi, arc adre da arc exla,

yvela ar iwonebda da arc exla iwonebs amJamad ukve saqarTvelos

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT damkvidrebul arasrul apelacias,

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs evropis mosamarTleTa

sakonsultacio sabWos exlaxan SemuSavebuli daskvnis 99-e punqti,

romlis Tanaxmad:

142 ix. gv. 402-405

334

`zogierTi qveynis wesebi da kultura, romelTa

safuZvelzec regulirdeba sasamarTlo procesis warmoeba,

uflebas aZlevs mxareebs Seitanon Sesworebebi da damatebebi

saqmeSi an samxilSi TiTqmis SeuzRudavad - apelaciis stadiazec

ki. evropis mosamarTleTa sakonsultacio sabWos azriT, aseTi

meTodi ar aris misaRebi da movida dro, roca amgvari wesebi

unda gadafasdes da Seicvalos. mxareebi uflebamosili arian

maTi pretenziisa Tu dacvis `samarTlian sasamarTlo mosmenaze,

romelic unda dasruldes misaReb vadaSi~ da ara ganusazRvrel

SesaZleblobebze, warmoadginon Semdgomi an sxva saqmeebi, es

gansakuTrebiT exeba meore instanciis mier apelaciis mosmenas~.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs agreTv am daskvnis 136-e

paragrafi:

`Tumca pativiscemis grZnobiT epyroba zogierTi qveynis

tradicias, romelic gulixmobs SeuzRudav uflebas meore

instanciaSi ganmeorebiT procesis Catarebaze apelaciasTan

dakavSirebiT, evropis mosamarTleTa sakonsultacio sabWo

gamoTqvams sakuTar Sexedulebas imis Taobaze, rom igi

principSi ar iwonebs aseT midgomas; unda arsebobdes garkvuli

SezRudvebi yoveli mxarisaTvis warmoadginos axali

mtkicebuleba an samarTlis axali sakiTxebi, apelacia ar unda

iyos da ar unda ganixilebodes, rogorc SeuzRudavi

SesaZlebloba Sesworebebis Setanisa faqtobriv da samarTlebriv

sakiTxebSi, romelTa wardgenac mxares SeeZlo da unda

waredgina pirvel instanciaSi. es akninebs pirveli instanciis

mosamarTlis rols da am faqtma SeiZleba potenciurad

gamoiwvios pirveli instanciis mosamarTlis mier saqmis marTvis

aramizanSewonilobis dRis wesrigSi dayeneba~.

qvemoT Cven mogvyavs ramdenime SemTxveva saapelacio sasamarTlos

praqtikidan, romlebic naTlad adastureben am sasamarTloSi

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis

rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad saqmeebis warmoebis wesebidan gadaxvevas da

amis aRmofxvris mizniT efeqtiani RonisZiebebis saswrafod SemuSavebis

aucileblobas.

$2. saqmis warmoeba saapelacio sasamarTloSi

1. saapelacio saCivris obieqti, anu sasamarTlos romel

dadgenilebebze SeiZleba saapelacio saCivris Setana.

saapelacio wesiT SeiZleba gasaCirdes raionuli (saqalaqo)

sasamarTlos da Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa

kolegiis gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic jer kidev ar Sesulan kanonier

ZalaSi (ssk 364-e muxli)

saapelacio wesiT SeiZleba gasaCivrdes agreTve zemoT

dasaxelebuli sasamarTloebis ganCineba dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis

gauqmebis Sesaxeb Setanili saCivris dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmisa da am

dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis ZalaSi datovebis Sesaxeb (ssk 240-e

muxlis me-2 nawili). TavisTvad cxadia rom Tu raionuli sasamarTlo

335

auqmebs dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas da gamoaqvs axali gadawyvetileba,

maSin es axali gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saapelacio wesiT.

saapelacio wesiT SeiZleba gasaCivrdes meore dauswrebeli

gadawyvetileba (ssk 242-e muxlis me-2 nawili).

unda aRiniSnos, rom sasamarTlo praqtikaSi araerTgvarovnad esmiT

`meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis“ cneba. meore dauswrebeli

gadawyvetileba aris iseTi gadawyvetileba, romelic gamotanilia im

mxaris winaaRmdeg, romlis winaaRmdegac gamotanili iyo pirveli

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba.

magaliTad 1. mosarCele a-ni ar gamocxadda sasamarTlos mTavar

sxdomaze, anu saqmis zepir ganxilvaze. sasamarTlom

mopasuxis SuamdgomlobiT gamoitana mis winaaRmdeg

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba. a-nim gaasaCivra mis

winaaRmdeg gamotanili es pirveli dauswrebeli

gadawyvetileba imave sasamarTloSi im motiviT, rom

gamoucxadebloba gamowveuli iyo sapatio mizeziT.

sasamarTlom Tavisi ganCinebiT dasaSvebad cno es

saCivari da amave ganCinebiT daniSna saqmis xelaxla

ganxilvis dRe (ssk 239-e muxlis me-2 naw). am

dRes kvlav ar gamocxadda mosarCele a-ni,

sasamarTlom gamoitana meore dauswrebeli

gadawyvetileba.

am SemTxvevaSi saqmeSi aRmoCndeba ori dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba,

gamotanili erTi da igive mxaris (mosarCelis) winaaRmdeg, am meore

dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba SeiZleba mxolod saapelacio

wesiT (ssk 366-e muxlis me-2 naw).

magaliTi 2. mosarCele a-ni, romlis mimarTac gamotanili iyo

pirveli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba da romlis

saCivris safuZvelze sasamarTlom daniSna sxdoma,

gamocxadda am sxdomaze. sasamarTlom misi

gamoucxadebloba pirvel sasamarTlo sxdomaze

sapatiod cno da gaauqma dauswrebeli

gadawyvetileba. mxareTa SuamdgomlobiT

sasamarTlom saqmis arsebiTad ganxilva sxva

droisaTvis daniSna. am sxva droisaTvis daniSnul

saqmis ganxilvaze ar gamocxadda mosarCele a-ni,

sasamarTlom kvlav gamoitana mis mimarT


aseT SemTxvevaSi saqmeSi aRmoCndeba erTi da imave mxaris mimarT

gamotanili ori dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, romelTagan erTi

(pirveli) ukve gauqmebulia.

SeiZleba Tu ara CavTvaloT, rom a-nis mimarT gamotanilia meore

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, maSin rodesac pirveli dauswrebeli mis

mimarT gauqmebulia, Tu es mainc iqneba mis mimarT gamotanili pirveli


imis mixedviT Tu rogori iqneba pasuxi am kiTxvaze, damokidebulia

pasuxi meore kiTxvaze: sad SeiZleba gasaCivrdes es ganmeorebiT

gamotanili meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba.

Cven migvaCnia, rom es ganmeorebiT gamotanili dauswrebeli

gadawyvetileba, gamotanili erTi da imave piris winaaRmdeg, iqneba meore

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dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, damokideblad imisa, gauqmebulia Tu ara

pirveli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba da amitom, igi SeiZleba gasaCirdes

saapelacio wesiT.


saapelacio wesiT SeiZleba gasaCirdes;

1. raionuli sasamarTloebis da Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebebi;

2. am sasamarTloebis mier gamotanili meore dauswrebeli

gadawyvetilebebi;

3. am sasamarTloebis mier gamotanili ganCinebebi dauswrebeli

gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Taobaze Semotanili saCivris

dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmisa da misi ZalaSi datovebis Sesaxeb.

saapelacio sasamarTloebi ganixilaven da sabolao

gadawyvetilebebs iReben raionuli da Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTloebis

ganCinebebze Semotanil kerZo saCivrebze, magram es saCivrebi ganixileba

ara saapelacio wesiT, aramed kerZo saCivrebisaTvis kanoniT dadgenili

wesiT.

II. saapelacio saCivris uflebis subieqtebi anu vis SeuZlia

saapelacio saCivris Setana

saapelacio saCivris uflebis subieqtebia mxareebi, e.i. mosarCele

da mopasuxe, agreTve mesame piri damoukidebeli moTxovniT (ssk 364-e

muxli).

saapelacio gasaCivrebis subieqtebia agreTve Tanamonawileebi

(TanamosarCeleebi, Tanamopasuxeebi), romlebic sargebloben yvela im

saproceso uflebiT, romlebic am kodeqsis Tanaxmad miniWebuli aqvT

mxareebs (ssk 87-e muxli).

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Tanamonawileobis safuZvels warmoadgens

saerTo ufleba (86-e muxlis `a~ punqti), e.i. sarCelis sagania saerTo

ufleba, maSin erT-erT mosarCeles SeuZlia Seitanos saapelacio

saCivari gadawyvetilebaze nebismier farglebSi, igive SeuZlia erT-erT

mopasuxes (Tanamopasuxes), roca valdebuleba solidarulia. magram im

SemTxvevaSi, roca erT sarCelSi gaerTianebulia sxvadasxva mosarCelis

sxvadasxva moTxovna sxvadasxva an erTi da igive mopasuxis mimarT, maSin

erT-erT mosarCeles (TanamosarCeles) SeuZlia gaasaCivros

gadawyvetileba im nawilSi, romelic erT sarCelSi gaerTianebul mis

moTxovnas exeba. igive wesi unda gavrceldes Tanamopasuxeebzec, rodesac

maT mimarT aRZrulia ara erTiani, aramed sxvadasxva (gancalkevebuli)

moTxovnebi.

Tu saqmis warmoeba sasamarTloSi mindobili aqvs erT-erT

Tanamonawiles (87-e muxlis me-2 punqti) gasaCivrebis uflebamosilebiT,

maSin mas SeuZlia gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba, rogorc mTlianad, ise

nawilobriv.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT

gansazRvrulia iseTi piris uflebebi da movaleobebi, romelic ar

figurirebda saqmeSi arc mxared, arc mesame pirad damoukidebeli

moTxovniT, arc Tanamonawiled, arc uflebamonacvled da aqedan

gamomdinare arc saqmeSi yofila Cabmuli da arc dabarebuli (mowveuli),

337

aseT pirs unda mieces ufleba gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba, radgan

darRveulia, misi fundamenturi ufleba, monawileoba miiRos

sasamarTloSi im saqmis ganxilvaSi, romelic mis uflebas Seexeba.

nebismier pirs, romelic araa moxseniebuli gadawyvetilebaSi,

magram romelsac miaCnia, rom am gadawyvetilebiT dairRva an Seilaxa

misi uflebebi, SeuZlia mimarTos sasamarTlos sarCeliT am uflebis

dasacavad da ara saCivriT am gadawyvetilebaze.

rac Seexeba uflebamonacvleebs (ssk 92-e muxli), maT SeuZliaT

Seasrulon yvela is saproceso moqmedeba (maT Soris gaasaCivron

gadawyvetileba), romlis Sesrulebis ufleba eqneboda mis winamorbeds,

rom ar gasuliyo saqmidan.

amrigad, gadawyvetilebis saapelacio wesiT gasaCivrebis ufleba

aqvT:

1. mxareebs (mosarCeles, mopasuxes)

2. mesame pirebs damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT;

3. uflebamonacvleebs;

4. Tanamonawileebs (TanamosarCeleebs, Tanamopasuxeebs) maTi

Tanamonawileobis safuZvlebiT gansazRvrul farglebSi;

5. pirebs, romlebic marTalia ar figurireben saqmeSi rogorc

mxareebi, magram sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT ganisazRvra maTi

uflebebi da movaleobebi erT-erTi mxaris mimarT.

aq CamoTvlil pirTa warmomadgenels SeuZlia gaasaCivros

gadawyvetileba, Tu amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli mis saxelze

marwmuneblis mier gacemul mindobilobaSi (98-e muxli).

III. saapelacio saCivris dasabuTeba

ssk 368-e muxli gansazRvravs saapelacio saCivris svaldebulo

rekvizitebs, romelTa erToblioba qmnis saapelacio saCivris Sinaarss.

saapelacio sasamarTlo SeboWilia saapelacio saCivris farglebiT

anu am saCivarSi Camoyalibebuli apelantis moTxovnis farglebiT (ssk

377-e muxli).

es imas niSnavs, rom saapelacio saCivarSi naTlad da garkveviT

unda iyos Camoyalibebuli, Tu ras moiTxovs apelanti, rogoria misi

moTxovnis Sinaarsi (ssk 368-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `d~ punqti). im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac apelanti asaCivrebs gadawyvetilebas ara mTlianad,

aramed nawilobriv, maSin man Tavis saCivarSi zedmiwevniT zustad da

araorazrovnad unda miuTiTos gadawyvetilebis ra nawils asaCivrebs.

saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seamowmos gadawyvetilebis

rogorc faqtobrivi, ise iuridiuli mxare, gadawyvetilebis faqtobrivi

da iuridiuli dasabuTebuloba. amasTan erTad, raxan saapelacio

sasamarTlo SeboWilia saCivris farglebiT anu apelantis moTxovnis

farglebiT, mas SeuZlia Seamowmos gadawyvetilebis faqtobrivi da

iuridiuli dasabuTebuloba mxolod saapelacio moTxovnasTan

mimarTebaSi.

amitom, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens saapelacio saCivarSi

imis naTlad Camoyalibeba, Tu konkretulad raSi gamoixateba

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis usworoba da riT sabuTdeba apelantis

moTxovna.

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im SemTxvevaSi, Tu apelantis TvalsazrisiT, gadawyvetileba araa

dasabuTebuli faqtobrivad, maSin apelanti valdebulia miuTiTos, Tu

raSi gamoixateba an raSi vlindeba konkretulad faqtobrivi

dausabuTebloba.

magaliTad, Tu apelants miaCnia, rom sasamarTlom arasworad

gansazRvra am saqmeze mtkicebis sagani, maSin man unda miuTiTos, Tu

konkreulad romeli faqti ar CaTvala sasamarTlom

gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqoneT da amitom ar miiRo da ar

Seafasa am faqtis mimarT mtkicebulebebi (Secdoma faqtis samarTlebriv

SefasebaSi).

Tu apelants miaCnia, rom sasamarTlom dadgenilad

(damtkicebulad) CaTvala saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone faqti, Tumca

saqmeSi araa mtkicebuleba, romelsac igi emyareba, maSin man unda

miuTiTos romeli faqtia es da uCvenos, rom saqmeSi namdvilad ar

moipoveba Sesabamisi mtkicebuleba.

Tu apelants miaCnia, rom arasworadaa ganawilebuli mxareTa Soris

damtkicebis tvirTi, maSin man unda miuTiTos konkretulad romeli

faqtia es da romel mxares daekisra misi damtkicebis tvirTi da romel

mxares unda dakisreboda es tvirTi.

magaliTad, a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis winaaRmdeg nivTis

gamoTxovis Sesaxeb (vindikaciuri sarCeli), im

motiviT, rom am nivTis mesakuTre aris TviTon a-ni,

xolo es nivTi imyofeba b-anis ukanono mflobelobaSi.

sasamarTlom b-anis daakisra im faqtis damtkicebis

tvirTi, rom igi aris sadvo nivTis mesakuTre. b-anim

waago procesi, radgan ver daamtkica, rom aris am

nivTis mesakuTre.

b-anim Tavisi saapelacio saCivari daasabuTa imiT,

rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis 158-e muxlis pirveli

nawilis Tanaxmad igi, rogorc nivTis mflobeli,

ivaraudeba am nivTis mesakuTred. amitom, ara mas,

aramed mosarCele a-nis unda dakisreboda imis

damtkicebis tvirTi, rom igi aris mesakuTre nivTisa.

Tu apelants miaCnia, rom sasamarTlom arasworad uTxra mas uari

ama Tu im mtkicebulebis (werilobiTi, nivTieri Tu sxva mtkicebulebis)

miRebaze an gamoTxovaze im motiviT, rom maT ar aqvT mniSvneloba

saqmisaTvis, maSin man unda miuTiTos Tavis saapelacio saCivarSi romel

konkretuli mtkicebuleba aqvs mxedvelobaSi da gadawyvetilebisaTvis

mniSvnelobis mqone romeli faqti SeiZleboda dadgeniliyo am

mtkicebulebiT da a.S.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac apelantis TvalsazrisiT gadawyvetileba

araa dasabuTebuli iuridiulad, maSin igi valdebulia miuTiTos, Tu

raSi vlindeba konkretulad gadawyvetilebis iuridiuli

dausabuTebloba, kerZod romeli kanonia darRveuli da raSi gamoixateba

konkretulad es darRveva.

kanonis darRvevis formebi (sasamarTlom gamoiyena kanoni, romelic

ar unda gamoeyenebina, arasworad gaigo kanonis azri da sxva)

Camoyalibebulia ssk 393-e muxlSi.

saapelacio saCivarSi faqtobriv da samarTlebriv usworobaze

(dausabuTeblobaze) miTiTeba cxadia ar kmara. saCivarSi aucileblad

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unda aRiniSnos garemoebebi, romlebic asabuTeben (adastureben)

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis faqtobriv da samarTlebriv usworobas.

IV. saapelacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebi

pirveli saproceso moqmedeba, romelic saapelacio sasamarTlom

unda Seasrulos saapelacio saCivris miRebis Semdeg - esaa am

saapelacio saCivris dasaSvebobis Semowmeba.

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs saapelacio

saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebs, romelTa arsebobis SemTxvevaSi

saapelacio saCivari SeiZleba miRebul iqnes warmoebaSi. aqedan

gamomdinare saapelacio sasamarTlo valdebulia Seamowmos es

winapirobebi, kerZod:

a) daculia Tu ara saapelacio saCivris Setanis vada (ssk 369-e

muxli). es vada ganisazRvreba 14 dRiT da misi dena iwyeba mxarisaTvis

motivirebuli gadawyvetilebis gadacemis momentidan, xolo, Tu am

gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebas eswreboda mxare - maSin misi gamocxadebis

momentidan.

gadawyvetilebis gadacemis momentad unda miviCnioT mxarisaTvis

xelze gadawyvetilebis damowmebuli aslis micema uSvalod

sasamarTloSi, rac man unda daadasturos Tavis xelmoweriT

gadawyvetilebis dedanze, an misi mxarisaTvis gadagzavnis dro.

gadagzavnis drod miCneuli unda iqnes dro, rodesac gadawyvetilebis

asli 70-78-e muxlebiT dadgenili wesiT Cabarda fostas an kuriers,

rac aRiniSneba konvertze, romelSic gadawyvetilebis aslia Cadebuli.

saqmeSi aucileblad unda iyos cnoba, rom am wesiT gagzavnili

gadawyvetilebis asli Cabarda adresats.

b) pasuxobs Tu ara saapelacio saCivris Sinaarsi kanonis

moTxovnebs (ssk 308-e muxli).

saapelacio sasamarTloebma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda

miaqcion saapelacio saCivris Sinaars mTlianad da kerZod mis im nawils,

romelSic unda aisaxos, Tu raSi mdgomareobs apelantis azriT,

gadawyvetilebis usworoba, ras moiTxovs igi, garemoebebi, romlebic

asabuTeben saapelacio saCivars da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic

adastureben am garemoebebs.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saapelacio saCivari ar pasuxobs kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs, saapelacio sasamarTlom unda daavalos

apelanits Seavsos xarvezi, risTvisac uniSnavs mas vadas, Tu am vadaSi

xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, saCivari aRar miiReba da saapelacio

sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas misi ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb.

g) Seesabameba Tu ara saapelacio saCivris Rirebuleba kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebul odenobas (ssk 365-e muxli).

saapelacio saCivari dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi

Rirebuleba aRemateba 500 lars. mxedvelobaSia mxolod qonebriv

samarTlebrivi davebi, rac Seexeba araqonebriv davebs, nebismier

gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saapelacio wesiT, miuxedavad imisa,

ra odenobiT iyo gansazRvruli araqonebrivi davis sagnis Rirebuleba.

igive unda iTqvas udavo warmoebis wesiT ganxilul saqmeebze gamotanil

gadawyvetilebebze.

340

saapelacio saCivris Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT, Tu

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis ra zomiT Secvlaze Seaqvs mxares

saCivari.

magaliTad: b-nim, romlis winaaRmdegac iqna gamotanili

gadawyvetileba da romliTac mas daekisra 2000

laris gadaxda, gaasaCivra gadawyvetileba mxolod

nawilobriv, kerZod im nawilSi, romliTac mas

daekisra 700 laris gadaxda mosarCelis

sasargeblod. am SemTxvevaSi saapelacio saCivris

fasi Seadgens 700 lars (da ara 2000 lars).

saxelmwifo baJis odenobac am 700 laridan unda

iqnes gaangariSebuli.

d) aris Tu ara gasaCivrebuli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba meore

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba (ssk 366-e muxli).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, pirveli dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba

SeiZleba gasaCivrdes mis gamomtan sasamarTloSi. meore dauswrebeli

gadawyvetileba - es iseTi gadawyvetilebaa, romelic gamotanilia im

mxaris dauswreblobis gamo, romlis winaaRmdegac gamotanilia pirveli


e) aqvs Tu ara saCivris Semomtan warmomadgenels gadawyvetilebis

saapelacio wesiT gasaCivrebis uflebamosileba (ssk 368-e muxlis me-4

nawili).

saapelacio saCivris Semomtani piri SeiZleba iyos mxaris

warmomadgeneli, magram es ar kmara. gadawyvetilebis saapelacio wesiT

gasaCivrebisaTvis mas unda hqondes miniWebuli ufleba da amis Sesaxeb

specilurad unda iyos aRniSnuli marwmuneblis mier gacemul

mindobilobaSi.

v) gadaxdilia Tu ara saxelmwifo baJi (ssk 368-e muxlis me-5

punqti).

saxelmwifo baJi mxares Seaqvs winaswar, amitom, Tu baJi araa

gadaxdili apelantis mier, maSin saapelacio sasamarTlos gamoaqvs

ganCineba, romliTac uniSnavs vadas apelants Seavsos xarvezi, kerZod, am

SemTxvevaSi, gadaixados baJi. Tu xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, e.i. ar

iqneba baJi gadaxdili, saapelacio sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas

saapelacio saCivris ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb misi dauSveblobis

gamo.

z) uari xom ar aqvs naTqvami apelants saapelacio gasaCivrebaze

kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. (ssk 370-e muxli).

saapelacio gasaCivrebaze uarisTqma mxaris uflebaa. am uflebis

realizacias ukavSirdeba garkveuli iuridiuli Sedegi, kerZod mxare,

romelmac aseTi uari ganacxada, kargavs uflebas gaasaCivros

gadawyvetileba saapelacio wesiT.

gadawyvetilebis saapelacio wesiT gasaCivrebaze uarisTqma unda

ganvasxvavoT saapelacio saCivarze uarisTqmisagan (ssk 378-e muxli).

saapelacio saCivarze uarisTqma niSnavs imas, rom apelanti uars ambobs

mis mier ukve Semotanil saapelacio saCivarze, rasac ukavSirdeba sxva

Sedegi, kerZod, saapelacio sasamarTlos aseT SemTxvevaSi gamoaqvs

`ganCineba saapelacio warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb~.

aseTia saapelacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebi.

341

Tu dasaSvebobis am winapirobebis Semowmebisas aRmoCndeba, rom ar

arsebobs romelime maTgani, saapelacio sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba

xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb, Tu es xarvezi Tavisi xasiaTiT da SinaarsiT

iseTia, rom misi Sevseba SesaZlebelia da dauniSnavs apelants vadas

xarvezis Sesavsebad.

magaliTad: a-nim Semoitana saapelacio saCivari saapelacio

gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Taobaze, am saapelacio

saCivris dasaSvebobis Semowmebisas aRmoCnda, rom igi

ar aris Sedgenili kanonis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad,

kerZod ar aris masSi miTiTebuli Tu ras moiTxovs

apelanti, agreTve ar aris gadaxdili saxelmwifo

baJi, saapelacio sasamarTlom gamoitana `ganCineba

saapelacio saCivris xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb~.

Tu am ganCinebiT daniSnul vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli,

saapelacio sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos ganCineba saapelacio saCivris

ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb misi dauSveblbis gamo.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ar arsebobs dasaSvebobis iseTi piroba,

romelic Tavisi xasiaTiTa da SinaarsiT araa gamosworebadi da vadis

daniSvna xarvezis gamosworebisaTvis sruliad gaumarTlebelia, maSin

sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba saapelacio saCivris miRebaze da

ganxilvaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb.

magaliTad: a-nim Semoitana saapelacio saCivari, romlis

dasaSvebobis Semowmebisas aRmoCnda, rom igi

Semotanilia sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa

saapelacio wesiT gasaCivrebis vadis darRveviT, an

kidev, gasaCivrebulia pirveli dauswrebeli

gadawyvetileba; am xarvezebis gamosworeba

SeuZlebelia, radgan gasaCivrebis vadis gagrZelebas

kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs, saapelacio sasamarTlom

unda gamoitanos `ganCineba saapelacio saCivris

ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb misi dauSveblobis

gamo~.

V. saapelacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebis Sedegebi

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saapelacio saCivris dasaSvebobis

winapirobebis Semowmebisas aRmoCndeba, rom yvela es winapiroba arsebobs,

saapelacio sasamarTlo gamoitans `ganCinebas saapelacio saCivris

miRebisa da misi gansaxilvelad momzadebis Sesaxeb~ (ssk 375-e muxlis

pirveli punqti).

aseTi ganCinebis miRebas ukavSirdeba garkveuli Sedegebi:

pirveli - SeCerdeba (avtomaturad) gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis

kanonier ZalaSi Sesvla. amasTan, Tu gadawyvetileba gasaCivrebuli iyo

mxolod nawilobriv, maSin gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvla

SeCerdeba mxolod im nawilSi, romelSic igi iyo gasaCivrebuli.

ganCinebaSi imis Cawera, rom gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvla

SeCerdes, araa aucilebeli, radgan gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis (an

misi nawilis) kanonier ZalaSi Sesvla Cerdeba ara sasamarTlos

ganCinebis ZaliT, aramed kanonis ZaliT (ssk 264-e muxlis pirveli

punqtis `g~ qvepunqti).

342

meore - Tu saapelacio saCivari Setanilia iseT gadawyvetilebaze,

romlis mimarT gamotanilia ganCineba kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlamde misi

dauyonebliv aRsrulebis Sesaxeb, maSin saapelacio sasamarTlos,

apelantis SuamdgomlobiT, SeuZlia gamoitanos ganCineba gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetilebis dauyonebliv aRsrulebis droebiT SeCerebisa da

aRsrulebis RonisZiebebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. aseTi ganCinebis miReba

saapelacio sasamarTlos mier aucilebelia, radgan saapelacio saCivris

Setana avtomaturad ver SeaCerebs dauyonebliv aRsrulebis Sesaxeb adre

gamotanili gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis moqmedebas).

mesame - saapelacio sasamarTlo niSnavs saqmis zepiri ganxilvis

dros, ris Sesaxebac atyobinebs mxareebs da iwyebs saapelacio saCivris

gansaxilvelad momzadebas (ssk 376-e muxli).

saapelacio saCivris gansaxilvelad momzadeba saapelacio

sasamarTloSi warmoebs im wesebis Sesabamisad, romlebic dadgenilia

pirveli instanciiT saqmeTa ganxilvisaTvis. es imas niSnavs, rom

saapelacio saCivrisa da damatebiT Semosuli yvela werilobiTi masalis

aslebs, saapelaciio sasamarTlo gadaugzavnis mowinaaRmdege mxares (ssk

201-e da 373-e muxlebi), dauniSnavs mas vadas werilobiT Seadginos

pasuxi saapelacio saCivarSi dasmul sakiTxebze, kerZod eTanxmeba Tu

ara saCivris moTxovnebs, xolo Tu ar eTanxmeba ra konkretul

garemoebebs emyareba, xom ar apirebs Segebebuli saapelacio saCivris

wardgenas da a.S. saqmis momzadebis mizniT saapelacio sasamarTlos

SeuZlia Seasrulos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva zomebi, raTa

saapelacio saCivari ganxilul iqnes droulad.

$2. Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari

1. Segebebuli saapelacio saCivris cneba da saxeebi

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis

ufleba aqvT mxareebs da mesame pirebs damoukidebeli sasarCelo

moTxovniT. es imas niSnavs, rom nebismier mxares, romlis winaaRmdegac

gamotanilia sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, SeuZlia saapelacio wesiT

gaasaCivros igi mTlianad an nawilobriv. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba

aRmoCndes, rom sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze Semotanilia mosarCelis

saCivari, im nawilze, romelic mis winaaRmdegaa gamotanili da mopasuxis

saCivari, gadawyvetilebis im nawilze, romelic mis winaaRmdegaa

gamotanili.

es ori, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli saapelacio saCivrebia da

isini unda ganixilos saapelacio sasamarTlom aseve erTmaneTisagan

damoukideblad. es imas niSnavs, rom erT-erTi apelantis mier Tavis

saapelacio saCivarze uarisTqma an misi ukan gamoTxova gavlenas ver

moaxdens meore apelantis saapelacio saCivris ganxilvaze da

gadawyvetaze, an kidev, erTi saapelacio saCivris dakmayofilebaze

uarisTqma gavlenas ver moaxdens meore saapelacio saCivris bedze.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, aseT SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs

saapelacio saCivrebis erTmaneTisadmi namdvil damoukideblobasTan

saproceso samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT.

ras warmoadgens Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari?

343

Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari - esaa ZiriTadi saapelacio

saCivris gamo da mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saCivari, romlis mizania am

ZiriTadi saapelacio saCivris paralizeba da gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba im

nawilSi, romliTac dakmayofilda apelantis moTxovna.

amrigad, Segebebuli saCivriT mxare cdilobs or mizans miaRwios:

erTi - gauqmdes gadawyvetileba im nawilSi, romliTac nawilobriv

dakmayofilda apelantis moTxovna da meore - ucvlelad darCes

gadawyvetileba im nawilSi, romliTac uari eTqva apelants moTxovnis

nawilobriv dakmayofilebaze.


misgan 5000 lari miyenebuli zianis

anazRaurebisaTvis. sasamarTlom daakmayofila sarCeli

nawilobriv da daakisra mopasuxe b-anis 3000 laris

gadaxdevineba mosarCelis sasargeblod, xolo 2 000

laris gadaxdevinebaze uari uTxra.

a-nim Seitana saapelacio saCivari gadawyvetilebis

im nawilze, romliTac mas uari eTqva 2 000 laris

gadaxdevinebaze.

b-anim imis gamo, rom a-nim Seitana saapelacio

saCivari, Tavis mxriv, Seitana Segebebuli saapelacio

saCivari gadawyvetilebis im nawilze, romliTac

dakmayofilda mosarCelis moTxovna 3 000 larze da

moiTxova gadawyvetilebis am nawilSi gauqmeba.

saapelacio sasamarTlom unda ganixilos da miiRos erTiani

gadawyvetileba orive am ZiriTad da Segebebul saapelacio saCivarze.

imis mixedviT, Tu romel saapelacio saCivars (ZiriTads Tu

Segebebuls) cnobs dasabuTebulad saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia

gamoitanos Tavisi gadawyvetileba (ganCineba) imis Sesaxeb, rom: a) uari

eTqvas mxareebs rogorc ZiriTadi, ise Segebebuli saapelacio saCivrebis

dakmayofilebaze, xolo gadawyvetileba darCes ucvlelad, an b)

dakmayofildes ZiriTadi saapelacio saCivari, xolo Segebebul

saapelacio saCivarze uari eTqvas, an piriqiT, dakmayofildes Segebebuli

saCivari, xolo ZiriTad saapelacio saCivarze uari eTqvas.

nakleb savaraudoa orive saCivris erTdroulad dakmayofileba,

marTlac Zneli warmosadgenia gamovacxadoT gadawyvetileba usworod im

nawilSi, romliTac uari eTqva mosarCeles sarCelze da im nawilSic,

romliTac nawilobriv dakmayofilda misi sarCeli.

II. Segebebuli saapelacio saCivris dasaSveboba

Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari aris saapelacio saCivari da

bunebrivia, misi warmoebaSi miRebisaTvis saWiroa dasaSvebobis

winapirobebis arseboba, rac, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, saWiroa

saapelacio saCivrisaTvis saerTod, romelTa Sesaxeb zemoT gvqonda

saubar.

es gamonaklisebi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:

a) Segebebul saapelacio saCivarze ar vrceldeba kanonis moTxovna

imis Sesaxeb, rom saapelacio saCivris Rirebuleba aRematebodes 1000

lars. igi SeiZleba 1000 larze naklebic iyos;

344

b) Segebebul saapelacio saCivarze ar vrceldeba kanonis moTxovna

imis Sesaxeb, rom saapelacio saCivris wardgena unda moxdes 14 dReSi

(ssk 369-e muxli). igi SeiZleba wardgenil iqnes saapelacio saCivris

mowinaaRmdege mxarisaTvis gadacemidan 10 dRis ganmavlobaSi ssk 379-e

mux.

g) Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari organuladaa dakavSirebuli

ZiriTad saapelacio saCivarTan. es imas niSnavs, rom, Tu apelanti uars

ityvis Tavis saapelacio saCivarze (ssk 378-e muxli), maSin Segebebuli

saapelacio saCivaric kargavs Tavis daniSnulebas da isic uaryofil

unda iqnes. igive Sedegi unda dadges im SemTxvevaSiac, rodesac apelants

ukan gaaqvs Tavisi saapelacio saCivari (saapelacio saCivris gamoxmoba).

zogadi principi SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT: im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac saapelacio sasamarTlo, ama Tu im mizezis gamo saapelacio

saCivars ganuxilvelad tovebs an wyets saapelacio warmoebas, man

ganuxilvelad unda datovos Segebebuli saapelacio saCivaric.

III. Segebebuli saapelacio saCivris saxeebi

imis mixedviT, pasuxobs Tu ara Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari

yvela moTxovnas, rac waeyeneba saerTod saapelacio saCivars, Segebebul

saapelacio saCivrebs yofen or saxed: damoukidebeli Segebebuli

saapelacio saCivari da damokidebuli Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari.

a) damoukidebeli Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari - es iseTi saCivaria,

romelic marTalia wardgenilia imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom Setanilia

saapelacio saCivari, magram igi Setanilia saapelacio saCivris

Setanis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul vadaSi, misi Rirebuleba

Seesabameba saapelacio saCivrisaTvis kanoniT gansazRvrul fass da

pasuxobs saapelacio saCivris dasaSvebobis sxva winapirobebs.

b) damokidebuli Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari - es iseTi

saCivaria, romelic wardgenilia ZiriTad saapelacio saCivarTan

dakavSirebiT, magram saapelacio saCivrisaTvis kanoniT dadgenili

vadis gadacilebiT an kidev, misi Rirebuleba (fasi), ar Seesabameba

saapelacio saCivrisaTvis kanoniT gansazRvrul fass.

Segebebul saapelacio saCivrebs, imis mixedviT, Tu romel saxes

ganekuTvnebian isini, ukavSirdebiT sxvadasxva Sedegebi.

kerZod, damoukidebeli saapelacio saCivari unda ganixilos

sasamarTlom miuxedavad imisa, uari Tqva apelantma Tavis ZiriTad

saapelacio saCivarze, ukan gaiTxova es saCivari, Tu saerTod,

ganuxilvelad datova saapelacio sasamarTlom es ZiriTad saapelacio

saCivari.

damokidebuli saapelacio saCivari aRar SeiZleba ganixilos

saapelacio sasamarTlom, Tu igi, ama Tu im mizezis gamo ganuxilvelad

tovebs apelantis ZiriTad saapelacio saCivars an wyvets saapelacio

warmoebas.

aseTia sxvadasxva saxis Segebebuli saapelacio saCivrebis

ganxilvis Taviseburebani.

$4. saqmis ganxilva saapelacio sasamarTloSi

345

I. saqmis momzadeba zepiri ganxilvisaTvis

ssk 372-e muxlis Tanaxmad saqmis ganxilva saapelacio

sasamarTloSi warmoebs im wesebis dacviT, rac dadgenilia pirveli

instanciiT saqmeTa ganxilvisaTvis, im gamonaklisebiT, rac

gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT, kerZod ssk 372-383-e muxlebiT.

saapelacio saCivris dasaSvebobis Semowmebisa da misi

gansaxilvelad miRebis SemTxvevaSi saapelacio sasamarTlos gamoaqvs

`ganCineba saapelacio saCivris miRebisa da misi gansaxilvelad

momzadebis Sesaxeb~ (ssk 374-e muxli). amave ganCinebiT saapelacio

sasamarTlo niSnavs saapelacio ganxilvis dResac (ssk 376-e muxli).

saapelacio saCivris anu saqmis zepiri ganxilvis dRes sasamarTlo

niSnavs im varaudiT, rom, gamomdinare saapelacio saCivris Sinaarsidan

da masze darTuli masalebidan, moeswros saqmis momzadeba zepiri

ganxilvisaTvis.

ra saproceso moqmedebebi unda Seasrulos sasamarTlom saqmis

momzadebis mizniT?

Tavisuflad SeiZleba am kiTxvaze erTi winadadebiT pasuxis gacema:

saqmis zepiri ganxilvisaTvis momzadebis mizniT saapelacio sasamarTlom

unda Seasrulos yvela is saproceso moqmedeba da im wesiT, rac

gaTvaliswinebulia pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebSi saqmeTa

momzadebisaTvis.

aqedan gamomdinare, yvelafari rac unda gakeTdes saqmis momzadebis

mizniT TiTqmis mTlianad exeba saapelacio sasamarTlosac. gamonaklisia

mxolod iseTi saproceso moqmedebebi, romlebic ganpirobebulia saqmeTa

ganxilvis TaviseburebebiT saapelacio sasamarTloSi.

kerZod, saapelacio sasamarTlo:

a) saapelacio saCivrisa da masze darTuli masalebis aslebs

gadaugzavnis mowinaaRmdege mxares.

b) dauniSnavs mowinaaRmdege mxares, anu saapelacio mopasuxes,

vadas werilobiT Seadginos da saapelacio sasamarTlos gadmougzavnos

pasuxi (Sesagebeli) saapelacio saCivarSi dasmul sakiTxebze.

g) am werilobiT SesagebelSi gasces pasuxi saapelacio saCivarSi

dasmul sakiTxebze, kerZod eTanxmeba Tu ara saCivris moTxovnebs, Tu ar

eTanxmeba ra konkretul garemoebebs emyareba da romeli

mtkicebulebebiT dasturdeba es garemoebebi, xom ar apirebs Segebebuli

saapelacio saCivris Semotanas, Tu aseTi Segebebuli saCivris

SemotanisTvis arsebobs pirobebi. ra Suamdgomlobebi eqneba saCivris

ganmxilvel saapelacio sasamarTlos mimarT, xom ar apirebs axali

faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis warmodgenas saapelacio sasamarTloSi da,

Tu apirebs, ra mizeziT ar iqnen isini wardgenili pirveli instanciis

sasamarTloSi am saqmis ganxilvis dros da a.S.

amave ganCinebiT saapelacio sasamarTlo afrTxilebs mowinaaRmdege

mxares, rom werilobiTi Sesageblis warudgenloba Tu sxva moqmedebaTa

daniSnul droSi Seusrulebloba arasapatio mizeziT arTmevs mxares

uflebas Seasrulos aseTi moqmedeba saqmis zepiri ganxilvis dros (ssk

206-e muxli).

346

saqmis momzadebis mizniT saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia

daniSnos mosamzadebeli sxdomac im wesebis dacviT, romelTa Sesaxeb

miTiTebulia ssk 205-e muxlSi.

saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmeebs ixilavs sasamarTlos kolegiuri

Semadgenloba. amasTan dakavSirebiT ibadeba kiTxva: SeuZlia Tu ara saqme

moamzados saapelacio sasamarTlos kolegiuri Semadgenlobidan erT-

erTma wevrma, agreTve misma TanaSemwem?

am kiTxvaze dadebiTad unda vupasuxoT: zepiri ganxilvisaTvis

saqmis momzadeba SeiZleba miendos saapelacio palatis erT-erT

mosamarTles, xolo am mosamarTlis meTvalyureobiTa da

xelmZRvanelobiT mis TanaSemwes.

II. saqmis zepiri ganxilva mTavar sxdomaze

1. saqmis mTavar sxdomaze ganxilvis wesi

saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmis zepiri ganxilva mimdinareobs im

wesebis dacviT, romlebic gavaliswinebulia pirveli instanciis

sasamarTlosaTvis (210-228-e muxlebi), im TaviseburebaTa

gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebzec miTiTiebulia ssk me-8 karSi.

ise rogorc pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi, saapelacio

sasamarTloSic saqmis zepiri ganxilva iwyeba erT-erTi wevris

moxsenebiT.

saqmis ganxilvis dawyebis aseT wess aqvs didi praqtikuli

mniSvneloba: saqmis ganxilvaSi monawile apelanits da sxva pirebs

SesaZleblba eZlevaT gaarkvion Tu ramdenad sworad gaigo saapelacio

sasamarTlom saapelacio saCivarSi Camoyalibebuli apelantis moTxovna

da misi Sinaarsi, mowinaaRmdege mxaris Sesagebeli da misi Sinaarsi.

aseTi wesi saSualebas aZlevs mxareebs daazuston da Sesworeba Seitanon

momxsenebuli mosamarTlis gamosvlaSi, Tu am gamosvlaSi raime

uzustoba, gaugebroba an Secdoma iyo daSvebuli.

ssk 383-e muxlis me-2 nawili gansazRvravs im ZiriTadi sakiTxebis

wres, romlebsac unda Seexos saapelacio mosamarTle Tavis moxsenebaSi.

es sakiTxebia:

a) saqmis garemoebebi, e.i. vin aRZra sarCeli, vis winaaRmdeg,

rogoria mosarCelis moTxovna da mopasuxis Sesagebeli, romel

garemoebebs emyarebian mxareebi TavianTi moTxovnebis Tu Sesageblis

dasasabuTeblad, ra da romeli mtkicebulebebi waradgines maT pirveli

instanciis sasamarTloSi am garemoebebis dasadastureblad.

b) pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZvlebi,

e.i. faqtobrivi garemoebebi, romlebic dadasturebulad da dadgenilad

CaTvala da safuZvlad daudo Tavis gadawyvetilebas pirvelma instanciam

(gadawyvetilebis faqtobrivi safuZlebi), kanonebi, romliTac

ixelmZRvanela sasamarTlom am faqtobrivi garemoebebis samarTlebrivi

Sefasebis mizniT (gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi).

g) saapelacio saCivris Sinaarsi da dasabuTebuloba, e.i. rogoria

saapelacio saCivris moTxovna anu ras moiTxovs apelanti

gadawyvetilebis mTlianad Tu nawilobriv gauqmebas, Secvlas Tu axali

gadawyvetilebis gamotanas (saapelacio saCivris ganacxadi), ra

faqtobriv Tu samarTlebriv safuZvlebs emyareba apelanti, romeli

347

kanonia misi azriT darRveuli da raSi gamoixateba konkretulad es

darRveva ssk 393-e da 394-e muxlebi).

momxsenebeli mosamarTlis Semdeg sityva eZleva mxareebs da maT

warmomadgenlebs. maT ufleba aqvT daazuston da daakonkreton TavianTi

moTxovnebisa da Sesageblis Sinaarsi Tu momxsenebelma mosamarTlem

raime Secdoma an uzustoba dauSva, magram maT ar unda gaimeoron is,

rac ukve iTqva momxsenebeli mosamarTlis mier.

pirveli gamodis apelanti, xolo Semdeg mowinaaRmdege mxare,

sasamarTlos nebarTviT mxareebma SeiZleba SekiTxva miscen erTmaneTs.

amis Semdeg sasamarTlo iwyebs mtkicebulebaTa gamokvlevas.

2. axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis wardgenis pirobebi

saapelacio sasamarTloSi

axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis wardgenas saapelacio

sasamarTloSi ori mizani SeiZleba hqondes: erTi - gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetileba faqtobrivad an iuridiulad, an kidev, arc faqtobrivad

da arc iuridiulad araa dasabuTebuli da meore - apelantis moTxovna

dasabuTebuli da gamarTlebulia.

dasaSvebia Tu ara axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis wardgena

saapelacio sasamarTloSi?

am kiTxvaze dadebiTad unda vupasuxoT: garkeuli, kanoniT zustad

gansazRvruli pirobebis arsebobisas saapelacio sasamarTloSi mxareebs

(da aramarto apelants) SeuZlia waradginos axali faqtebi da

mtkicebulebebi.

es pirobebi Semdegia:

1. saapelacio sasamarTloSi SeiZleba wardgenil iqnes mxolod axali

faqtebi da axali mtkicebulebebi (ssk 380-e muxlis pirveli

nawili).

2. am axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis wardgena mxares ar SeeZlo

pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi.

3. am axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis miReba da ganxilva xels

ar SeuSlis saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmis droulad ganxilvas.

4. mxarem uxeSi gaufrTxileblobis gamo ar warudgina es masalebi

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos (ssk 380-e muxlis me-2 punqti).

amrigad, faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis saapelacio sasamarTloSi

wardgenis erT-erTi yvelaze mTavari da ZiriTadi piroba - esaa maTi

siaxle, mxolod mas Semdeg, rac gairkveva, rom saapelacio

sasamarTloSi warodgenili faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi axalia, saWiro

gaxdeba zemod dasaxelebuli sxva pirobebis Semowmeba, aqedan

gamomdinare ki ibadeba savsebiT bunebrivi kiTxva:

ra igulisxmeba axal faqtebsa da axal mtkicebulebebSi?

1. ssk 380-e muxlis azrisa da Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT axal

faqtebSi da mtkicebulebebSi unda vigulisxmoT faqtebi, romlebic

ar yofila wardgenili pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi. magram

es ar kmara imisaTvis, rom saapelacio sasamarTlom miiRos da

ganixilos es axali faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi. aucilebelia

agreTve imis garkveva, rom axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis

wardgena mxares (apelants an mis mowinaaRmdege mxares) SeeZlo

jer kidev pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi da rom mxarem uxeSi

348

gaufrTxileblobis gamo ar warudgina es masalebi pirveli

instanciis sasamarTlos.

kanonis am danawesis dedazri mdgomareobs imaSi, rom faqtebi da

mtkicebulebebi, romelTa Sesaxeb cnobilia mxareebisaTvis, unda

waredginos pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos.

2. axali faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic warmoiSvnen pirvel

instanciaSi saqmis ganxilvis Semdeg. Tu gadawyvetilebisaTvis

mniSvnelobis mqone fqti an mtkicebuleba warmoiSva pirvel

instanciaSi saqmis ganxilvis Semdeg, saapelacio sasamarTlom

yovelgvari winapirobis gareSe unda miiRos da ganixilos isini.

3. axalia faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic Tumca arsebobden

pirvel instanciaSi saqmis ganxilvis dros, magram mxareebma ar

waradgines iq an imis gamo, rom ar icoden maT Sesaxeb, an kidev

imis gamo, rom es faqtebi mxareebma umniSvnelod CaTvales da

mxolod Semdeg gaarkvies, rom maT hqoniaT mniSvneloba saqmisaTvis.

saapelacio sasamarTlom yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli gulmodginebiT

unda Seamowmos da Seafasos axali faqtebisa da axli mtkicebulebebis

miRebisa da gamokvlevis dasaSvebobis pirobebi, saapelacio sasamarTlom

araviTar SemxTvevaSi ar unda dauSvas axali faqtebisa da

mtkicebulebebis ganxilva, Tu cxadia, rom raRac taqtikuri

mosazrebebiT Semoinaxa isini mxarem saapelacio sasamarTlosaTvis da

raRac moulodneli TavdasxmiT gamowveuli efeqtis miRebis survili

amoZravebda mas.143

rac Seexeba faqtebsa da mtkicebulebebs, romlebic iyo mxareTa

mier wamoyenebuli pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi, maT SeuZliaT

kvlav wamoayenon apelaciaSi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirveli instanciis

sasamarTlom SecdomiT ar CaTvala es faqtebi saqmisaTvis mniSvnelobis

mqoned da ar Seamowma da ar daadgina, an marTalia daadgina, magram

saproceso normebis darRveviT.

Tu axali da xelmeored dasaxelebuli faqtebi dasaSvebad cno

apelaciam, man unda ganusazRvros mxareebs dro Sesabamisi

mtkicebulebebis warmosadgenad, Tu isini ar iyo warmodgenili maT mier.


1. saapelacio sasamarTlo aris faqtebis damdgeni sasamarTlo, magram

faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis wardgena am sasamarTloSi SesaZlebelia

mxolod SezRudul farglebSi da kanoniT gansazRvrul pirobebSi.

2. im faqtebisa da mtkicebulebaTa kategorias, romelTa wardgena

sasamarTloSi dasaSvebia ganekuTvneba:

a) axali faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic warmoiSven pirvel

instanciaSi saqmis ganxilvis Semdeg;

b) faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic Tumca arsebobdnen pirvel

instanciaSi saqmis ganxilvis dros, magram mxareebma ar

waradgines iq imis gamo, rom ar icoden am faqtebis Sesaxeb, an

143 sainteresoa am sakiTxze cnobili germaneli iuristis volfgang grunskis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,

rom adre praqtikaSi xSirad gamoyenebuli meTodi „gaqceva apelaciaSi“, rasac mxareebi mimarTavdnen

imisaTvis, rom pirveli instanciis ar uareyo da Semoenaxa isini saapelacio sasamarTlosaTvis -

warmatebas aRar gvpirdeba, radgan, Tu faqtebi pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi ganzrax ar iqna

warmodgenili, maSi savaldebuloa maTi uaryofa (Seadare Cveni ssk 380-e uxlis me-2 punqti- T.l.).

W. Grunsky. Zivilprozessrecht. 2003. s. 195.

349

Tumca icoden, magram ar CaTvales maSin saqmis sworad

gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqoned;

g) faqtebi, romlebic mxareebma waradgines pirvel instanciaSi,

magram sasamarTlom ar CaTvala isini saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovnad,

Tumca aseTi mniSvneloba maT aqvT (Secdoma samarTlebriv

SefasebaSi);

d) mtkicebulebebi, romlebic mxareebma waradgines pirvel

instanciaSi, magram ar miiRo sasamarTlom imis gamo, rom

saqmisaTvis ar aqvT mniSvneloba (ssk 104-e muxlis I punqti),

Tumca sinamdvileSi maT aseTi mniSvneloba aqvT (Secdoma

mtkicebulebaTa gankuTvnadobis SefasebaSi);

e) faqtebi, romlebic pirvelma instanciam dadgenilad CaTvala,

magram araa miTiTebuli romeli mtkicebulebis safuZvelze;

v) faqtebi, romlebic pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom dadgenilad

CaTvala kanonis darRveviT miRebuli mtkicebulebis safuZvelze.

3. saapelacio sasamarTlom ar undad dauSvas da ar unda miiRos iseTi

faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic mxareebs SeeZloT waredginaT

pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi, magram uxeSi gaufrTxileblobis

gamo ar waradgines iq (ssk 380-e muxlis me-2 punqti).

4. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac zemoaRniSnuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

saapelacio sasamarTlom dasaSvebad miiCnia axali faqtebi da

mtkicebulebebi, saapelacio sasamarTlos winaSe wamoiWreba meore,

praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani sakiTxi - uzrunvelyos maTi

droulad warmodgena.

5. amisaTvis, saqmis winaswari momzadebis wesiT, saapelacio sasamarTlom

mxareebs unda dauniSnos dro am axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis

warmodgenisaTvis.

6. Tu faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi droulad (sasamarTlos mier daniSnul

vadaSi) ar iqneba warmodgenili, saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia ar

miiRos isini, rogorc dagvianebiT warmodgenili, ris gamoc xeli

SeeSleba saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmis droulad ganxilvas (ssk

206-e da 380-e muxlis me-2 punqti).

7. saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia mTlianad gaiziaros pirveli

instanciis sasamarTlos mier mtkicebulebaTa Semowmebisa da

Sefasebis Sedegebi, magram, Tu ar iziarebs - es man kargad unda

daasabuTos Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi.

III. gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis farglebi da saapelacio

sasamarTlos uflebamosileba

1. saapelacio sasamarTlo SeboWilia saapelacio saCivris, anu am

saCivarSi Camoyalibebuli apelantis moTxovnis farglebiT. es imas

niSnavs, rom gadawyvetilebis faqtobrivi Tu iuridiuli dasabuTebuloba

saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seamowmos saapelacio saCivris

moTxovnasTan mimarTebaSi (ssk 377-e muxli).

sauaresod Sebruneba, e.i. gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba an Secvla im

nawilSi, romelic apelants ar uTxovia, an iseTnairad, rogoric mas ar

wamouyenebia - dauSvebelia.

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis faqtobrivi dasabuTebulobis

Semowmebis dros sasamarTlom yuradReba unda miaqcios or garemoebas:

350

a) romel faqtobriv garemoebas Tvlis sasamarTlo dadgenilad da

amyarebs Tavis gadawyvetilebas gasaCivrebul nawilSi da b) dasturdeba

Tu ara es garemoebebi saqmeSi arsebuli an axlad warmodgenili

mtkicebulebebiT.

2. gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi dasabuTebulobis Semowmebisas

saapelacio sasamarTlom unda gansazRvros, sworad gamoiyena Tu ara

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gamomtanma sasamarTlom kanoni, e.i.

iuridiulad sworad Seafasa Tu ara sasamarTlom is faqtobrivi

garemoebebi, romlebic man dadgenilad CaTvala.

- samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT Sefasebisas sasamarTlosaTvis

mTavari orientiria ssk 393-e muxli, romelic gansazRvravs, Tu ra

SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleba kanoni darRveulad da ssk 394-e muxli, romelic

Seicavs sakasacio saCivris absolutur safuZvlebs, anu gadawyvetilebis

gauqmebis udavo safuZvlebis CamonaTvals, romelic mTlianad vrceldeba

saapelacio sasamarTlozec.

- gadawyvetilebis rogorc faqtobrivi, ise iuridiuli

dasabuTebulobis Semowmebis dros saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia

gascdes saapelacio saCivris farglebs, e.i. SeuZlia Seamowmos iseTi

darRvevebi, daSvebuli mtkicebulebisa da faqtiuri garemoebebis

dadgenis dros, agreTve kanonis iseTi darRvevebi, romlebzec ar iyo

miTiTebuli saapelacio saCivarSi.

saapelacio asamarTlos SeuZlia Seamowmos agreTve ganCinebebic,

romlebic win uswreben gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebas.

gasaCivrebis dasaSvebobis TvalsazrisiT ganCinebebi SeiZleba or

jgufad davyoT: a) ganCinebebi, romlebzec SeiZleba kerZo saCivris

Setana, rac imas niSnavs, rom am ganCinebebis gasaCivreba dasaSvebia

calke, gadawyvetilebisagan damoukideblad da b) ganCinebebi, romelTa

calke gasaCivreba ar SeiZleba, magram dasaSvebia maTi uaryofa da maT

winaaRmdeg mosazrebaTa Camoyalibeba gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg

mimarTul saapelacio saCivarSi.

is ganCinebebi, romlebzec SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana,

SeiZleba, ama Tu im mizezis gamo, ar iyo Tavis droze gasaCivrebuli

mxaris mier an imis gamo, rom mxarem gauSva misi gasaCivrebis vada, an

imis gamo, rom ar moisurva maSin misi calke gasaCivreba. aseTi Tumca

gasaCivrebadi, magram Tavis droze gausaCivrebeli ganCinebebi

uTanabrdebian da iziareben im ganCinebebis `beds~, romlebzec ar

SeiZleba kerZo saCivris Setana, magram Tavisuflad SeiZleba maTi

uaryofa gadawyvetilebasTan erTad.

es imas ar niSnavs, rom gadawyvetilebaze calke unda daiweros

saapelacio saCivari, xolo zemoxsenebul ganCinebebze calke saCivari

(igive kerZo saCivari). ra Tqma unda ara! am ganCinebebis usworobaze

SeiZleba miTiTebuli iyos mxolod saapelacio saCivarSi. saapelacio

saCivarSi am ganCinebebis dausabuTeblobaze miTiTebas is mniSvneloba

SeiZleba hqondes, rom swored maTi miRebis wyalobiT iqna gamotanili

dausabuTebeli da ukanono gadawyvetileba.

magaliTad, apelantma Tavis saapelacio saCivarSi miuTiTa, rom

saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoeba ver

dadasturda, radgan sasamarTlom Tavis araswori da dausabuTebeli

ganCinebiT uari uTxra mas Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebis miRebaze, mowmis

gamoZaxebasa da dakiTxvaze, eqspertizis daniSvnaze da a.S. an kidev,

351

sasamarTlom Tavisi ganCinebiT, romelic kanonis darRveviTaa miRebuli,

uari uTxra mas Suamdgomlobaze acilebis Sesaxeb da a.S.

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebasTan erTad saapelacio saCivriT

gasaCivrebul ganCinebaze saapelacio sasamarTlos ar gamoaqvs calke

ganCineba. saapelacio saCivris obieqtia sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba. am

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis mimarT mas gamoaqvs Tavisi

gadawyvetileba. Tu im ganCinebebs, romlebic win uswreben gasaCivrebul

gadawyvetilebas, marTlac SeeZlo zegavlena moexdinaT mis faqtobriv

Tu iuridiul dasabuTebulobaze. mas gamoaqvs Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba

(ganCineba) swored am gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis da ara manamde

miRebuli ganCinebebis mimarT.

ssk 377-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos uwyebriv qvemdebareobas

(me-11 muxli) (saqveuwyelobas) saapelacio sasamarTlo amowmebs Tavis

iniciativiT. Tavisi iniciativiT amowmebs igi agreTve saqarTvelos

saerTaSoriso kompetencias, risTvisac xelmZRvanelobs saqarTvelos

kanoniT saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb~.

gansjadobis Semowmeba saapelacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia mxolod

mopasuxis moTxovniT. aseTi moTxovna ki mopasuxes SeuZlia wamoayenos

mxolod 21-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis

safuZvelze.

IV. sauaresod Sebrunebis dauSvebloba

sauaresod Sebrunebis dauSvebloba (non reformatio in pejus) pirdapir gamomdinareobs kanonis danawesidan, romlis Tanaxmad saapelacio

sasamarTlo amowmebs gadawyvetilebas mxolod saCivris farglebSi da,

rom sasamarTlo uflebamosilia Secvalos gadawyvetileba mxolod im

farglebSi, rasac mxareebi moiTxoven (ssk 384-e muxli).

cxadia, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom gadawyvetilebis Semowmebisas

saapelacio sasamarTlo SeiZleba mivides im daskvnamde, rom

gadawyvetileba aSkarad arasworia im nawilSic, romelic araa

gasaCivrebuli da romelic apelantis sasargeblodaa gamotanili.

miuxedavad amisa, saapelacio sasamarTlo ver gaauqmebs gadawyvetilebas

am nawilSi.

magaliTad: sasamarTlom gamoitana gadawyvetileba, romliTac

nawilobriv daakmayofila a-nis sarCeli mopasuxe b-

anize 10,000 laris dakisrebis Sesaxeb, magram uari

uTxra mas amave mopasuxeze 20,000 laris dakisrebis

Sesaxeb. a-nim gaasaCivra es gadawyvetileba im nawilSi,

romliTac mas uari eTqva 20,000 laris mopasuxeze

dakisrebis Sesaxeb. am gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis

Sedegad saapelacio sasamarTlo mivida im daskvnamde,

rom aramarto 20,000 lari, aramed iuridiulad da

faqtobrivad arasworia apelant a-nis sasargeblod b-

anize 10,000 laris dakisreba. miuxedavad amisa,

saapelacio sasamarTlo ver gaauqmebs gadawyvetilebas

im nawilSi, romelic apelantis sasargeblodaa

gamotanili, anu ver gaauqmebs gadawyvetilebas a-nis

(apelantis) sasargeblod b-anize 10,000 laris

gadaxdis dakisrebis Sesaxeb.

352

sauaresod Sebrunebis akrZalvis principis gamarTlebis mizniT

moyavT mravali argumenti, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovania erTi is, rom

es principi emyareba dispoziciurobis princips, romlis Tanaxmad

sasamarTlom Tavisi msjeloba unda iqonios mxaris moTxovnis farglebSi

da meore is, rom warmoadgens saCivris Setanis uflebis uzrunvelyofis

garantias, radgan ganumtkicebs rwmenas apelants (kasators), rom

gadawyvetileba, romelic mis sasargeblodaa gamotanili ar Seicvleba

mis sazianod.

amasTan erTad, samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba, rogorc

zemoT aRvniSneT, uSvebs Segebebuli saapelacio (sakasacio) saCivris

wardgenis SesaZleblobas. Tu apelantis mowinaamdege mxarem Semoitana

Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari gadawyvetilebis im nawilze, romelic

apelants ar gausaCivrebia, maSin saapelacio sasamarTlo aramarto

ufleblamosilia, aramed valdebulicaa amis mixedviT Seamowmos

gadawyvetileba. Tu aseTi Semowmebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom Segebebuli

saapelacio saCivari dasabuTebulia da gadawyvetileba unda gauqmdes im

nawilSi, romelic am Segebebuli saapelacio saCivriTaa gasaCivrebuli,

igi unda gauqmdes, miuxedavad imisa, rom apelantis sasargeblodaa

gamotanili.

magaliTad: zemod moyvanili magaliTis mixedviT a-nim, romelmac

gaasaCivra gadawyvetileba im nawilSi, romelic mis

winaaRmdeg iyo gamotanili, kerZod, romliTac uari

eTqva sarCelze mopasuxe b-anize 20000 laris mis

sasargeblod gadaxdevinebaze, sapasuxo anu Segebebuli

saapelacio saCivari Seitana mopasuxe b-anim, romliTac

moiTxova gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba im nawilSi,

romliTac mas daekisra am mosarCelis sasargeblod

10000 laris gadaxda. saapelacio sasamarTlom

dasabuTebulad cno Segebebuli saapelacio saCivari da

gaauqma gadawyvetileba im nawilSi, romliTac

mosarCele a-nis sasargeblod mopasuxe b-nis daekisra

10000 laris gadaxda, xolo mosarCele a-nis uari

uTxra ZiriTadi saapelacio saCivris dakmayofilebaze

da gadawyvetileba, romliTac uari eTqva mas mopasuxe

b-anize 20000 laris mis sasargeblod dakisrebaze,

datova ucvlelad.

aq ibadeba kiTxva: xom ar niSnavs es `sauaresod Sebrunebis

akrZalvis~ principze uarisTqmas?

am kiTxvaze mTeli kategoriulobiT unda vupasuxoT uaryofiTad,

saapelacio (sakasacio) gasaCivrebis ufleba aqvs aramarto im mxares,

romelmac mTlianad waago procesi, aramed im mxares, romelmac

nawilobriv moigo, magram nawilobriv waago procesi. saCivari

dasaSvebia mxolod gadawyvetilebis im nawilze, romelic apelantis

sawinaaRmdegodaa gamotanili. es imas niSnavs, rom rodesac

gadawyvetileba nawilobriv mosarCelis, xolo nawilobriv mopasuxis

sawinaaRmdegodaa gamotanili, cxadia orive mxares aqvs erTnairi ufleba

gaasaCivron gadawyvetileba maTTvis araxelsyrel nawilSi. es, vfiqrob,

imdenad cxadia, rom araviTar dasabuTebas ar saWiroebs.

magram, Tu es asea, maSin rodesac gadawyvetilebis orive nawili

saCivrdeba mxareebis mier, sul erTia damoukidebeli saapelacio

353

saCivrebiT, Tu damoukidebeli da Segebebuli (damokidebuli) saapelacio

(sakasacio) saCivriT, sauaresod Sebrunebis akrZalvis (non reformatio in pejus) principi aRar moqmedebs.144

V. dauswrebeli warmoeba apelaciaSi

dauswrebeli warmoebis aucilebloba SeiZleba warmoiSvas ara

marto pirveli instanciis, aramed saapelacio instanciis sasamarTloSic.

kanoni uSvebs saapelacio instanciis sasamarTloSi dauswrebeli

warmoebis SesaZleblobas imave safuZvliT, rac pirvel instanciaSi. -

mxaris, kerZod apelantis an misi mowinaaRmdege mxaris (saapelacio

mopasuxis) gamoucxadeblobis gamo. amasTan erTad, mniSvneloba ar aqvs

ganixileba saapelacio saCivari meore dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze, Tu

sasamarTlos Cveulebriv (sabolao) gadawyetilebaze.

apelaciaSi dauswrebeli warmoebis dros moqmedeben igive wesebi,

rac pirveli instanciis sasamarTloSi (ssk 387-e muxlis me-3 punqti).

amitom, yvelaferi, rac exeba dauswrebel warmoebas pirveli instanciis

sasamarTloSi zogierTi gamonaklisis garda mTlianad exeba dauswrebel

warmoebas saapelacio sasamarTloSi, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT

apelantis an misi mowinaaRmdegis gamoucxadebloba, an kidev, orive

mxaris gamoucxadebloba, erTdroulad iwvevs pirveli instanciis

sasamarTloSi mxareTa gamoucxadeblobis analogiur, anu erTgvarovan

Sedegebs. aq mizanSewonilad migvaCnia mokle daskvnebis saxiT

CamovayaliboT apelaciaSi dauswrebeli warmoebis zogierTi aspeqti:

1. Tu sasamarTlo sxdomaze ar gamocxadda apelanti (saapelacio

mosarCele), romelsac uwyeba Cabarda kanoniT dadgenili wesiT,

mowinaaRmdege mxaris TxovniT sasamarTlo gamoitans dauswrebel

gadawyvetilebas saapelacio saCivris dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis

Sesaxeb.

Tu mowinaaRmdege mxare moiTxovs saqmis ganxilvis gadadebas, maSin

saapelacio sasamarTlo gadadebs saqmis ganxilvas sxva droisaTvis, ris

Sesaxebac acnobebs gamoucxadebel mxares (apelants), xolo

gamocxadebul mowinaaRmdege mxares, agreTve saqmeSi monawile sxva

pirebs afrTxilebs gadadebuli sxdomis dRis Sesaxeb da maTi

gamoucxadeblobis Sedegebis Sesaxeb, rac Seitaneba oqmSi da razec xels

aweren es pirebi.

Tu apelanti kvlav ar gamocxaddeba, maSin saapelacio sasamarTlo

gamoitans dauswrebel gadawyvetilebas saCivris dakmayofilebaze uaris

Tqmis Sesaxeb.

2. Tu sxdomaze ar gamocxaddeba mowinaaRmdege mxare (saapelacio

mopasuxe), maSin sasamarTlo, apelantis TxovniT, gamoitans dauswrebel

gadawyvetilebas, an Tu aseTi Txovna ar aris da igi moiTxovs saqmis

ganxilvis gadadebas, maSin saapelacio sasamarTlo gadadebs saqmis

ganxilvas, ris Sesaxebac afrTxilebs gamocxadebul mxares da dadgenili

wesiT acnobebs gamoucxadebel pirebs. Tu mowinaaRmdege mxare kvlav ar

gamocxaddeba, saapelacio sasamarTlo gamoitans dauswrebel

gadawyvetilebas saapelacio saCivris dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb, oRond

erTi aucilebeli pirobiT Tu saapelacio saCivarSi miTiTebuli

144 dawvrilebiT ix. v. xrustali, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 22.

354

faqtobrivi garemoebebi iuridiulad amarTleben saapelacio saCivarSi

Camoyalibebul apelantis moTxovnas.

saqme isaa, rom apelantis (saapelacio mosarCelis) mier

miTiTebuli faqtebi iTvleba dadasturebulad, magram dauswrebel

gadawyvetilebas apelantis sasargeblod mxolod im SemTxvevaSi

gamoitans saapelacio sasamarTlo, Tu es dadasturebulad

(damtkicebulad) CaTvlili garemoebebi iuridiulad amarTleben

apelantis moTxovnas (ssk 230-e muxlis me-2 nawili), xolo Tu ar

amarTleben, maSin saapelacio sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas

saapelacio saCivarze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb, magram es iqneba ara

dauswrebeli, aramed Cveulebrivid gadawyvetileba, romelic SeiZleba

gasaCivrdes sakasacio wesiT.

apelantis gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi saapelacio sasamarTlos

SeuZlia ssk 229-e muxlis pirobebis dacviT gamoitanos ara marto

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, aramed datovos saapelacio saCivari

ganuxilvelad (ssk 229-e muxlis me-2 naw). saapelacio sasamarTlo

ganuxilvelad datovebs saapelacio saCivars roca sxdmoaze ar cxaddeba

arcerTi mxare (ssk 231-e muxli).

$3. saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba da ganCineba

I. gadawyvetilebisa da ganCinebis gamotanis safuZvlebi

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs Tu

romeli safuZvlebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi unda iqnes gamotanili

gadawyvetileba da romeli safuZvlebis arsebobisas ganCineba: ssk 243-e

muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos dadgenileba, romliTac saqme wydeba

arsebiTad sasamarTlos gamoaqvs gadawyvetilebis formiT. amave kodeqsis

284-e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlos dadgenileba, romliTac saqme

arsebiTad ar wydeba sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCinebis formiT.

gadawyvetilebisa da ganCinebis gamotanis es wesi vrceldeba

aramarto pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebze, aramed saapelacio da

sakasacio instanciis sasamarTloebzec.

aq SeiZleba sadavo gamxdariyo mxolod erTi sakiTxi: ra iTvleba

`saqmis arsebiTad gadawyvetad~ da ra aseTad ar iTvleba~

am kiTxvaze pasuxs kanonmdebloba ar Seicavs. amitom unda

mivmarToT praqtikas. sasamarTlo praqtikis Tanaxmad ki saqmis arsebiTad

gadawyvetad iTvleba sasamarTlos iseTi msjeloba, romelic

gansazRvravs sarCelis (gancxadebis) beds anu msjeloba imis Sesaxeb

dakmayofildes sarCeli, Tu uari eTqvas mosarCeles (ganmcxadebels)

misi moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze.

rac Seexeba sasamarTlos msjelobebs sarCelis (gancxadebis)

dasaSvebobis anu misi warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebis Sesaxeb, sarCelis

ganuxilvelad datovebis Tu saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb,

calkeul saproceso moqmedebaTa (magaliTad, adgilze daTvaliareba,

sasamarTlo davalebebis micema, eqspertizis daniSvna da a.S.) Sesrulebis

Sesaxeb, sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, saqmis warmoebis SeCerebis

Sesaxeb da a.S. aisaxeba sasamarTlos ganCinebebSi, radgan aseTi

msjelobebi ar gansazRvraven saqmis beds, ufro zustad ar gansazRvraven

355

mxaris moTxovnis faqtobriv da samarTlebriv dasabuTebulobas, Tu

dausabuTeblobas.

igive principiT ganviTarda sasamarTlo praqtika saapelacio da

sakasacio sasamarTloebis mimarTac: Tu saapelacio sasamarTlo auqmebs

gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebas da TviTon gamoaqvs mis nacvlad axali

gadawyvetileba, ise rom saqmes ar abrunebs ukan xelaxla

gansaxilvelad, maSin mas gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba. magram, Tu igi

ucvlelad tovebs gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebas, an auqmebs mas da

abrunebs saqmes xelaxla gansaxilvelad, maSin mas gamoaqvs ganCineba.

ganCineba mas gamoaqvs yovelTvis, roca saWirod Tvlis raime saproceso

moqmedebis Sesrulebas.

II. saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare cxadia, rom saapelacio sasamarTlos

mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi gamoaqvs Tavisi dadgenileba gadawyvetilebis

formiT: rodesac auqmebs gadawyvetilebas mTlianad an nawilobriv,

saqmes ar abrunebs xelaxla gansaxilvelad ukan imave an sxva

sasamarTloSi da TviTon iRebs gauqmebuli gadawyvetilebis Tu misi

nawilis sanacvlod axal gadawyvetilebas. amis Sesaxeb pirdapiraa

miTiTebuli ssk 386-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad Tu saapelacio saCivari

dasaSvebia da saqme pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos ar ubrundeba,

saapelacio sasamarTlo TviTon iRebs gadawyvetilebs saqmeze. igi Tavisi

ganCinebiT uars ambobs saapelacio saCivris dakmayofilebaze an

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis SecvliT iRebs axal gadawyvetilebas

saqmeze~.

saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsi unda pasuxobdes

kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul (ssk 249-e muxli) moTxovnebs, amasTan erTad,

saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsi bevradaa

ganpirobebuli saapelacio saCivris xasiaTiTa da SinaarsiT, kerZod,

saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi naTlad da garkveviT unda

Camoyalibdes:

a) gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis mokle Sinaarsi.

aseTi Sinaarsi unda Camoyalibdes, rogorc gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetilebis aRwerilobiTi nawilidan, ise samotivacio da

sarezolucio nawilidan. kerZod, saapelacio sasamarTlom unda

miuTiTos ra Sinaarsisaa mosarCelis moTxovna, romelic ganixila

pirveli instanciis sasamarTlom romeli faqtobrivi garemoebebi,

romlebzec miuTiTeben mxareebi TavianTi moTxovnis Tu Sesageblis

dasasabuTeblad, CaTvala man dadgenilad, saqmeSi arsebul romel

mtkicebulebas daemyara sasamarTlo da romeli kanoniT ixelmZRvanela

man davis gadawyvetisas.

b) rogoria apelantis moTxovna.

apelantis moTxovnis zustad da amomwuravad miTiTeba -

saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis uaRresad mniSvnelovani

elementia. es mniSvneloba naTlad Cans jer erTi iqedan, rom

dispoziciurobis principidan gamomdinare sasamarTlo SeboWilia

mosarCelis sasarCelo moTxovnis farglebiT da ver gacdeba am

farglebs da meore, ise rogorc pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo,

saapelacio sasamarTloc SeboWilia apelantis saapelacio moTxovnis

356

farglebiT da ufleba ar aqvs gacdes am farglebs. magram, rom ar

gacildes am farglebs da gadawyvetileba miiRos swored apelantis

saapelacio moTxovnis mimarT da mis farglebSi, zustad unda

gansazRvros saapelacio saCivris moTxovna da Camoaylibos igi

saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi.

g) rogor asabuTebs apelanti Tavis saapelacio moTxovnas anu

gadawyvetilebis aRwerilobiTi nawili.

gadawyvetilebis am nawilSi, romelic emyareba apelantis

saapelacio saCivars, mokled magram naTlad da amomwuravad unda iyos

miTiTebuli Tu romel faqtobriv an iuridiul safuZvlebs amyarebs

apelanti Tavis saapelacio moTxovnas, agreTve mtkicebulebebi,

romlebic apelantis azriT adastureben misi saapelacio moTxovnis

faqtobriv safuZvels. aqve unda mieTiTos apelantis mosazrebebze,

romlebic iuridiulad amarTleben mis moTxovnas, Tu, raTqma unda, igi

Tavis moTxovnas afuZnebs aramarto faqtobriv garemoebebze, aramed

samarTlebriv mosazrebebze.

aqve unda mieTiTos imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel axal faqtebs da

mtkicebulebebs emyareba apelanti, romlebic ar iyo wamoyenebuli mis

mier pirvel instanciaSi da mizezebi, ris gamoc isini ver iqneba

wamoyenebuli.

d) saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawili.

saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawili

TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebis samotivacio nawilisagan.

ise rogorc pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis

samotivacio nawilSi, saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis

samotivacio nawilSic motivirebulad unda aRiniSnos asabuTeben Tu ara

apelantis mier miTiTebuli faqtebi da samarTlebrivi Sefasebebi mis

moTxovnas, ramdenad dasaSvebia ssk 380-e da 382-e muxlebis mixedviT

axali faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebsac igi emyareba, romeli

faqtebis mimarT ar davoben (aRiareben) mxareebi da romeli dadgenilad

iTvleba mtkicebulebebis gamoyenebiT, romeli kanoniT ixelmZRvanela

saapelacio sasamarTlom rodesac saapelacio saCivris moTxovna

daakmayoila da gasaCivrebulil gadawyvetileba gaauqma (Secvala), an,

rodesac uari uTxra apelants saapelacio saCivris dakmayofilebaze

xolo gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba ucvlelad datova.145

e) saapelacio sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili.

saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili,

anu, rogorc zogjer mas uwodeben - sakuTriv gadawyvetileba,

145 germaniis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 543-e muxlis Tanaxmad saapelacio sasamarTlos

SeuZlia uari Tqvas gadawyvetilebaSi saqmis garemoebebis miTiTebaze, agreTve am gadawyvetvilebis

safuZvlebis Camoyalibebaze, Tu igi, aRiarebs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis safuZvlebs. (ZiriTadad

igulisxmeba aseTi gadawyvetilebebi, romelTa gasaCivreba sakasacio wesiT ar daiSveba - T.l.)

iuridiul literaturaSi amasTan dakavSirebiT miuTiTeben, rom praqtikaSi saapelacio

sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi jer kidev sakmaod iSviaTad iyeneben samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis

543-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul gaiolebebs. farTod da gulmodgineT asaxuli sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebis aRwerilobiTi nawili kvlav rCeba mosamarTlisaTvis TviTkontrolis saSualebad,

xolo srulyofili samotivacio nawiliT mosamarTle Tavis gadawyvetilebas ufro ganamtkicebs da

damajereblobas matebs. aseT samotivacio nawils mtkicebulebis Zala gaaCnia, ris gamoc

gamoricxulia, rom zemdgomi instanciis mosamarTlem saqmis masalebidan sul sxva samotivacio

nawili amoikiTxos, romelic veRar daedeba safuZvlad sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas.

Schumann. Die Berufung in zivilsachen. 5. Auflage 1997, s. 250-251.

357

logikurad unda gamomdinareobdes am gadawyvetilebis samotivacio

nawilidan. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gadawyvetilebis samotivacio

nawili emsaxureba gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilis dasabuTeba -

gamarTlebas.

erT-erTi yvelaze ZiriTadi moTxovna, romelic waeyeneba

sarezolucio nawils mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi unda Seicavdes naTlad

da gasagebad Camoyalibebul pasuxs apelantis saapelacio moTxovnaze.

magaliTad: binis damqiravebelma a-nim aRZra sarCeli b-anis

winaaRmdeg da moiTxova sacxovrebeli sadgomis (binis)

qiravnobis xelSekrulebis vadamde moSla im

safuZvliT, rom es bina safrTxes uqmnis mas da misi

ojaxis wevrebis janmrTelobas (samoq. kod. 542-e

muxli). zestafonis raionulma sasamarTlom Tavisi

2005 wlis 7 maisis gadawyvetilebiT uari uTxra

mosarCeles sarCelis dakmayofilebaze.

a-nim Seitana saapelacio saCivari am

gadawyvetilebaze da moiTxova misi gauqmeba da axali

gadawyvetilebis gamotana.

saapelacio sasamarTlom daakmayofila saapelacio

saCivari da TviTon gamoitana axali gadawyvetileba,

romlis sarezolucio nawili ase Camoayaliba :

`dakmayofildes a-nis saapelacio saCivari. gauqmdes

zestafonis raionuli sasamarTlos 2005 wlis 7

maisis gadawyvetileba, romliTac uari eTqva apelants

sarCelze binis qiravnobis xelSekrulebis vadamde

moSlis Sesaxeb. dakmayofildes a-nis sarCeli:

qiravnobis xelSekruleba binaze, romelic mdebareobs

q.zestafonSi, CxeiZis q. #5 da romelic dadebuli iyo

2003 wlis 10 maiss 5 wlis vadiT - CaiTvalos

vadamde moSlilad~.

(sarezolucio nawilSi aucileblad unda mieTiTos

sasamarTlo xarjebze da gasaCivrebis wessze)

saapelacio sasamarTlos dadgenileba, romliTac igi ucvlelad

tovebs gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebas an auqmebs mas da ukan ubrunebs

sasamarTlos xelaxla gansaxilvelad, saapelacio sasamarTlos gamoaqvs

ganCinebis formiT. aseTi ganCinebis sarezolucio nawili SeiZleba ase

Camoyalibdes:

magaliTi 1. apelant a-nis uari eTqvas saapelacio saCivris

dakmayofilebaze. lagodexis rainuli sasamarTlos

2004 wlis 5 seqtembris gadawyvetileba romliTac

dakmayofilda d-onis sarCeli mopasuxe a-nize 2000

laris gadaxdevinebis dakisrebis Sesaxeb - darCa

ucvlelad. (aqve miTiTeba xarjebze da gasaCivrebis

wesze).

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saapelacio sasamarTlo auqmebs

gadawyvetilebas da saqmes abrunebs ukan xelaxla gansaxilvelad, maSin

saapelacio gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawili SeiZleba ase

gamoiyurebodes:

magaliTi 2. dakmayofildes apelant a-nis saapelacio saCivari.

gauqmdes lagodexis raionuli sasamarTlos 2004 wlis

358

5 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, romliTac dakmayofilda

d-onis sarCeli mopasuxe (apelant) a-nize 2000 laris

gadaxdevinebis dakisrebis Sesaxeb.

saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad daubrundes lagodexis

raionuli sasamarTlos imave mosamarTles.

Tavi XXII

k a s a c i a

$1. kasaciis iuridiuli buneba da mizani. kasaciis qarTuli modeli

I. kasaciis iuridiuli buneba

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT sakasacio sasamarTlo aris

mesame instanciis sasamarTlo, romelic amowmebs gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetilebis samarTlebriv mxares. sakasacio sasamarTlos aseTi

daxasiaTeba zogadad sworia, magram araa sakmarisi, radgan ar Seicavs

pasuxs mTel rig sakiTxze, romlis gareSe ar SeiZleba gvqondes sruli

359

warmodgena am uaRresad mniSvnelovani sasamarTlo instanciis Sesaxeb,

miT umetes sxvadasxva qveynebSi arseboben metnaklebad. gansxvavebuli

modelebi146.

imisaTis, rom swori warmodgena Segveqmnes saqarTvelos kasaciis

Taobaze, saWirod migvaCnia aRvniSnoT Semdegi:

1. kasacia aris sabolao instanciis sasamarTlo im gadawyvetilebebze,

romlebic SeiZleba gasaCivrdes sakasacio wesiT;

2. sakasacio wesiT SeiZleba gasaCivrdes mxolod saapelacio

sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Seusvleli iseTi gadawyvetilebebi,

romelTa gasaCivreba kanoniTaa gaTvaliswinebuli;

3. sakasacio saCivris Setana SeuZliaT mxolod im pirebs, romlebzec

vrceldeba gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis kanonieri Zala.

4. sakasacio sasamarTlo amowmebs mxolod gadawyvetilebis

kanonierebas, mis iuridiul mxares;

5. sakasacio sasamarTlo araa faqtebis damdgeni sasamarTlo, amitom,

axali faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis wardgena sakasacio

sasamarTloSi principulad dauSvebelia. erTad-erT gamonaklis am

SemTxvevaSi warmoadgenen saproceso normebis darRveva. im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sakasacio saCivari efuZneba saproceso

darRvevebs, kasators SeuZlia aseTi darRvevis dasadastureblad

warudginos sakasacio sasamarTlos mtkicebuleba;

6. sakasacio saCivari dasabuTebuli unda iyos. es imas niSnavs, rom

sakasacio saCivarSi miTiTebuli unda iyos dasaSvebobis

winapirobaze, agreTve kanonis darRvevaze da imaze, Tu ra formiT

gamoixata es darRveva (gamoiyena kanoni, romelic ar unda

gamoeyenebia, ar gamoiyena kanoni, romelic unda gamoeyenebia,

arasworad ganmarta kanoni);

7. sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebisa da dasaSvebobis sakiTxs

ganixilavs TviTon sakasacio sasamarTlo. es imas niSnavs, rom

nebismieri sakasacio saCivari nebismier saapelacio sasamarTlos

146 magaliTad, ruseTis 2002 wlis ssk-is 347-e muxlis Tanaxmad, sakasacio sasamarTlo amowmebs

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebulobas da kanonierebas anu aramarto samarTlebriv, aramed

faqtobriv mxares. igi araa SeboWili sakasacio saCivriT da amowmebs gadawyvetilebs sruli moculobiT.

sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia daabrunos saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad, magram mas SeuZlia TviTon Sekribos da

Seafasos mtkicebulebebi da gamoitanos axali gadawyvetileba (ruseTis ssk 361-e muxli).

italiis Tanamedrove ssk 363-e muxlis Tanaxmad im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac mxareebs ar gausaCivrebiaT

gadawyvetileba, generalur prokurors SeuZlia Seitanos sakasacio saCivari „kanonis interesebidan gamomdinare“.

magram, aseT SemTxvevaSi „mxareebs ar SeuZlia isargeblon sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis kasirebiT (gauqmebiT -

T.l).“

aseT kasacias zogjer „platunur kasaciasac“ uwodeben.

garda amisa, italiis ssk 384-e muxlis Tanaxmad sakasacio sasamarTlos, Tu igi auqmebs gasaCivrebul

gadawyvetilebas, TviTon ver gamoitans axal gadawyvetilebas, aramed abrunebs saqmes ukan xelaxla

gansaxilvelad.

somxeTis respublikis 1999 wlis ssk 222-e muxlis Tanaxmad sakasacio wesiT SeiZleba gadaisinjos mxolod

kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebisa da saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi. amave

kodeqsis 235-e muxlis Tanaxmad sakasacio sasamarTlos palata gadasinjavs gasaCivrebul gadawyvetilebas

„sakasacio protestSi miTiTebuli safuZvlebis farglebSi“. sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia datovos

gadawyvetileba ucvlelad, an gaauqmoT igi mTlianad an nawilobriv da daabrunos saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad,

TviTon sakasacio sasamarTlo axal gadawvetilebas ver gamoitans..

garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba zogierTi sxva qveynis sakasacio sasamarTloebis saqmianoba.

360

gadawyvetilebaze dauyovnebliv unda gadaegzavnos sakasacio

sasamarTlos saqmesTan erTad;

8. sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia TviTon miiRos saqmeze axali

gadawyvetileba mxolod erTi pirobiT: Tu am saqmeze faqtiuri

garemoebebi dadgenilia srulad da sworad da saWiro araa

damatebiTi faqtebisa da mtkicebulebebis gamokvleva.

Tu es piroba ar arsebobs, sakasacio sasamarTlo auqmebs

gadawyvetilebas da saqmes abrunebs xelaxla gansaxilvelad;

9. xelaxla gansaxilvelad saqme SeiZleba daubrundes saapelacio

sasamarTlos imave an sxva palatas;

10. sakasacio sasamarTlo SeboWilia sakasacio saCivris farglebiT. es

imas niSnavs, rom sakasacio sasamarTlo ver gaauqmebs

gadawyvetilebas im nawilSi, romelic ar iyo gasaCivrebuli.

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis kasatorisaTvis sauaresod Sebruneba

(non Reformatio in pejus) dauSvebelia;

11. sakasacio sasamarTlo araa SeboWili kasatoris mier sakasacio

saCivarSi miTiTebuli kanonis darRvevis farglebiT da SeuZlia

Seamowmos kanonis sxva darRvevebic romlebzec kasatori ar

miuTiTebda, anu gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis iuridiuli mxare

sruli moculobiT.

12. sakasacio sasamarTlos samarTlebrivi Sefaseba, romelic safuZvlad

daedo gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas, savaldebuloa im

sasamarTlosaTvis, romelsac saqme ubrundeba xelaxla

gansaxilvelad.

aseTia sakasacio sasamarTlos qarTuli modeli misi raoba. am

modelis calkeuli aspeqtis dawvrilebiT ganxilvas eZRvneba es Tavi.

II. kasaciis mizani

sakasacio sasamarTlos saqmianoba SeiZleba aRiZras mxolod da

mxolod sakasacio saCivris safuZvelze. sakasacio saCivris Setana ki

SeuZlia mxares, romelsac aqvs amis iuridiuli interesi. aseTi interesi

ki SeiZleba hqondes mxares, romlis winaaRmdegac gamotanilia

gadawyvetileba( romelmac waago procesi).

es imas niSnavs, rom sakasacio sasamarTlo arsebobs imisaTvis,

rom ganixilos sakasacio saCivari da pasuxi gasces am saCivriT

wamoyenebul kasatoris moTxovnas. amrigad, rom ara wagebuli mxaris

sakasacio saCivari, sakasacio warmoeba ver aRiZvreboda, sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebis kanonierebis Semowmeba ver ganxorcieldeboda.

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi kidev erTi, arc Tu umniSvnelo sakiTxi:

imisaTvis, rom sakasacio sasamarTlom ganixilos sakasacio saCivari,

kasatorma unda gadaixados saxelmwifo baJi.

Tu yovelive amas daumateb imasac, rom sakasacio sasamarTlo ver

gascildeba sakasacio saCivris farglebs, rom igi SeboWilia am

farglebiT, ar SeiZleba ar gavakeToT erTad-erTi logikurad da

iuridiulad gamarTuli daskvna: sakasacio warmoebis SemkveTad

gvevlineba piri, romlis mimarT qveda instanciis sasamarTlom gamoitana

araxelsayreli gadawyvetileba.

sakasacio sasamarTlos Tavis mxriv evaleba, Tu arsebobs sakasacio

saCivris warmoebaSi miRebisa da dasaSvebobis yvela winapiroba,

361

ganixilos sakasacio saCivari arsebiTad da miiRos mis mimarT Sesabamisi

gadawyvetileba, kerZod, imis mixedviT, Tu rogori iqneba ganxilvis

Sedegebi, daakmayofilos an uari uTxras kasators sakasacio saCivris

moTxovnaze.

meores mxriv, gadawyvetilebis sakasacio wesiT gasaCivrebis

SesaZlebloba da TviT sakasacio sasamarTlos arseboba, warmoadgens

realur samarTlebriv saSualebas kidev erTxel Semowmdes

gadawyvetilebis siswore, misi samarTlebrivi dasabuTebulobis

TvalsazrisiT, rac iZleva imis imeds, rom, Tu Secdoma samarTlebriv

dasabuTebulobaSi marTlac daSvebulia - gaswordes es Secdoma,

gaswordes gadawyvetileba.

zemoaRniSnuliT, vfiqrobT, naTlad gamoikveTa kasaciis erTi

mizani: mxareTa uflebebisa da interesebis dacva, romelsac sxvanairad

individualuri interesebis dacvas uwodeben.

amasTan erTad, aranair eWvs ar iwvevs, rom saqarTveloSi kasaciis

Seqmnis erT-erTi mizani iyo kanonebis erTgvarovnad gageba da erTiani

marTlmsajulebis uzrunvelyofa. aseTi mizani dasaxulia TiTqmis yvela

qveynis sakasacio sasamarTloebis winaSe, romelsac sxvanairad sajaro

interesebis dacvas uwodeben.

amitom, iuridiul literaturaSi daisva da farTod ganixileba

sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli mizania kasaciisaTvis prioritetuli -

individualuri, Tu sajaro interesis dacva.

Cven vTvlidiT, rom kanonebis erTgvarovnad gageba da erTiani

marTlmsajulebis uzrunvelyofa (sajaro mizani), SeiZleba ganvixiloT

rogorc mxareTa uflebebis dacvis (individualuri interesis) Tanmdevi

(Tanmxlebi) Sedegi. sxva sityvebiT, mTavari da ZiriTadi kasaciiis

saqmianobaSi aris individualuri (mxareTa) interesebis dacva147.

amasTan erTad, arsebobs farTod gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba imis

Sesaxeb, rom kasaciis miznebs Soris upiratesia sajaro interesebis

dacva148.

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis analizidan gamomdinare amJamad Cven

savsebiT viziarebT mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmad kasaciis miznebis

dayofa an gamijvna imis mixedviT, Tu romelia ZiriTadi da romeli

meoradi, an kidev, maTi dayofa xarisxebad da rangebad, ar iqneba swori:

kasaciis saqmianobaSi rogorc individualuri, ise sajaro interesebis

dacva erTnairad mniSvnelovania149.

$2. sakasacio saCivari

I. sakasacio saCivris obieqtebi da subieqtebi

1. sakasacio saCivris obieqti aris yovelive is, rac SeiZleba

gasaCivrdes sakasacio wesiT. es imas niSnavs, rom sakasacio saCivris

obieqti upasuxebs kiTxvaze: SeiZleba, Tu ara sakasacio wesiT

147 T.liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saqmeTa warmoeba sasamarTloSi. Tbilisi 2004, gv. 302-303. 148 Artur May. Die Revision in den zivil - und Verualtung - sgerichtlichen Verfaren. 1997, s.... kasaciis individualur da sajaro interesebis dacvis mizanze qarTul da ucxour literaturaSi

gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi farTodaa ganxiluli v.xrustalis disertaciaSi „kasacia samoqalaqo

samarTalwarmoebaSi“# /ix. am disertaciis avtoreferati, gv. 9-10) 149 v. xrustali, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 10.

362

gasaCivrdes is, rasac mxare asaCivrebs, rasac mxare moiTxovs sakasacio

sasamarTlosagan.

aqedan gamomdinare cxadia, sakasacio saCivris obieqtis zustad

gansazRvras aqvs uwinares yovlisa praqtikuli mniSvneloba: Tu

sakasacio saCivris moTxovna scildeba sakasacio sasamarTlos

kompetencias, Tu kasatori asaCivrebs saapelacio sasamarTlos iseT

saproceso dokuments, romlis sakasacio wesiT gasaCivrebas ar

iTvaliswinebs kanonmdebloba - sakasacio sasamarTlo ar dauSvebs aseT

sakasacio saCivars.

magaliTad: saapelacio sasamarTlom gamoitana ganCineba saapelacio

warmoebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb. a-nim CaTvala rom

saapelacio sasamarTlos es ganCineba ar efuZneba kanons

anu kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs ganCinebaSi miTiTebuli

safuZvliT saqmis warmoebis SeCerebas. a-nim Seitana

sakasacio saCivari am ganCinebaze. sakasacio sasamarTlom

ganuxilvelad datova igi, radgan saqmis warmoebis

SeCerebis Sesaxeb sasamarTlos ganCineba SeiZleba

gasaCivrdes ara sakasacio wesiT, aramed kerZo saCivriT.

sakasacio saCivari arsebiTad gansxvavdeba kerZo saCivrisagan

rogorc Tavisi SinaarsiT, ise gasaCivrebis obieqtiT, dasaSvebobis

winapirobebiTa da ganxilvis wesiT, ris Sesaxebac saubari gveqneba an

naSromis XXIII TavSi.

sakasacio saCivris obieqtebis Sesaxeb miTiTebulia ssk 391-e

muxlis pirveli nawiliT, romlis Tanaxmad „saapelacio sasamarTlos,

agerTve saolqo sasamarTlos kolegiebis gadawyvetilebebi mxareebma da

mesame pirebma damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT SeiZleba kanoniT

dadgenil vadebSi gaasaCivron sakasacio sasamarTloSi.

rogorc vxedavT, sakasacio saCivris obieqti SeiZleba iyos

saproceso dokumenti, romelsac ewodeba gadawyvetileba.

magram, saapelacio sasamarTlom saqmis ganxilvis procesSi

SeiZleba gamoitanos iseTi saproceso dokumentebi, romlebsac ewodeba

ganCinebebi. magaliTad, saapelacio sasamarTlom SeiZleba gamoitanos

ganCineba saapelacio saCivris ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb, ganCineba

damatebiTi mtkicebulebebis miRebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb, ganCineba

sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb da a.S.

sakasacio saCivris Setana SeiZleba ara yvela ganCinebaze, aramed

mxolod iseT ganCinebaze, romelic Seicavs pasuxs gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetilebis ZalaSi (ucvlelad) datovebis, Tu misi gauqmebis

Sesaxeb.


sakasacio wesiT SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saapelacio sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebebi, misi ganCinebebi saapelacio saCivris dakmayofilebisa

Tu masze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb, anu ganCinebebi saapelacio wesiT

gasaCivrebuli raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis

gauqmebis Tu misi ZalaSi (ucvlelad) datovebis Sesaxeb.

2. sakasacio saCivris uflebis subieqtebis sakiTxis garkveva

pasuxs gvaZlevs kiTxvaze: vis, anu procesis romel monawiles, SeuZlia

Seitanos sakasacio saCivari.

am sakiTxis garkvevas aqvs praqtikuli mniSvneloba: Tu sakasacio

saCivari Seitana iseTma pirma, romelsac ar aqvs ufleba gaasaCivros

363

gadawyvetileba, aseT pirs uari unda eTqvas sakasacio saCivris miRebaze

da ganxilvaze.

sakasacio saCivris uflebis subieqtebi pirvel rigSi arian

mxareebi, anu is pirebi, romlebzec vrceldeba sasamarTlo

gadawyvetileba - mosarCele da mopasuxe, agreTve mesame pirebi

damoukidebeli sasarCelo moTxovniT (ssk 391-e muxlis pirveli

nawili).

sakasacio saCivris uflebis subieqtebia kanonieri warmomadgenlebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom kanonieri warmomadgenloba specialuri

uflebamosilebis gareSe aniWebs maT uflebas cnon sarCeli, uari Tqvan

sarCelze, daamTavron saqme morigebiT gaasaCivron gadawyvetileba da a.S.

amasTan erTad, kanoni Seicavs SezRudvebsac. magaliTad, samoqalaqo

kodeqsis 1294-e muxlis Tanaxmad meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos

winaswari Tanxmobis gareSe meurves ufleba ar aqvs sameurveo piris

saxeliT dados garigeba, xolo mzrunvels samzrunvelo piris saxeliT

daTanxmdes garigebis dadebaze, romelic Seexeba qonebis gasxvisebas,

dagiravebas da a.S. mTeli rig SezRudvdebs Seicavs samoqalaqo kodeqsis

1296-e da 1297-e muxlebi, magram kanoni ar zRudavs kanonier

warmomadgenels gaasaCivros misi warmomadgenlisaTvis araxelsayreli

gadawyvetileba.

sakasacio saCivris uflebis subieqtebia agreTve

uflebamonacvleebi. uflebamonacvleobis aucilebloba SeiZleba

warmoiSvas sakasacio gasaCivrebis vadis gasvlamde. aseT SemTxvevaSi mas

ufleba aqvs Seitanos sakasacio saCivari, magram Tu uflebamonacvleobis

aucilebloba warmoiSva sakasacio gasaCivrebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg,

uflebamonacvles aRar SeuZlia gaasaCivros gadawyvetileba.

sakasacio saCivris uflebis subieqtebia iuridiul pirTa

warmomadgenlobiTi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili pirebi anu pirebi,

romlebic kanoniT an wesdebiT aRWurvili arian warmomadgenlobiTi

uflebamosilebiT da, maSasadame, warmoadgenen TavianT organizaciebs

sasamarTloSi. aseT pirebad gvevlineba direqtorebi, xolo zogjer

partniori.

sakasacio saCivris uflebis subieqtebia agreTve nebayoflobiTi

warmomadgenlebi, anu pirebi, romlebic mxareebma da zemod

dasaxelebulma sxva pirebma miandes saqmis warmoeba sasamarTloSi

(magaliTad, advokatebi) da romlebic aRWurvilni arian specialuri

uflebamosilebiT gaasaCivron gadawyvetileba sakasacio wesiT.

saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikaSi wamoiWra sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb,

SeiZleba Tu ara sakasacio saCivris Setanis ufleba mieces pirs,

romelic ar figurirebs saqmeSi arc mxared da arc mesame pirad

damoukidebeli moTxovniT, magram es piri moxseniebulia sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebaSi da gansazRvrulia misi uflebebi da movaleobebi erT-

erTi an orive mxaris mimarT. aseT pirs unda mieces ufleba gaasaCivros

gadawyvetileba sakasacio (saapelacio) wesiT, radgan TviTon am

gadawyvetilebam aqcia igi erT-erT mxared procesSi. Tu aseTi

gadawyvetileba Sesulia kanonier ZalaSi, maSin mas unda mieces ufleba

mimarTos sasamarTlos gancxadebiT saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb, kerZod am

gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb ssk 422-e muxlis pirveli

punqtis „b“ qvepunqtis safuZvelze.

364

II. sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebisa da

dasaSvebobis winapirobebi

1. sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebi.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi 2005 wlis 23 ivniss

Setanili cvlilebebiT mkveTrad gaimijna erTmaneTisagan sakasacio

saCivris warmoebaSi miRebisa da sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis

winapirobebi.

ganvixiloT es winapirobebi calk-calke.

sakasacio saCivris Semosvlidan 10 dReSi, sakasacio sasamarTlom

unda Seamowmos sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebis winapirobebis

arseboba. es winapirobebi mTlianad ganisazRvreba ssk 396-e muxliT,

romelic sakasacio saCivris Sinaarss exeba. garda yvela im aucilebeli

rekvizitebisa, romelsac unda Seicavdes sasamarTlosadmi wardgenili

nebismier gancxadeba, Tu Suamdgomloba sakasacio saCivars waeyeneba

sxva moTxovnebic, kerZod:

1. sakasacio saCivris Setana uflebamosili piris mier. zemoT Cven

amomwuravad miuTiTeT sakasacio saCivris uflebis subieqtebze, anu im

pirebze, romlebsac SeuZliaT Seitanon sakasacio saCivari. mxolod am

pirebs aqvT sakasacio saCivris uflebamosileba. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu

sakasacio saCivari Seitana pirma, romelsac aseTi uflebamosileba ar

aqvs, sakasacio sasamarTlo ver dauSvebs aseT saCivars.

magram, sakasacio saCivris Setana uflebamosili piris mier jer

kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom es saCivari unda miiRos da ganixilos

sakasacio sasamarTlom. arseboben sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebis

sxva pirobebic, romelTa ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi sakasacio saCivris

gansaxilvelad miReba ar SeiZleba.

2. sakasacio saCivris Sinaarsis Sesabamisoba kanonis moTxovnebTan.

ssk 396-e muxli gansazRvravs im monacemebs, romlebsac unda Seicavdes

sakasacio saCivari. am monacemebis erToblioba qmnis sakasacio saCivris

Sinaarss.

aqedan gamomdinare, sakasacio sasamarTlom uwinares yovlisa, unda

Semowmos, Tu ramdenad pasuxobs TviTon sakasacio saCivari kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebs. SeuZlebelia, magaliTad, sakasacio

saCivris gansaxilvelad miReba, Tu masSi araa miTiTebuli

gadawyvetilebis romel nawils asaCivrebs kasatori, an kidev, ra

moculobiT da ra safuZvliT saCivrdeba gadawyvetileba (kasaciis

mizezi), ras moiTxovs kasatori: gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas Tu Secvlas

(kasaciis ganacxadi) da a.S.

Tu werilobiTi formiT Sedgenili sakasacio saCivari ar pasuxobs

ssk 396-e muxlis moTxovnebs, sakasacio sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos

ganCineba xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb da niSnavs vadas amisaTvis. Tu

xarvezi am vadaSi ar iqneba Sevsebuli sakasacio sasamarTlom unda

gamoitanos ganCineba misi ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb.

3. sakasacio saCivris Setanis vada. sakasacio saCivris Setanis vada

aris erTi Tve da am vadis aRdgena (gagrZeleba) ar SeiZleba. vadis dena

iwyeba gadawyvetilebis gadacemis momentidan. gadawyvetilebis gadacemis

momentad iTvleba am gadawyvetilebis aslis mxarisaTvis Cabareba

uSvalod sasamarTloSi an misi mxarisaTvis gadagzavnis kanoniT

365

dadgenili wesiT (ssk 397-e muxlis pirveli nawili). iseT SemxTvevaSi,

rodesac gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebas eswreboda mxareebi an maTi

warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac hqondaT sakasacio saCivris Setanis ufleba,

maSin sakasacio saCivris Setanis vada iwyeba misi gamocxadebis

momentidan.

amrigad, gasaCivrebis erTTviani vadis dena iwyeba: a) motivirebuli

gadawyvetilebis aslis uSualod sasamarTloSi Cabarebis dRidan, roca

es mxare ar eswreboda gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebas; b) motivirebuli

gadawyvetilebis aslis mxarisaTvis gadagzavnis dRidan, Tu saqmeSi aris

cnoba, rom mxares Cabarda gadawyvetileba; g) motivirebuli

gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebis dRidan, Tu aseT gamocxadebas eswreboda

sakasacio saCivris Setanis uflebis mqone piri.

4. saxelmwifo baJis winaswari gadaxda. samoqalaqo saproceso

kanonmdebloba moiTxovs saxelmwifo baJis winaswar gadaxdas. es imas

niSnavs, rom sakasacio saCivars unda daerTos saxelmwifo baJis

gadaxdis qviTari, romliTac am saCivris ganmxilveli sakasacio

sasamarTlo igebs, rom baJi gadaxdilia. Tu baJis gadaxdis aseTi

damadasturebeli dokumenti ar erTvis saCivars, sakasacio sasamarTlom

unda miiRos ganCineba xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb da daavalos kasators

daniSnul vadaSi gadaixados baJi. Tu xarvezi am vadaSi Sevsebuli ar

iqneba sakasacio sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas sakasacio saCivris

ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb (ssk 396-e muxlis me-3 nawili).

5. sakasacio gasaCivrebaze werilobiTi uaris ararseboba. ssk 370-e

muxli amkvidrebs debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu gadawyvetilebis

gamocxadebis Semdeg mxare werilobiTi formiT ganacxadebs uars

saapelacio gasaCivrebaze, saapelacio saCivari aRar daiSveba. igive wesi

moqmedebs gadawyvetilebis sakasacio wesiT gasaCivrebaze uarisTqmisas,

radgan ssk 399-e muxlis Tanaxmad saqmis ganxilva sakasacio

sasamarTloSi warmoebs im wesebis dacviT, romlebic dadgenilia

saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmeTa ganxilvisaTvis.

amrigad, uarisTqmas sakasacio gasaCivrebaze ukavSirdeba seriozuli

samarTlebrivi Sedegi: Tu miuxedavad amisa, mxare mainc gaasaCivrebs

gadawyvetilebas sakasacio wesiT, am saCivars sakasacio sasamarTlo

ganuxilvelad datovebs misi dauSveblobis gamo. mxolod erT

SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba moixsnas aseTi Sedegi: Tu mowinaaRmdege mxare,

romelsac ar ganucxadebia uari sakasacio gasaCivrebaze, gaasaCivrebs

gadawyvetilebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi mxares romelmac uari Tqva sakasacio

gasaCivrebaze SeuZlia Seitanos Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari.

magaliTad: saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma pireli instanciis

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba da TviTon gamoitana

saqmeze axali gadawyvetileba, romliTac nawilobriv

daakmayofila a-nis moTxovna, xolo nawilobriv uari

uTxra mas am moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze. a-nim

ganucxada sasamarTlos da mowinaaRmdege mxares b-anis

rom is uars ambobs am gadawyvetilebis sakasacio

wesiT gasaCivrebaze. es gancxadeba Setanil iqna oqmSi,

razec xeli moawera a-nim.

b-anim gaasaCivra aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba im nawilSi, romliTac

nawilobriv dakmayofilda a-nis sarCeli. Seityo ra amis Sesaxeb a-nim,

romelsac uari hqonda naTqvami sakasacio gasaCivrebaze, Seitana

366

Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari. sakasacio sasamarTlom miiRo es saCivari

gansaxilvelad.

sakasacio sasamarTlo sworad moiqca, radgan ssk 405-e muxlis

Tanaxmad Tu mxarem Seitana sakasacio saCivari, mowinaaRmdege mxares

SeuZlia Seitanos Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari, miuxedavad sakasacio

saCivris Setanaze uaris Tqmisa.

7. sakasacio saCivris dafuZneba kanonis darRvevaze. sakasacio

saCivari SeiZleba efuZnebodes mxolod imas, rom gadawyvetileba,

romelsac kasatori asaCivrebs, kanonis darRveviTaa gamotanili. es imas

niSnavs, rom sakasacio saCivarSi aucileblad unda iyos miTiTebuli, Tu

romeli kanonia darRveuli da raSi gamoixateba es darRveva (ssk 393-e

muxli).

sakasacio saCivari, romelic emyareba ara kanonis darRvevas, aramed

mxolod gadawyvetilebis faqtobriv mxares, SeiZleba iTqvas, araa

sakasacio saCivari, amitom, igi dauSvebelia. magram, kanoni aseT saCivars

ganixilavs rogorc sakasacio saCivars, romelsac aqvs xarvezi. sakasacio

sasamarTlom unda daavalos kasators Seavsos es xarvezi, risTvisac

uniSnavs mas vadas. Tu es xarvezi am vadaSi ar iqneba Sevsebuli,

sakasacio saCivari unda darCes ganuxilvelad.150

rogorc ukve avRniSneT, sakasacio saCivris Semosvlidan 10 dRis

ganmavlobaSi. sakasacio sasamarTlom unda Seamowmos Setanilia, Tu ara

sakasacio saCivari ssk 396-e muxZlis moTxovnaTa dacviT da, maSasadame,

arsebobs, Tu ara sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebis yvela

winapiroba. Tu es winapirobebi arseboben sakasacio sasamarTlo miiRebs

sakasacio saCivars misi dasaSvebobis Sesamowmeblad, an Tu aseTi

winapirobebi ar arseboben - sakasacio sasamarTlo uars etyvis kasators

sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebaze.

aq miTiTebuli ganCinebebis miRebamde SeiZleba miRebul iqnes

Sualeduri ganCineba sakasacio xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb (ssk 396-e

muxlis me-3 nawili).

magaliTad: a-nis warmomadgenelma d-onma Seitana sakasacio saCivari.

sakasacio sasamarTlom aRmoaCina, rom marTalia d-oni

gamodioda am saqmeze a-nis warmomadgenlad, magram

sakasacio gasaCivrebaze specialuri uflebamosileba mas

ar hqonda, rasac moiTxovs kanoni (ssk 98-e muxli).

sakasacio sasamarTlom miiRo ganCineba xarvezis Sevsebis

Sesaxeb da daniSna amisaTvis vada. am vadaSi

warmomadgenelma ver warmoadgina marwmuneblis mier

gacemuli specialuri mindobiloba. sakasacio

sasamarTlom miiRo ganCineba sakasacio saCivris

warmoebaSi miRebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb.

2. sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebi.

rogorc es pirdapiraa miTiTebuli ssk 401-e muxlis axali

redaqciiT „sasamarTlo iRebs warmoebaSi sakasacio saCivars am kodeqsis

391-e muxlis safuZvelze dasaSvebobis Sesamowmeblad.“

150 iuridiul literaturaSi arsebobs Cveni azriT savsebiT swori mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom

sakasacio saCivarSi Camoyalibebuli sakasacio moTxovnis dasabuTebuloba mTlianad ganpirobebulia

kasaciis miznebiT, rac imas niSnavs, rom sakasacio saCivris dasabuTebuloba unda emyarebodes kanonis

darRvevas, masSi naCvenebi unda iyos, Tu konkretulad raSi gamoixateba kanonis darRveva.

v. xrustali - dasaxelebulil naSromi, gv..........

367

rogoria ssk 391-e muxlis safuZvelze sakasacio saCivris

dasaSvebobis winapirobebi?

1. sakasacio saCivris sagnis Rirebuleba. dasaSvebobis es winapiroba

exeba uSvalod sakasacio saCivars. qonebriv samarTlebriv davebSi

sakasacio saCivari dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sakasacio

saCivris sagnis Rirebuleba aRemateba 50 000 lars. sakasacio saCivris

sagnis Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT, Tu gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetilebis ra zomis Secvlaze Seaqvs saCivari mxares.

magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli sasamarTloSi da moiTxova b-ani-

sagan xelSekrulebis SeusruleblobiT miyenebuli

zianis anazRaureba 55000 laris odenobiT. raionulma

sasamarTlom uari uTxra a-nis sarCelis,

dakmayofilebaze. saapelacio sasamarTlom saapelacio

saCivris safuZvelze gaauqma gadawyvetileba da TviTon

miiRo axali gadawyvetileba, romliTac nawilobriv,

kerZod 25000 laris odenobiT daakmayofila apelantis

moTxovna. a-nim Seitana sakasacio saCivari

gadawyvetilebis im nawilze, romliTac mas uari eTqva

moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze. sakasacio saCivris sagnis

Rirebuleba am SemTxvevaSi ganisazRvreba ara 55000

lariT, aramed 25000 lariT, radgan kasatori

moiTxovs saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis

Secvlas swored am nawilSi.

sakasacio saCivris sagnis Rirebulebis gansazRvra SeiZleba

garTuldes rodesac mxaris moTxovna exeba qonebas an qonebis nawils,

amasTan dakavSirebiT ssk 391-e muxlis me-3 nawili Seicavs praqtikul

miTiTebas, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu Rirebulebis moculoba eWvs iwvevs,

maSin kasatorma es Rirebuleba unda daadasturos. amdenad, sakasacio

saCivris sagnis Rirebulebis damtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba kasators.

sakasacio sasamarTlom unda Seafasos, Tu ramdenad damajereblad

daamtkica kasatorma es Rirebuleba da SeiZleba Tu ara mis mier

warmodgenil masalebsa da mosazrebebs daeyrdnos.

rac Seexeba araqonebriv davebs, aseT davebSi sakasacio saCivari

dasaSvebia sityvisa da gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebul

davebze.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs daskvna: qonebriv davebze,

romelTa Rirebuleba aRemateba 50000 lars da iseT araqonebriv

davebze, rogoricaa sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebidan gamomdinare

davebi, - vrceldeba e.w. Tavisufali kasacia: SezRudvebi, romlebic

dawesebulia sxva qonebriv da araqonebriv davebis mimarT, maTze ar

vrceldeba.

dasaSvebia Tu ara sakasacio saCivari sxva iseT qonebriv davebze,

romelTa Rirebuleba ar aRemateba 50000 lars da iseT araqonebriv

davebze, romlebic ar ganekuTvneba sityvisa da gamoxatvis

TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebul davebs?

es davebi ar ganekuTvneba „Tavisufal“ kasaciaTa kategorias. aseTi

davebis mimarT kasacia dasaSvebia Tu arseboben garkveuli winapirobebi.

aseTi winapirobebia:

368

b) saqmis mniSvneloba samarTlis ganviTarebisa da erTgvarovani

sasamarTlo praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvis (ssk 391-e muxlis me-5 naw.

„T“ qvepunqti).

ndebismier saqmes, romelic sasamarTloSi ganixileba, Se6iZleba

hqondes mniSvneloba sruliad gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT, magaliTad,

saqmes aqvs mniSvneloba kasatorisaTvis an saerTod mxareebisaTvis maTi

moTxovnis *(davis sagnis) gadawyvetis Sedegis TvalsazrisiT. saqmis

ganxilvasa da gadawyvetas SeiZleba hqondes mniSvneloba ekonomikuri,

zneobrivi, moralur-politikuri, istoriuli Tu sxva raime

mosazrebiTac.

Tu risTvis an ra TvalsazrisiT unda hqonds saqmes mniSvneloba

raTa daSvebul iqnges am saqmeze kasacia, amas gansazRvravs TivoTn

kanonmdebeli. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kanonmdebeli gansazRvravs im

ZiriTad sferoebs (mimarTulebebs) romlebisTvisac saqmes unda hqondes

mniSvneloba, raTa daSvebul iqnes kasacia am saqmeze, rogorc avRniSneT

es sferoebia (mimarTulebebia): samarTlis ganviTareba da erTgvarovani

sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyalibeba. Tu saqmes aqvs mniSvneloba an

samarTlis ganviTarebisaTvis, an erTgvarovani praqtikis

CamoyalibebisaTvis - kasacia daSvebuli unda iqnes.151

amasTan erTad, saqmis mniSvnelobis gansazRvrisaTvis gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba eniWeba gamosayenebel normas (kanons), romelic awesrigebs

sadavo samarTlebriv urTierTobas.

amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba CamovayaliboT ramdenime

rekomendacia:

kasaciis dasaSvebobis winapirobebis arsebobis Semowmebisas

mxedvelobaSi SeiZleba miRebuli iqnas mxolod is, rom samarTlebrivi

norma an am normidan gamomdinare samarTlebrivi Sefaseba uSualod

ukavSirdebodes gansaxilvel saqmes, emsaxurebodes gansaxilveli saqmis

gadawyvetas, safuZvlad edos am saqmeze gamotanil gadawyvetilebas.

sakasacio sasamarTlo mowodebulia Seamowmos saqmeze gamotanili

gadawyvetilebis iuridiuli mxare da ara imisaTvis, rom pasuxi gasces

abstraqtul samarTlebriv sakiTxebze, an ganmartos iseTi samarTlebrivi

normebis azri da Sinaarsi, romlebsac mocemul konkretul

samarTlebriv davasTan kavSiri ar aqvs da, maSasadame, am saqmis

gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvneloba ar aqvs.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, kasacia ssk 391-e muxlis „a“

qvepunqtis Sesabamisad dasaSvebia:

1. Tu dasabuTebul eWvs iwvevs saapelacio sasamarTlos mier

kanonis an samarTlis analogiis gamoyenebis mizanSewoniloba da

aucilebloba, an kidev Sesavsebia kanonmdeblobaSi arsebuli xarvezi,

romelzec sakasacio sasamarTlos adre ar hqonia miRebuli raime

gadawyvetileba.152

2. Tu samarTlebrivi norma SedarebiT axalia, an pirvelad iqna

gamoyenebuli da misi Sinaarsis gageba iwvevs seriozul eWvebs, rac qmnis

151 iuridiul literaturaSi gamoiTqva swori mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom 391-e muxlis me-5 punqtis

„a“ qvepunqtis mixedviT kasacia dasaSvebia, Tu mas aqvs mniSvneloba aramarto samarTlis

ganviTarebisaTvis, aramed imavdrulad erTgvarovani praqtikisaTvis, Tumca savsebiT sworad

miuTiTeben, rom Tu saqmes aqvs mniSvneloba samarTlis ganviTarebisaTvis, mas ar SeiZleba ar hqondes

mniSvneloba erTgvarovani praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvisac. ix. ceno raihenbeheri da Salva papuaSvili,

samarTlis ganviTareba - samoqalaqo procesSi kasaciis daSvebis axali safuZvlebis ganmartebisaTvis. 152 ceno raihenbeheri, Salva papuaSvili. dasax. naSromi, gv.

369

imis aucileblobas, rom sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT iqnes

ganmartebuli da pasuxi gaeces am normidan gamomdinare samarTlebriv

sakiTxebs.

3. Tu sakasacio wesiT gasaCivrebuli saapelacio sasamarTlos

gadawyvetileba gansxvavdeba adre damkvidrebuli praqtikisagan.

mxedvelobaSia imave an sxva saapelacio sasamarTloebis, agreTve,

pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebis mier damkvidrebuli praqtika.153 rac

Seexeba winaaRmdegobis arsebobas sakasacio sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebebTan - es calke punqtaTaa gamoyofili ssk-Si, ris

Sesaxebac qvemoT gveqneba saubari.

g) saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gansxvaveba am

kategoriis saqmeebze saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos manamde

arsebuli praqtikisagan (ssk 191-e muxlis me-5 punqtis „b“ qvepunqti).

sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis am winapirobis Sinaarsis sworad

gagebisaTvis erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad unda gavmijnoT ori problema:

erTi - sakasacio sasamarTlos samarTlebrivi Sefasebis savaldebuloba

saapelacio sasamarTlosaTvis, romelic safuZvlad daedo gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas da saqmis xelaxla gansaxilvelad ukan

dabrunebas da meore - sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis, ufro

zustad, am gadawyvetilebaSi Camoyalibebuli samarTlebrivi Sefasebis

„savaldebuloba“ sxva sasamarTloebisaTvis.

1. sakasacio sasamarTlos samarTlebrivi Sefaseba, romelic

safuZvlad udevs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas da saqmis ukan

dabrunebas, savaldebuloa gasaTvaliswineblad im saapelacio

sasamarTlosaTvis, romelsac es saqme gansaxilvelad ubrundeba.

arc saproceso samarTlis TeoriaSi da arc praqtikaSi es ar

iwvevs raime davas da amiT ar irRveva mosamarTlis damoukideblobisa da

misi mxolod kanonisadmi damorCilebis fundamenturi principi.

im mraval mosazrebas Soris, romlebic mimarTulia sakasacio

sasamarTlos samarTlebrivi Sefasebis savaldebulobis gamarTlebisaken

aq SeiZleba SemovifargloT mxolod erTi mosazrebis moyvaniT: rom ara

aseTi savaldebuloba SeuZlebeli iqneboda sakasacio sasamarTlodan

saapelacio sasamarTloSi da piriqiT - saqmis dausrulebeli moZraobis

Tavidan acileba, xolo, samarTlis ganviTarebasa da erTiani

marTlmsajulebis uzrunvelyofaze laparakic ki zedmeti iqneboda154.

qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi da ramdenadc CvenTvis cnobilia

germanul da avstriul samoqalaqo saproceso literaturaSi, aranair

davas ar iwvevs agreTve sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom sakasacio

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi Camoyalibebuli samarTlebrivi

Sexeduleba savaldebuloa agreTve im sakasacio palatisaTvis, romelmac

aseTi Sexeduleba Camoayaliba („TviTSezRudvis principi“). am sakiTxis

sxvanairad gadawyveta warmoSobda gadaulaxav logikur winaaRmdegobas,

romlis mixedviT gadawyvetilebaSi Camoyalibebuli samarTlebrivi

153 am kriteriumTan dakavSirebiT principulia is garemoeba, rom gadamwyvetia ara calkeuli

samarTlebrivi davis bedi aramed misi mniSvneloba erTgvarovani praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvis.

yuradReba unda mieqces, Tu ramdenad principulia konkretuli samarTlebrivi Secdoma mTlianad

sasamarTlo praqtikisaTvis rogorc misi ganmeorebis SesaZleblobis, ise marTlmsajulebis mimarT

ndobis Seryevis kuTxiT.

ix. ceno raihenbeheri, Salva papuaSvili. dasax. naSromi 154 dawvrilebiT am mosazrebebis Sesaxeb ix. v.xrustali. dasax. naSromi agreTve, Artur May. Op. s. 554-563.

370

Sefaseba“ savaldebuloa qvemdgomi sasamarTlosaTvis, magram araa

savaldebulo TviTon SemfaseblisaTvis. aseTi mdgomareobis logikuri

gamarTleba SeuZlebelia, magram aseTi mdgomareoba safuZvels aclis

erTiani marTlmsajulebisa da samarTlis unifikaciis interesebs.

rac Seexeba sxva sakasacio palatebs an am palatebis sxva

Semadgenlobebs (kolegiebs), samarTlebrivi Sefasebebi sxva saqmeebze da

sxva palatebis (Semadgenlobebis) mier Camoyalibebuli, aseve

savaldebuloa da maT ufleba ar aqvT gadauxvion am Sefasebebs. erTad-

erTi, rac maT SeuZliaT, roca ar eTanxmebian adre miRebul

samarTlebriv Sefasebebs - esaa mimarTon did palatas da gadascen mas

saqme gansaxilvelad, romlis mier am saqmeze gamotanil

gadawyvetilebaSi Camoyalibebuli samarTlebrivi Sefaseba savaldebulo

iqneba yvela sakasacio palatisTvis (SemadgenlobisaTvis). mxolod am

gziT SeiZleba samarTlis normebis Sinaarsis erTgvarovnad gageba da

saerTod kasaciis miznebis sruli realizacia.

amasTan erTad, ar aqvs aranairi mniSvneloba samarTlis dargs,

romelsac ganekuTvneba saqme da am saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetileba

ssk 391-e muxlis me-5 punqtis „b“ qvepunqtSi gamoyenebul sityvebSi:

„gansxvavebuli gadawyvetileba“, „gansxvavebulil praqtika“,

„saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos manamde arsebuli praqtika“ - unda

vigulisxmoT samarTlis normis (kanonis) gansxvavebulad ganmarteba,

romelsac am sxvadasxva saqmeebze gamotanili gadawyvetilebebi

emyarebian155. mTavaria, rom erTidaigive an identur samarTlebriv

sakiTxze exlandeli gadawyvetileba Seicavdes sakasacio sasamarTlos

adrindel gadawyvetilebaSi Camoyalibebul pasuxisagan gansxvavebul

pasuxs.

2. sakasacio sasamarTlos samarTlebrivi Sefasebis savaldebuloba

sxva sasamarTloebisaTvis. sxva sasamarTloebisaTvis, kerZod sxva

saapelacio Tu pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebisaTvis sakasacio

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi Camoyalibebul samarTlebriv mosazreba

savaldebulo Zala ar aqvs. sakasacio sasamarTlos samarTlebrivi

Sefasebis gamoyeneba am „sxva sasamarTloebSi“ uzrunvelyofilia ara

savaldebulobis ZaliT, aramed maTi dasabuTebulobisa da

damajereblobis ZaliT. maT mimarT mTeli ZaliT moqmedebs principi,

romlis Tanaxmad mosamarTle damoukidebelia da emorCileba mxolod

kanons.

amasTan erTad, ar SeiZleba ar SevamCnioT ori interesis kolizia:

erTis mxriv, mosamarTlis mxolod kanonisadmi damorCileba, rac

konkretulad imaSi gamoixateba, rom igi uflebamosili da valdebulia

gamoitanos gadawyvetileba sakuTari samarTlebrivi Sexedulebis

safuZvelze da meores mxriv, samarTlisa da marTlmsajulebis erTiani

sistemis uzrunvelyofis interesi (amocana).

kolozia am or interess Soris namdvilad aris, magram samoqalaqo

saproceso kanonmdebloba gvTavazobs misi gadaWris Semdegnair gzas: Tu

155 ssk 391-e muxlis me-5 punqtis „b“ qvepunqtSi miTiTebuli sityvebi „am kategoriis saqmeebze...“ ar

unda gavigoT ise, TiTqos sxva kategoriis saqmeebze SeiZleba normis gansxvavebuli interpretacia,

igive anu identur samarTlebriv sakiTxze gansxvavebuli pasuxi. rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, samarTlis

normis gansxvavebulad interpretaciis, Tu samarTlebriv sakiTxze gansxvavebuli pasuxis

konstatirebisaTvis ar aqvs mniSvneloba arc „saqmeTa kategorias“ da ufro metic, arc samarTlis

dargs.

371

sasamarTlos exlandeli gadawyvetileba emyareba igive an identuri

samarTlis normis sxvanair interpretacias, igive an identur

samarTlebriv sakiTxze sxvanair pasuxs, anu sxvanair samarTlebriv

Sefasebas, vidre es mocemulia sakasacio sasamarTlos adrindel

gadawyvetilebaSi - saapelacio sasamarTlom unda miuTiTos amis Sesaxeb

Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi, xolo sakasacio sasamarTlom unda dauSvas aseT

SemTxvevaSi sakasacio saCivari.156

d) saqmis ganxilva saapelacio sasamarTlos mier mniSvnelovani

saproceso darRveviT, romelsac SeeZlo arsebiTad emoqmeda

saqmis ganxilvis Sedegze.

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba Seicavs

saproceso darRvevebis iseT CamonaTvals, romelTa arsebobis SemTxvevaSi

gadawyvetileba aucileblad unda gauqmdes (ssk 394-e muxli). es imas

ar niSnavs, rom sxva saproceso darRvevebis SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetileba

ar SeiZleba gauqmdes. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba unda gauqmdes

nebismieri iseTi saproceso darRvevebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aseT

darRvevas SeeZlo gavlena moexdina gadawyvetilebis sisworeze. es imas

niSnavs, rom sakasacio saCivari SeiZleba emyarebodes aramarto iseT

saproceso darRvevebs, romlebsac iTvaliswinebs kanoni (ssk 394-e

muxli), aramed iseT saproceso darRvevebsac, romlebsac kanoni ar

iTvaliswinebs magram romlebsac SeeZloT arsebiTad emoqmedaT saqmis

Sedegze. SeeZloT, Tu ara aseT darRvevebs (romlebzec aucilebelad

unda iyos miTiTebuli sakasacio saCivarSi) emoqmedaT saqmis Sedegze

(gadawyvetilebis sisworeze), wyvets TviTon sakasacio sasamarTlo.

e) saapelacio sasamarTlos meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis an

dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis ucvlelad datovebis Sesaxeb

misi ganCinebis gasaCivreba.

sakasacio wesiT SeiZleba gasaCivrdes saapelacio sasamarTlos

mxolod meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, agreTve misi ganCineba

dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis ucvlelad datovebis Sesaxeb.

Tu ras niSnavs meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, amis Sesaxeb

saubari gvqonda am wignis me..... gverdze. amitom am sakiTxze aq aRar

SevCerdebiT. saWirod migvaCnia aRvniSnoT mxolod imis Sesaxeb, rom

raxan meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba (da ganCineba) ganxilulia

sakasacio saCivrebis dasaSvebobis erT sibrtyeze, masze aRar SeiZleba

gavavrceloT dasaSvebobis sxva winapirobebi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

saapelacio sasamarTlos meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba (ganCineba)

ganekuTvneba „Tavisufal kasaciaTa“ kategorias: sakmarisia gasaCivrebuli

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba iyos meore dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba

an ganCineba dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis ucvlelad datovebis Sesaxeb -

sakasacio sasamarTlom unda dauSvas da ganixilos igi.

aseTia mokled sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebi, Tu es

winapirobebi arsebobs sakasacio sasamarTlo gamoitans „ganCinebas

156 jerjerobiT saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs wess, romlis mixedviT aseT

SemTxvevebSi saapelacio sasamarTlo TviTon iRebs gadawyvetilebas sakasacio saCivris daSvebis

Sesaxeb, rac savaldebuloa sakasacio sasamarTlosaTvis

372

sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobisa da misi ganxilvis dRis daniSvnis

Sesaxeb“, Tu aseTi winapirobebi ar arsebobs mas gamoaqvs ganCineba

sakasacio saCivris miRebaze uaris Sesaxeb misi dauSveblobis gamo“.

3) saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos did palataze

saqmeTa gadacemis winapirobebi

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos didi palata ar aris axali da

Cveni qveynis marTlmsajulebisaTvis sruliad uprecedento movlena. mas

yavda winamorbedi saqarTvelos senatis, anu saqarTvelos uzenaesi

sasamarTlos „sakasacio departamentTa SeerTebuli sakrebulos“ saxiT,

romelic Seiqmna 1919 wlis „debulebiT saqarTvelos senatis Sesaxeb.“157

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos didi palata ar warmoadgens

sxva sakasacio palatebze zemdgom sakasacio sasamarTlos. igi aris

sakasacio sasamarTlo, romelsac sxva sakasacio palatebma SeiZleba

gadascen saqme gansaxilvelad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac arsebobs

kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulil winapirobebi. didi palata saqmeebs

ganixilavs 9 mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo

saproceso kodeqsiT dadgenili wesiT.

did palatas ver mimarTaven uSualod kasatorebi. didi palata

ganixilavs saqmeebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas mimarTavs romelime

sakasacio palata. cxadia, sakasacio palatis ganCineba saqmis did

palataze gadacemis Sesaxeb motivirebuli unda iyos im garemoebebiT,

romlebic miTiTebulia „saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb“

organuli kanonis me-9 muxlis me-3 nawilSi.

es garemoebebia:

1) saqmis ganxilvasa da gadawyvetas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

aqvs erTiani sasamarTlo praqtikis CamoyalibebisaTvis;

2) saqmis sirTulidan gamomdinare, gadawyvetilebis miReba

saWiroebs normis axlebur ganmartebas;

3) saqme Tavisi SinaarsiT warmoadgens iSviaT samarTlebriv

problemas.

unda vaRiaroT, rom did palataze saqmis gadacemis es

winapirobebi, Tavisi SinaarsiT igivea, rac sakasacio saCivris

dasaSvebobis winapirobebi, romelTa Sesaxeb zemoT iyo saubari. aseT

SemTxvevaSi maTi kanonmdeblobaSi SenarCuneba absoluturad

gaumarTlebeli iqneba.

did palataSi saqmeTa gadacemis pirobebi unda dazustdes, did

palatas SeiZleba gadaeces saqme gansaxilvelad; a) Tu sakasacio palata

ar iziarebs didi palatis mier normis ganmartebas (samarTlebriv

Sefasebas); b) Tu sakasacio palatebs Soris ar aris erTsulovneba

samarTlis normis azrisa da Sinaarsis gagebaSi da g) Tu TviTon did

palatas saWirod Secvalos Tavisi adre micemuli ganmartebebi da

Sefasebebi.158

III. Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari

157 dawvrilebiT v.xrustali, dasax. naSromi. gv. 7. 158 v. xrustali, dasax. naSromi, gv. 32

373

is, rac iTqva Segebebuli saapelacio saCivris mimarT (ix. Tavi XXI)

mTlianad ganekuTvneba Segebebul sakasacio saCivarsac. amitom, aq

SemovifarglebiT ramdenime principuli debulebis CamoyalibebiT:

1. samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs

mowinaaRmdege mxaris axsna-ganmartebas (Sepasuxebas, Sesagebels)

sakasacio saCivarze da Segebebul sakasacio saCivars (ssk me-400 da

405-e muxlebi).

gansxvaveba sakasacio mopasuxis Sepasuxeba-Sesagebelsa da mis

Segebebul sakasacio saCivars Soris arsebiTia:

sakasacio saCivarze mowinaaRmdege mxaris (sakasacio mopasuxis)

Sepasuxeba (Sesagebeli) mimarTulia uSvalod sakasacio saCivris

winaaRmdeg, anu imis dasabuTebisaken, rom sakasacio saCivari araa

iuridiulad motivirebuli, iuridiulad gaumarTlebelia, xolo

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba swori da samarTliania.

rac Seexeba Segebebul sakasacio saCivars, igi ar Semoifargleba

mxolod imis dasabuTebiT, rom sakasacio saCivris moTxovna araa

iuridiulad gamarTlebuli, aramed moiTxovs gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas im nawilSi, romelic kasatoris

sasargeblodaa gamotanili.

magaliTad: saapelacio sasamarTlom gaauqma gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetileba da gamoitana axali gadawyvetileba,

romliTac b-anis daakisra a-nis sasargeblod 40000

laris gadaxdevineba, xolo 60000 laris

gadaxdevinebaze uari uTxra. a-nim Seitana sakasacio

saCivari, romliTac moiTxova gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba

im nawilSi, romliTac uari eTqva mas 60000 laris

gadaxdevinebaze.

b-anim Seitana Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari,

romliTac aramarto uaryo sakasacio saCivari da

miuTiTa garemoebebze, romlebic aqarwyleben sakasacio

saCivris dasabuTebulobas, aramed moiTxova

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba im nawilSic,

romelic kasatoris sasargeblodaa gamotanili da

romliTac mas daekisra 40 000 laris gadaxdevineba.

2. Tu gasaCivrebulia saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba

romliTac mTlianad dakmayofilda mosarCelis moTxovna an mTlianad

eTqva uari mis moTxovnas, an kidev, saapelacio sasamarTlos ganCineba,

romliTac ucvlelad darCa pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos

gadawyvetileba, romliTac mTlianad dakmayofilda an mTlianad eTqva

uari mosarCelis moTxovnas - Segebebuli sakasacio saCivris aRZvra

gamoricxulia, radgan sakasacio saCivriT mTlianad ifareba

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba (ganCineba). aseT SemTxvevaSi kasatoris

mowinaaRmdege mxaris (sakasacio mopasuxis) iuridiuli interesi

mTlianad amoiwureba im motivebis gaqarwylebiT, romlebic safuZvlad

udevs sakasacio saCivars. amisTvis arsebobs Sesagebeli sakasacio

saCivarze.

3. sakasacio mopasuxes SeuZlia Seitanos Segebebuli saCivari

misTvis sakasacio saCivris gadacemidan 10 dRis ganmavlobaSi.

4. Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari, romelic Semotanilia sakasacio

gasaCivrebis vadis dacviT (erTi Tve) da misi Rirebuleba Seesabameba

374

sakasacio saCivrisaTvis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul fass - aris ZiriTadi

sakasacio saCivrisagan damoukidebeli sakasacio saCivari. es imas niSnavs,

rom aseTi damoukidebeli Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari unda ganixilos

sasamarTlom miuxedavad imisa uari eTqva kasators ZiriTad sakasacio

saCivris miRebaze, daSvebaze, ukan gaiTxova Tu ara kasatorma Tavisi

sakasacio saCivari da a.S.

5. Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari, romelic Semotanilia sakasacio

gasaCivrebis vadis darRveviT, anu erTi Tvis Semdeg (ssk 397-e muxli),

an ar pasuxobs sakasacio saCivrisaTvis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul fass -

aris ZiriTad sakasacio saCivarze damokidebuli sakasacio saCivari da

misi miReba warmoebaSi da daSveba mTlianad damokidebulia ZiriTadi

sakasacio saCivris miRebaze da daSvebaze. es imas niSnavs, rom, Tu ar

iqneba miRebuli da daSvebuli ZiriTadi sakasacio saCivari, maSin ar

iqneba miRebuli da daSvebuli Segebebuli sakasacio saCivaric.

6. warmoebaSi miRebuli da daSvebuli ZiriTadi da Segebebuli

sakasacio saCivrebis arsebiTad gadawyvetis bedi araa damokidebuli

erTmaneTze: sasamarTlos SeuZlia daakmayofilos Segebebuli sakasacio

saCivari da uari uTxras kasators ZiriTadi sakasacio saCivris

dakmayofilebaze da piriqiT.

7. saCivari, romelsac Segebebuli sakasacio (saapelacio) saCivari

uwodes, magram mimarTulia mxolod ZiriTadi sakasacio saCivris

gaqarwylebisaken, sinamdvileSi aris Cveulebrivi Sesagebeli (Sepasuxeba)

sakasacio saCivarze.

Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari ar SeiZleba uwodoT agreTve iseT

saCivrebs, romlebic iseT axal moTxovnebs ayenebs, romlebic ar iyo

wamoyenebuli da ganxiluli wina instanciis sasamarTlos mier. axali

moTxovnebis wamoyeneba (rasac praqtikaSi zogjer aqvs adgili)

Segebebuli sakasacio (saapelacio) saCivriT dauSvebelia.

$3. saqmis warmoeba sakasacio sasamarTloSi

I. sakasacio saCivris Semotanis Sedegi

1. gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlisa da dauyonebliv

aRsrulebis SeCereba. gadawyvetilebaze sakasacio saCivris Setanis faqts

ukve ukavSirdeba garkveuli iuridiuli Sedegi: igi ver Seva kanonier

ZalaSi, manam sanam sakasacio sasamarTlo ar ganixilavs am saCivars da

ar miiRebs Tavis gadawyvetilebas misi warmoebaSi miRebaze uarisTqmis,

dauSveblobis an gasaCivrebulil gadawyvetilebis ucvlelad datovebis

Sesaxeb.

amrigad, sakasacio saCivris Setana avtomaturad aCerebs

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlas.

amis Semdeg, yvelaferi damokidebulia imaze ranair

gadawyvetilebas miiRebs sakasacio sasamarTlo. Tu ar arsebobs

sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi miRebisa da dasaSvebobis winapirobebi,

sakasacio sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas sakasacio saCivris warmoebaSi

miRebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb“ an „ganCinebas sakasacio saCivris

ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb misi dauSveblobis gamo“. erT-erTi am

ganCinebis gamotanis SemTxvevaSi gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba Seva

kanonier ZalaSi da igi SeiZleba iZulebiT aRsruldes.

375

Tu arsebobs warmoebaSi miRebisa da dasaSvebobis yvela winapiroba

da sakasacio saCivari miiRo gansaxilvelad sakasacio sasamarTlom, maSin

man Tavis ganCinebaSi unda miuTiTos, rom gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis

kanonier ZalaSi Sesvla SeCerdes am saqmeze sabolao gadawyvetilebis

miRebamde, xolo, Tu nawilobriv iyo gasaCivrebuli, maSin ganCinebaSi

unda miuTiTos, romel nawilSi SeCerdes misi kanonier ZalaSi Sesvla.

igive wesi moqmedebs maSinac, rodesac Semotanili iqneba Segebebuli

sakasacio saCivari.

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba uSvebs gadawyvetilebis

dauyonebliv (kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlamde) iZulebiTi aRsrulebis

SesaZleblobas (ssk 268-e muxli). im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sakasacio

saCivari Setanilia aseT gadawyvetilebaze, „sakasacio sasamarTlos

SeuZlia droebiT SeaCeros aRsruleba da gaauqmos aRsrulebasTan

dakavSirebuli RonisZiebebi“ (ssk 402-e muxlis me-2 nawili). amis

Sesaxeb sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia miuTiTos ganCinebaSi sakasacio

saCivris gansaxilvelad miRebis Sesaxeb, an gamoitanos specialuri

ganCineba, ris Sesaxebac unda ecnobos aRmasrulebels.159

2. saqmis ganxilvis daniSvna da momzadeba

sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobas ukavSirdeba kidev erTi Sedegi:

sakasacio sasamarTlom unda gamoitanos „ganCineba sakasacio saCivris

miRebisa da misi gansaxilvelad momzadebis Sesaxeb“. am ganCinebiT man

unda gansazRvros saqmis ganxilvis dRe da daadginos misi momzadeba

gansaxilvelad. saqmis ganxilvis dRe unda ganisazRvros im varaudiT,

rom mouswros am saqmis momzadeba.

saqmis momzadebisaTvis sakasacio sasamarTlos saqmianobis xasiaTi

da Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba im miznebiTa da amocanebiT, romlebic dgas

sakasacio sasamarTlos winaSe - gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi

dasabuTebulobis Semowmeba.

pirvel rigSi, sakasacio sasamarTlom sakasacio saCivris da masze

darTuli werilobiTi masalebis aslebi Tavis ganCinebasTan erTad unda

gadaugzavnos mowinaaRmdege mxares. ganCinebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos Tu

ra sakiTxebze unda gasces pasuxi mowinaamdege mxarem, kerZod cnobs Tu

ara sakasacio saCivars, Tu ara ra konkretul mosazrebebs emyareba, xom

ar apirebs Segebebuli sakasacio saCivris Semotanas, acnobebs mas aseTi

saCivris Semotanis kanonismier vadas da afrTxilebs, rom Tu am vadaSi

Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari ar iqneba Semotanili, igi ar iqneba

miRebuli da ganxiluli. amave ganCinebiT sakasacio sasamarTlo

ganusazRvravs mowinaaRmdege mxares sakasacio saCivarze werilobiTi

Sesageblis (Sepasuxebis) warmodgenisaTvis da sxva. niSnavs vadas

werilobiTi pasuxis SemotanisaTvis da a.S. (ssk me-40 muxli).

sakasacio sasamarTlo TviTon emzadeba saqmis ganxilvisaTvis,

kerZod swavlobs saqmis masalebs, arkvevs romeli faqtobrivi

159 ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT v.xrustals, romelic aRniSnavs, rom gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis

dauyonebliv aRsrulebis SeCerebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebamde sakasacio sasamarTlom

detalurad unda gaanalizos saqmis garemoebebi da kargad ganWvritos, Tu ra ziani SeuZlia moutanos

aRsrulebis SeCerebam gadamxdevinebels da ra saxisa da formis garantiebiT uzrunvelyos

mosalodneli ziani, rac gaTvaliswinebulia ssk 57-e muxliT.

v. xrustali. dasax. naSromi, gv. 93

376

garemoebebi CaTvala damtkicebulad gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis

gamomtanma sasamarTlom da romeli faqtebis Sesaxeb ar davoben mxareebi,

ramdenad sworadaa Sefasebuli es garemoebebi samarTlebrivad da a.S.

praqtikaSi wamoiWra sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb saWiroa Tu ara saqmis

winaswari momzadeba, rodesac sakasacio sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom am

saqmeze zepiri ganxilvis daniSvna saWiro araa (ssk 408-e muxlis me-3

nawili).

sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia saqme ganixilos da gadawyvetileba

gamoitanos zepiri ganxilvis gareSe, magram ara am saqmis ganxilvis

gareSe. amitom, saqme unda iqnes momzadebuli ganxilvisaTvis da ara

mxolod zepiri ganxilvisaTvis.

Cven mTlianad viziarebT mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmad saqmis

sakasacio ganxilvisaTvis momzadebas awarmoebs erTpirovnulad sakasacio

mosamarTle, kerZod momxsenebeli mosamarTle. es mosazreba efuZneba ssk

me-200 muxls, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu saqme kolegiurma sasamarTlom unda

ganixilos, maSin saqmes am sasamarTlos erT-erTi wevri amzadebs. ufro

metic, saqmis momzadeba SeiZleba daevalos TanaSemwesac, cxadia

sakasacio mosamarTlis xelmZRvanelobiT.160

3. gadawyvetilebis miReba saqmis zepiri ganxilvis gareSe.

saqmis ganxilva sakasacio sasamarTloSi warmoebs im wesebis

dacviT, romlebic dadgenilia saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmeTa

ganxilvisaTvis, garda im gamonaklisebisa, rasac Seicavs ssk-is Tavi,

romelic sakasacio warmoebas awesrigebs. erT-erTi aseTi gamonaklisia

sakasacio saCivarze gadawyvetilebis miReba saqmis zepiri ganxilvis

gareSe. ssk 408-e muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad, Tu sakasacio

sasamarTlos saqmis ganxilva ar miaCnia saWirod mas SeuZlia

gadawyvetileba gamoitanos saqmis zepiri ganxilvis gareSe.

aseTi wesis arseboba ganpirobebulia kasaciis miznebiT, romelic

mowodebulia Seamowmos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis kanoniereba da

ara misi faqtobrivi dasabuTebuloba da romelic ar ikvlevs

mtkicebulebebs da ar adgens faqtebs.

sakasacio sasamarTlos praqtikis analizi safuZvels gvaZlevs

gavakeToTo daskvna, rom sakasacio sasamarTlo iRebs gadawyvetilebas

zepiri ganxilvis gareSe iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetilebis miReba kanonis darRveviT an mis gareSe aranair eWvs ar

iwvevs da, maSasadame, mxareTa monawileobiT am sakiTxis ganxilva saWiro

araa.161

gadawyvetilebis miReba saqmis zepiri ganxilvis gareSe cxadia ar

niSnavs gadawyvetilebis miRebas saqmis ganxilvis gareSe. sakasacio

sasamarTlos sxdoma unda Sedges daniSnul dRes da igi unda Catardes

kanoniT dadgenili wesiT dacviT, kerZod, momxsenebeli mosamarTle,

romelmac moamzada saqme ganxilvisaTvis da Seadginos gadawyvetilebis

proeqti, Cveulebriv, ise rogorc es xdeba mxareTa monawileobis dros,

gadmocems saqmis viTarebas, agreTve romel faqtobriv da samarTlebriv

160 v. xrustali. dasax. naSromi, gv. 95 161 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila sarCeli ssk 408-e muxlis me-3

nawilis gauqmebis Sesaxeb misi saqarTvelos konstituciis 29-e da 42-e muxlebTan Seusabamobis gamo

da CaTvala, rom sakasacio sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis gamotana saqmis zepiri ganxilvis

gareSe, ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias.

ix. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos meore kolegiis gadawyvetileba #2/6/205,232. 3

ivlisi, 2003 w.

377

safuZvels emyareba sasamarTlo, romelmac gamoitana gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetileba. sakasacio sasamarTlo SeboWilia saCivris farglebiT,

amitom sakasacio sasamarTlos unda moxsendes gadawyvetilebis romel

nawils asaCivrebs kasatori da rogoria misi moTxovna, agreTve romel

kanons Tvlis igi darRveulad da konkretulad raSi gamoixata, misi

azriT es darRveva. cxadia, momxsenebeli mosamarle unda Seexos

mowinaaRmdege mxaris werilobiT Sesagebels Tu aseTi iyo warmodgenili.

bolos, momxsenebeli mosamarTle axsenebs sasamarTlos Tavis winaswar

daskvnas (gadawyvetilebis proeqts), romelic unda iqnes ganxiluli am

sxdomaze da miRebul iqnes gadawyvetileba.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sakasacio sasamarTlos mier

gadawyvetilebis miReba zepiri ganxilvis gareSe mxolod erTi ramiT

gansxvavdeba zepiri ganxilvis safuZvelze gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan:

saqmis ganxilvaSi ar monawileoben mxareebi.

II. gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis farglebi.

1. sauaresod Sebrunebis dauSvebloba

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi dispoziciurobis

principidan gamomdinare ukrZalavs pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos

gascildes sasarCelo moTxovnis farglebs da miakuTvnos mxares imaze

meti, vidre is moiTxovda an is, rac mas ar uTxovia (ssssk 248-e

muxli). igive princips emyareba wesi, romlis Tanaxmad saapelacio

sasamarTlo amowmebs gadawyvetilebas saapelacio saCivris farglebSi

(ssk 377-e muxli). bolos, dispoziciurobis princips emyareba wesi,

romlis Tanaxmad sakasacio sasamarTlo amowmebs gadawyvetilebas

„sakasacio saCivris farglebSi“.

amrigad, verc pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo, verc saapelacio da

sakasacio sasamarTloebi ver gascildeba mosarCelis, apelantisa Tu

kasatoris moTxovnis farglebs. swored am moTxovnis farglebSi da

mimarTebiT unda Semowmdes sarCelis faqtobrivi da samarTlebrivi

dasabuTebuloba (safuZvlianoba), saapelacio saCivris aseve faqtobrivi

da samarTlebrivi dasabuTebuloba da sakasacio saCivris samarTlebrivi

dasabuTebuloba. es imas niSnavs, rom sakasacio sasamarTlo kidec, rom

darwmundes, rom kasators SeeZlo ufro meti moTxovnis wamoyeneba,

vidre es sakasacio saCivriTaa wamoyenebuli, igi mainc ver gascildeba

moTxovnis farglebs.


zianis anazRaureba 100000 laris odenobiT.

saapelacio sasamarTlom uari uTxra a-nis sasarCelo

moTxovnaze mTlianad, a-nim gaasaCivra saapelacio

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba mxolod nawilobriv da

moiTxova ara 100000 aramed 55000 laris farglebSi

zianis anazRaureba da, maSasadame, gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetilebis am nawilSi gauqmeba.

gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis Sedegad sakasacio

sasamarTlo mivida im daskvnamde, rom kasators

samarTlebrivad hqonda ufleba moeTxova zianis

anazRaureba Tavdapirvelad gancxadebuli moTxovnis

378

100000 laris farglebSi da, Sesabamisad,

gadawyvetilebis mTlianad gauqmeba. miuxedavad amisa,

sakasacio sasamarTlo ver gascildeba kasatoris

moTxovnis farglebs da ver gaauqmebs gadawyvetilebas

mTlianad. man unda datovos igi ucvlelad im

nawilSi, romelSic ar iyo gasaCivrebuli.

igive principi moqmedebs iseT SemTxvevebSiac, rodesac sakasacio

sasamarTlo gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis Sedegad midis im

daskvnamde, rom es gadawyvetileba araa iuridiulad gamarTlebuli

aramarto im nawilSi, romelSic gasaCivrebulia da romliTac uari eTqva

kasators moTxovnis nawilobriv dakmayofilebaze, aramed im nawilSic,

romliTac dakmayofilda misi moTxovnis nawili.

magaliTad: gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gamomtanma sasamarTlom

miakuTvna mxares mxolod nawili im qonebisa, rasac igi

mopasuxisagan moiTxovda, xolo sxva nawilze uari

uTxra. sakasacio saCivriT kasatorma moiTxova am

gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba mxolod im nawilSi,

romliTac mas uari eTqva qonebis nawilis mikuTvnebaze.

am gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis Sedegad sakasacio

sasamarTlo mivida im daskvnamde, rom sakasacio saCivari

dausabuTebelia da gadawyvetileba iuridiulad sworia

im nawilSi, romelSic gasaCivrebulia, magram igi

arasworia im nawilSi, romliTac dakmayofilda

kasatoris moTxovna. miuxedavad amisa, sakasacio

sasamarTlo ver gaauqmebs gadawyvetilebas im nawilSi,

romelic kasatoris sasargeblodaa gamotanili, radgan

misi gauqmeba am nawilSi aravis ar mouTxovia.


sakasacio sasamarTlo ise ver Secvlis gadawyvetilebas, an kidev, ver

gamoitans iseT axal gadawyvetilebas, romelic gaauaresebs kasatoris

mdgomareobas, romelsac man miaRwia gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebiT.

es wesi mTlianad emyareba princips, romlis Tanaxmad „sauaresod

Sebruneba“ dauSvebelia (non reformatio in pejus), ris Sesaxebac

dawvrilebiT aris saubari am naSromis XXI TavSi.

sxva sakiTxia, rodesac Semotanilia mowinaaRmdege mxaris

Segebebuli sakasacio saCivari. am Segebebuli sakasacio saCivris

farglebSi, cxadia, gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gauqmdes an Seicvalos im

nawilSi, romelic gamotanilia kasatoris, anu damoukidebeli sakasacio

saCivris avtoris sasargeblod, magram es ukve iqneba ara „sauaresod

Sebrunebis akrZalvis“ principidan gadaxveva, aramed Segebebuli

sakasacio saCivris dasabuTebulad cnobis Sedegi.

2. samarTlis normebis darRvevis Semowmebis farglebi.

sakasacio saCivarSi miTiTebuli unda iyos, Tu ras moiTxovs

kasatori, rogoria misi moTxovnis Sinarsi. amasTan erTad, sakasacio

379

saCivarSi miTiTebuli unda iyos Tu romeli kanoni dairRva da

konkretulad raSi gamoixateba es darRveva.

amasTan dakavSirebiT ibadeba kiTxva: msgavsad sakasacio saCivris

moTxovnis farglebisa, SeboWilia Tu ara sakasacio sasamarTlo kanonis

darRvevis im farglebiT, romlebic miTiTebulia sakasacio saCivarSi?

es sakiTxi gansxavebulad unda gadawydes materialur

samarTlebrivi da saproceso samarTlebrivi normebis darRvevis mimarT.

sakasacio sasamarTlo valdebulia Seamowmos sakasacio saCivarSi

miTiTebuli kanonis darRveva da Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi miuTiTos am

darRvevis arseboba ararsebobisa da misi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, magram

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi dasabuTebulobis

Semowmeba amiT ar SeiZleba amoiwuros. sakasacio sasamarTlos aramarto

SeuZlia, aramed valdebulicaa Seamowmos gadawyvetilebis sxva

materialur samarTlebriv normebTan Sesabamisoba da Tu aRmoCndeba, rom

darRveulia materialur samarTlebrivi norma, romelzec marTalia

kasatori ar uTiTebs, magram romelmac gamoiwvia araswori

gadawyvetilebis gamotana, aseTi gadawyvetileba unda gauqmdes.

amrigad, sakasacio sasamarTlo araa SeboWili sakasacio saCivarSi

Camoyalibebuli materialur samarTlebrivi normebis darRvevebis

farglebiT da SeuZlia da unda Seamowmos kidec sakasacio moTxovnis

materialur samarTlebrivi dasabuTebuloba sxva normebTan mimarTebaSi,

vidre amas moiTxovs kasatori.

aramarto mxareTa uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis dacvis

mizniT, aramed samarTlis ganviTarebisa da erTgvarovani sasamarTlo

praqtikis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, uaRresad mniSvnelovania sakasacio

sasamarTlom rac SeiZleba naTlad da gasagebad daasabuTos Tavis

gadawyvetilebaSi Tu konkretulad raSi gamoixateba kanonis darRveva da

ra formiT gamovlinda es darRveva. kanonis darRvevis calkeuli saxeebi

(formebi) mocemulia ssk 393-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad samarTlis

norma darRveulad iTvleba : a) Tu sasamarTlom ar gamoiyena kanoni,

romelic unda gamoeyenebina; b) gamoeyenebina kanoni, romelic ar unda

gemoeyenebina da g) arasworad ganmarta kanoni.

3. rac Seexeba samoqalaqo saproceso normebis daRrvevas, sakasacio

sasamarTlo garkveuli zomiT SeboWilia sakasacio saCivarSi miTiTebuli

darRvevebis farglebiT, magram SeuZlia gascdes mas mxolod kanoniT

gansazRvrul farglebSi. es farglebi miTiTebulia ssk 404-e muxlis

pirvel nawilSi, romlis Tanaxmad „sakasacio sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia

Tavisi iniciativiT Seamowmos saproceso darRvevebi, garda 396-e

muxlis pirveli nawilis „v“ qvepunqtSi miTiTebuli faqtebisa“. es iseTi

faqtebi da mtkicebulebebia, romlebsac SeuZliaT daadasturon

sakasacio saCivarSi miTiTebuli saproceso darRvevebi.

ssk 404-e muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad sakasacio sasamarTlom

Tavisi iniciativiT unda Seamowmos eqvemdebareba Tu ara saqme uwyebrivad

sasamarTlos da aqvs Tu ara mas mocemul konkretul saqmeze

saerTaSoriso kompetencia.

4. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT uaRresad mniSvnelovania sakiTxi imis

Sesaxeb iwvevs Tu ara saproceso darRveva gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas. am sakiTxis praqtikuli mniSvneloba uSvalod

ukavSirdeba da gamomdinareobs ssk 393-e muxlis me-3 nawiliT

ganmtkicebuli danawesidan, romlis Tanaxmad „saproceso samarTlis

380

normis darRveva mxolod maSin SeiZleba gaxdes gadawyvetilebis

gauqmebis safuZveli, Tu am darRvevis Sedegad saqmeze araswori

gadawyvetileba iqna gamotanili“. es imas niSnavs, rom yovelgvari

saproceso samarTlebrivi normis darRveva ar SeiZleba safuZvlad

daedos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas. gadawyvetileba

SeiZleba gauqmdes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saproceso darRvevam

gamoiwvia araswori gadawyvetilebis gamotana.162

am TvalsazrisiT metad sagulisxmoa gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis is

saproceso darRvevebi, romlebic sakasacio saCivris absoluturi

safuZvlebis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. Tu sasamarTlo daadgens, rom

saqme ganixila sasamarTlos arakanonierma Semadgenlobam an

gadawyvetileba gamotanilia mosamarTleebis mier, romlebic am saqmis

ganxilvaSi adre monawileobdnen an kidev, saqmeSi araa sasamarTlos

sxdomis oqmi da sxva (ssk 394-e muxli), gadawyvetileba aucileblad

unda gauqmdes da mniSvneloba ar aqvs gadawyvetilebis sisworis

Semowmebas da, maSasadame, sakasacio sasamarTlom aRarc unda gaagrZelos

amis Semowmeba: gadawyvetileba aucileblad unda gauqmdes Tu gvaqvs ssk

394-e muxli.

III. sakasacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba

1. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis Semowmebis Sedegebi

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gadamowmebis Sedegad sakasacio

sasamarTlos SeuZlia saproceso kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli sami

SesaZleblobidan gamoiyenos erT-erTi:

1. datovos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba ucvlelad (ZalaSi);

2. gaauqmos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba da TviTon miiRos axali

gadawyvetileba;

3. gaauqmos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba da daabrunos saqme

xelaxla gansaxilvelad.

romeli SesaZlebloba da ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamoiyenos

sakasacio sasamarTlom?

am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema mTlianad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu

rogori iqneba gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis sakasacio Semowmebis

Sedegebi: Tu sakasacio saCivari araa dasabuTebuli, Tu masSi miTiTebul

kanonis darRvevas ar hqonia adgili, an aseT darRvevas marTalia hqonda

adgili (saproceso samarTlebrivi darRvevaa mxedvelobaSi), magram mas

ar SeeZlo gavlena moexdina gadawyvetilebis sisworeze, sakasacio

sasamarTlom gadawyvetileba ucvlelad (ZalaSi) unda datovos. Tu

162 iuridiul literaturaSi arsebobs, Cveni azriT, savsebiT dasabuTebuli da gasaziarebeli

mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom saproceso darRvevas unda moyves gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba im

SemTxvevaSiac, rodesac aseT darRvevas SeeZlo gamoewvia araswori gadawyvetilebis gamotana. aseTi

Sexeduleba gasaziarebelia saproceso ekonomiis principis TvalsazrisiTac: Tu dadasturdeba iseTi

saproceso darRveva romelsac SeeZlo gamoewvia araswori gadawyvetilebis gamotana (magaliTad,

sasamarTlom ar miiRo acileba, Tumca mxaris gancxadeba acilebaze iyo savsebiT dasabuTebuli,

sasamarTlom ar miiRo mtkicebuleba, romelsac hqonda gadamwyveti mniSvneloba da a.S.), sasamarTlom

aRar unda gaagrZelos Semowmeba, anu aRar unda Seamowmos gadawyvetilebis siswore da gaauqmos igi,

rogorc es xdeba sakasacio saCivris absoluturi safuZvlis arsebobisas.

ix. v.xrustali, dasax. naSromi, gv.......

381

sakasacio saCivari dasabuTebulia da masSi miTiTebul kanonis darRvevas

hqonda adgili, rasac moyva araswori gadawyvetilebis gamotana, maSin

sakasacio sasamarTlom unda gaauqmos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba.

gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi sakasacio sasamarTlos

winaSe wemoiWreba kidev erTi sakiTxi: TviTon gamoitanos axali

gadawyvetileba, Tu daabrunos saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad.

am sakiTxze pasuxis gacema mTlianadaa damokidebuli im konkretul

Secdomebze, romlebmac ganapirobebs samarTlebrivad araswori

gadawyvetilebis gamotana.

2. sakasacio sasamarTlos Semxebloba faqtebTan. saqmis

faqtobrivi garemoebebis mniSvneloba gadawyvetilebis

samarTlebrivi SemowmebisaTvis

ssk 411-e muxlis Tanaxmad sakasacio sasamarTlo TviTon miiRebs

gadawyvetilebas saqmeze Tu saqmis faqtiuri garemoebebi gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetilebis gamomtani sasamarTlos mier saproceso normebis

darRvevis gareSea dadgenili da saWiro araa mtkicebulebaTa damatebiTi

gamokvleva.

gadawyvetilebis gamomtani sasamarTlos mier damtkicebulad

CaTvlili saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi savaldebuloa sakasacio

sasamarTlosaTvis (ssk 407-e muxli), cxadia, Tu isini araa dadgenili

saproceso normebis darRveviT. es imas niSnavs, rom sakasacio

sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia eWvi Seitanos dadgenil faqtebSi da man unda

miiRos es faqtebi ise, rogorc isinia dadgenili gadawyvetilebiT, Tu,

vimeorebT, adgili ar hqonda saproceso darRvevebs, romlebic faqtebis

dadgenis wesebs gansazRvraven.

amrigad, gadawyvetilebiT dadgenili faqtobrivi garemoebebis

Semowmebis farglebi ganisazRvreba am faqtebis dadgenisaTvis arsebuli

saproceso wesebis dacvis SemowmebiT. magram, es farglebi amiT ar

amoiwureba.

sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seamowmos faqtebis dadgena

saproceso normebiT gansazRvruli wesebis dacviT, mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu amis Sesaxeb miTiTebulia sakasacio saCivarSi.163 amis

Sesaxeb pirdapiraa miTiTebuli ssk 404-e muxlis pirvel punqtSi,

romlis Tanaxmad sakasacio sasamarTlo amowmebs gadawyvetilebas

sakasacio saCivris farglebSi. sakasacio sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia Tavisi

iniciativiT Seamowmos saproceso darRvevebi, garda ssk 396-e muxlis

pirveli punqtis „v“ qvepunqtSi miTiTebuli faqtebisa. am „v“ qvepunqtis

Tanaxmad ki sakasacio saCivari unda Seicavdes „miTiTebas im faqtebsa da

mtkicebulebebze, romlebic adastureben saproceso samarTlis normebis

darRvevas, Tu sakasacio saCivari saproceso normebis darRvevas

emyareba“. am danawesis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT

163 germanul samoqalaqo saproceso literaturaSi arsebobs gavrcelebuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,

rom faqtebi maSinac savaldebuloa sakasacio sasamarTlosaTvis, roca ar ganxorcielebula saWiro

mtkicebulebaTa wardgena maT dasadasturoeblad an Tu mtkicebulebaTa Sefaseba SecdomiT xasiaTs

atarebs. aseT SemTxvevebSi am faqtebis savaldebuloba sakasacio sasamarTlosaTvis ar arsebobs

mxolod maSin, roca faqtebis dadgenis dros daSvebuli Secdomebi dasaSvebi da dasabuTebuli

procesualuri saCivriT gasaCivrda. Tu ar arsebobs amgvari saCivari, maSin sakasacio sasamarTlo

faqts miiRebs ise, rogorc isaa dadgenili, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT

arasworadaa ( SecdomiTaa) dadgenili. A. May - dasax. naSromi gv.

382

daskvna: sakasacio sasamarTlo ver Seamowmebs saproceso darRvevebs, Tu

maT Sesaxeb araa miTiTebuli sakasacio saCivarSi, magram Tu sakasacio

saCivarSi miTiTebulia am darRvevebze, sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia

Tavisi iniciativiT Seamowmos faqtebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic

adastureben sakasacio saCivarSi miTiTebul saproceso darRvevebs.

sabolaod SeiZleba gavakeToT aseTi daskvna: sakasacio sasamarTlos

SeuZlia Seamowmos iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebi, romlebsac

gadawyvetileba emyareba, im TvalsazrisiT xom ar iyo darRveuli am

faqtebis dadgenisaTvis saproceso normebiT gansazRvruli wesebi da im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu sakasacio saCivarSi miTiTebuli iyo am wesebis

darRvevaze.164

magaliTi: a-nim aRZra sarCeli sasamarTloSi da moiTxova b-

anisagan sesxis saxiT micemuli valis dabruneba 80000

laris odenobiT. sasamarTlom uari uTxra mosarCeles

sarCelis dakmayofilebaze. saapelacio sasamarTlom

gaauqma gadawyvetileba da TviTon miiRo axali

gadawyvetileba, romliTac daakmayofila sarCeli

sruli moculobiT. mopasuxem (b-anim) gaasaCivra

saapelacio sasamarTlos es gadawyvetileba da Tavis

sakasacio saCivarSi miuTiTa saproceso darRvevebze,

kerZod, dairRva ssk 102-e muxlis me-3 nawili,

romlis Tanaxmad saqmis garemoebebi, romlebic kanonis

Tanaxmad unda dadasturdes garkveulis saxis

mtkicebulebebiT, ar SeiZleba dadasturdes sxva saxis

mtkicebulebebiT.

saapelacio sasamarTlom sesxis xelSekrulebis

namdviloba dadasturebulad CaTvala mxolod mowmeTa

CvenebiT, maSin, rodesac samoqalaqo kodeqsis 624-e

muxlis Tanaxmad es dauSvebelia.

sakasacio sasamarTlom gaauqma gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetvileba da saqme daabruna xelaxla

gansaxilvelad, radgan mas ar SeuZlia TviTon

daadginos es faqti, gamoiTxovos da Seafasos

mtkicebulebebi am mizniT.

yovelTvis, rodesac saproceso darRvevis gamo saWiro xdeba

gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebis dadgena, sakasacio

sasamarTlom unda gaauqmos gadawyvetileba da daabrunos saqme xelaxla

gansaxilvelad.

magaliTad: a-nim aRZra sarCeli sasamarTloSi da moiTxova b-

anisagan Sesrulebuli samZuSaosaTvis sazRauri

100000 laris odenobiT. b-anim im faqtis

dasadastureblad, rom aRniSnuli odenobiT

sazRauri daubruna mosarCeles, daasaxela mowmed d-

oni, romelic eswreboda Tanxis gadacemas da

romelic amJamad ruseTSi cxovrobs. mogvianebiT b-

anim sasamarTlos warudgina mowmis d-onis

werilobiTi Cveneba, romelic sasamarTlom miiRo da

164 aq mxedvelobaSia mxolod saproceso darRvevebi saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis mniSvnelobis

mqone garemoebebis dadgenis dros. sxva SemTxvevebSi sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seamowmos Tavisi

iniciativiT, magaliTad, sakasacio saCivris dasaSvebobis winapirobebi.

383

safuZvlad daudo Tavis gadawyvetilebas. saapelacio

sasamarTlmo es gadawyvetileba datova ucvlelad.

a-nim gaasaCivra saapelacio sasamarTlos

gadawyvetileba da Tavis sakasacio saCivari imiT

daasabuTa, rom darRveulia mowmis dakiTxvis kanoniT

dadgenili saproceso wesebi (ssk 140-153-e muxlebi),

agreTve saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi, romelTa

Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo davalebis wesiT, mowme

SeiZleba dakiTxos im qveynis sasamarTlom, sadac

imyofeba es mowme. Tavis mxriv, am saproceso

darRvevebma waarTves kasators SesaZlebloba

SekiTxvebis micemis gziT daicvas Tavisi interesebi.

sakasacio sasamarTlom gaauqma gadawyvetileba da

saqme daabruna xelaxla gansaxilvelad.

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom sakasacio sasamarTlom gaauqmos

gadawyvetileba saproceso darRvevis gamo da saqme ar daabrunos

xelaxla gansaxilvelad. magaliTad, Tu sakasacio sasamarTlom CaTvala,

rom gadawyvetileba gamotanilia saqmeze, romelic sasamarTlos

uwyebrivad ar eqvemdebareba, mas SeuZlia gaauqmos es gadawyvetileba da

Sewyvitos Tavisi ganCinebiT saqmis warmoeba. magram yovelTvis, rodesac

gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba saproceso darRvevis gamo dakavSirebulia

faqtebis dadgenasTan, sakasacio sasamarTlom, raxan mas ar SeuZlia

faqtebis dadgena, saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad unda daubrunos

sasamarTlos.

eWvis gareSea, rom Tu saproceso darRveva sakasacio saCivris

amsolutur safuZvlebs exeba, anu Tu darRveulia sakasacio saCivris

absoluturi safuZvlebi (ssk 394-e muxli), sakasacio sasamarTlom unda

gaauqmos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba da saqme unda daabrunos

xelaxla gansaxilvelad. erTad-erTi gamonaklisi am SemTxvevaSi aris

uwyebrivi qvemdebareobis darRveva (ssk 394-e muxlis „g“ qvepunqti),

romlis dros sakasacio sasamarTlo auqmebs gadawyvetilebas da wyvets

saqmis warmoebas. saqmis ukan dabruneba am SemTxvevaSi moklebuli

iqneboda yovelgvar azrs, radgan sasamarTlos vercerTi instancia ver

ganixilavs saqmes, romelic saerTo sasamarTlos kompetenciaSi ar Sedis,

anu uwyebrivad mas ar eqvemdebareba.

ramdenadme gansxavebul viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac sakiTxi

exeba iseTi faqtebis Semowmebas, romlebsac ukavSirdeba ara saproceso

samarTlebrivi, aramed materialur samarTlebrivi Sedegebi.

sakasacio sasamarTlo amowmebs gadawyvetilebas ara faqtobrivi

aramed samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom

sakasacio sasamarTlos ar aqvs Semxebloba materialur samarTlebrivi

mniSvnelobis faqtebTan, romlebic afuZneben gadawyvetilebas, romlebsac

emyareba es gadawyvetileba?

am sakiTxze pasuxis gasacemad mizanSewonilad migvaCnia Zalian

mokled miuTiToT imaze, ris Sesaxebac ufro dawvrilebiT saubari

gvqonda am naSromis me....... TavSi.

kerZod:

1. sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia miiRos gadawyvetileba, Tu man ar

daadgina winaswar am gadawyvetilebisaTvis samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovani

faqtebi. faqtebis dadgena warmoebs mtkicebulebebis meSveobiT,

384

romlebsac sasamarTlo afasebs Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT. es imas niSnavs,

rom CaiTvalos Tu ara faqtebi dadgenilad - mTlianad ganekuTvneba

sasamarTlos Sinagani rwmenis sferos.

2. rac Seexeba am dadgenili faqtebis samarTlebriv Sefasebas,

aseTi Sefaseba mTlianad ganekuTvneba samarTlis sferos. sasamarTlos

Sinagani rwmeniT, misi sakuTari SexedulebebiTa da mosazrebebiT am

faqtebis Sefaseba dauSvebelia. es imas niSnavs, rom saqmis sworad

gadawyvetisaTvis materialur samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis faqtebs

sasamarTlo afasebs Sesabamisi materialur samarTlebrivi normis

safuZvelze, rasac sxvanairad iuridiul kvalifikacias uwodeben.

materialur samarTlebrivi normis gverdis avliT maTi Sefaseba

dauSvebelia; im SemTxvevaSiac ki, roca ar aris urTierTobis

momwesrigebeli kanoni, sasamarTlom unda ixelmZRvanelos kanonis an

samarTlis analogiiT.165

rogorc vxedavT, samarTlebrivi Sefasebis obieqti aris ara

samarTlebrivi normis Sinaarsis ganmsazRvreli faqtebi, aramed

sasamarTlos mier dadgenilad cnobili da gadawyvetilebisaTvis

mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebi.

sakasacio sasamarTlos SeuZlia da man unda Seamowmos swored

samarTlebrivi Sefasebis siswore, misi Sesabamisoba samarTlis normis

Semadgenlobis abstraqtul niSnebTan, normis azrsa da SinaarsTan.

amrigad, gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi dasabuTebulobis

SemowmebisaTvis aucilebelia sakasacio sasamarTlom jer gaarkvios ra

Seafasa sasamarTlom samarTlebrivad, anu rogoria samarTlebrivi

Sefasebis sagani (obieqti) da Semdeg gaarkvios, Tu ramdenad sworad

aris Sefasebuli iuridiulad es obieqti.

sxva sityvebiT rom TTqvaT, sakasacio sasamarTlo ver acdeba

faqtebs, radgan gadawyvetilebis samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT Semowmeba

SeuZlebelia imis garkvevis gareSe, Tu ra Sefasda an romeli

iuridiuli faqtebi Sefasda iuridiulad.

aseTma Semowmebam SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvar naklovanebaTa

gamovlenamde miiyvanos sakasacio sasamarTlo. kerZod, SeiZleba

aRmoCndes, rom:

1. gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebidan ar Cans Tu romeli faqtebi

CaTvala sasamarTlom dadgenilad da, maSasadame romeli faqtebi Seafasa

man iuridiulad.

aseT SemTxvevaSi sakasacio sasamarTlom unda gaauqmos

gadawyvetileba da daabrunos saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad.

2. faqtiuri garemoebebi, romlebic sasamarTlom dadgenilad

CaTvala da Seafasa iuridiulad, araa sakmarisi aseTi SefasebisaTvis.

samarTlis norma, romelic gamoiyena sasamarTlom, samarTlebriv Sedegs

ukavSirebs faqtebis erTobliobas, romelTa nawili sasamarTlom

damtkicebisa da dadgenis gareSe da Sesabamisad, Sefasebis gareSe datova.

165 faqtebis dadgena - esaa Semecnebis (gnoseologiis) sfero, xolo am dadgenili faqtebis Sefaseba

- esaa aqsiologiis sfero. faqtebis Sefaseba SeiZleba politikurad, ekonomikurad, moralurad da

a.S. Sefasebis erT-erTi gavrcelebuli saxesxvaobaa samarTlebrivi Sefaseba. sasamarTlo afasebs

faqtebs samarTlebrivad, Tumca araa gamoricxuli am faqtebis zneobrivi Sefasebac, roca amas kanoni

iTvaliswinebs. dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ix. T.liluaSvili. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis

dasabuTebuloba. „sabWoTa samoqalaqo samarTlisa da procesis aqtualuri sakiTxebi“. Tb. 1977, gv. 3-

29.

385

3. sasamarTlom iuridiuli mniSvneloba mianiWa da daadgina faqti,

romelsac sinamdvileSi ar aqvs aseTi mniSvneloba da, maSasadame, arc

unda gamxdariyo aseTi Sefasebis obieqti.

4. sasamarTlom ar mianiWa faqts iuridiuli mniSvneloba da ar

dauSva mtkicebuleba mis dasadastureblad, Tumca am faqts aqvs

mniSvneloba am saqmis sworad gadawyvetisaTvis.

4. sasamarTlom damtkicebis tvirTis arasworad ganawilebis gamo,

arasworad Seafasa faqtiuri garemoebebi da aqedan gamomdinare,

arasworad daakisra faqtis daudgenlobis araxelsayreli Sedegebi im

mxares, romelsac am faqtis damtkicebis movaleoba ar ekisreboda.

5. sasamarTlom srulad da sworad daadgina saqmeze faqtiuri

garemoebebi, magram misca am faqtebs araswori samarTlebrivi Sefaseba.

Cveni azriT, yovelTvis, rodesac sasamarTlom arasworad

gansazRvra saqmeze mtkiceis sagani, e.i. ar Seitana masSi faqti,

romelsac aqvs mniSvneloba gadawyvetilebisaTvis an mtkicebis saganSi

Seitana iseTi faqti, romelsac ar aqvs mniSvneloba saqmis sworad

gadawyvetisaTvis, saqme gvaqvs saproceso samarTlebriv darRvevasTan,

romelic moiTxovs sarCelisa da Sesageblis damasabuTebeli faqtebis

srulyofilad gansazRvras da dadgenas (ssk 102-e da 106-e muxlebi)

magram, rodesac sasamarTlo saqmeze arasrulad dadgenil faqtebs

afasebs samarTlebrivad da iuridiul Sedegs ukavSirebs iseT faqtebs,

romlebic araa sakmarisi aseTi SefasebisaTvis an romlebsac aseTi

Sedegi ar ukavSirdeba, maSin saqme gvaqvs materialur samarTlebriv

darRvevasTan.166

rogorc vxedavT marTalia faqtebis dadgena ar warmoadgens

sakasacio sasamarTlos kompetencias da mxolod samarTalSefardeba

eqvemdebareba gadasinjvas, magram TviT samarTalSefardebis gadamowmeba

SeuZlebelia im faqtiuri garemoebebis gareSe, romlebic samarTlebrivi

Sefasebis obieqts warmoadgens.

am mosazrebiT SeiZleboda exelmZRvanela kanonmdebels, rodesac

ssk 412-e muxlis meore nawiliT daamkvidra wesi, romlis Tanaxmad Tu

sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad daudo samarTlebrivi

Sefaseba, ris gamoc sakasacio sasamarTlo auqmebs gadawyvetilebas, maSin

is Tavis ganCinebaSi uTiTebs, „Tu romeli faqtebi saWiroebs

gamokvlevas, ra mtkicebulebebia Sesakrebi da sxva ra konkretuli

saproceso moqmedeba unda Seasrulos saolqo sasamarTlos Sesabamisma

kolegiam an palatam“.

Tu faqtobriv sferoSi yvelaferi rigzea, e.i. Tu saqmisaTvis

mniSvnelobis yvela sadavo faqti dadgenilia Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebis

gamoyenebiT, magram am dadgenil faqtebs sasamarTlom misca araswori

iuridiuli (samarTlebrivi) Sefaseba - sakasacio sasamarTlom TviTon

unda Seafasos es faqtebi da gamoitanos axali gadawyvetileba ise, rom

ar daabrunos saqme xelaxla gansaxilvelad.

saqmis ukan dabruneba gansaxilvelad mxolod imitom, rom saqme

faqtobrivi TvalsazrisiT mzadaa gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, magram

166 vfiqrob SeiZleba daveTanxmoT cnobil germanel procesualists a.meis, romlis mosazrebiT, Tu

saapelacio sasamarTlom gamoiyena samarTlis norma ise rom mas ar daudgenia iuridiuli

mniSvnelobis faqti, maSin saqme exeba ara procesualur nakls, aramed gadawyvetilebis Sinaarsobriv

nakls, vinaidan saapelacio sasamarTlom gamoiyena samarTlis norma, Tumca mxedvelobidan gauSva

(SeumCneveli darCa), rom saxeze araa saqmis yvela faqtobrivi garemoeba. A.May. dasax. naSromi, gv.6.

386

saWiroa am faqtebis swori samarTlebrivi Sefaseba - saqarTvelos

kanonmdeblobiT dauSvebelia. Secdomis gasworeba saqmis faqtobrivi

garemoebebis samarTlebriv SefasebaSi - sakasacio sasamarTlos

prerogativaa.

aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac sakasacio sasamarTlo auqmebs

gadawyvetilebas da saqmes abrunebs xelaxla gansaxilvelad,

aucileblobiT igulisxmeba, rom saqmis faqtobriv sferoSi yvelaferi

rigze araa, romlis gamosworeba ar ganekuTvneba sakasacio sasamarTlos

kompetenciis sferos, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi ar daabrunebda saqmes

xelaxla gansaxilvelad saolqo sasamarTloSi.

cxadia, rom, Tu sakasacio sasamarTlo auqmebs gasaCivrebul

gadawyvetilebas da TviTon gamoaqvs axali gadawyvetileba, man am Tavis

axal gadawyvetilebaSi unda miuTiTos romeli faqtobrivi garemoebebia

saqmeze sworad da srulad dadgenili saapelacio sasamarTlos mier,

konkretulad raSi gamoixateba am sworad dadgenili faqtebis

samarTlebrivi Sefasebis mcdaroba, ris gamoc gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetileba unda gauqmdes da rogori unda Sefasebuliyo da Sefasda

kidec es faqtebi sakasacio sasamarTlos mier.

cxadia, agreTve isic, rom Tu sakasacio sasamarTlo auqmebs

gadawyvetilebas da saqmes abrunebs ukan xelaxla gansaxilvelad man

Tavis ganCinebaSi unda miuTiTos gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis

mqone romeli faqtobrivi garemoeba, romelzec amyareben mxareebi TvaianT

moTxovnas Tu Sesagebels, ar iqna dadgenili saapelacio sasamarTlos

mier (Secdoma faqtis iuridiuli mniSvnelobis SefasebaSi), an faqtis

dadgenis (mtkicebulebaTa mopovebis) romeli saproceso wesebi iqna

darRveuli, an kidev raSi gamoixateba konkretulad saproceso

samarTlebrivi normis darRveva, romelmac zegavlena iqonia

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis sisworeze da samarTlianobaze.

sakasacio sasamarTlom arasdros ar unda gauSvas mxedvelobidan

rom misi gadawyvetilebebi (ganCinebebi), romlebSic naTlad da garkveviT

araa miTiTebuli gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Tu axali

gadawyvetilebis gamotanis samarTlebriv safuZvlebze, ver Seasruleben

sakasacio sasamarTlos verc individualuri da verc sajaro interesebis

dacvis funqcias.

387

Tavi XXIII

k e r Z o s a C i v a r i

$1. kerZo saCivris cneba, obieqti da subieqtebi

I. cneba.

samoqalaqo saqmis warmoebis procesSi saWiro xdeba mravali

sxvadasxva xasiaTisa da Sinaarsis dadgenilebis miReba, romelic

mimarTulia ama Tu im saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis

uzrunvelyofisaken da, maSasadame, emsaxureba saqmeze swori da

dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotanas, an am gadawyvetilebis

aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofas. aseTi dadgenilebebi sasamarTlos gamoaqvs

ganCinebis formiT (ssk 284-e muxli). magaliTad, sasamarTlos gamoaqvs

ganCineba sarCelis miRebisa, Tu sarCelis miRebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb

(ssk 183-187-e muxlebi), sarCelis umoZraod datovebis Sesaxeb (ssk

185-e muxli), saqmis zepiri ganxilvis daniSvnis Sesaxeb (ssk 207-e

muxli), eqspertizis daniSvnis Sesaxeb (ssk 163-e muxli) da a.S.167

rogorc vxedavT, ganCinebis formiT sasamarTlo, arc ise iSviaTad,

iRebs iseT gadawyvetilebebs, romlebzec damokidebulia ara marto

saqmis Semdgomi msvlelobis bedi, saqmis warmoebis gagrZeleba, Tu

Sewyveta, aramed am saqmis arsebiTad gadawyvetis mizniT gamotanili

saboloo gadawyvetilebis kanoniereba, misi fatobrivi da

samarTlebrivi dasabuTebuloba.

rogorc Cans, swored am mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobda

kanonmdebeli, rodesac dauSva zogierTi aseTi ganCinebis gasaCivrebisa

da, maSasadame, misi sisworis gadamowmebis SesaZlebloba manam, sanam

saqmeze miRebuli iqneba saboloo gadawyvetileba.

167 dawvrilebiT sasamarTlo ganCinebaTa formisa, saxeebisa da gasaCivrebis wesis Sesaxeb. ix. murman

wiqvaZe. ganCineba samoqalaqo procesSi da misi gasaCivrebis wesi. Tb. 2004.

388

saqarTvelos ssk-si aseT saCivars uwodebs kerZo saCivars. radgan,

jer-erTi saCivrdeba ara saqmeze gamotanili saboloo gadawyvetileba,

aramed saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebul romelime kerZo sakiTxze

ganCinebis formiT gamotanili gadawyvetileba da meore – saCivrdeba

ganCineba sasamarTlos saboloo gadawyvetilebisagan gancalkevebiT da

misgan damoukideblad.

II. kerZo saCivris obieqti, subieqti da dasaSvebobis

winapirobebi

kerZo saCivris obieqti SeiZleba iyos sasamarTlos ganCineba. es

aris swori, magram ara absoluturad zusti, radgan sasamarTlos yvela

im saproceso dokumentze, romelsac ganCineba ewodeba, ar SeiZleba

kerZo saCivris Setana. amitom ibadeba kiTxva, romel ganCinebaze SeiZleba

kerZo saCivris Setana da romelze ar SeiZleba?

es sakiTxi Zalian martivad gadasawyvetia, radgan mis gadawyvetaze

izruna TiTon kanonmdebelma: kerZo saCivris Setana SeiZleba mxolod

iseT ganCinebaze, romelsac iTvaliswinebs samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi.

es imas niSnavs, rom Tu ssk-si ar iTvaliswinebs ama Tu im ganCinebaze

kerZo saCivris Setanas, maSasadame, aseT ganCinebaze arc SeiZleba misi

Setana. magaliTad, Tu mosamarTles ganucxades acileba da sasamarTlom

Tavisi ganCinebiT ar miiRo es acileba, am ganCinebaze kerZo saCivris

Setanas kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs (ssk 36-e muxli). aseve,

sasamarTlos ganCinebaze sarCelis xarvezis Sevsebis Sesaxeb kerZo

saCivris Setanas kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs (ssk 185-e muxli), magram

sasamarTlos ganCinebaze sarCelis umoZraod datovebis Sesaxeb kerZo

saCivris Setanas kanoni iTvaliswinebs (ssk 185-e muxli).

ssk-is im muxlebis analizi, romlebic iTvaliswineben ama Tu im

ganCinebaze kerZo saCivris Setanas, safuZvels gvaZlevs gavakeToT

daskvna, rom kerZo saCivris Setana daiSveba iseT ganCinebebze,

romlebiTac gaTvaliswinebulia mniSvnelovani saproceso moqmedebis

Sesrulebis sakiTxi an romliTac brkoldeba an saerTod wydeba saqmis

warmoebis msvleloba.

amrigad, ssk-si gansazRvravs, Tu romel ganCinebebze SeiZleba

kerZo saCivris Setana da romel ganCinebebze aseTi saCivris Setana ar

SeiZleba.

niSnavs, Tu ara es imas, rom sasamarTlos ganCinebebze, romelTa

gasaCivrebas kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs, mxares ar SeuZlia gamoTqvas

Tavisi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba, Tavisi protesti?

ara, ar niSnavs!

ssk 377-e da 404-e muxlebis Tanaxmad saapelacio da sakasacio

sasamarTloebis ganxilvis sagani, roca isini ganixilaven Sesabamisad

saapelacio an sakasacio saCivars, SeiZleba iyos is ganCinebebi, romlebic

win uswrebs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis gamotanas, imisgan

damoukideblad, dasaSvebia Tu ara maT mimarT kerZo saCivris Setana.

es imas niSnavs, rom mxares, romelic saapelacio (sakasacio) wesiT

asaCivrebs gadawyvetilebas, SeuZlia Tavisi uaryofiTi azri gamoTqvas im

ganCinebis mimarT, romelic win uswrebs gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis

389

gamotanas da romelic ar iyo, an ver iqneboda gasaCivrebuli kerZo

saCivriT, radgan kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs mis aseTi wesiT gasaCivrebas.

magram, es imas ar niSnavs, rom saapelacio (sakasacio) saCivarTan

erTad calke unda daiweros saCivari ganCinebaze, xolo saapelacio

(sakasacio) sasamarTlom aseve calke ganCinebiT unda gasces pasuxi. ra

Tqma unda ara! saapelacio (sakasacio) sasamarTlos SeuZlia Seammowmos

winare ganCinebebi, romlebic ar iyo an ver iqnebodnen gasaCivrebuli

kerZo saCivriT, mxolod da mxolod erTi mizniT. xom ar moxda am

ganCinebebiT kanonis iseTi darRveva, romelsac SeeZlo zegavlena

moexdina gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetilebis sisworeze.

magaliTad: a-nim gaasaCivra gadawyvetileba de erT-erT motivad

miuTiTa sasamarTlos ganCinebaze, romliTac uari

eTqva mas mosamarTlis acilebaze, maSin rodesac es

mosamarTle aris mopasuxis disSvili da piradad aris

dainteresebuli saqmis SedegiT; swored am mizeziT

SeiZleba aixsnas is, rom man uari uTxra momCivans

iseTi faqtebis damtkicebaze da maT mimarT iseTi

mtkicebulebebis wardgenaze, romlebsac aqvT

mniSvneloba am saqmeze swori gadawyvetilebis

gamotanisaTvis.

Tu saapelacio (sakasacio) sasamarTlo CaTvlis, rom winare

ganCinebiT dairRva kanoni, romelsac SeeZlo zegavlena moexdina

gadawyvetilebis sisworeze, maSin igi auqmebs am gadawyvetilebas.

uSualod am ganCinebis mimarT raime damoukidebeli ganCineba mas ar

gamoaqvs.

rac Seexeba im pirTa wres (subieqtebs), romlebsac SeuZliaT

kerZo saCivris Setana, es pirebia: mxareebi, anu mosarCele, mopasuxe,

Tanamonawileebi, maTi uflebamonacvleebi, kanonieri warmomadgenlebi,

mesame pirebi damoukidebeli moTxovniT, agreTve damoukidebeli

moTxovnis gareSe, Tu ganCineba gamotanilia maT winaaRmdeg, rac

ganapirobebs gasaCivrebis iuridiul interess.

ssk 414-e muxlis me-2 punqti, garda mxareebisa, kerZo saCivris

Setanis uflebas aZlevs, im pirebsac, romlebsac uSualod exebaT es

ganCineba. aseT pirTa kategorias miekuTvneba magaliTad piri, romelmac

mimarTa sasamarTlos TxovniT Caabas igi procesSi mesame pirad

damoukidebeli moTxovnis gareSe da romelsac sasamarTlom uari uTxra

aseT Txovnaze. am pirs unda mieces ufleba Seitanos kerZo saCivari,

radgan, igi Tumca araa arc mxare da arc procesSi raime statusiT

monawile piri, magram mas „uSualod exeba es ganCineba“.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Tu kerZo saCivari Semoitana iseTma

pirma, romelsac arc pirdapir, arc uSualod ar exeba gasaCivrebuli

ganCineba, cxadia, sasamarTlom ar unda miiRos kerZo saCivari aseTi

pirisagan.

sabolood kerZo saCivris dasaSvebobis pirobebi SeiZleba ase

CamovayaliboT:

a) kerZo saCivris Setana dasaSvebia ganCinebaze, Tu amas pirdapir

iTvaliswinebs kanoni;

b) kerZo saCivris Setana SeuZliaT mxareebs, mesame pirebs, maT

warmomadgenlebs, Tanamonawileebs, kanonier warmomadgenlebs,

390

uflebamonacvleebs, agreTve im pirebsac, romlebsac uSualod exebaT

gasaCivrebuli ganCineba;

g) kerZo saCivari Sedgenili unda iyos werilobiTi formiT;

d) kerZo saCivari faqtobrivad da iuridiulad dasabuTebuli unda

iyos da pasuxobdes yvela sxva moTxovnebs, rac waeyeneba sasamarTlos

mimarT aRZrul gancxadebebs;

e) kerZo saCivari Setanil unda iqnes kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul

vadebSi. kerZo saCivris Setanis saerTo vada aris 12 dRe (ssk 416-e

muxli).

zogierT SemTxvevaSi kanoni iTvaliswinebs kerZo saCivris Setanis

ufro mokle vadas (magaliTad, 194-e muxlis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad

ganCinebaze sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb kerZo saCivris Setana

SeiZleba 5 dReSi). yvela SemTxvevaSi, ra vadac ar unda iyos dadgenili,

am vadis dena iwyeba ganCinebis gadacemis momentidan an am ganCinebis

gamocxadebis momentidan, Tu mis gamocxadebas eswreboda kerZo saCivris

Setanis uflebis mqone piri. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom kerZo saCivris

Setanis vadis gagrZeleba (aRdgena) dauSvebelia (ssk 416-e muxlis

pirveli punqti).

$2. kerZo saCivris ganxilvis Taviseburebani

I. kerZo saCivris ganxilva gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtani

sasamarTlos mier.

kerZo saCivris ganxilvis erT-erTi Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi,

rom igi pirvel rigSi ganxiluli unda iqnes im sasamarTlos mier

romelmac gasaCivrebuli ganCineba gamoitana. amitom, kerZo saCivris

Setana uSualod zemdgom sasamarTloSi dauSvebelia, Tumca kerZo

saCivris adresati aris swored zemdgomi sasamarTlo.

rogoria gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtani sasamarTlos

uflebamosileba?

gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtani sasamarTlo kerZo saCivris

moTxovnis farglebSi gadaamowmebs mis mierve gamotanil ganCinebas da,

Tu CaTvlis, rom igi dasaSvebi da dasabuTebulia daakmayofilebs

saCivars. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT sxva

uflebamosileba mas ar gaaCnia. magram, Tu kerZo saCivari araa dasaSvebi,

an dasaSvebi aris, magram araa dasabuTebuli, gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis

gamomtani sasamarTlo gamoitans „ganCinebas kerZo saCivris zemdgom

sasamarTloSi gadagzavnis Sesaxeb“, romelbSic aRiniSneba, rom

sasamarTlom (mosamarTlem) ganixila kerZo saCivari da ar daakmayofila

igi an imis gamo, rom araa dasaSvebi an imis gamo, rom araa

dasabuTebuli. amrigad, es ganCineba sakmaris informacias awvdis zemdgom

sasamarTlos imis Sesaxeb, rom kerZo saCivari ganixila qvemdgomma

sasamarTlom. cxadia, rom zemdgom sasamarTlos, romelsac gadaegzavna

kerZo saCivari saqmesTan erTad, SeuZlia miiRos nebismieri ganCineba misi

dasaSveboba_dasabuTebulobis Taobaze, romelic iqneba saboloo am

saCivris mimarT.

amrigad, kerZo saCivris ganmxilvel sasamarTlod gvevlineba

gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtani sasamarTlos zemdgomi sasamarTlo,

kerZod, Tu kerZo saCivari Setanilia pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos

391

ganCinebaze, maSin am kerZo saCivris ganmxilveli sasamarTlo iqneba

saapelacio sasamarTlo, romelsac am saCivris Taobaze gamoaqvs saboloo

ganCineba, xolo Tu kerZo saCivari Setanilia saapelacio sasamarTlos

mier saapelacio saCivris ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT gamotanil

ganCinebaze, maSin kerZo saCivris ganmxilveli sasamarTlo iqneba

sakasacio sasamarTlo. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT saapelacio

sasamarTlos ganCineba kerZo saCivarze aRar SeiZleba gasaCivrdes da igi

sabolooa. saapelacio sasamarTlos ganCineba gamotanili saapelacio

saCivris gamo saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT, gamotanili SeiZleba

gasaCivrdes sakasacio sasamarTloSi.

II. kerZo saCivris ganxilva zemdgomi sasamarTlos mier.

kerZo saCivris Setanis Sedegebi.

kerZo saCivris momwesrigebeli normebis (ssk 414-420-e muxlebi)

analizi srul safuZvels gvaZlevs gavakeToT daskvna, rom

gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtan sasamarTlos aqvs erTad-erTi ufleba:

daakmayofilos kerZo saCivari Tu CaTvlis, rom igi dasaSvebi da

dasabuTebulia, xolo ganCinebis gamotanisas man dauSva Secdoma (kanonis

darRveva). cxadia, aseT SemTxvevaSi igi aRar gadaagzavnis kerZo saCivars

saqmesTan erTad zemdgom sasamarTloSi.

magram, Tu moxda piriqiT da gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtani

sasamarTlos azriT kerZo saCivari araa dasaSvebi an dasabuTebuli, maSin

igi kerZo saCivars saqmesTan erTad (ise rogorc saapelacio (sakasacio)

saCivris Semotanis dros) gadaagzavnis 5 dRis ganmavlobaSi zemdgom

sasamarTloSi, radgan zemdgomi sasamarTlo aris kerZo saCivris

ganmxilveli sasamarTlo (ssk 417-e muxli).

kerZo saCivris saqmesTan erTad zemdgom sasamarTloSi gadagzavnis

faqti gulisxmobs, rom gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtanma sasamarTlom

ar cno kerZo saCivari dasaSvebad an dasabuTebulad, ris gamoc ar

daakmayofila igi. aseTi „gulisxmoba“ (varaudi) savsebiT sakmarisia da

raime specialuri ganCinebis gamotana amis Taobaze arc saWiro araa da

arc kanoni moiTxovs amas (ssk 417-e da 419-e muxlis pirveli punqti).

miuxedavad amisa, praqtika wavida sxva gziT: igi saWirod Tvlis

kerZo saCivars saqmesTan erTad, romelic gadaigzavneba zemdgom

sasamarTloSi, Tan axldes gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtani

sasamarTlos ganCineba imis Sesaxeb, rom man ganixila kerZo saCivari, ar

daakmayofila igi, xolo gasaCivrebuli ganCineba datova ucvlelad.

ufro metic, zogjer zemdgomi sasamarTloebi ukan ubruneben kerZo

saCivars saqmesTan erTad qvemdgom sasamarTloebs, raTa maT jer TviTon

ganixilon saCivari, miiRon Sesabamisi ganCineba da mxolod amis Semdgom

gadmoagzavnon igi zemdgom sasamarTloSi. raxan qvemdgom sasamarTloebs

gamoqondaT ganCineba kerZo saCivris dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmisa da

ganCinebis ucvlelad (ZalaSi) datovebis Sesaxeb, zemdgom sasamarTloebs,

romlebsac aseTi Sinaarsis ganCineba egzavnebodaT, Tavis mxriv

gamoqondaT ganCineba kerZo saCivris dakmayofilebisa da gasaCivrebuli

392

ganCinebis, agreTve im ganCinebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, romliTac uari eTqva

kerZo saCivris dakmayofilebaze.168

kerZo saCivris ganxilva zemdgom sasamarTloSi warmoebs am

sasamarTloSi saqmeTa ganxilvis kanoniT dadgenili wesebis Sesabamisad.

es imas niSnavs, rom Tu kerZo saCivars ixilavs saapelacio sasamarTlo,

igi xelmZRvanelobs saapelacio sasamarTloSi saqmeTa ganxilvis

wesebiT, xolo, Tu kerZo saCivars ganixilavs sakasacio sasamarTlo igi

xelmZRvanelobs am sasamarTloSi saqmeTa ganxilvis wesebiT. mcire

gamonaklisebi am mxriv gaTvaliswinebulia ssk 414-420 muxlebiT.

magaliTad, ssk 419-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad “kerZo

saCivris Taobaze ganCineba gamoaqvs zemdgom sasamarTlos“, xolo amave

muxlis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad „zemdgomi sasamarTlos ganCineba kerZo

saCivris Taobaze ar gasaCivrdeba“.

am muxlis danawesi udavod migvaniSnebs erT rameze: gadawyveta

sakiTxisa kerZo saCivris dasaSveboba-dasabuTebulobis Sesaxeb

warmoadgens ara gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtani sasamarTlos, aramed

misi zemdgomi sasamarTlos prerogativas. rac Seexeba zemdgomi

sasamarTlos ganCinebas, romliTac gadawyda es sakiTxi kerZo saCivris

dasaSveboba-dasabuTebulobis Sesaxeb, igi sabolooa da ar gasaCivrdeba.169

kerZo saCivris ganxilvis erT-erTi Tavisebureba mdgomareobs

agreTve imaSic, rom zemdgomi sasamarTlo kerZo saCivarze ganCinebas

iRebs saqmis zepiri ganxilvis gareSe, Tumca man unda gamouZaxos da

mousminos mowinaaRmdege mxares. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT metad

mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos isic, rom ise rogorc nebismier sxva

SemTxvevaSiac, roca sasamarTlos kanoniT miniWebuli aqvs ufleba

zepiri mosmenis gareSe miiRos gadawyvetileba, am SemTxvevaSiac mas neba

eZleva kerZo saCivarze gadawyvetileba miiRos zepiri mosmeniTac da

mowinaaRmdege mxaris mosmenis gareSec, roca sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom

kerZo saCivarze uari unda eTqvas dauSveblobis an usafuZvlobis gamo

(ssk 419-e muxlis me-2 punqti).

168 kerZo saCivrebis kanonis moTxovnaTa dacviT ganxilvisa da maSasadame, gamartivebis mizniT Cven

SevTavazeT praqtikas, raTa gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtan sasamarTlos nacvlad ganCinebisa kerZo

saCivris dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmisa da ganCinebis ZalaSi datovebis Sesaxeb “gamoetana ganCineba

kerZo saCivari saqmesTan erTad zemdgom (saapelacio, sakasacio) sasamarTloSi gadagzavnis Sesaxeb“.

am ganCinebiT, romelic Seicavs Sesabamis informacias, dasturdeba (da ara mxolod igulisxmeba),

rom qvemdgomma sasamarTlom ganixila kerZo saCivari, ar daakmayofila igi da amitom gadaagzavna

zemdgom sasamarTloSi. Tu zemdgomi sasamarTlo CaTvlis, rom kerZo saCivari dasaSvebi da

dasabuTebulia, igi auqmebs mxolod am kerZo saCivriT gasaCivrebul ganCinebas. rac Seexeba qvemdgomi

sasamarTlos ganCinebas „kerZo saCivris zemdgom sasamarTloSi gadagzavnis Sesaxeb“-misi gauqmebis

aranairi saWiroeba ar arsebobs.

ix. T. liluaSvili, samoqalaqo saqmeTa warmoeba sasamarTloSi. Tb. 2000 w. gv. 346 169 amiT Cveni ssk-i gansxvavdeba sxva qveynebis Sesabamisi kodeqsebisagan. magaliTad germaniis ssk 568-

e muxli, romelsac ewodeba „Semdgomi saCivari (weitere Beschverde) amkvidrebs wess, romlis Tanaxmad

„kerZo saCivris ganmxilveli sasamarTlos (Beschwerdegericht) ganCinebaze SeiZleba Semdgomi saCivris

Setana, Tu es sagangebodaa gaTvaliswinebuli kanoniT“.

germaniis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi icnobs agreTve dauyovnebliv Semdgom saCivars (Sofortige Beschwerde), romlis mixedviT umaRlesi samxareo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, romelic exeba

dauswrebel gadawyvetilebaze kerZo saCivars, romlis Setana ganpirobebulia garkveuli droiT,

SeiZleba Semdgomi saCivris Setana, ramdenadac aseTi Sinaarsis gadawyvetilebaze SesaZlebeli iqneboda

sakasacio saCivris Setana.

Baur/Grunsky. Zilprozesrecht 1997. S. 223-223. Thomas, Nitzo. Zpomitgemichsiergazungsgesetz 18. auglage 1993, S. 882.

393

kerZo saCivris Setanis Sedegi. kerZo saCivris Setana, TavisTavad,

ar SeaCerebs im saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebas, risTvisac igi iyo

miRebuli. es imas niSnavs, rom saproceso moqmedeba unda Sesruldes.

magaliTad: sasamarTlom mosarCelis Suamdgomlobis safuZvelze

gamoitana ganCineba sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb,

romliTac mopasuxe d-onis aukrZala avtomanqaniT

sargebloba. d-onim Seitana kerZo saCivari am

ganCinebaze da moiTxova uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis

SeCereba sanam kerZo saCivris bedi gadawydebodes.

am kerZo saCivris SetaniT ar SeCerdeba avtomaturad

gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis moqmedeba. amitom, sasamarTlom TviTon unda

miiRos ganCineba kerZo saCivris Taobaze. an daakmayofilos mopasuxe d-

onis Txovna an uari uTxras mas. Tu kerZo saCivari Setanili iyo

gasaCivrebuli ganCinebis gamomtan sasamarTloSi, maSin SeCerebis sakiTxi

unda ganixilos am sasamarTlom, Tu saCivari ukve gadaigzavna zemdgom

sasamarTloSi, maSin gasaCivrebuli ganCinebiT gaTvaliswinebuli

moqmedebis SeCerebis sakiTxi am sasamarTlom unda gadawyvitos.

saproceso moqmedebis SeCerebis Tu SeCerebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb

sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas (ssk 194-e muxlis me-2 punqti).

394

Tavi XXIV

saqmis warmoebis ganaxleba

$1. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis obieqti da saxeebi

I. ganaxlebis obieqti

saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis (restituciis) obieqti SeiZleba iyos

mxolod saqme, romlis warmoeba sasamarTloSi damTavrebulia kanonier

ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT an kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli ganCinebiT

saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, an sarCelis ganuxilvelad datovebis

Sesaxeb. igive unda iTqvas saapelacio da sakasacio instanciis

sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebiT da ganCinebebiT damTavrebuli

saqmeebis mimarT. mxedvelobaSia saapelacio sakasacio instanciis

sasamarTloebis iseTi gadawyvetileba, romliTac gauqmda gasaCivrebuli

gadawyvetilebebi da gamotanili iqna axali gadawyvetileba, agreTve

iseTi ganCinebebi, romlebiTac gauqmda gadawyvetileba da Sewyda saqmis

warmoeba da ara saapelacio (sakasacio) warmoeba. magaliTad, Tu

saapelacio (sakasacio) instanciaSi saCivris ganxilvisas aRmoCndeba, rom

saqme ar eqvemdebare sasamarTlos uwyebrivad, saapelacio (sakasacio)

sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos ara saapelacio (sakasacio) warmoeba,

aramed saqmis warmoeba saerTod, magram Tu apelantma (kasatorma) uari

Tqva Tavis saCivarze an ukan gaiTxova igi, saapelacio (sakasacio)

sasamarTlom unda Sewyvitos saapelacio (sakasacio) warmoeba da ara

mTlianad saqme.

amrigad, ganaxlebis obieqti SeiZleba iyos mxolod kanonier

ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebiT an ganCinebiT damTavrebuli saqme.

maSasadame, ganaxlebis obieqti, ssk 421–432-e muxlebiT dadgenili

wesiT, ar SeiZleba iyos calkeuli saproceso moqmedebebi, romelTa

Sesrulebis Sesaxeb miRebulia sasaamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli

ganCinebebi.

ibadeba praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani kiTxva: SeiZleba

Tu ara saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis moTxovniT gancxadebiT mimarTva

iseTi saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb, romlis mimarT gamotanili

gadawyvetileba jer kidev ar Sesula kanonier ZalaSi?

am kiTxvaze calsaxad unda vupasuxoT – ara, ar SeiZleba! ratom?

erTi ubralo mizezis gamo: Tu saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetileba

jer ar Sesula kanonier ZalaSi, maSasadame arsebobs am gadawyvetilebis

saapelacio (sakasacio) gasaCivrebisa da misi am wesiT gadasinjvis

sruli SesaZlebloba. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis nebismieri safuZveli,

romelic gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT (ssk 422-e da 423-e muxlebi),

SeiZleba gaxdes gadawyvetilebis saapelacio (sakasacio) wesiT gauqmebis

safuZveli. arc procesualuri ekonomiis principis, arc sasamarTlo

395

instanciebis arsebobis miznebiT, arc logikis da, saerTod, arc sxva

raime gonivruli mosazrebebiT ar SeiZleba mivmarToT saqmis ganaxlebis

rTul proceduras, maSin rodesac arsebobs kanonier ZalaSi jer kidev

Seusvleli gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis tradiciuli da Cveulebrivi

saSualebebi, rogoricaa apelacia da kasacia.

ufro metic, gancxadeba ganaxlebis Sesaxeb ar unda

daakmayofilos sasamarTlom, Tu ganmcxadebels SeeZlo am gancxadebaSi

moyvanili safuZveli wamoeyenebina jer kidev saapelaio Tu sakasacio

instanciis sasamarTloSi.

magaliTi: b-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos gancxadebiT saqmis warmoebis

ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. Tavis gancxadebas b-nim safuZvlad

daudo is garemoeba, rom igi ar iyo mowveuli am saqmis

ganxilvaSi, Tumca igi dasaxelebuli iyo mosarCelis

mier mopasuxed da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT mas

daekisra am mosarCelis sasargeblod 10000 laris

gadaxdevineba. am gancxadebis dasaSvebobis

Semowmebisas gamoirkva, rom b-nim yovelive amis Sesaxeb

Seityo misTvis gadawyvetilebis Cabarebis dros, roca

jer kidev ar iyo gasuli am gadawyvetilebis

saapelacio wesiT gasaCivrebis vada. miuxedavad amisa,

b-nim ar Seitana saapelacio saCivari da daeloda mis

kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlas, raTa Semdeg, misi azriT ufro

didi efeqtis moxdenisa da saqmis ganxilvis

gaWianurebis mizniT, Seetana gancxadeba saqmis warmoebis

ganaxlebis Sesaxeb.

sasamarTlom kanonis moTxovnaTa sruli dacviT (ssk 422-e muxlis

me-2 punqti) uari uTxra b-anis saqmis ganaxlebaze.

II. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis saxeebi da safuZvlebi

ssk-si iTvaliswinebs saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis or saxes:

1.gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) baTilad cnobas da 2. axlad aRmoCenil

garemoebaTa gamo saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebas.

saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis es ori saxe gansxvavdeba

erTmaneTisagan im safuZvlebiT, romlebsac isini emyarebian.

gadawyvetileba SeiZleba baTilad iqnes cnobili:

1. Tu gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobda mosamarTle,

romelsac kanonis Tanaxmad ufleba ar hqonda monawileoba mieRo am

gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi (ssk 422-e muxlis p.1. qvepunqti „a“).

magaliTi: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos gancxadebiT gadawyvetilebis

baTilad cnobisa da saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis

Sesaxeb. man Tavis gancxadebas safuZvlad daudo is

garemoeba, rom am gadawyvetilebis saapelacio

instanciis sasamarTlos mier miRebaSi monawileobda

mosamarTle v-ini, romelic adre monawileobda pirvel

instanciaSi am saqmis ganxilvasa da gadawyvetilebis

miRebaSi (ssk 29-e muxlis pirveli punqti).

mxares SeuZlia Tavisi gancxadeba gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis

Sesaxeb daafuZnos sxva iseT garemoebebs, romlebic daadastureben rom

mosamarTles ufleba ar hqonda monawileoba mieRo am gadawyvetilebis

396

miRebaSi. magaliTad, gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobda mosamarTle,

romelsac ganucxades acileba da es acileba miiRo sasamarTlom, an

kidev, gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobda mosamarTle, romelsac

jer kidev ar hqonda dadebuli fici, an droebiT gadayenebulia

samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisagan da sxva.

2. Tu erT-erTi mxare an Tu mas kanonieri warmomadgeneli

sWirdeba, aseTi warmomadgeneli ar iyo mowveuli saqmis ganxilvaSi.

magaliTi: d-onim mimarTa sasamarTlos gancxadebiT kanonier ZalaSi

Sesuli gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb im

motiviT, rom am gadawyvetilebiT mas daekisra mis

mflobelobaSi arsebuli garkveuli saxis qonebis,

kerZod saZinebeli garniturisa da „bekeris“ firmis

antikvaruli roialis gadacema mosarCelisaTvis, maSin,

rodesac is saerTod ar iyo mowveuli saqmis

ganxilvaSi. am garemoebis dasadastureblad d-onim

miuTiTa saqmeSi arsebul masalebze, saidanac naTlad

Cans, rom mas arc sarCelis asli da masze darTuli

masalebi ar gagzavnia, arc misgan werilobiT Sedgenili

Sesagebeli ar mouTxoviaT da rogorc sasamarTlo

sxdomis oqmidanac Cans, mas arc uwyeba ar gagzavnia,

xolo gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb man Seityo

aRmasruleblisgan (ssk 394-e muxlis „b“ qvepunqti).

ssk 422-e muxlis I punqtis „b“ qvepunqtSi miTiTebulia agreTve

mxaris warmomadgenlis mowvevaze. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom ssk 70-

e muxlis Tanaxmad sasamarTlo sxdomis Sesaxeb unda ecnobos aramarto

uSualod mxares, aramed mis warmomadgenelsac.

gacilebiT ufro farToa im axlad aRmoCenil garemoebaTa wre,

romlebic SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebas.

zogierTi am garemoebaTagan adastureben im mtkicebulebaTa siyalbes da

arasarwmunobas, romlebsac emyareba gasanaxlebel saqmeze gamotanili

gadawyvetileba (magaliTad, werilobiTi mtkicebuleba, mowmis Cveneba

eqspertis daskvna) da romelTa siyalbe da arasarwmunoba damtkicebulia

sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli ganaCeniT (ssk 423-e muxlis

pirveli punqtis „Aa“ da „b“ qvepunqtebi).

zogierTi garemoeba adasturebs mxareebis, maTi warmomadgenlebis

an mosamarTlis danaSaulebriv qmedebas, rogoricaa, magaliTad, erTi

mxaris mier meore mxareze fsiqologiuri Tu fizikuri zemoqmedeba uari

Tqvas Tavis moTxovnaze an aRiaros gadawyvetilebisaTvis mniSvnelobis

mqone faqti, mosamarTlis mier qrTamis aReba da sxva. cxadia, rom es

garemoebebic dadasturebuli unda iqnes ganaCeniT an sagamoZiebo

organoebis dadgenilebiT, roca sisxlis samarTlis saqme Sewyda ara

mtkicebulebaTa ukmarisobis gamo, aramed amnistiis, eWvmitanili piris

gardacvalebis, xandazmulobisa Tu sxva amgvari mizezis gamo (ssk 423-e

muxlis me-2 punqti).

zogierTi garemoeba miuTiTebs imaze, rom igive sarCeli, romelzec

miRebuli iyo gasanaxlebel saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetileba ukve

ganxiluli da gadawyvetili iyo adre (ssk 423-e muxlis pirveli

nawilis „e“ qvepunqti).

397

saqmis ganaxlebas SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos im sasamarTlo an

sxva organoTa dadgenilebebis gauqmeba, romlebsac emyareba gasanaxlebel

saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetileba (ssk 423-e muxlis „d“ punqti).

bolos, saqmis warmoebis ganaxleba dasaSvebia iseT SemTxvevaSic,

rodesac mxarisaTvis cnobili gaxda iseTi garemoebis an mtkicebulebis

Sesaxeb, romlebic adre rom yofiliyo warmodgenili sasamarTloSi,

gamoiwvevda misTvis xelsayreli gadawyvetilebis gamotanas (ssk 423-e

muxlis pirveli punqtis „v“ qvepunqti).

magaliTad: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis

Sesaxeb im motiviT, rom aRmoCnda mamkvidreblis mier

Sedgenili werilobiTi anderZi ganmcxadeblis

sasargeblod, romlis Sesaxeb adre rom yofiliyo

cnobili sasamarTlo ar gamoitanda gadawyvetilebas

memkvidreebs Soris samkvidro qonebis ganawilebis

Sesaxeb.

a-nim utyuarad daadastura, rom am anderZis

Sesaxeb man ramdenime dRis ukan gaigo.

sasamarTlom ganixila es gancxadeba da miiRo

ganCineba gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisa da saqmis

ganaxlebis Sesaxeb.

sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom axali garemoeba an mtkicebuleba,

mxolod maSin SeiZleba gaxdes ganaxlebis safuZveli, Tu garemoeba

(mtkicebuleba) arsebobda gadawyvetilebis miRebamde da mxarem ar icoda

am garemoebis (mtkicebulebis) arsebobis Sesaxeb.

aqedan gamomdinare, Tu zemoT moyvanil SemTxvevaSi a-ni ver

daadasturebs, rom man adre, e.i. saqmis ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis dros

ar icoda anderZis arsebobis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc mas ar hqonda

SesaZlebloba mieTiTebina axal garemoebebsa da mtkicebulebebze (ssk

423-e muxlis me-3 punqti), sasamarTlo uars etyvis saqmis warmoebis

ganaxlebaze.

III. gansjadoba

ssk 424-e muxli amkvidrebs gansjadobis zogad wess, romlis

Tanaxmad gancxadeba gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobisa an axlad

aRmoCenil garemoebaTa gamo saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb

Setanili unda iqnes gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) gamomtan sasamarTloSi.

es imas niSnavs, rom gSancxadeba ganaxlebis Sesaxeb Setanili unda iqnes

im sasamarTloSi, romlis mier gamotanili gadawyvetilebis baTilad

cnobas an axlad aRmoCenili garemoebis gamo am gadawyvetilebis

gauqmebas moiTxoven.

zemdgomi sasamarTlos mier qvemdgomi sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebis ZalaSi datoveba ar cvlis gansjadobis zogad princips.

magaliTad: raionulma (saqalaqo) sasamarTlom gamoitana

gadawyvetileba, romliTac daakmayofila a-nis

sarCeli b-anis mimarT zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb.

saapelacio sasamarTlom ganixila b-anis saapelacio

saCivari am gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb da

uari uTxra apelants saCivris dakmayofilebaze,

xolo gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba ucvlelad

398

datova. saapelacio sasamarTlos es ganCineba

sakasacio wesiT gaasaCivra b-anim. sakasacio

sasamarTlom Tavisi ganCinebiT uari uTxra kasators

saCivris dakmayofilebaze da saapelacio sasamarTlos

ganCineba, romliTac ucvlelad iqna datovebuli

saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, ZalaSi iqna

datovebuli. saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba

Sevida kanonier ZalaSi.

amis Semdeg, b-anim Tavisi gancxadebiT moiTxova

kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli saqalaqo sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebis axlad aRmoCenili garemoebis gamo

gauqmeba da saqmis ganaxleba. saqmis warmoebis

ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebas man safuZvlad daudo

is garemoeba, rom eqspertis daskvna, romelic

safuZvlad daedo am gadawyvetilebas aRmoCnda yalbi,

rac dasturdeba sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze

gamotanili da kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos

ganaCeniT.

rogorc am magaliTidan Cans gasanaxlebel saqmeze arsebobs sami

sxvadasxva instanciis sasamarTlos mier gamotanili aqti: saqalaqo

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, saapelacio sasamarTlos (2) ganCineba am

gadawyvetilebis ZalaSi datovebis Sesaxeb da sakasacio sasamarTlos (3)

ganCineba saapelacio sasamarTlos ganCinebis ZalaSi datovebis Sesaxeb.

saWiroa Tu ara marTlmsajulebis samive aqtis gauqmeba da romeli

sasamarTlos gansjadia b-anis gancxadeba.

praqtika wavida gamartivebuli gziT: dainteresebul mxares axlad

aRmoCenili garemoebis safuZvelze SeuZlia moiTxovos saqmeze

gamotanili gadawyvetilebis (ganCinebis) gauqmeba da saqmis ganaxleba,

ise rom ar Seexos am gadawyvetilebis (da ara saqmis) mimarT gamotanil

ganCinebebs, romlebic im droisaTvis, roca isini iyo gamotanili

savsebiT kanonieri da dasabuTebuli iyo.

Cveni azriT, sasamarTlo praqtikis mier SemuSavebuli aseTi wesi

da misi sakanonmdeblo wesiT damkvidreba, rac ukve ganxorcielda (ssk

423-e muxli). savsebiT gamarTlebulia aramarto procesualuri

ekonomiis, aramed yvela sxva TvalsazrisiTac.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare b-anis SeuZlia axlad aRmoCenil

garemoebis gamo mxolod saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba

da am saqmis ganaxleba. amitom, gancxadeba man unda Seitanos uSualod im

saqalaqo sasamarTloSi, romelmac gamoitana gadawyvetileba

gasanaxlebel saqmeze. misi gancxadeba swored am sasamarTlos gansjadia.

saapelacio da sakasacio sasamarTlo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi

ganixilavs gancxadebas saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb, Tu igi mis mier

gamotanil gadawyvetilebas exeba.

magaliTad: saapelacio (sakasacio) sasamarTlom gaauqma pirveli

instanciis sasamarTlos gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba

da TviTon gamoitana axali gadawyvetileba saqmeze.

gancxadeba am gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobisa Tu

misi gauqmebisa da saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb iqneba

saapelacio (sakasacio) sasamarTlos gansjadi.

399

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom zemdgomma sasamarTlom nawilobriv

gaauqmos gadawyvetileba da gauqmebulis nacvlad TviTon miiRos axali

gadawyvetileba. aseT SemTxvevaSi gancxadeba saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb

im sasamarTlos gansjadia, romelTa mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebis

nawilis gauqmebas (baTilad cnobas) da am nawilSi saqmis ganaxlebas

moiTxovs ganmcxadebeli.

amrigad, zogadi principi, romlis Tanaxmad gancxadeba saqmis

warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb im sasamarTlos gansjadia, romlis mier

saqmeze gamotanili gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobas an axlad aRmoCenil

garemoebaTa gamo gauqmebas moiTxoven - yovelTvis uryevad da mtkiced

moqmedebs.

erTad-erTi gamonaklisi am zogadi wesidan dasaSvebia mxolod

maSin, rodesac gancxadeba moiTxovs eTrsa da imave saqmeze ramdenime

sasamarTlo instanciis mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebaTa gauqmebas.

magaliTad, saapelacio sasamarTlom mxolod nawilobriv Secvala

gasaCivrebuli gadawyvetileba, xolo nawilobriv

ZalaSi datova pirveli instanciis gadawyvetileba. Tu

ganmcxadebeli moiTxovs orive nawilis baTilad

cnobas (gauqmebas) da saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebas

mTlianad, maSin es gancxadeba unda ganixilos

zemdgomma anu saapelacio sasamarTlom (sssk 824-e

muxlis me-2 punqti).

$2. gancxadebis dasaSveboba

I. gancxadebis Sinaarsi

saqme sasamarTlo warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb aRiZvris gancxadebiT.170

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs monacemebs,

romlebsac unda pasuxobdes gancxadeba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis

Sesaxeb. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom kanonmdebloba gancxadebis Sinaarss

akisrebs sruliad garkveuli praqtikuli amocanis Sesrulebas.

SemTxveviTi araa amitom is, rom Tu gancxadeba ar Seicavs kanoniT

gansazRvrul monacemebs „sasamarTlo avalebs ganmcxadebels Seavsos

xarvezi, risTvisac uniSnavs mas vadas. Tu am vadaSi xarvezi ar iqneba

Sevsebuli, gancxadeba aRar daiSveba“.

rogoria es monacemebi?

gancxadeba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb aris

sasamarTlosadmi mimarTuli gancxadeba da, cxadia, igi unda Seicavdes

yvela monacems, romelsa sasamarTlosadmi mimarTuli nebismieri

gancxadeba. Cven aq mokled SevexebiT mxolod zogierT iseT monacems,

romelic am gancxadebis SinaarsisTvis aris gansazRvruli.

gancxadeba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb unda Seicavdes:

170 germaniis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 578-580-e muxlebis Tanaxmad saqmis warmoebis ganaxleba

SeiZleba sarCeliT kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobisa an sarCeliT

sasamarTlo warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. ix. Thomas-Putzo Zpo. Komentar. 1993. S. 898.

safrangeTis axali samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 593-e-603-e muxlebis Tanaxmad kanonier ZalaSi

Sesuli gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gadaisinjos sarevizio saCivriT (le Recours En Revision). am saCivris dasaSvebobisa da safuZvlianobis pirobebi ZiriTadad igivea, rac Cveni ssk-iT gaTvaliswinebuli

gancxadebisa saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb.

ix.Nouveau Code de procedure civile. Dalloz. 1997.

400

(1) im safuZvelze miTiTebas, romelsac ukavSirdeba saqmis warmoebis

ganaxleba.

magaliTad: Tu ganmcxadebeli moiTxovs saqmis ganaxlebas imis gamo,

rom gadawyvetileba am saqmeze baTilad unda iqnes

cnobili, maSin man unda miuTiTos, erT-erTi garemoeba,

romelsac ssk 422-e muxli ukavSirebs gadawyvetilebis

baTilobas. magram Tu ganmcxadebeli moiTxovs saqmis

ganaxlebas axlad aRmoCenili garemoebis gamo, maSin man

unda miuTiTos Tavis gancxadebaSi konkretulad erT-

erT im garemoebaze, romelsac ssk 423-e muxli

ukavSirebs saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebas.

(2) miTiTebas im garemoebebze, romlebic adastureben, rom daculia

gancxadebis Setanis vada da miTiTebas mtkicebulebebze, romlebic

adastureben am garemoebebs. ssk 426-e muxli gansazRvravs saqmis

warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis Setanis vadas da misi aTvlis

wess. vada aris erTi Tve, xolo vadis aTvla iwyeba im dRidan, rodesac

mxarisaTvis cnobili gaxda saqmis ganaxlebis safuZvlis arseboba.

amitom, gancxadebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodidan

gaxda cnobili ganmcxadeblisaTvis am safuZvlis Sesaxeb da ra

mtkicebulebebiT SeuZlia mxares am garemoebebis dadastureba.

magaliTad: ganmcxadebelma warudgina sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi

Sesuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba igive sarCelze (ssk

423-e muxlis „e“ qvepunqti). es aris gadawyvetilebis

gauqmebis da saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis safuZveli,

magram sasamarTlom uari uTxra ganmcxadebels saqmis

warmoebis ganaxlebaze, radgan man ver daamtkica, rom

amis Sesaxeb ar icoda adre da mxolod gancxadebis

Semotanamde erTi TviT adre Seityo.

(3) miTiTebas gansjadobis wesebis dacvaze. gancxadebaSi saWiroa

mieTiTos romeli sasamaraTlo instanciis gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas da

saqmis ganaxlebas moiTxovs ganmcxadebeli. am miTiTebis Sesabamisad

ganisazRvreba gansjadobac. marTalia, gansjadobas Tavisi iniciativiT

amowmebs sasamarTlo, magram gancxadebaSi Sesabamisi miTiTebebis

Camoyalibeba daexmareba mas sworad gansazRvros gansjadoba.

(4)miTiTebas, Tu ra zomiT (farglebSi) moiTxovs ganmcxadebeli

gadawyvetilebis gauqmebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom kidec rom arsebobdes

gadawyvetilebis baTilad cnobis Tu gauqmebis safuZveli, mxares

SeuZlia moiTxovos am gadawyvetilebis ara mTlianad, aramed nawilobriv

gauqmeba.

aseTia ZiriTadi da mTavari moTxovnebi, romlebsac unda

pasuxobdes gancxadeba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. rogorc ukve

aRvniSneT, ganmcxadebels SeiZleba mieces vada gancxadebis xarvezis

SevsebisaTvis, magram Tu es xarvezi ar iqneba Sevsebuli, gancxadeba

ganuxilveli darCeba dauSveblobis gamo.

II. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis dasaSvebobis

Semowmeba

saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis dasaSvebobas

sasamarTlo awarmoebs Tavisi iniciativiT. am gancxadebis dasaSvebobis

401

Semowmebis mizniT sasamarTlom unda gaarkvios arsebobs Tu ara yvela is

winapiroba, romlebic dasaSvebobas gansazRvraven. sasamarTlom kerZod

unda Seamowmos:

(1)Semotanilia Tu ara gancxadeba uflebamosili piris mier.

uflebamosil pirebad miCneul unda iqnen mxareebi, Tanamonawileebi,

mesame pirebi damoukidebeli moTxovniT, uflebamonacvleebi, pirebi,

romlebic ar figurireben saqmeSi rogorc mxare, magram romelTa

ufleba-movaleobebi ganisazRvra am gadawyvetilebiT.

(2) daculia Tu ara aseTi gancxadebis Setanis erTviani vada.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadeba

Setanili unda iqnes erTi Tvis vadaSi im dRidan, roca

ganmcxadeblisaTvis cnobili gaxda ganaxlebis safuZvlis arsebobis

Sesaxeb (ssk 426-e muxli);

(3) xom ar aris gasuli 5 weli gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi

Sesvlidan (ssk 426-e muxlis me-4 punqti). es imas niSnavs, rom Tu

gadawyvetilebis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlidan gavida 5 weli kidec rom

arsebobdes yvela sxva danarCeni winapiroba, sasamarTlo mainc ver

miiRebs da ganixilavs gancxadebas ganaxlebis Sesaxeb.171

(4)SeeZlo Tu ara ganmcxadebels gadawyvetilebis baTilobis

pirobebis wamoyeneba pirveli instanciis, saapelacio da sakasacio

instanciis sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvisas (ssk 422-e muxli);

(5)Semotanilia Tu ara gancxadeba gansjadobis wesebis dacviT (ssk

424-e muxli);

(6)pasuxobs Tu ara gancxadeba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul

moTxovnebs.

Tu dasaSvebobis Semowmebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom ar arsebobs

dasaSvebobis esa Tu is winapiroba da, maSasadame gancxadeba araa

dasaSvebi, sasamarTlo gamoitans ganCinebas saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis

Taobaze gancxadebis ganuxilvelad datovebis Sesaxeb misi dauSveblobis

gamo. es ganCineba SeiZleba gasaCivrdes kerZo saCivriT. Tu aseTi

Semowmebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom gancxadeba dasaSvebia, sasamarTlo

gamoitans ganCinebas saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis

miRebisa da misi ganxilvis daniSvnis Sesaxeb.

am ganCinebaze kerZo saCivris Setana ar SeiZleba.

III. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis

safuZvlianobis Semowmeba

saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis safuZvlianobis

Semowmeba warmoebs sasamarTlos sxdomaze mxareTa SetyobinebiT. uwyeba

sasamarTlo sxdomisa da saqmis zepiri ganxilvis Sesaxeb mxareebs

egzavnebaT kanoniT dadgenili wesiT (ssk 70-78-e muxlebi).

sasamarTlo sxdoma mTlianad eZRvneba erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxis

garkvevas: arsebobs Tu ara saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli safuZveli da unda iqnes Tu ara miRebuli ganCineba

gadawyvetilebis gauqmebisa da saqmis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb.

171 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila sarCeli ssk 426-e muxlis me-

4 punqtiT damkvidrebuli am danawesis arakonstituciurad cnobis Sesaxeb. ix. saqarTvelos

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos pirveli kolegiis 2003 wlis 30 aprilis gadawyvetileba

#1\3\161.

402

am sakiTxze gadawyvetilebis miRebas win unda uswrebdes im

safuZvlis (garemoebis) dadgena, romelzec uTiTebs ganmcxadebeli Tavis

gancxadebaSi saqmis ganaxlebis mizniT. kerZod, Tu ganmcxadebeli saqmis

ganaxlebis safuZvlad uTiTebs gadawyvetilebis baTilobas ssk 422-e

muxlSi miTiTebul erT-erTi garemoebis gamo, maSin man unda daamtkicos

es garemoeba. magram, Tu ganmcxadebeli ganaxlebis safuZvlad uTiTebs

erT-erT axlad aRmoCenil garemoebaze ssk 423-e muxlis mixedviT, maSin

man unda daamtkicos es garemoeba.

magaliTad: a-nim mimarTa sasamarTlos gancxadebiT saqmis warmoebis

ganaxlebis Taobaze im safuZvliT, rom am saqmeze

gamotanili gadawyvetileba baTilia, radgan mis miRebaSi

monawileobda mosamarTle, romelsac amis ufleba ar

hqonda. es gancxadeba sasamarTlom dasaSvebad cno da

miiRo „ganCineba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb

gancxadebis miRebisa da misi ganxilvis daniSvnis

Sesaxeb“.

ganmcxadebelma a-nim am sasamarTlo sxdomaze unda

daamtkicos, rom mosamarTles, romelic monawileobda

gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi ufleba ar hqonda

monawileoba mieRo mis gamotanaSi.

igive unda iTqvas, rodesac ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadeba emyareba

axlad aRmoCenil garemoebas, magaliTad eqspertis daskvnis siyalbes.

aseT SemTxvevaSiac ganmcxadebelma unda daamtkicos am garemoebis

arseboba.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebeli TviTon gansazRvravs Tu romeli

mtkicebulebiT unda dadasturdes ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebaSi

miTiTebuli garemoeba (mtkicebulebaTa dasaSveboba). magaliTad, ssk 423-

e muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, gancxadeba ganaxlebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba

daemyaros eqspertis daskvnis siyalbes, mowmis Segnebulad micemul cru

Cvenebas, dokumentis siyalbes da a.S. magram es garemoebebi SeiZleba

dadasturdes kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli ganaCeniT an momkvlevi da

sagamoZiebo organoebis Sesabamisi dadgenilebiT, oRond im pirobiT, Tu

sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze procesis gagrZeleba da Catareba ver

xerxde6ba ara mtkicebulebaTa ukmarisobis, aramed sxva mizeziT,

magaliTad danaSaulis mcire mniSvnelobis an amnistiis gamo saqmis

warmoebis SewyvetiT.

magaliTad: a-nim moiTxova saqmis warmoebis ganaxleba im motiviT,

rom gadawyvetileba emyareba mowmis Segnebulad micemul

cru Cvenebas. sasamarTlom dauSva es gancxadeba, miiRo

igi warmoebaSi da daniSna sxdoma misi safuZvlianobis

Semowmebis mizniT. im faqtis dasadastureblad, rom

mowmem misca Segnebulad (ganzrax) cru Cveneba.

ganmcxadebelma sasamarTlos warmoudgina sxva mowmeTa

werilobiTi Cvenebebi, agreTve werilobiTi dokumentebi,

romlebic uaryoven im faqtis arsebobas, romlis

Sesaxeb cru Cveneba misca mowmem. sasamarTlom ar miiRo

am mowmeTa Cvenebebi da sxva werilobiTi masalebi,

radgan mowmis Segnebulad cru Cvenebis

dadasturebisaTvis dasaSvebia mxolod kanonier ZalaSi

403

Sesuli ganaCeni an sagamoZiebo organoebis

dadgenilebebi (ssk 423-e muxlis me-2 punqti).

Tu ganaxlebis safuZvlis dasadastureblad kanoni ar

iTvaliswinebs romelime konkretuli mtkicebulebis dasaSvebobas, maSin

ganmcxadebels SeuZlia warmoudginos sasamarTlos nebismieri

mtkicebuleba, romelsac kanoniT dadgenili wesiT Seamowmebs da

Seafasebs sasamarTlo Tavisi Sinagani rwmeniT.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gavakeToT Semdegi

praqtikuli daskvnebi:

1. saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis dasaSvebobas

sasamarTlo amowmebs Tavisi iniciativiT da mxareTa monawileobis

gareSe. sasamarTlos SeuZlia dasaSvebobis sakiTxi ganixilos mxareTa

monawileobiTac;

2. Tu gancxadeba araa dasaSvebi, sasamarTlos gamoaqvs „ganCineba

saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis ganuxilvelad datovebis

Sesaxeb misi dauSveblobis gamo“.

Tu gancxadeba dasaSvebia sasamarTlom gamoaqvs „ganCineba saqmis

warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis miRebisa da misi ganxilvis

daniSvnis Sesaxeb“ (ssk 430-e muxlis I punqti).

3. gancxadebis ganxilva misi safuZvlianobis Semowmebis mizniT

SeiZleba mxolod sasamarTlo sxdomaze mxareTa kanoniT dadgenili

wesiT SetyobinebiT.

4. Tu ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis safuZvlianobis Semowmebis

Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom es gancxadeba usafuZvloa, sasamarTlos

gamoaqvs „ganCineba saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis

dakmayofilebaze uarisTqmis Sesaxeb“. magram, Tu gamoirkveva, rom

gancxadeba safuZvliania anu arsebobs saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis

safuZveli, maSin sasamarTlo gamoitans „ganCinebas gadawyvetilebis

gauqmebisa (baTilad cnobisa) da saqmis warmoebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb“

(ssk 430-e muxlis me-2 da me-3 punqtebi).

am ganCinebis miRebis Semdeg, romlis gasaCivreba ar SeiZleba,

ganaxlebuli saqme xelmeored unda iqnes ganxiluli ise, TiTqos adre

igi arc yofila ganxiluli – saqmeTa ganxilvis saerTo wesis dacviT,

mowinaaRmdege mxaris interesebis sruli dacviT.

404

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